FOOTNOTES
[1] Webster, Readings in Ancient History, chapter iii, "Early Greek
Society as Pictured in the Homeric Poems"; chapter iv, "Stories from Greek
Mythology"; chapter v, "Some Greek Tyrants"; chapter vi, "Spartan
Education and Life."
[2] See pages 16-17.
[3] For the island routes see the map between pages 68-69.
[4] See page 42.
[5] See the illustration, page 10.
[6] See the plate facing page 70.
[7] See pages 29, 48.
[8] See page 5.
[9] See the map, page 76.
[10] The Greek name of the Black Sea.
[11] Iliad, xviii, 607.
[12] Odyssey, xiv, 83-84.
[13] Odyssey, xi, 488-491.
[14] See page 227.
[15] See pages 88,90.
[16] Herodotus, i, 53.
[17] See page 37.
[18] The first recorded celebration occurred in 776 B.C. The four-year period between the games, called an Olympiad, became the Greek unit for determining dates. Events were reckoned as taking place in the first, second, third, or fourth year of a given Olympiad.
[19] Iliad, ii, 243.
[20] Aristocracy means, literally, the "government of the best." The Greeks also used the word oligarchy—"rule of the few"—to describe a government by citizens who belong to the wealthy class.
[21] "Pelops's island," a name derived from a legendary hero who settled in southern Greece.
[22] Xenophon, Polity of the Lacedaemonians, 13.
[23] The Spartans believed that their military organization was the work of a great reformer and law-giver named Lycurgus. He was supposed to have lived early in the ninth century B.C. We do not know anything about Lycurgus, but we do know that some existing primitive tribes, for instance, the Masai of East Africa, have customs almost the same as those of ancient Sparta. Hence we may say that the rude, even barbarous, Spartans only carried over into the historic age the habits of life which they had formed in prehistoric times.
[24] See page 82.
[25] The name of an individual voted against was written on a piece of pottery (Greek ostrakon), whence the term ostracism. See the illustration, page 97.
[26] See the map facing page 50.
[27] See page 49.
[28] Cicero, De republica, ii, 4.
[29] Greek barbaroi, "men of confused speech."