WILLIAM PENN CHARTER SCHOOL, PHILADELPHIA. INTRODUCTION.
1. LIFE OF RACINE.
Jean Racine, unquestionably the most perfect of the French tragic poets, was born in 1639, at La Ferté-Milon, near Paris. He received a sound classical education at Port-Royal des Champs, then a famous centre of religious thought and scholastic learning. At the early age of twenty he was so fortunate as to attract, by an ode in honor of the marriage of King Louis XIV., the favor of that exacting monarch,—a favor which he was to enjoy during forty years. Yet more fortunate in the friendship of Molière, of La Fontaine, and especially of his trusty counsellor, Boileau, he doubtless owed to them his determination to devote himself to dramatic literature.
His first tragedies to be put upon the stage were La Thébaïde (1664) and Alexandre (1665), which gave brilliant promise. In 1667 appeared Andromaque, his first chef-d'oeuvre, which placed him at once in the very front rank by the side of Corneille. From that time forth, until 1677, almost each year was marked by a new triumph. In 1668, he produced his one comedy, Les Plaideurs, a highly successful satire on the Law Courts, in the vein of the "Wasps" of Aristophanes. In 1669, he resumed his tragedies on historical subjects with Britannicus, largely drawn from Tacitus, followed by Bérénice (1670), Bajazet (1672), Mithridate (1673), Iphigénie (1674), and Phèdre (1677), the last two being inspired by Euripides.
Incensed at a literary and artistic cabal, by which a rival play of Phèdre, by Pradon, was momentarily preferred to his own, Racine now withdrew from the stage. Appointed soon after to the not very onerous post of historiographer to the King, he lived for a period of twelve years a retired life in the bosom of his family.
In 1689, at the request of Mme. de Maintenon, the secret wife of Louis XIV., he produced Esther, and in 1691, Athalie, both drawn from the Scriptures and intended for private performance only. Embittered by the indifference with which the latter tragedy was received,—although posterity has pronounced it his masterpiece,—Racine definitely gave up the drama. He died in 1699, after a few years devoted to his Histoire du Règne de Louis XIV., his death being hastened by grief at having incurred the King's displeasure on account of a memoir on the misery of the people, which he wrote at the request of Mme. de Maintenon.
A devoted husband and father, an adroit but sincere courtier, Racine has won the regard of posterity by his life as well as its admiration by his literary genius. As a poet, he was endowed with the purest gift of expression ever granted to a mind imbued with the works of the classical writers of Greece and Rome.