THE AWAKENING
1881-1905
(pp. 268-303)
Footnote 1:[(return)]
Most of this is based on Persecution of the Jews in Russia, Philadelphia, 1891, pp. 8-18, 22, 35, 51-82, 184-185; Frederick, The New Exodus, London, 1892, pp. 192-208; Errera, Les juifs russes, Brussels, 1893, pp. 29, 43 f., 89-90, 188-189. Between 1883 and 1885, the Mining Institute and Engineering Institute for Public Roads adopted the five per cent limit, the Kharkov Technical Institute a ten per cent limit, and the Veterinary Institute, of the same city, the only one of the sort in Russia, excluded Jews altogether.
"My zemlyakes" (countrymen), says a reminiscent writer, "soon after they had finished their course in engineering, had taken each a different road. One became a crown-rabbi, one a flour merchant, a third a bookkeeper, but none of them could, on account of his religion, legally pursue his chosen vocation" (Yiddishes Tageblatt, New York, May 13, 1908).
Footnote 2:[(return)]
Urussov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor (Engl. transl., New York, 1908), pp. 70, 90-91. "Out of 266 students admitted to the Kharkov University in 1901, only 8 were Jews, though at least 12 had 'finished the gymnasium,' not only with the 'highest possible' marks, but with gold medals. At the Technological Institute of the same city, 7 were Jews in a total of 240, though 12 applying for admission had received the 'highest possible' marks. At the Kiev University, of 580 new students, 32, all of them medallists, were Jews. How many applied for admission, the daily and weekly press, from which these figures are taken, did not report."
Footnote 3:[(return)]
Ner ha-Ma'arabi, vii, 27.
Footnote 4:[(return)]
"He who claims that a spirit of reaction has affected our people as a whole," says Moses Reines (Ozar ha-Sifrut, ii. 45), "is greatly mistaken. That the children of the poor from whom learning cometh forth still forsake their city and country and acquire knowledge, ... that societies for the spread of Haskalah are formed every day, ... that strict and pious Jews send their sons and daughters to where they can obtain enlightenment, that rabbis, dayyanim, and maggidim urge their children to become proficient in the requirements of the times ... write for the press ... and deplore the gezerot (restrictions) regarding admission to schools—all this proves convincingly that they do not see right who complain that our entire nation is going backward."
Footnote 5:[(return)]
See Ha-Maggid, 1899, no. 160. While in 1848 there were 2446 and in 1854, 4439 converts, in 1860-1880 there were from 350 to 450 per annum, in 1881, 572, in 1882, 610, and in 1883, 461 converts. With the spread of Zionism conversions continued to diminish, and, while there were relapses during the renewed pogroms of 1891 and 1901, they decreased materially, though the Jewish population is constantly on the increase.
Footnote 6:[(return)]
Autobiography, pp. 42-51. See also Kahan, Meahore ha-Pargud, pp. 15-17.
Footnote 7:[(return)]
Ha-Meliz, 1900, no. 123; Luah Ahiasaf, 5696, p. 312; Zablotzky and Massel, Ha-Yizhari, Manchester, 1895, Introduction; Ha-Meliz, xxxvii, no. 36; The Menorah, April, 1904.
Footnote 8:[(return)]
Yalkut Ma'arabi, 1904, pp. 46 f.
Footnote 9:[(return)]
Ha-Shahar, x. 511, 30; Habazelet, 1882, no. 2.
Footnote 10:[(return)]
Ha-Le'om, 1906, nos. 21-22; Belkind, in Ha-Zefirah, no. 46, 1913; Lubarsky and Lewin-Epstein, Derek Hayyim, New York, 1905.
Footnote 11:[(return)]
Greenstone, The Messiah Idea in Jewish History, ch. viii.
Footnote 12:[(return)]
The Progress of Zionism, pp. 3-4; cf. Voskhod, 1895, iv.
Footnote 13:[(return)]
Zamenhof's new universal language was primarily intended to be the international language of his people, "who are speechless, and therefore without hope, scattered over the world, and hence unable to understand one another, obliged to take their culture from strange and hostile sources."
Footnote 14:[(return)]
Ahiasaf, iv.; Gordon, op. cit., i. xxi; Razsvyet, 1882, i.; Magil's Kobez (Collection), no. 3, p. 45.
Footnote 15:[(return)]
Ha-Meliz, 1899, no. 256; 1901, no. 2; weekly Voskhod, 1893, no. 40; monthly Voskhod, 1894, iv. Some Jewish financiers erected gymnasia in Vilna and Warsaw, improved the condition of the hadarim, and turned many Talmud Torahs into technical schools. Of the Lodz Talmud Torah a writer says that "no Jewish community, even outside of Russia, possesses such an institution, not excepting the Hirsch schools in Galicia."
Footnote 16:[(return)]
London, Unter jüdischen Proletariern, 1898, pp. 81-83; Bramson, K Istorii, etc., pp. 63-69, 71-74; Ha-Meliz, xli., no. 246 (1901, no, 35); Ha-Zefirah, xxix., no. 285; and the Jewish Gazette, July 16, 1909 (Kunst und Nationalismus). The Ha-Zamir (a choral society), founded in Lodz by Nissan Schapira, counts its members by the thousands.
Footnote 17:[(return)]
London, op. cit, pp. 64-74; Ha-Meliz, 1900, nos. 192-193; Rubinow, op. cit., pp. 530-532, 548-553, 561-566.
Footnote 18:[(return)]
Ha-Meliz, 1901, nos. 20, 27, 36, 54, 95.
Footnote 19:[(return)]
Atlas, Mah Lefanim u-mah Leaher, pp. 53 f.; Ha-Meliz, 1900, no. 47; 1901, no. 27.
Footnote 20:[(return)]
Ha-Meliz, 1901, no. 87.
Footnote 21:[(return)]
Réflexions sur l'état des israélites russes, Odessa, 1871, pp. 121-122.
Footnote 22:[(return)]
Kayserling, Die jüdischen Frauen, Leipsic, 1879, pp. 306-313; Rubinow, op. cit., p. 581. The Russian Jewess has already produced several writers above the average (Einhorn, Mosessohn, Ben Yehudah, Sarah and Eva Schapira) in Hebrew, has given Russian literature at least one novelist of note (Rachel Khin), has furnished leaders in the movement for the emancipation of women (Maria Saker), and especially for the liberation of Russia (Finger, Helfman, Levinsohn, Novinsky, Rabinovich). According to Mr. Rabinow, the Russo-Jewish "women and girls use every available means" to obtain an education, and at least fifty per cent of them possess a knowledge of Russian in addition to their vernacular Yiddish.
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[INDEX]
Abele, Abraham, Talmudist, [164], [199].
Abi'ezer, by Günzburg, [220].
Abraham, son of Elijah Gaon, [119].
Abramovich, Andrey, statesman, [22].
Abramovitsch, Solomon Jacob, novelist, [203].
Adelsohn, Wolf, "the Hebrew Diogenes," [200].
Aguilar, Grace, on Russo-Jewish misery, [154].
Ahiasaf Society, [296-297].
Aleksey (Abraham), proselyte-priest, [25].
Alexander I, during his period of tolerance, [111-113];
during his period of intolerance, [127-138], [140], [144], [163], [170], [192], [201], [249], [251], [253].
Alexander II, referred to, [11], [79], [261];
reign of reforms, [222-226];
favorable attitude towards Jews, [224-225], [229-231];
the Narodniki, [236];
change of policy, [248-255];
plotted against and assassinated, [255-258].
Alexander III, referred to, [80], [255];
restrictions, [268-270];
pogroms, [269];
"May Laws," [270-273];
Jews excluded from schools by, [273-275].
Alexander Jagellon and the Jews, [21].
Allgemeine jüdische Arbeiterbund, Der, in Littauen, Polen, und Russland, [293].
Alliance Israélite Universelle, programme of, [236];
criticism of, [285-286].
Altaras, Jacques Isaac, philanthropist, [157].
America. See [United States, the].
'Am 'Olam Society, [283].
Amsterdam, referred to, [22];
a place of refuge for Russo-Polish proselytes, [27];
elects Russo-Jewish rabbis, [33-34];
place of study, [81], [93], [109], [126], [165].
Antokolsky, Mark, sculptor, [241].
Anton, Carl, author, [64].
Apostol, Cossack hetman, [57].
Apotheker, Abraham Ashkenazi, author, [40].
Arbeiterstimme, Die, [293].
Aristotle, [50], [216], [297].
Ascension of Elijah, [134].
Ashkenazi, Meïr, envoy of the Khan of the Tatars, [23].
Ashkenazi, Meïr, rabbinical author, quoted, [31], [33].
Ashkenazi, Solomon, statesman, [23].
Assemblies, Jewish, under Alexander I, [117], [128];
under Nicholas I, [151], [173], [174-176];
in Vilna, [165];
under Alexander II, [230];
at Kattowitz, [285].
Auerbach, Berthold, on Maimon, [88].
[Austria], Haskalah in, [12], [188];
influence on Russian Maskilim, [195];
place of study for Russian Jews, [285], [298].
See also [Galicia].
Auto-Emancipation, [281-283].
'Ayit Zabua', [244-245].
Baku, antiquity of, [20].
[Barit, Jacob] ("Yankele Kovner"), scholar, [200], [255], [259].
Bathory, Stephen, [59], [253].
Beer, Michel, champion of Jewish rights, [114].
Behalot, [63], [161].
Behr, Issachar Falkensohn, poet, [90-91], [108].
Belkind, Israel, Zionist, [286].
Belzyc, Jacob Nahman, author, [36].
Bene Mosheh Society, [286].
Bennett, Solomon, of Polotzk, engraver, champion of Jewish rights in England, [95-96].
Bentwich, on Jewish colonists in Palestine, [289].
Ben Yehudah, Eliezer, Hebraist, [284-285].
Beobachter, Der, an der Weichsel, [124], [196].
Berdichev, [123], [175], [200], [206], [239].
Berek, Joselovich, colonel, [115].
Berlin, [37], [78], [80], [81], [84], [85], [90], [91], [93], [120], [126], [132], [192], [245], [251], [257], [291], [298].
Berlin, Moses, uchony Yevrey, [230].
Berlin, Naphtali Zebi Judah, dean of Yeshibah, [152], [254], [288].
Bernfeld, on Maimon, [86].
Besht, Israel Baal Shem [Tob], referred to, [65], [122], [123]; his life, [66-69];
opposition to rabbinism, [67], [70], [71], [75];
his influence, [76];
his biography, [134].
Bet ha-Midrash, description of the, [50-51].
Bet ha-Sefer, in Jaffa, [290-291].
Bet Yehudah, by Levinsohn, [209-210].
Bezalel, school of art, [291].
Bibikov, on Russian Jews, [162].
Bible, the, ancient Russo-Jewish commentaries on, [28];
customs of (according to Elijah Vilna), [74];
the Biur on, [81], [82];
Mendelssohn's translation, [105], [131], [193], [203]
translated into Russian, [239], [252].
Bibleitsy (Dukhovnoye Bibleyskoye Bratstvo), [247-248].
Bielski, on Jewish proselytes, [27].
Bilu Society, [286].
Biur, commentary, collaborators on, [81];
welcomed, [82];
banned, [132];
studied, [193];
referred to, [265].
Blood-accusation, [59], [115], [145], [155], [208], [213], [229], [253], [275-276].
Bogdanovich, Judah, merchant, [22].
Bokhara, [127], [271].
Bolingbroke, quoted, [215].
Bompi, Issachar, bibliophile, [166-167], [200].
Bone Zion Society, [286-287].
[Book of Common Prayer], old translation of, [30];
suggested changes in, [175];
new Russian translation, [239], [252].
Brafmann, Jacob, delator, [254].
Bratzlav, [53-54].
Brest-Litovsk, Jewish community in, [20];
granted privileges, [21];
Talmudists of, [34];
persecution of Hasidim in, [76];
Haskalah in, [105], [166], [200].
Brody, [195].
Buchner's Der Talmud in seiner Nichtigkeit, [146].
Buckle, on Russian civilization, [190];
referred to, [245].
Buduchnost, [286].
Byelostok, [113], [199], [201], [294].
Calvinism, in Poland, [56].
Cantonists, [138-139], [142], [171], [225].
Carlyle, quoted, [88], [109].
Caro, Joseph Hayyim, rabbi, [200].
Casal, Jonas, physician, [39].
Casimir IV, Jews under, [26], [253].
Catherine II, favors the Jews, [110-111], [112], [147], [249].
Chamisso, on "the Glusker Maggid," [132], [302].
Chaucer on "beggar students," [48].
Chazanowicz, Joseph, Zionist, [291].
Chernichevsky's What to Do, [257].
Chernigov, Isaac of, Talmudist, [29].
Chernyshev, Governor-General, proclaims religious liberty, [110].
Chiarini, Abbé Luigi, anti-Talmudist, [145], [146].
Chmielnicki, Cossack hetman, [48], [52], [53], [54], [58], [64], [77], [149].
Chozi Kokos, statesman, [23], [55].
Chufut-Kale (Rock of the Jews), [19].
Clement VIII, pope, [72].
Clement XIV, pope, [253].
Clermont-Tonnerre, on Zalkind Hurwitz, [93].
Coën, Moses, court physician and statesman, [40-41].
Cohen, Shalom, litterateur, [99].
Cohn, Tobias, physician, [41-42];
on Polish Jews, [64];
referred to, [101], [298].
Coins, with Hebrew inscriptions, [21].
Colonists, under Nicholas I, [140-144], [160];
under Alexander II, [228];
in America, [283];
in Palestine, [283], [286-289].
Commendoni, on Lithuanian Jews, [24].
Converts to Christianity, [25], [26], [64], [130], [136], [139], [146], [168], [177-178], [248], [254], [260], [270-273], [278-279], [303].
Cossacks, Jews as, [23-24].
Costume, Jewish, origin of, [115];
opposition of Maskilim to, [166], [175];
Friedländer opposes, [170];
enforced change of, by Government, [179];
in Courland, [194].
Council of the Four Countries, [44], [208].
Courland, Jews admitted into, [111];
annexed to Russia, [113];
taxes in, [129];
colonists from, [140];
stronghold of Haskalah, [193-194].
Cracow, [27], [78].
Crémieux, Adolphe, statesman, [154], [175].
Crimea, the, [19], [23].
Crusades, the, [18], [52].
Cyril, apostle to Slavonians, [28].
Czacki, Tadeusz, Polish historian, defends Jews, [114];
praises them, [115].
Czartorisky, Prince, and the Polish Jews, [94], [116].
Czatzskes, Baruch, translator, [124].
Dainov, Zebi Hirsh, "the Slutsker Maggid," [246].
Damascus Affair, the, [155], [208].
Danzig's Hayye Adam, [147].
Darshan, Moses Isaac, "the Khelmer Maggid," [280].
Dead Souls, by Gogol, [257].
Delacrut, philosopher, [37].
Delitzsch, on Dubno, [81];
on Hebrew poetry, [98];
on Satanov, [99].
Delmedigo, Joseph, physician, [24].
Derek Selulah, by Temkin, [146].
Diakov, on Russian Jews, [162], [318] ([n. 1]).
Dillon, Eliezer, financier, [118], [125].
Dob Bär, biographer of Besht, [123].
Dolitzky, Menahem Mendel, poet, [98], [243].
Dos Polische Yingel, by Linetzky, [242], [244].
Dostrzegacz Nadvisyansky, [196].
Dubno, [65], [200].
Dubno, Solomon, grammarian, [81-82], [98], [105].
Dubnow, Simon, historian, [17].
Dyerzhavin's Mnyenie, [118].
Edels, Samuel (Maharsha), Talmudist, [72].
Efes Dammim, by Levinsohn, [208], [213].
Efrusi, Hayyim, communal worker, [165].
Eger, Akiba, rabbi, [149].
Eisenmenger's Entdecktes Judenthum, [146].
Eishishki, antiquity of, [20].
Eliasberg, Jonathan, rabbi, [288].
Eliasberg, Mordecai, rabbi, [288].
Elijah Gaon, [70-76];
his curriculum of study, [73], [74];
his appreciation of science and influence on Haskalah, [74], [75];
reputed to be the author of Sefer ha-Berit, [102];
his disciples, [119-121], [126], [150];
his biography, Ascension of Elijah, [134];
referred to, [164], [197], [201], [212], [220].
Eliot, George, on Maimon's Autobiography, [88];
referred to, [297].
Elizabeta Petrovna, [57], [135], [195].
Emden, Jacob, Talmudist, [78], [91], [94], [197].
England, Russian Jews in, [29], [93-96], [109];
sympathy of, [154-157], [270].
Entdecktes Judenthum, by Eisenmenger, [146].
Erter, Isaac, satirist, [205], [217].
Esterka, Polish Jewish queen (?), [22].
Euclid, in Hebrew, [105].
Exportation Law of 1843, [152-154], [179].
Eybeschütz, Jonathan, Talmudist, [64], [78].
Falk, Hayyim Samuel Jacob, Baal Shem, [93-94].
Fathers and Sons, by Turgenief, [257].
Finkel, Elijah, educator, [164].
[Folk Songs], [137-138], [141], [161], [232], [316] (n. [36]), [320] (n. [19]).
See also [Lullabies].
France, Russian Jews in, [29], [92-93], [96], [109], [298], [300-301].
Franco-Russian war, [116-117], [204].
Frank, physician, [91], [127].
Frank, Jacob (Yankev Leibovich), founder of the Frankists, [64-65], [66], [69], [104], [131].
"Freitisch," [47], [151].
Friedländer, David, scholar and philanthropist, referred to, [105], [237];
on the improvement of Jews in Poland, [169-170].
Frug, Simon, poet, [290], [297].
Fünn, Joseph, historian, [106], [203].
Gaden, Stephen von, court physician and statesman, [40].
[Galicia, Haskalah in], [12], [321] (n. [25]);
Hasidism in, [69];
referred to, [163], [195], [205], [291].
See also [Austria].
Germany, Haskalah in, [12];
emigration from, [30];
Russo-Polish rabbis in, [33-34];
Russo-Jewish Maskilim in, [77-91], [104], [106];
Hebrew poetry of, [97-98];
object of Maskilim in, [99-100], [107];
Haskalah encouraged by the Government, [102];
by Jewish financiers, [237];
opposition to Haskalah in, [105-106], [131-133], [188];
state of Judaism in, [168-169];
reason for speedy Germanization of Jews in, [191];
Jewish science in, [219];
influence of, on Russian Maskilim, [192-198];
a place of refuge, [252];
restrictions against refugees in, [298-299], [301].
Gibbon, Edward, referred to, [24].
Ginzberg, Asher (Ahad Ha-'Am), and Haskalah, [13].
Glückel von Hameln's Memoirs, [33].
"Glusker Maggid, the," [132], [302].
Goethe on Maimon, [89]:
on Behr, [90];
referred to, [189], [192].
Gogol's Jewish traitor, [224];
influence of his Dead Souls, [257].
Gordin, Jacob, ethical culturist, [247].
Gordon, David, litterateur, [284].
Gordon, J.L., and Haskalah, referred to, [13], [252], [261];
poetry of, [98];
and Levinsohn, [212];
on the new era, [232];
attacks the Talmud, [243];
laments the effect of Haskalah, [260];
on Zionism, [290].
Gordon, Jekuthiel, scientist, [92].
Gottlober, Abraham Bär, on Hasidism, [69];
on Luria, [168];
and Levinsohn, [212];
on Russification, [231];
defends Mendelssohn, [265].
Graetz, on Maimon, [83];
on Slavonic Jews, [103].
Granovsky, on Jewish emancipation, [228].
Grazhdanin, [253], [302].
Gregory X, pope, [253].
Grodno, Jewish community in, [20];
a Talmudic centre, [32], [34];
scene of martyrdom, [57];
persecution of Hasidim in, [76];
Talmud published in, [148-149];
Maskilim, [201].
Guizolfi, Zacharias de, statesman, [23], [55], [306] (n. [12]).
Günzberg, Benjamin Wolf, student, [91].
Günzburg, Horace, financier, [237].
Günzburg, Joseph Yosel, financier, [237].
Günzburg, Mordecai Aaron, [13], [204], [225];
his life, [213-221];
on Minhagim, [215];
his impress on Hebrew literature, [217-219];
his Abi'ezer, [220].
Gurovich, Marcus, educator, [228].
HaBad, reform sect of Hasidim, [122].
Ha-Boker Or, [265].
Ha-Emet, [256].
Haggadah shel Pesah, Russian translation of, [239].
Haidamacks, [59], [269].
Hakohen, Ephraim, rabbi, [34].
Hakohen, Joseph, rabbi, [19], [195].
Hakohen, Raphael, rabbi, [78].
Ha-Maggid, [284].
Ha-Meliz, [242], [286], [288].
Hannover, Nathan, his Safah Berurah, [39];
his Yeven Mezulah, quotation from, [48-49].
Harkavy, Abraham, Orientalist, [17], [29], [203].
Ha-Shahar, [242], [261-262], [265], [267].
Hasidim, [65];
their teachings, [66], [67], [150];
spread, [69];
persecuted by the Mitnaggedim, [76], [131];
efforts at reconciliation with Mitnaggedim, [120-121], [260];
reformed, [122];
united with Mitnaggedim against Haskalah, [134];
fought by Maskilim, [168].
Haskalah, definitions of, [12-13];
writers on, [14];
regarded differently in Germany and Russia, [103-108], [131];
opposition to, [132-150], [185-188];
in the "forties," [164-197];
influence of Germany on, [191-199];
in Galicia, [205];
Levinsohn's advice on, [212];
Günzburg's opinion of, [216];
spreads under Alexander II, [230-248];
disappointments of, [232-234];
and Reform Judaism, [242-248];
cosmopolitan, [255-257];
romantic and pessimistic, [278-281];
Zionistic, [283-291].
Ha-Toëh be-Darke ha-Hayyim, [266], [267].
Hattot Ne'urim, [232-234].
Hayye Adam, by Danzig, [147].
Ha-Zefirah, [286].
Hebrew literature: style, [96], [97], [217-218];
poetry, [98];
Reform Judaism in, [242-248];
necessity of (Smolenskin), [264].
Heder, [46], [184].
Hegel, [86], [192].
Heilprin, Joseph, financier, [175].
Heine, referred to, [297];
on Polish Jews, [314] (n. [43]).
Helena, Princess, proselyte, [26].
Heller, Yom-Tob Lipman, rabbi, [37].
Herz, Marcus, disciple of Kant, [85].
Herzl, Theodore, Zionist, [263], [281], [283].
Hillul Society, [286].
Hirsch, Baron de, [277].
Hizzuk Emunah, Voltaire's opinion on, [37].
Hobebe Zion, [285], [286].
Horn, Meïr, educator, [164].
Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabbalist, [33].
Horowitz, Phinehas, rabbi, [78].
Horowitz, Shabbataï, rabbi, [34].
Horowitz, Shmelke, rabbi, [78].
Horwitz, Aaron Halevi, rabbi, [78].
Hurwitz, Hirsh, educator, [164].
Hurwitz, Hyman, professor, [95].
Hurwitz, Judah Halevi, translator, [92], [105], [121], [123], [125], [134].
[Hurwitz], Phinehas Elijah, encyclopedist, [101-103], [214].
Hurwitz, Zalkind, champion of Jewish rights in France, [92-93].
Huss, influence of, in Poland, [26].
Hut ha-Meshullash, by Kohn, [244].
Ibn Ezra, Abraham, commentaries on his works, [30], [106].
Ignatiev, Nicholas, [268].
'Illuyim, [47].
Ilye, Manasseh of, Talmudist, [120-121], [125], [132], [134].
Information about the Killing of Christians, etc., by Skripitzyii, [229].
Innocent IV, pope, [253].
Inventions, [201-202].
Israelit, Asher, Maggid, [280].
Israelita, Polish weekly, [247].
Isserles, Moses, rabbi, [50], [78].
Italy, a place of attraction for Russian Jews, [37], [40], [91-92], [126], [165].
Ivan the Terrible, [55-56], [152].
Jacob Isaac, court physician, [39].
Jaffe, Daniel, scholar, [90].
Jaffe, Mordecai (Lebushim), Talmudist, [37], [61], [105].
Jastrow, Marcus, rabbi, [159], [246].
Jekuthiel, Solomon, financier, [204].
Jerusalem, by Mendelssohn, [209].
Jerusalem, pilgrimage to, [65].
Jesuits, in Poland, [54], [58].
Joffe, Mordecai, rabbi, [288].
Joseph ben Isaac Levi, philosopher, [38].
Josephovich, Abraham, statesman, [21-22].
Josephovich, Michael, nobleman, [21-22].
Judah Halevi, poet and philosopher, [28], [98], [106], [284].
Judah Hasid, mystic, founder of the original Hasidim, [65].
Judaizing heresy. See [Proselytism].
Judex Judaeorum, [44].
Jüdischer Arbeiter, Der, [293].
Kab ha-Yashar, referred to, [63].
Kadimah Society, [285].
Kahal, [44];
oppression by, [61];
denunciation of, [254].
Kalisz, antiquity of, [20].
Kamenetz-Podolsk, antiquity of, [41].
Kant, favorite with Maskilim, [79], [192];
on Maimon, [85], [88], [89];
referred to, [189].
Kant, the Hebrew, [106].
Kaplan, Wolf, educator, [225].
Karaites, discussions with Rabbanites, [36];
with Christians, [37];
Nicholas I on, [136].
Katkoff, defends Jews under Alexander II, [225];
becomes a reactionary under Alexander III, [269].
Kattowitz, conference of, [285].
Katz, Meir, Talmudist, [61].
Katzenellenbogen, Hayyim, Talmudist, [40].
Katzenellenbogen, Moses, [40].
Kaufman, Governor-General, convokes conference, [255].
Kertch, Archbishop of, tries to convert Jews, [25].
Kharkov, [286].
Khazars, [18], [20], [25].
Khelm, antiquity of, [20].
Khelm, Ephraim of, liturgist, [35].
Kherson, [28], [142], [144], [160], [292].
Kiev, early settlement of Jews in, [19-20];
their influence, [23];
proselytism in, [25];
Talmudists of, [29], [31];
University of, [126];
expulsions from, [153];
referred to, [200], [226], [227], [275].
Kishinev, [154], [164], [185], [248], [276].
Kissilyef, on emigration, [158].
Klaczke, G., educator, [166].
Kniga Kahala, [254-255].
Kobrin, Joseph of, liturgist, [35].
Kohen, Naphtali, rabbi, [34].
Kohen, Shabbataï, rabbi and historian, [35-36].
Kohn's Hut ha-Meshullash, [244].
Kol Mebasser, [242].
Königsberg, [33], [79], [90], [120], [126], [132].
Kontrabandisti, by Levin, [303].
Körner, on Maimon, [89].
Korobka, [129].
Korolenko's Skazanye O Florye Rimlyaninye, [302].
Kovno, Government of, [20];
city of, [21];
Talmudists of, [34];
Maskilim in, [201], [246];
Mussarnikes in, [280];
referred to, [288], [294].
Kramsztyk, Isaac, rabbi, [247].
Krochmal, Nahman, philosopher, [205].
Krüdener, Baroness, [127], [129], [251].
Kruzhevan, [276].
Kryloff, [175], [189].
Kuritzin, Theodore, proselyte, [26].
Kusselyevsky, physician, [127].
Ladi, Shneor Zalman of, [116], [122-123].
Landau, Ezekiel, rabbi, [78], [133].
Landau, Moses, educator, [164].
Lassalle, [257], [293], [297].
Lebensohn, Abraham Dob Bar, poet, [98], [212], [244].
Leczeka, Abba, "the Glusker Maggid," [132], [302].
Leibnitz, [79], [88].
Leibov, Baruch, martyr, [57].
Lemberg, court of, [44];
fair at, [49].
Leo, the court physician, [23], [39], [55].
Lermontoff's spy, [224].
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, on Maimon, [130];
on university restrictions, [276-277];
referred to, [303].
Lessing, Ephraim, on Israel Zamoscz, [77];
on Behr, [90];
referred to, [192].
Letteris, Meïr Halevi, poet, [205].
Letzte Nachrichten, [293].
Levanda, Lyev, novelist, [203], [279].
Levin, Judah, merchant, [204].
Levin, Mendel, Hebrew and Yiddish author, [99-101], [116], [119], [195], [217].
Levin's Kontrabandisti, [303].
Levinsohn, I.B., and Haskalah, [13];
on the settlement of Jews in Russia, [18];
on the effect of Chmielnicki's massacres, [52];
his life, [204-213];
Te'udah be-Yisraël, [205-207], [209], [210], [221];
Efes Dammim, [208], [213];
Bet Yehudah, [209-210];
Zerubbabel, [210-211], [213];
referred to, [219-220].
Liboschüts, Jacob, physician and philanthropist, [91].
Liboschüts, Osip Yakovlevich, court physician, [126].
Lichtenstadt, Moses, communal worker, [165].
Lieberman, Aaron ("Arthur Freeman"), socialist, [256].
Lieven, Prince Emanuel, [209].
Lilien, Ephraim Moses, artist, [291].
Lilienblum, Moses Löb, skeptic, [232-234];
attacks the Talmud, [242];
repentant, [279];
Zionist, [289-290].
Lilienthal, Max, referred to, [14], [117], [151], [164], [183], [277];
opens school in Riga, [165], [170];
his personality, [171-172];
his Maggid Yeshu'ah and his efforts in behalf of Russian Jews, [174-176];
his disillusionment, [177-180];
his opinion on Russia, [179];
how regarded by Maskilim, [172-173], [180-181];
on the Jews of Courland, [194];
on the Jews of Odessa, [196];
his supporters, [198-199], [200];
Günzburg on, [216].
Linetzky's Dos Polische Yingel, [242], [244].
"Lishmah" ideal, [107].
Lithuania, Magna Charta of, [21];
Jewish merchants of, [22];
description by Cardinal Commendoni and by Delmedigo, [24];
Talmudic centre, [31-35];
status of Jews of, under Ivan the Terrible, [55];
after the massacres, [60];
opposition to Hasidism in, [65], [69];
method of study in, [71-72];
inclination to Haskalah in, [105-109];
annexed to Russia, [113];
Russified, [124-125];
colonization in, [143-144], [159];
Talmud published in, [148-149];
referred to, [195].
Litvack, Judah, deputy, [93].
Livonia, Jewish merchants of, [22];
Gentiles remonstrate on behalf of Jews of, [57];
stronghold of Haskalah, [193-194].
Loewe, Louis, Orientalist, quoted, [155], [199].
London, [94], [126], [129].
Louis XIV, and the Treaty of Ryswick, [22].
Lover of Enlightenment societies, [165].
Lublin, [31], [34], [40];
fair at, [49];
Haskalah in, [105].
Lublin, Meïr (Maharam), Talmudist, [72].
Lukas, "the little Jew," [25].
[Lullabies], Russo-Jewish, quoted, [46], [309] (n. [39]).
See also [Folk Songs].
Luria, David, philanthropist, [166], [168], [203].
Luria, Solomon, Talmudist, [40];
censures the liberality of Isserles, [50];
opposes the kahal, [61];
his method of study, [72].
Luther's doctrines in Poland, [26].
Luzzatto, Moses Hayyim, poet, [92].
Lyons, Israel, grammarian, [95].
Ma'aseh Tobiah, [42].
Macaulay, on Russian civilization, [310] (n. [6]).
McCaul's Old Paths, [146], [211].
Maggid Yeshu'ah, by Lilienthal, [174-176].
Maimon, Solomon, [81-89];
quoted, [31], [60], [106];
Autobiography, [83], [88];
his philosophy, [84-87];
his contributions to the Meassef, [98];
referred to, [108], [130], [132], [192], [298].
Maimuni, commentators on his Moreh Nebukim, [38], [84], [89];
retranslated by Levin, [100];
his Mishneh Torah, translated, [186], [200];
his Hebrew style, [97].
Malak, Abraham, Hasid, [122].
Malak, Hayyim, Hasid, [65].
Manasseh ben Israel, [32];
his Nishmat Hayyim, [63];
his activity, [96].
Mandelkern, Solomon, rabbi, [203], [246].
Mandelstamm, Benjamin, on Lilienthal, [173];
quoted, [186];
on Vilna, [198];
and Levinsohn, [212].
Mandelstamm, Leon, graduate from University of St. Petersburg, [186], [200], [252].
Mane, Mordecai Zebi, poet, [98].
Mann, Eliezer, "the Hebrew Socrates," [38].
Mann, Menahem, martyr, [27].
Manoah, Handel, mathematician, [38].
Mapu, Abraham, novelist, [244-245].
Margolioth, Judah Löb, rabbi, [105], [125].
Markusevich, Isaac, physician, [127].
Marx, Karl, his teachings promulgated, [256];
his name assumed, [257].
Masliansky, Zebi Hirsh, Maggid, [280].
May laws, [270-275].
Meassef, contributors to, [98-100];
condemned, [132];
referred to, [265].
Megillah 'Afah, [36].
Meisels, Berish, rabbi, [246].
Melammedim, in Germany, [35], [78], [80];
in Russia, [47], [294].
Memorbuch of Mayence, [29].
Mendelssohn, Meyer, communal worker, [140].
Mendelssohn, Moses (Rambman, "Dessauer"), appealed to by Mitnaggedim, [75];
his contact with Russiam Jews, [76-78];
his friends and followers, [81-90], [135];
his philosophy, [88];
referred to, [92];
presumed to be author of Sefer ha-Berit, [102];
his translation of the Pentateuch, [78], [81], [105], [132], [133], [203];
post-Mendelssohnian period in Germany, [168];
in Russia, [192], [193];
his Jerusalem, [209];
his Phaedon, [214];
Alexander I's ideal Jew, [128];
the "Russian Mendelssohn," [213];
Smolenskin and Gottlober on, [265].
Mendlin, Jacob Wolf, socialist, [293].
Meseritz, Bär of, promoter of Hasidism, [65].
Midrash Talpiyot, [63].
Mielziner, Leo, on Zionist artists, [291].
Mikhailovich, Czar Aleksey, [40].
Milman, on Maimon's Autobiography, [88].
Minhagim, according to Elijah Vilna, [73-74];
according to M.A. Günzburg, [215].
Minor, Solomon Zalkind, "the Russian Jellinek," [235], [236].
Minsk, [21];
Talmudists of, [34],
persecution of Hasidim in, [76];
schools in, [166-167], [292];
reception of Lilienthal in, [172], [173];
Maskilim of, [200], [201-235], [246];
referred to, [292], [293].
Mirabeau's reference to Hurwitz, [92].
Mitau, [123], [216].
Mitauer, Elias, communal worker, [140].
Mitnaggedim, opposition to Hasidism, [70], [131];
efforts of, at reconciliation with Hasidim, [120-121];
make common cause with Hasidim against Maskilim, [134], [260].
Mnyenie, by Dyerzhavin, [118].
Mohilev, [31], [104], [119], [128], [202].
Moldavia, [40-41].
Molo, Francisco, economist, [22].
Montefiore, Sir Moses, visits Russia, [155-157];
invited to Russia, [175];
entertained, [200];
visit of 1872 to Russia, [230];
on the pogroms, [270];
on Russo-Jewish women, [299].
Morgulis, Manasseh, litterateur, [14], [187-188].
Morschtyn, George, proselyte (?), [26].
Mosaïde, by Wessely, [98].
Moscow, proselytism in, [25], [26];
expulsions from, [56], [153], [271];
Jews admitted to, [111];
converts in, [177];
Russification in, [240];
restrictions in the University of, [274], [276];
referred to, [291].
Moses, martyr, [57].
Mussarnikes, [280].
Muzhiks, emancipation of, [222-223];
education of, [236-237];
restlessness of, [249-250];
socialism among, [257].
Mylich, George Gottfried, Lutheran champion of Jewish rights, [113-114].
Nachlass, Wolf, Cantonist, [139].
Napoleon, convokes the Sanhedrin, [93];
his invasion of Russia, [112], [113];
his defeat, [115-117], [128];
on Vilna, [197].
Narodnaya Volya Society, [257], [278].
Narodniki, [236-237].
Nazimov, Governor-General, champion of Jews, [201], [225].
Nebakhovich, Alexander, theatrical director, [201].
Nebakhovich, Leon (Löb), first defender of Russian Jews in Russian, [114], [125], [130];
dramatist, [189].
Nebakhovich, Michael, editor of comic paper, [201].
Nemirov, [59].
Nemirov, Jehiel Michael of, scholar, [35].
Nestor's Chronicles, [20].
Nicholas I, referred to, [104], [202], [222], [229], [246], [249], [253], [260], [268], [284];
his policy, [135-160];
his recruiting, [135-139];
his colonization scheme, [140-143];
attempts at conversion of Jews, [144-147], [188];
his Exportation Law, [152-154];
his accusations refuted, [162-164];
investigates number of learned Jews, [167], [168], [198];
outwitted, [184];
on Jews of Odessa, [196].
Nicholas II, referred to, [80], [192];
persecution of Jews under, [275-277].
Nieszvicz, [82], [114], [118], [127], [197].
Nisanovich, Itshe, physician, [39].
Nishmat Hayyim, by Manasseh ben Israel, [63].
Noah, Mordecai Manuel, statesman, [284].
Nomenclature, Russo-Jewish, [30].
Notkin, Nathan, diplomat and philanthropist, [118], [125].
Novgorod, [25], [139], [271].
Novy Israil Society, [248].
Odessa, schools in, [164], [185];
Lilienthal in, [176];
Jewish influences in, [194-197];
Talmud Torah of, [226];
Haskalah in, [233-235];
Russification of, [240], [246], [255];
assimilation in, [248];
pogromy in, [253];
referred to, [251], [292], [294], [295], [296];
Jewish women of, [299-300].
'Olam Katan, [297].
Old Paths, by McCaul, [146], [211].
Ostrog, [44], [206].
Pale, the Jewish, [188], [199], [271], [274].
Palestine, rehabilitation of, [13];
settlers from, in Russia, [18], [27];
longing for, [153], [283];
Smolenskin on, [263-264].
Parlovich, Arthur, physician, [126].
Patapov, Governor-General, convokes a conference, [259].
Paul I, [62], [111], [112].
Paul III, pope, [253].
Pechersky, St. Feodosi, [25].
Peretz, Abraham, diplomat, [118], [125], [130].
Peretz, Gregori, Dekabrist, [192], [249], [284].
Perl, Joseph, educator, [163], [164], [205].
Perl, S., educator, [166].
Persia, immigrants from, [19].
Peter the Great, conquers the Tatars, [54];
his attempts to civilize Russia, [56];
surrender of Riga to, [123].
Phaedon, by Mendelssohn, [214].
Philippson, Ludwig, rabbi, [154], [158], [175].
Phillips, Phinehas, founder of the Anglo-Jewish family, [94].
Pinczows, the, scholars, [104-105].
Pinner, Ephraim Moses, Talmudist, [145].
Pinsk, [76], [197], [202], [242].
Pinsker, Leo, nationalist, [263], [281-283].
Pinsker, Simhah, scholar, [108-109], [164], [195].
Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich, liberal school superintendent, [226-228].
Plehve, von, on restrictions, [302].
Plungian, Ezekiel Feiyel, Talmudist, [119], [203].
Pobyedonostsev, influences Alexander II, [250-251];
procurator of the Holy Synod, [269];
his policy regarding Jews, [270];
on Jewish superiority, [273].
Podolia, [60], [64], [69], [162], [195], [277].
Pogodin, on early Russian Jews, [19].
Pogromy, [253], [269-270].
Poimaniki, [136-138], [152], [162], [184].
Poimshchiki, [137].
Polack, Jacob, Talmudist, [72], [104].
Poland, early settlement of Jews in, [20];
political eminence of, [22-23];
proselytism in, [26];
after Chmielnicki's massacres, [53-55];
influence of Calvinism in, [56-57];
during the rozbior, [58];
after the annexation, [113];
Jewish loyalty to, [115-116];
under Nicholas I, [158-159];
use of Polish in, [196];
sympathy with, and adoption of language of, [246-247].
Polonnoy, Jacob Joseph of, follower of Besht, [65];
his Toledot Ya'akob Yosef burnt in Vilna, [76];
mentioned, [122], [132].
Polotsk, [55], [95].
Poltava, [200], [239], [300].
Popes, [72], [253].
Posner, Solomon, philanthropist, [143-144].
Pototzki, Count Valentine, proselyte, [27].
Prayer book. See [Book of Common Prayer].
Prelooker, Jacob, [241-242], [248].
Printing-press, permission to establish, [110];
first publications from, [124];
restrictions removed from use of, [230].
Prochovnik, Abraham, Jewish king of Poland (?), [22].
[Proselytism], [18], [20], [24-28].
Public schools, admission of Jews to, [111], [118], [125];
exclusion of Jews from, [273-275].
Pumpyansky, Aaron Elijah, rabbi, [203], [246].
Pushkin's prisoner, [224].
Querido, Jacob, mystic, [64].
Rabbinical seminaries, [144-145], [165], [170], [173], [182], [196], [202-203].
Rabbis, position of, in Russo-Poland, [44-45];
required to know Russian, German, or Polish, [125];
opposed by Maskilim, [173];
Lilienthal on, [174], [181];
Günzburg on, [216-217];
dukhovny and kazyony, [295-296].
Rabinovich, Osip, litterateur, [201], [238], [243].
Rabinowitz, Joseph, assimilationist, [248].
Rachmailovich, Affras, merchant, [22].
Radziwill, Prince, [24], [39], [62].
Rapoport, Solomon Löb, rabbi, [205].
Rasiner, Israel, zaddik, [211].
Raskolniki, [248].
Rathaus, Abraham, merchant, [200].
Razsvyet, [238], [243-244], [286].
Reform Judaism, and the Haskalah, [242-248];
sermons in Russian, [246];
Smolenskin on, [264-265].
Reform synagogues, in Odessa, [196];
in Warsaw, [197];
in Vilna, [198].
Reines, Isaac Jacob, rabbi, [295].
Reis, Joseph, grandfather of Wessely, [77].
Revolutionaries, [192], [248-251], [255-258].
Riesser, Gabriel, champion of Jewish emancipation, [78].
Riga, [123], [164], [170], [180], [185], [195], [197], [225], [246], [271].
Risenci, Jonathan of, rabbi, [104].
Rivkes, Moses, commentator, [34].
Romm, Menahem Mann, publisher, [148-149].
Rosensohn, Joseph, rabbi, [127].
Rosensohn, Moses, reformer, [247].
Rosenthal, Leon, financier, [200], [237-238].
Rothschild, Baron Edmund de, [288].
Rurik, Varangian prince, [19].
Russia, Haskalah in, contrasted with Haskalah in Galicia and Germany, [12];
arrival of German Jews in, [18];
antiquity of Jews in, [19];
privileges of Jews in, [21];
Jewish envoys to, [22];
mentioned by medieval scholars, [28-29];
Sefardim and Ashkenazim resort to, [33-34];
scientists in, [37-39];
physicians in, [39-42];
status of Jews of, before Chmielnicki's uprising, [42-45];
Jewish self-government, school system, and mode of living in, [45-52];
under Ivan the Terrible, [55-56];
under Peter the Great, [56];
under Elizabeta Petrovna, [57];
state of civilization of, [60], [107];
favorable conditions in, under Catherine II, Paul I, and Alexander I, [110-128];
Jewish patriotism toward, under Alexander I, [117];
Russification of Jews of, [124-125];
opposition to Haskalah in, [133] f.;
Jewish colonization in, [140-144];
crusade against the Talmud in, [145-147];
opinions of prominent Gentiles on Jews of, [162], [224-225];
literature and civilization of, under Nicholas I, [189-190];
under Alexander II, [222-226];
Jewish contribution to civilization of, [201-202], [255];
sermons in, [246];
defenders of Jews in, [302-303];
Macaulay on civilization of, [310] (n. [6]).
Sack, Hayyim, financier, [200].
Sackheim, Joseph, merchant, [200].
Safah Berurah, by Hannover, [39].
St. Petersburg, Imperial Hermitage in, [19];
scene of martyrdom, [57];
referred to, [91], [104], [267], [276], [286], [300];
Jews permitted in, [111], [117], [126];
expelled from, [128], [153], [271];
deputation to, [129];
rabbinical conferences, [151], [173], [174-176], [230];
converts in, [177];
first graduate of University of, [200];
restriction of students in, [274];
Russification in, [240];
revolutionaries at, [258].
Salanter, Israel, rabbi, [241].
Samuel ben Avigdor, rabbi, [79].
Samuel ben Mattathias, Talmudist, [40].
Sanchez, Antonio Ribeiro, physician, [57].
Sanhedrin, the, and French Russian Jews, [93].
Satanov, Isaac Halevi, litterateur, [99], [217].
Schapira, Moses, publisher, [148].
Schapiro, Constantin, poet, [98].
Schechter, Solomon, on Hasidism, [69].
Schick, Baruch (Shklover), scientist, [94], [96], [105-106], [119], [125].
Schiller, on Maimon, [89];
referred to, [192].
Schools, secular, [163-165], [182-185], [195-196], [227-228], [229], [235], [239], [253], [273-274], [276-277], [290-292], [297].
Sefer ha-Berit, [102].
Seiberling, Joseph, censor of Hebrew books, [200].
Shabbataï Zebi, pseudo-Messiah, [64], [69].
Shalkovich, Abraham Lob (Ben Avigdor), [296].
Shatzkes' Ha-Mafteah, [244].
Shavli, Moses of, writer of polemics, [36].
Shibhe ha-Besht, [123], [134].
Shklov, [105], [124].
Shkud, Mikel of, rabbi, [61].
Shneersohn, Menahem Mendel, zaddik, [175], [176].
Shmoilovich, Abraham, merchant, [22].
Shulhan 'Aruk, commentators on, [34], [36];
its effect on Jewish life, [73];
Elijah Vilna on, [74];
criticism of, [123];
annotations to, [127];
referred to, [215].
Siberia, [140-143], [160].
Sin'at 'Olam le-'Am 'Olam, [280-281].
Sixtus V, pope, [72].
Skazanye O Florye Rimlyaninye, by Korolenko, [302].
Skripitzyn's Information about the Killing of Christians, etc., [229].
Slonim, Samson of, rabbi, [106].
Slonimsky, Hayyim Selig, inventor and editor, [199], [200], [201-202], [203].
Slutsk, [76], [105], [202].
"Slutsker Maggid, the," [246].
Smolensk, [21], [162].
Smolenskin, Perez, and Haskalah, [13];
his descriptions of the heder and yeshibah, [50], [266];
his life, [261-267];
his conception of Haskalah, [261];
on nationalism, [262-263], [284];
on reformers, [264-265];
attacks Mendelssohn, [265];
on the prophetic consciousness of the Jewish masses, [266-267];
his popularity, [267];
organizes the Kadimah, [285];
opposes the Alliance Israélite Universelle, [285].
Sobieski, John, [39].
Society for the Promotion of Haskalah among the Russian Jews, [237-239], [246], [252], [291-292].
Sofer, Moses, rabbi, [133].
Sofer, Shabbataï, rabbi, [36].
Sokolov, Nahum, publicist, [280].
Sosima, monkish proselyte, [26].
Spector, Isaac Elhanan, rabbi, [288].
Speir, Bima, of Mohilev, opponent of Frank, [104].
Spinoza and Maimon compared, [86], [88].
Stern, Abraham Jacob, inventor, [201].
Stern, Bezalel (Basilius), pedagogue, [164], [165], [175], [176].
Strashun, Mattathias, Talmudist, [203].
Surovyetsky, on Russian Jews, [162], [318] (n. [1]).
Switzerland, [257], [298], [299], [300].
Talmud, Der, in seiner Nichtigkeit, by Buchner, [146].
Talmud, the, the study of, [31], [71-72];
burnt in public, [70];
customs of, according to Elijah Gaon, [74];
attacks on, [145-147], [170], [242-248];
published in Russia, [147-149];
neglected in Germany, [168].
Talmud Torah, the, [47], [184].
Talmudists, ancient Russo-Jewish, [28-30];
opposed by Hasidism, [66];
in Vilna, [197-198].
Tarnopol, on Russo-Jewish women, [299-300].
Taz, David, rabbi, [34].
Temkin's Derek Salulah, [146].
Te'udah be-Yisraël, by Levinsohn, [205-207], [209], [210], [212].
Toledot Ya'akob Yosef, by Jacob Joseph Polonnoy, [65].
Tolstoi, [245], [250], [302].
Troki, city, [22].
Troki, Abraham, author and physician, [39].
Troki, Isaac ben Abraham, Karaite scholar, [36].
Turgenief, on Russia, [224];
his Zhid, [224];
referred to, [245], [250];
on Alexander II, [251];
his Virgin Soil, and Fathers and Sons, [257];
his Lithuanian Jewish character, [259-260].
Tushiyah Society, [296-297].
Ukraine, the, Jewish community in, [20];
famous for scholars, [35-36];
Jewish self-government in, [44];
expulsions from, [56-57];
state of morality in, [64];
Hasidism in, [69], [122];
first school in, [164].
Uman, [59], [164].
[United States], the, [158], [220], [270], [283].
Uvarov, on persecution, [155], [302];
on "re-education," [171], [174], [175], [182].
Vassile Lupu, hospodar of Moldavia, [40].
Vassilyevich, Ivan, [23], [26].
Vernacular, the, [18], [29], [30-31], [38], [188], [194], [255].
Vilna, scene of martyrdom, [27];
Talmudists of, [34];
kahal of, [62];
persecution of Hasidim, [76];
the last rabbi of, [79];
notables of, [91], [92], [124], [150];
first graduates from University of, [126-127];
opposition to Haskalah in, [133];
first publication of the Talmud in, [148-149];
first assembly of Maskilim in, [165];
innovations in, [166];
reception of Lilienthal in, [172], [173];
rabbinical seminary at, [175], [186], [202];
yeshibot of, [197];
Haskalah in, [198], [200], [206], [246];
champions of Jews in, [225];
referred to, [230], [292], [295].
Virgin Soil, by Turgenief, [257].
Vital, Hayyim, Cabbalist, [103], [134].
Vitebsk, [128], [202], [292].
Vitebsk, Menahem Mendel of, zaddik, on Haskalah, [135].
Vladimir, grand duke, [20].
Volhynia, jurisdiction over, [44];
massacres in, [60];
Hasidism in, [69], [81], [104];
first complete edition of the Talmud published in, [148];
referred to, [162], [195];
blood accusations in, [208].
Volozhin, Hayyim, dean, [135], [150-151], [175], [176].
Volozhin, Isaac of, dean, [151].
Volozhin, yeshibah of, [150-152], [245], [295].
Vosnitzin, Captain, martyr, [27], [57].
Wahl, Saul, Jewish Polish king (?), [22].
Warsaw, Jewish community in, [20];
persecution in, [58];
protest at, [62];
defended by Jewish soldiers, [115];
first Yiddish paper in, [124];
rabbinic college of, [144-145], [170], [202];
censor in, [148];
condition of, [159];
German influence in, [196];
Maskilim of, [202], [206], [246];
referred to, [286].
Way, Lewis, English missionary, [129-130], [144].
Weigel, Katharina, proselyte, [27].
Wengeroff's Memoirs, [163];
on Russo-Jewish women, [300].
Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig, quoted, [38];
course of study prescribed by, [75];
his ancestry, [77];
his opinion on Russo-Jewish students, [80], [92], [108];
his Mosaïde, [98];
his Yen Lebanon, [105];
his Epistles and Yen Lebanon banned, [132], [133], [192].
What to Do, by Chernichevsky, [257].
White, on Jewish farmers, [288].
Wissotzky, Kalonymos, philanthropist, [292].
Wohl, censor of Hebrew books, [252], [294].
Wolf, Levy, jurist, [126].
Wolff's Metaphysics, [84-86];
Mathematics, [90], [108].
Wolper, Michael, educator, [294].
Women's education, [45-46], [253], [258], [259], [276], [296], [299-301].
Words of Peace and Truth, by Wessely, [75].
Workingmen, Russo-Jewish, [163], [293-294], [318] (n. [2]).
Yankele Kovner. See [Barit, Jacob].
Yaroslav, fair of, [49].
Yaroslav, Aaron, friend of Mendelssohn, [81].
Yavan, Baruch, diplomat, [104].
Yelisavetgrad, [247], [269], [292].
Yen Lebanon, by Wessely, [105], [132], [133], [192].
Yeralash, [201].
Yeshibat 'Ez Hayyim, [150-152], [175], [184], [254].
Yeshibot, [32], [46-49], [168].
Yeven Mezulah, by Hannover, [48-49].
Yiddish, as spoken by Russian Jews, [38];
first used for secular instruction, [100-101], [124];
first weekly in, [123], [196];
studied for missionary purposes, [145];
employed by Maskilim, [167], [232];
by Zionists, [286].
Zabludovsky, Jehiel Michael, Talmudist, [199].
Zacharias, monkish proselyte, [26].
Zacharias of Kiev, missionary, [25].
Zaddikim, [66], [122], [220].
Zamoscz, city, [90], [202].
Zamoscz, Israel Moses Halevi, instructor of Mendelssohn, [77], [90], [195].
Zamoscz, Reuben of, quoted, [80].
Zamoscz, Solomon of, liturgical poet, [35].
Zangwill, on Maimon, [88];
referred to, [297].
Zaremba, proselyte, [27].
Zaslav, fair of, [49];
blood accusation in, [208].
Zaslaver, Jacob, Massorite, [36].
Zbitkover, Samuel, financier, [116].
Zederbaum, Alexander, publisher, [288].
Zeitlin, Joshua, financier, [118-119].
Zeker Rab, [124].
Zelmele, Talmudist, [119-120].
Zerubbabel, by Levinsohn, [210-212], [213].
Zhagory, [200], [202].
Zhitomir, rabbinical seminary at, [175], [186], [197], [202], [248];
printing-press in, [230];
trade school in, [235];
Evening and Sabbath schools in, [239].
Zionism, [267], [284-287]:
difficulties of, [287-288];
effect of, [289-291].
Zohar, [63], [134].
Zunser, Eliakum, badhan, on Alexander II, [231];
on Orthodoxy, [240-241];
on the "intelligentia," [278];
on Zionism, [290];
on the awakening, [324-327] (n. [27]).