Refuse Disposal
Another great problem is the disposal of refuse such as ashes, garbage, and in the larger cities, street sweepings. It is estimated by Whipple that in the larger cities like New York the refuse will be in round numbers a ton per capita per year. This is an enormous amount of material and the disposal of it becomes a great problem. This is not only of hygienic importance, but also one of economical significance.
The collection of waste material is objectionable from the social viewpoint; also an accumulation of ashes and dust will irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while piles of garbage and other filth are conducive to the breeding of flies and mosquitoes. Such collections result also in the development of ill-smelling odors and unsightly streets and alleys.
There are different methods used to dispose of this waste material. It may be collected and burned. This method is called incineration. Or the refuse may be collected separately and disposed of. When it is to be disposed of separately there are usually city ordinances which require the householder to keep the garbage and ashes separate and they are then collected by the city in separate wagons. In most cities tall garbage cans are required and the garbage is drained and wrapped in paper, the ashes are placed in cans or containers. They are used for filling in low lands while the garbage is taken away and buried or burned.
For the collection of garbage specially constructed wagons or carts are used. The garbage must be collected frequently and at regular intervals before it becomes decomposed and gives off objectionable odors. The wagons must be properly cleaned for the same reason. In the removal of ashes and other refuse, care should be taken not to create a dust and the wagons should not leak so as to litter the streets and alleys.
CHAPTER VIII
SCHOOL HYGIENE
SCHOOL HYGIENE
SCHOOL BUILDING
Site
Stairways
Corridors
Basement
Schoolroom
SIZE
LIGHT WALLS
FLOORS
Lighting
AMPLE WINDOW AREA
SHADES HUNG FROM BOTTOM
Ventilation
PURE AIR INDISPENSABLE
EFFECTS OF VITIATED AIR
ARTIFICIAL MEANS NECESSARY
Heating
LOCAL HEATING INADEQUATE
HOT WATER OR STEAM HEAT BEST
School Desks
ADJUSTABLE
PROPER PLACING OF CHAIRS
Blackboards
SLATE, BEST MATERIAL
LOCATION OF
DUSTLESS CHALK
Charts
PRINTED MATTER LARGE
GLASS SURFACES AVOIDED
Cloakroom
ONE FOR EACH CLASS
PROVISION FOR DRYING WRAPS
Water Supply
AMPLE WATER
FOUNTAINS
Toilets
PROPER VENTILATION
AUTOMATICALLY FLUSHED
MATRON IN CHARGE
PERSONAL FACTORS
Functions of School Life
Age of Beginner
Play Periods Necessary
Peculiarities of Child Considered
Posture
Recess
RECREATION NECESSARY
PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT
School Dis-eases
Prophylaxis
CHAPTER VIII
SCHOOL HYGIENE