FOOTNOTES
[1] The word "city" comes through the French from the Latin civilitas, meaning citizenship, state. The word "town" (from Anglo-Saxon tun), which is now often used as a synonym of city, originally meant a village (French ville, Latin villa).
[2] See page 437.
[3] See page 81.
[4] From French bourg, "town."
[5] See pages 506, 515.
[6] The visitor to Chester in England or Rothenburg in Germany finds the old ramparts still standing and gains an excellent idea of the cramped quarters of a medieval city. Nuremburg in southern Germany is another city which has preserved its medieval monuments.
[7] French couvre feu, "cover fire."
[8] In French hôtel de ville; in German Rathhaus.
[9] German bürgermeister, from burg, "castle."
[10] French maire, from Latin major, "greater."
[11] Anglo-Saxon ealdorman (eald means "old").
[12] A map of London still shows such names as Shoe Lane, Distaff Lane, Cornhill, and many other similar designations of streets.
[13] The civic procession in London on Lord Mayor's Day is the last survival in England of these yearly shows.
[14] See page 336.
[15] See page 382.
[16] See pages 47-48.
[17] See page 417.
[18] See page 640.
[19] Lombard Street in London, the financial center of England, received its name from the Italian bankers who established themselves in this part of the city.
[20] Among the Italian words having to do with commerce and banking which have come into general use are conto, disconto, risico, netto, deposito, folio, and bilanza.
[21] See page 460.
[22] See page 590.
[23] See page 478.
[24] See page 248.
[25] Known in the Middle Ages as the Morea.
[26] For the Venetian possessions in 1453 A.D. see the map, page 494.
[27] From the old German hansa, a "confederacy."
[28] See page 526.
[29] See page 640.
[30] In 1831 A.D. the two provinces of East Flanders and West Flanders became part of the modern kingdom of Belgium.