Moral Theology / A Complete Course Based on St. Thomas Aquinas and the Best Modern Authorities

by John A. McHugh; Charles J. Callan

INDEX TO VOLUMES I-II

The numbers refer to the sections in the text. Nos. 1-1625 are contained in Volume I [of the print edition].

Abjectedness, definition, 2561.

Abnormal Mental States, as obstacles to voluntariness of acts, 40, 55; effect on voluntariness of acts, 55.

Abortion, canonical penalties for, 1851 a.

Absolute Standard, in grave matter, 1899.

Abstemiousness, subjective part of temperance, 2465 a; definition, 2466; degrees of abstemiousness, 2467 a; austerity, 2468; excellence of fasting and abstinence, 2469 a; sins opposed to abstemiousness, 2470 a. See also Gluttony; Sobriety.

Abstinence, excellence of, 2469 a.

Abstinence, Total, see Sobriety.

Accession, title to private ownership, 1872 a; principles of accession, 1874.

Accusation, Judicial, obligation, 1966; when a malefactor is bound to accuse himself, 1968; ethical conditions for lawful accusation or denunciation, 1969; persons who may not act as accusers, 1970; judicial accusation and fraternal correction, 1972; unjust accusation, 1973; cessation of duty of accusation, 1794. See also Complaint.

Accused, see Defendant.

Act, Virtuous, intrinsic and extrinsic modes of performing, 1554; essential and ideal modes, 1555.

Acts, Human, 22-62; definition, 23; knowledge requisite for, 24; ignorance renders them involuntary, 28; effect of error, forgetfulness and inadvertence on, 32-33; consent requisite for, 34; free and necessary, 35 a; perfectly and imperfectly voluntary, 35 b; voluntary absolutely and under a certain aspect, 35 c; voluntary in themselves or directly and in their cause or indirectly, 35 d; voluntary, approvingly and permissively, 36; omissions, 37-39; obstacles which destroy or lessen voluntariness, 40 sqq.; voluntary acts either elicited or commanded by the will, 56-62; intellectual, 61-62; sensible, 61-62; external corporal, 61-62; morality of, 63 sqq.; acts forbidden to clerics, 2603 a.

Acts, Meritorious, 106 sqq.

Acts, Moral, 63 sqq.; good, 76-78; bad, 79-80; indifferent, 82 sqq.; morality of external act, 89 sqq.; morality of act indirectly willed, 94-95; morality of consequences of act, 96, imputability, 97 sqq,; imputability in cases of double result, 103 sqq.; acts that are objectively efficaciously and subjectively unjust, 1763 a, b, c. See also Acts, Meritorious.

Acts of Charity, see Charity.

Acts of Faith, see Faith.

Acts of Hope, see Hope.

Acts, Voluntary, 35-39. See also Acts, Human.

Adjuration, definition, 2263; species of adjuration, 2264; solemn or simple adjuration, 2264 a; imperative or deprecative adjuration, 2264 b; qualities of lawful adjuration, 2265; persons who may be adjured, 2266; use of exorcisms, 2267; effects of adjurations, 2268.

Adoration, see Religion.

Adornment, when lascivious, 1456 b.

Adulation, sin against affability, 2423 a.

Adultery, definition, 2530; sinfulness of adultery, 2530 b; degrees of malice, 2530 c.

Advertence, full and partial, 174 sqq., 153, 196.

Advisor, implicit, 1779 c.

Aeromancy, form of divination, 2284 G.

Affability, virtue of, 2143 b; definition, 2421; offices of affability, 2422; sins against affability, 2423.

Affectation, vice opposite to modesty, 2566 b.

Afflictions, Medicinal, as remedies against sin, 283.

_Agapae_, in Early Church, 2185 a.

Age of Reason, Puberty and Majority, 433.

Agency, 1749 a.

Aggression, Unjust, 1831.

Albigensianism, 822 c.

Almsgiving, external effect of charity, 1210; definition, 1216; manner of giving, 1217; forms of almsgiving, 1218; seven corporal works of mercy, 1221; seven spiritual, 1222; comparison of corporal and spiritual alms, 1224; duty of almsgiving, 1226 sqq.; three classes of needy persons distinguished, 1233; three degrees of corporal need, 1236; rules on giving alms, 1237; gravity of the obligation, 1238; refusal of alms and restitution, 1240; alms from ill-gotten goods, 1241 sqq.; almsgiving from the goods of another, 1244-1246; order of charity in almsgiving, 1247; amount to be given, 1249, 1253; employment as alms, 1249 b; when alms are excessive, 1250; clerics and almsgiving, 1252; time for almsgiving, 1255; manner, 1256; public charity cannot take the place of almsgiving, 1257.

Alphonsus Liguori, Saint, preference for Equiprobabilism, 696, 697, 698; on obligation of judge when evidence is contrary to his personal knowledge, 1951 c.

Ambiguous Answers, lawfulness of, 2402.

Ambition, as incentive to envy, 1330; vice against greatness of soul, 2450 b.

Amendment, Resolution of, 2736.

American Law on Bankruptcy, 1788.

Amusements, forbidden to Clerics, 2603 c.

Anarchists, condemned by Church, 947 b.

Anger, 269; immediate cause of fighting, 1431; a cause of contumely, 2017 c; definition, 2546; gravity of the sin of anger, 2547; anger compared with hatred and envy, 2548; one of the seven capital vices, 2549.

Annuities, 1749 b.

Anti-Nationalism, sin against piety, 2349 b.

Anti-Tutiorism, 672 b.

Apology, as reparation for contumely, 2023 b; manner of apologizing, 2024.

Apostasy, definition, 835; comparative gravity of sins of apostasy, 837; objectively speaking, no reason can justify apostasy, 838; apostasy to non-Catholic and anti-Catholic sects, 839.

Appeal, right of accused, 1982.

Appetites, Sensible, 46.

Appetites, Sensitive, as subject of sin, 231.

Appetites, Spiritual, 46.

Arianism, 822 c.

Art, intellectual virtue, 146 b; one of the two practical virtues of intellect, 1627 a.

Assent, External and Internal, 760 a, b; objects, 761 d.

Assistant Priest, special duties of, 2607 c.

Astrology, a form of divination, 2285 c.

Astuteness, a form of evil prudence, 1651 a.

Attrition, see Contrition.

Augury, a form of divination, 2285 d.

Auspice, a form of divination, 2285 d.

Austerity, nature and kinds, 2468.

Authority, can supply indirect certitude, 652; kind necessary to make opinion solidly probable, 707.

Avarice, 269; opposed to liberality, 2426; comparison of avarice and prodigality, 2429.

Backbiting, see Defamation.

Bailments, 1749.

Bankruptcy in American Law, 1788.

Baptism, Sacrament of, faith necessary for adult candidate, 791; the most necessary Sacrament, 2686; effect is regeneration, 2686 a; material element of Baptism, 2686 b; formal element, 2686 c; Solemn Baptism, 2637 a; Private Baptism, 2687 b; duties of pastors, 2688; duties of parents and guardians, 2689; sponsors required by Church from very early times, 2690; requirements for validity and lawfulness of sponsors, 2690 a, b; duties of sponsors, 2691; duties of adult recipients of Baptism, 2692; duties of minister of Baptism, 2693.

Barter, 1749 c.

Beatitudes, 159 c, 164, 1662; rewards promised, 165; Third, 811; First, 1058; Seventh, 1619; Sixth, 1662; Fourth and Fifth, 2433; Eighth, 2457; Second, 2571.

Beneficence, external effect of charity, 1211 sqq.; regulated by the order of charity, 1213-15; sins against, 1444 sqq. See Scandal; Obscenity; Seduction; Cooperation.

Benefices, Ecclesiastical, 1758; institution of benefices, 2185 h.

Bestiality, form of impurity, 2534 d.

Betrothal, duties of persons engaged to marry, 2627; duties imposed by engagement to marry, 2628; courtship, 2628; duty to manifest defects, 2628 b; fidelity during the engagement, 2628 c; right to manifest affection, 2628 c; formal promise to marry imposes duty of marriage within a reasonable time, 2628 d; breaking of engagement, 2628 d; duty of restitution in breach of promise, 2628 d; signs of affection between engaged persons, 2629.

Bills, unjust refusal to pay, 1794.

Birth-Control, see Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Bishop, interpreter of diocesan laws, 486; special duties, 2607 a.

Blackstone, on purely penal character of civil laws, 570 b.

Blasphemy, Sin of, 887 sqq.; heretical and non-heretical, 889; interpreting cases of doubtful blasphemy, 894; sinfulness of blasphemy, 895; the greatest sin against faith, 895 b; species of blasphemy, 897; circumstances which aggravate, 897 d; blasphemies against the Three Divine Persons, 898; despair and presumption as blasphemy, 899 a; sin against Holy Ghost, 900; state of malicious sin, 901; remedies against blasphemy, 902; absolution, 903.

Blessed Sacrament, Confraternities of, 955 a.

Bluntness, vice opposite to modesty, 2566 b.

Bonaventure, Saint, on obligation of judge when evidence is contrary to his personal knowledge, 1951 c.

Bond, definition of, 1886 a.

Bonds, purchase by clerics, 2605 e.

Books, when obscene, 1456 e; forbidden, see Writings, Forbidden.

Booty, obligation to make restitution, 1414.

Borrowing, Sinful, 1879 b.

Brahmanism, 822 a.

Breach of Promise, damages resultant on, 1888 a.

Bribery, Judicial, see Judge.

Broth, use forbidden on Friday, 2586 c.

Buddhism, 822 a.

Buying and Selling, 1749 b.

Calumny, definition, 2030 e; worst kind of defamation, 2032 d. See also Defamation.

Candidates for Public Office, lawfulness of revelations about, 2071.

Capital Vices, Seven, 269 sqq.

Carbonari, forbidden by Church, 947 h.

Cardinal Virtues, 150. See also Prudence; Justice; Fortitude; Temperance.

Carelessness, caused by sloth, 1324, 1326 c, 1327.

Casuistic Method, in Moral Theology, 13.

Catholic Daughters of America, 955 b.

Caution, integral part of prudence, 108 b.

Celibacy, origin and obligation, 2602 a.

Censorship, Government, not desirable, 1458 e.

Censures, by the Church, 761 c.

Ceremonial Law, see Law, Mosaic.

Certainty, of knowledge, 1630; certainty of practical truth, 1630.

Certitude, necessary for prudence, 1630.

Certitude of Conscience, necessity, 641-642; kinds, 643 sqq.; metaphysical, physical and moral, 644 sqq.; speculative and practical, 647; demonstrative and probable, 649; direct and indirect, 651; principle of authority and reflex principles supply indirect certitude, 652.

Charity, theological virtue of, 151; compared with faith and hope, 157; remains in the blessed, 158; Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163; definition, 1105; charity and natural love, 1106 sqq.; true friendship with God, 1112; uncreated and created charity, 1113-1114; excellence of, 1115; charity and beatific vision, 1116; production of charity, 1121; origin, 1122; may be increased, 1124; perfect charity, 1129; three degrees, 1130; decline of charity, 1131; loss of, 1132; object of, 1133; love of creatures not always charity, 1134; sinful, natural and supernatural self-love, 1136; friendship and charity, 1137-1141; love of neighbor, 1139; charity for sinners, 1142-1147; for enemies, 1148 sqq.; common signs of charity, 1154; refusal of greeting a lack of charity, 1157; general order of charity, 1158; character of love of God, 1160 sqq.; sacrifice of spiritual goods for neighbor’s sake, 1163; love of the body, 1164; order of charity between neighbors, 1171 sqq.; order of charity between relations, 1176 sqq.; acts of, 1183 sqq.; exercise of act, 1184; internal effects of charity, 1103; joy, 1194; peace, 1195 sqq.; reconciliation with God effected by charity, 1196; what reconciliation with enemies demands, 1198; manner and time of seeking reconciliation, 1202 sqq.; external effects of charity, 1210; beneficence (q.v.), 1211; almsgiving (q.v.), 1216; fraternal correction (q.v.), 1258 sqq.; hate (q.v.), 1295 sqq.; sins against peace, 1347 sqq.; opposition between schism and charity, 1371; schism greatest sin against neighbor, 1372; duty of owner towards one in dire need, 1925 a.

Charity, Commandments of, in Old Testament, 1547 a; in New Testament, 1547 b; precepts of secondary acts of charity, 1551; prohibitions of uncharitableness, 1552; commandment of love of God, 1553 sqq.; modes of performing act of love of God, 1554-1555; must be subjectively and objectively great, 1556; actual and habitual, 1557; degrees of perfection of this act, 1560; commandment of love of self, 1561; pursuit of supernatural, intellectual and corporal goods, 1563-1564; care of the mind, 1564; commandment of love of neighbor, 1579 sqq.; conditions, 1582; fulfillment of the commandments of charity, 1585 sqq.; various ways of fulfillment, 1586; external acts must be accompanied by internal love, 1588; internal act must be explicit, 1589; proper intention, 1590; obligation is universal, 1592; times when the precepts of charity oblige, 1593 sqq.; ignorance as excuse for omission, 1596; cases when love of neighbor must be explicit, 1603; necessity of habit of charity, 1604; order of charity is also commanded, 1606.

Chastity, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163; subjective part of temperance, 2465 a; definition of chastity, 2486; fruit of Fear of the Lord, 2571 c; vow and virtue of chastity, 2612 b.

Chauvinism, sin against piety, 2349 a.

Children, compensation of, 2631; sex education of children, 2632; duties of children, charity and piety, 2633; special love of parents, 2633 a; respect and assistance owed to parents, 2633 b.

Chiromancy, form of divination, 2285 b.

Christian Doctrine, Confraternities of, 955 a.

Christian Science, 823 b; refusal of medicine or hygienic care, 2304.

Circumspection, 1638 b.

Clairvoyance, form of divination, 2285 a.

Clemency, definition, 2551; vices opposed to clemency, 2552 a.

Clergy, duty of charity to the poor, 2608 a; disposition of superfluous wealth by beneficed clergy, 2609 a. See also Clerics.

Clerics, special duties of, 2596; duties before entering clerical state, 2596 a; duties after entering clerical state, 2596 b; internal vocation, 2597 a; external vocation, 2597 b; sinfulness of disregarding vocation, 2598 a; positive duties of clerics, 2599 a; obligation of Divine Office, 2600 a; excuses from the obligation of Divine Office, 2601 a; precept of clerical celibacy, 2602 a; negative duties of clerics, 2603; forbidden acts, 2603 a; forbidden occupations, 2603 b; forbidden amusements, 2603 c; prohibition against trading, 2604 a; clerics and purchase and sale of stocks and bonds, 2605 a; duties of clerical superiors, 2606 a; special duties of those who have care of souls, 2607 a.

Clients, duties to lawyers, 2651 b.

Coercion, as obstacle to consent, 40; effect on voluntariness of acts, 52.

Coition, Unnatural, form of impurity, 2534 b.

Commandments, natural and supernatural, 330; of faith, 913 sqq.; hope, 1092 sqq.; charity, 1547 sqq.; prudence, 1657; justice, 2434-2436; fortitude, 2458-2460; temperance, 2572.

Commandments, Ten, 2436 sqq.

_Commodatum_, 1749 a.

Communication, Dangerous, 882 sqq.; civil and religious communication, 882; when non-religious communication is sinful, 883; when religious communication is sinful, 884; communication in worship, 956 sqq.; private and public, 956; participation of non-Catholics in Catholic worship, 957-958; restriction of this participation, 959; performance of Catholic rites by non-Catholics, 960.

Communion, Holy, minister, 2703; recipient of the Eucharist, 2704; persons who may receive Communion, 2704 a; persons who must receive Communion, 2704 b; requirements in candidates for First Communion, 2704 b; dispositions for worthy Communion, 2705; confession, preparation and thanksgiving, 2705 a; Rite in which Communion may be received, 2705 a; dispositions of body (Eucharistic fast and external reverence), 2705 b; necessary dispositions for frequent Communion, 2706 a; useful dispositions for frequent Communion, 2706 b; duties of parents, pastors and confessors in reference to Communion, 2707. See also Eucharist, Holy.

Commutations, involuntary, 1748 a; voluntary, 1748 b.

Commutative Justice, see Justice.

Compensation, various kinds of, 1927; lawfulness of occult compensation, 1928; unlawful occult compensation and restitution, 1929; conditions required by commutative justice for occult compensation, 1930; occult compensation in doubt of law, 1931 b; where there is strict right to compensation, 1932; where there is no right to compensation, 1933; compensation of children and employees, 1934; conditions required by legal justice for occult compensation, 1935; conditions required by charity for occult compensation, 1936; lawfulness of open compensation, 1937.

Compensationism, 731 sqq. See also Systems, Moral.

Complaint, duty of making complaint about private wrongs, 1967; persons in whose favor one may denounce a private wrong, 1971. See also Accusation, Judicial.

Complicity, see Cooperation.

Concupiscible Passions, 118-119. See also Passions.

Condemnations, of error by the Church, 761 b.

Condign Merit, see Merit.

Condiments, not forbidden on Friday, 2586 c.

Confession, see Penance, Sacrament of.

Confessors, duties of, regarding obligation of restitution, 1760; need of prudence, 1650 a. See also Penance, Sacrament of.

Confirmation, Sacrament of, 2694; remote and proximate matter, 2694 a; form, 2694 b; minister of Confirmation, 2695; recipient of Confirmation, 2696; sponsors in Confirmation, 2697; qualifications and duties of sponsors, 2697 a, b; duties of pastor in reference to Confirmation, 2698.

Confucianism, 822 a.

Congruous Merit, see Merit.

Conscience, and Moral Theology, 2; definition, 575; variously divided, 576; true or false, 577; good (right) or bad (wrong), 578 a; certain or uncertain, 578 b; obligation of, 580; authority not unlimited, 581; no autonomous morality, 581 a; when conscience must be followed, 582; erroneous and doubtful conscience, 585; results of following erroneous conscience, 588; results of disobeying erroneous conscience, 589-591; a good conscience, 593 sqq.; antecedent and consequent conscience, 594; vigilant, tender and timorous conscience, 595; scrupulous conscience, 596; lax conscience, 596 sqq.; malicious or non-malicious laxity (reprobate or weak conscience), 598; partial or entire laxity, 599-600; Pharisaic conscience, 600; inculpable and culpable laxity, 601; causes of a lax conscience, 601; dangers of lax conscience, 602; rules regarding sins due to lax conscience, 603-604; opinion as state of conscience, 662 sqq.; remedies for lax conscience, 605; scrupulous differs from strict (tender) conscience, 607 a; scrupulous conscience differs from scrupulosity, 607 b; rules regarding scrupulous conscience and sins, 608; dangers of scrupulous conscience, 609; perplexed conscience, 611 sqq.; directions of St. Alphonsus regarding perplexed conscience, 612; scrupulosity, 614 sqq.; distinct from scrupulous conscience, 614 a; from a tender conscience, 614 b; from anxious, doubtful or guilty conscience, 614 c; chief subjects of scruples, 615; signs of scrupulosity, 616; internal causes of scrupulous conscience, 617; external causes, 618; sometimes tolerated by God, 619; dangers of scrupulosity, 620; rules for the scrupulous, 621; qualities necessary for successful direction of scrupulous, 625; scrupulous and past confessions, 626; scrupulous and present confessions, 627; scrupulous and performance of duties, 628; scrupulous and commission of sin, 630; remedies for scruples, 632 sqq.; signs of a good conscience, 638; certain conscience, 640 sqq.; kinds of certitude, 643 sqq.; uncertain conscience, 654-655; doubt and suspicion, 656; presumption, 658; reflex principles to settle doubts, 657 sqq.; opinion, 662 sqq.; accusing or excusing, 668 a; forbidding or permitting, 668 b; the moral systems, 672 sqq.; Tutiorism, 676 sqq.; Laxism, 680 sqq.; Probabiliorism, 683 sqq.; Equiprobabilism, 688 sqq.; Probabilism, 701 sqq.; Compensationism, 731 sqq.; respective merits and use of the rival systems of conscience, 740 sqq.; use by confessors, 741.

Conscience, Systems of, see Systems, Moral, and Conscience.

Consent, act of will, 59; consent of the will, condition of mortal sin, 178, 184, 196; obstacles to, see Obstacles to Consent; qualities necessary for valid consent, 1883; defects that invalidate consent, 1884.

Consolations, Spiritual, differ from devotion, 2151 b.

Contention, definition, 1355; sinfulness, 1357; causes, 1362.

Continence, potential part of temperance, 2465 c; nature of, 2544.

Continency, fruit of Fear of the Lord, 163, 2571 c.

Contraception, see Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Contract, forms of, 1749; gratuitous contracts, 1749 a; contract as title to private ownership, 1892 b; elements of contract, 1877; subject-matter of contract, 1878; when contracts are immoral, 1878 a; sinful contracts, 1879; qualities necessary for valid consent, 1833; defects that invalidate consent, 1884; when fear invalidates consent to contract, 1884 c; form of contract, 1885; accidentals of a contract, 1886; conditions added to contract, 1886 c; modes of contract, 1886 d; obligation of entering into contract, 1887 a; obligation of valid contract, 1888; quality of obligation in onerous and gratuitous contracts, 1588 a; quantity of obligation in onerous and gratuitous contracts, 1888 b; objects of obligation of contract, 1888 d; obligation of quasi-contract, 1888 d; cessation of obligation, 1889; unilateral and bilateral contracts, 1749 a; onerous contracts, 1749 b, c; subsidiary contracts, 1749 d; immoral contracts, 1878 d; sinful contracts, 1879; illegal contracts, 1880; unenforceable contracts, 1880 a; voidable contracts, 1880 c; contracts _ipso facto_ void, 1880 d; qualities necessary in the parties contractant, 1881; legal privileges of minors in connection with contracts, 1882; principles obligatory in all forms of contracts, 2137; gratuitous contracts, 2137 a; onerous contracts, 2137 b; aleatory contracts, 2137 c; fraudulent contracts, 2138.

Contractor’s Agreement, 1749 b.

Contrition, the first act of the penitent, 2729; perfect contrition, 2730 a; imperfect contrition or attrition, 2730 b; attrition based solely on fear of punishment, 2731; servile fear of God, 2731 b; slavish fear, 2731 b; attrition in the Sacrament of Penance, 2732; disinterested love not required in Penance, 2732 b; interested love necessary in Penance, 2732 e; conditions for valid contrition and attrition, 2733; internal sorrow; 2733 a; supernatural sorrow, 2733 b; universal sorrow, 2733 c; sovereign sorrow, 2733 d; properties of contrition, 2735.

Contumely, definition, 2010; various forms of, 2012; manner of confessing contumely in Sacrament of Penance, 2013; sinfuless of contumely, 2014; gravity of matter in contumely, 2015; causes of contumely, 2017; duty of bearing with contumely, 2018; reasons for resistance to contumely or detraction, 2019; duty of one who answers contumely or detraction, 2020; duty of restitution for contumely, 2021; what kind of reparation should be made, 2023; method of apologizing for contumely, 2024; cessation of obligation of restitution, 2026; the differences between defamation and contumely, 2029.

Cooperation, and restitution, 1775; positive cooperators in injury, 1779; negative cooperators, 1780; distinction between cooperators as equal or unequal causes of injury, 1782; cooperation in suicide, 1855; cooperation in defamation, 2076 sqq.; cooperation in sinful oaths, 2252; cooperation in divination or other form of superstition, 2296; cooperation in the sin of drunkenness, 2483 a; cooperation and restitution, see Restitution. See also Cooperation in Sin.

Cooperation in Religious Activities, 976 sqq.; immediate and mediate, 976 sqq.; lawfulness of material cooperation, 978; most usual cases of cooperation, 980; contributions to false worship, 981; building of houses of false worship, 983-984; preparing for non-Catholic services, 985-986; resemblance to scandal, 1460 b.

Cooperation in Sin, definition, 1506; how it differs from complicity, 1507; formal or material, 1508 a; positive or negative, 1508 b; occasional or effective, 1509 a; immediate or mediate, 1509 b; indispensable or not indispensable, 1509 c; unjust or unlawful, 1510; explicit or implicit, 1511; proximate or remote, 1512; sinfulness, 1513; lawfulness of material cooperation, 1515; gravity of reasons necessary for cooperation, 1520 sqq.; lawfulness of immediate cooperation, 1526; special cases, 1528; formal cooperation with evil reading matter, 1529; with evil dances or plays, 1531; material cooperation with evil dances or plays, 1532; cooperation by manufacture of sinful objects, 1533 sqq.; cooperation in supplying food and drink, 1537-1539; in renting houses, rooms, etc., 1540-1541; lawful and unlawful cooperation of employees, 1542; duties of confessors, 1545-1546.

Correction, Fraternal, definition, 1258; distinct from judicial correction and censure of vice, 1258 a, e; includes prevention of sin, 1258 d; duty, 1259-1261, 1282, 1284; when advisable and inadvisable, 1262-1263; doubtful cases, 1264; sin committed by omission or delay, 1265-1266; when person not a superior should make correction, 1267; obligation of inquiring into suspected wrongdoing, 1269; private spying uncharitable, 1269 c; faults that call for correction, 1270 sqq.; correction of vincibly and invincibly ignorant, 1273 sqq.; past sins do not demand correction, 1276; persons to be corrected, 1277; correction of superior, 1278; persons to administer correction, 1279; persons excused from duty, 1283; manner of correction, 1285-1291; secret and public corrections, 1286; obligation of reporting an occult sin, 1287; duties of superior when subject is reported for fraternal correction, 1292-1293; obligations for private individuals summarized, 1294.

Council of Trent, Catechism of the, points about which explicit faith is required, 765.

Counsel, Gift of the Holy Ghost, 160 a.

Counsels of New Testament, 7, 364 sqq.; the three chief, 368; superiority of, 366.

Counterclaim, definition, 1927 a.

Courage, inferior to justice, 1716 a.

Courtship, see Betrothal.

Cowardice, caused by sloth, 1324; sin against fortitude, 2446 b.

Creditors, order of preference among, 1787.

Credulity, 847.

Creed, knowledge of necessary, 920.

Creeds, summarize formulas of Christian teaching, 767; what articles deal with, 767; Apostles’, Nicene and Athanasian Creeds, 769; Summary of teaching of Apostles’ Creed, 770 sqq.

Cremation, societies for the promotion of, forbidden by Code, 946 b; cremation of corpses, 2595 b.

Criticism, when sinful, 2038; when injustice is committed by professional critics, 2075.

Cruelty, vice opposed to clemency, 2552 a.

Culpability, see Guilt.

Cunning, 1651 a.

Curiosity, compared with impurity, 2492 a.

Cursing, definition, 2111; when cursing is not sinful, 2112; sinfulness of cursing, 2113; gravity of sin of cursing, 2114; circumstances that change moral species of cursing, 2115; numerical multiplication in sins of cursing, 2116; cursing of evil, 2117; unlawful cursing of an irrational creature, 2119.

Custom, effect on law, 391 sqq.; kinds of, 392. See also Customs in Canon Law.

Customs in Canon Law, 506 sqq.; may interpret, abrogate or introduce law, 506; kinds of, 507; origin of, 508 a; legal force of, 508 b; time required for acquisition of legal force, 511; cessation of, 513.

_Damnum_, definition, 1724 b.

Dances, when obscene, 1456 d; evil, formal cooperation with, 1531; evil, material cooperation with, 1532.

Danger, of formal sin, 675 a, 678; of material sin, 675 b.

Dangerous Reading, see Reading, Dangerous.

Debates on Religion, generally inexpedient, 998.

Debt, moral and legal debt, 1692, 2141-43; moral degrees of, 2143.

Debt, Conjugal, 2614-17.

Decalogue, invincible ignorance of generally impossible, 321; Laws of the First and Second Tables, 338; the precepts contained in the Decalogue, 2436.

Deceit, form of lying, 2391 b.

Decency, subjective part of temperance, 2465 a; definition of decency, 2486 b.

Decision, Wise, potential part of prudence, 1646 b.

Defamation, definition, 2028; self-defamation, 2028 e; different forms of defamation, 2030; differences between defamation and contumely, 2029; implicit and explicit defamation, 2030 b; direct and indirect defamation, 2030 d; examples of indirect defamation, 2031; examples of direct defamation, 2032; defamation by innuendo, 2033 a; defamation by plain speech, 2033 b; sinfulness of detraction, 2036; right to true and false reputation, 2037; sinfulness of gossip or criticism about real and known defects, 2038; moral species of defamation, 2039; species of sins of defamation, 2040; numerical multiplication of defamations, 2041; theological species of defamation, 2042; harm done by defamation, 2043; comparison of defamation with other injuries against neighbor, 2044; rule for determining seriousness of defamation, 2046; harm done by reason of defects revealed, 2047; revelation of secret faults, 2048; harm done by reason of person defamed, 2049; meaning of the expression “infamous in a certain place,” 2051 sqq.; revelation about a person juridically in disrepute elsewhere, 2054; revelation about a person actually in disrepute elsewhere, 2055; notoriety in a closed community, 2057; revelation about a person formerly in disrepute, 2058; when the name of person defamed is not given, 2059; defamation of deceased and legal persons, 2060; harm done by reason of person of defamer, 2061; defamation at second hand, 2062; harm done by reason of listeners, 2063; detraction to one discreet person, 2065; belittling a person to himself, 2066; disclosing matters detrimental to third party, 2067; rights that have precedence over false reputation, 2068; unlawful attack on another’s false reputation, 2069; conditions that justify revelation of another’s defects, 2070; revelations about public officials or candidates for public office, 2071; revelations about historical personages, 2072; revelations about persons who figure in news of day, 2074; injustice in professional critics, 2075; cooperation in defamation, 2076; direct consent to defamation, 2077; persons who listen to defamation from curiosity, 2078; sinfulness of indirect consent to defamation, 2079; guilt of superior who consents to defamation, 2080; circumstances which lessen guilt of indirect consent, 2082; inaction in face of defamation, 2083; ways of opposing defamation made in one’s presence, 2084; restitution for defamation, 2085; gravity of obligation of restitution, 2086; conditions which entail duty of restitution, 2087; cooperators and restitution, 2088; circumstances of restitution, 2089; persons by whom restitution must be made, 2089, 2090; persons to whom restitution must be made, 2001; responsibility of defamer for spread of defamation, 2092; first way of making restitution, 2093; other methods of making restitution, 2094; legal reparation for defamation, 2095; time when restitution for defamation is to be made, 2096; cessation of duty of restitution, 2097; excuses from restitution, 2098 sqq.; right of defamed person to condone injury, 2101. See also Derision; Tale-Bearing; Reputation.

Defects, Natural, of fallen man, 283.

Defendant, definition, 1975; duties of defendant in civil cases, 1976; duties in criminal cases, 1977; duty of accused to plead guilty, 1978; rights and duties of accused in conducting own defense, 1980; rights and duties of accused who has been found guilty, 1982.

Defense of Self, see Self-Defense.

Definitions of the Church, solemn and ordinary, 761 b; by the Church, 761 c.

Defloration, definition, 2529.

Deism, 847 b.

Deliberation, Wise, potential part of prudence, 1646 a.

Delight, 119.

Demerit, definition, 107.

Demon, The, 284.

Denunciation, see Accusation, Judicial; Complaint.

Deposit, 1749 a.

Derision, definition, 2106; distinction between derision and jesting, 2107; sinfulness of derision, 2109.

Desire, 119; sinful, 237 sqq.

Desires, Evil, 232, 240 sqq.

Desires, Impure, see Impurity.

Despair, definition, 1061; despondency, 1062; pusillanimity and spiritual sloth, 1064; despair of unbelief, 1065; signs indicating despair, 1057; malice of despair, 1068; despair compared with other sins, 1070; causes of despair, 1071; remedies for, 1074; caused by sloth, 1324.

Detraction, reasons for resistance to contumely or detraction, 2019; duty of one who answers contumely or detraction, 2020; definition, 2030 c. See also Defamation.

Devotion, definition of, 2150; differs from emotion, 2151 e; from spiritual consolations, 2151 b; external and internal cause of devotion, 2152.

Devotions, different forms of, 2151 c.

Discord, 1347 sqq.; definition, 1348; sinfulness of intentional and unintentional, 1350-1351; origin, 1354; prohibition against, 1552.

Disobedience, see Obedience.

Dispensation from Law, 401; who may be dispensed? 403.

Dispensations, in the strict or wide sense, 309, 524 sqq.; differ from privileges, 524; persons who can grant dispensations, 525-530; manner of seeking, 531; how invalidated, 533; when dispensation is refused, 534; interpretation of faculty of dispensing, 536-537; cessation of, 537-541.

See also Matrimony, Sacrament of; Vows.

Distractions, see Prayer.

Distributive Justice, see Justice.

Divination, see Religion, Sins against.

Divining Rods, and divination, 2284 c.

Divorce, books in favor of divorce forbidden, 855 b. See also Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Docility, integral part of prudence, 1637 b.

Doctors, as source of Moral Theology, 10.

Domicile, true and quasi-domicile, 436.

Double Result, effect on imputability of acts, 103 sqq.

Doubt, 655 sqq.; positive or negative, 655; as state of conscience, 656 sqq.; reflex principles for solution of doubt, 657 sqq.; cases of negative doubt to be settled in favor of obligation, 661; negative doubt of law, 709 a; of fact, 709 b-c; rash doubts, 1743; supervening doubt of possessor in doubtful faith, 1776; antecedent doubt of possessor in doubtful faith, 1777.

Doubt, Sin of, 840 sqq.; methodical and real, 840-841; involuntary, indeliberate, unwelcome and ignorant, 842; negative, 844; positive, 845; passing and permanent, 846.

Dress, when lascivious, 1456 b; modesty in, 2569 a.

Druggists, duties of, 2651 c.

Drunkenness, sin against sobriety, 2476 b; passive drunkenness, 2477 a; degrees of the sin of drunkenness, 2479 a; malice of the sin, 2480 a; drunkenness compared with other sins, 2481 a; responsibility of drunkard for sins committed while intoxicated, 2482 a; cooperation in the sin of drunkenness, 2483.

Duelling, books in favor of, forbidden, 855 b; definition, 1435; morality of, 1436; fallacy of arguments for, 1437; penalties against, 1438.

Dulia, species of reverence, 2325 c; obligation of religious cult of dulia, 2354.

Duties, with regard to habits, 140; of man, 744 sqq.

Easter Communion, obligation of, 2592 sqq.

Eastern Star, among societies forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Education, neglect a sin against self, 1565.

Effects of Omissions, may be directly and indirectly voluntary, 38-39.

Egoism, sin against piety, 2349 b.

Election, act of will, 59.

Embezzlement, definition, 1893 a.

Emotion, differs from devotion, 2151 a.

Employees, duties in justice and charity, 2648. See also Employers.

Employers, duties in justice and charity, 2647; duties of, 2648; labor disputes, 2649; obligation of giving employment, 2650.

Emulation, distinct from envy, 1331 a, 1339; when it is a sin, 1332.

Enemies, charity towards, 1148; general and special love of, 1151.

Enfeeblement, definition, 1866 c.

Engagement to Marry, see Betrothal.

Enjoyment, see Relaxation.

Envy, 269; sin against charity, 1328 sqq.; definition, 1328; objects of, 1329; subjects of, 1330; distinct from emulation, fear and indignation, 1331; lawful and unlawful emulation, 1332; lawful and unlawful jealousy, 1333; lawful and unlawful grief at another’s prosperity, 1334-1337; envy by nature a mortal sin, 1338; degrees of gravity, 1341; one of capital vices, 1342; how preeminent among sins, 1344; useful considerations and practices against envy, 1345-1346; as origin of discord, 1354; origin of contention, 1362; prohibition against, 1552.

Epieikeia, 358; in human laws, 385, 411 sqq.; definition, 412; limits on use, 414 sqq.; use in determining obligation of ecclesiastical laws, 503; a. subjective part of justice, 2144. See also Equity.

Equiprobabilism 688 sqq. See also Systems, Moral.

Equity, subjective part of justice, 2430; greatness of legal equity, 2432; definition of equity, 2431.

Error, resembles ignorance, 32; practical and speculative, effect on gravity of sin, 249; may diminish theological guilt, 1764 b.

Escape from Prison, when licit, 1982 b.

Espousals, see Betrothal.

Ethics, and Moral Theology, 2.

Eucharist, Holy, 2699; the chief Sacrament of the Church, 2699; matter and form of the Eucharist, 2700; qualities of the bread, 2700 a; qualities of the wine, 2700 b; grave precept of Church regarding the form, 2700 c; minister of consecration, 2701; duties of minister as regards valid consecration, 2701 b; confession as preparation for consecration, 2701 c; effect on consecration of inadvertent neglect of grave liturgical precept, 2702; reservation of the Blessed Sacrament, 2708; duty of custody, 2708 a; duty of renewal of hosts, 2708 b; duty of worship, 2708 c; visits to the Blessed Sacrament, 2708 c; Forty Hours’ Devotion, 2708 c. See also Communion, Holy; Mass, Sacrifice of the.

Eugenical Sterilization, 1869 c.

Euthanasia, definition, 2485.

Eutrapelia, virtue, 2421 e, 2567.

Exaggeration, form of defamation, 2032 c.

Executioners, become irregular by Canon Law, 1825.

Exorcisms, use of, 2267.

Extreme Unction, see Unction, Extreme.

Faith, Theological Virtue of, and Moral Theology, 2; definition, 151; compared with charity, 157; ceases in the blessed, 158; excellence, 747; utility, 748-749; meaning, 750; St. Paul’s definition, 751; St. Chrysostom’s definition, 751 a; St. Thomas’ definition, 751 b; definition by Vatican Council, 798; material and formal objects, 754; divine and Catholic faith, 755; divine and ecclesiastical faith, 756; private revelations, 757; human faith, 758 d; external and internal assent, 760; solemn and ordinary definitions of Church, 761 b; condemnations of error, 761 b; definitions and censures, 761 c; religious assent, 761 d; explicit and implicit, 763 sqq.; obligation of explicit faith, 928; points about which explicit faith is required by Catechism of Council of Trent, 765; faith is necessary for salvation, 766; formulas summarized in Creeds, 767; increase in articles of faith, 768; Apostles/ Nicene and Athanasian Creeds, 769; summary of teaching of Apostles’ Creed, 770 sqq.; internal and external acts of faith, 782 sqq.; supernatural and natural truths to which assent must be given, 784; act of faith necessary, 785 sqq.; what must be believed with implicit and explicit faith, 786; mysteries that must be believed, 787 sqq., 918, 920; substantial and scientific knowledge of mysteries, 790; faith necessary for absolution, 792; merit of the act of faith; assent of credibility, 795 a; preambles of faith, 795 b; habit of faith, 797; properties of faith, 799; living and dead faith, 800; persons who have or had faith, 801; persons who have not faith, 802; how faith must be supreme, 803 a; faith must be universal but not necessarily explicit, 803 b; growth and decline of faith, 804-805; cause of faith, 806; effects, 807; internal and external dangers to, 848; dangerous reading, 849 sqq.; dullness of understanding as sin, 912; blindness of mind as sin, 912; Commandments of, 913 sqq.; commandment of knowledge, 914; means of communicating knowledge, 915; degree of knowledge necessary, 919; knowledge of Creed, Decalogue, virtues, Sacraments, duties of one’s state, Lord’s Prayer, 920; means for retention of knowledge, 922; memorizing of Catechism, 923; commandment of internal acts of faith, 925; primary and secondary truths of revelation, 927; obligation of affirmative commandment, 929; when and how often act of faith should be made, 933-935; formal and virtual act of faith, 936; commandment of external profession, 938 sqq.; denial of faith, 939; ways of denying faith, 941; commandment of external profession, 987 sqq.; divine precept of profession, 989; secret, private and public profession, 992 sqq,; obligation to give instruction on matters of faith and morals, 1001; ecclesiastical precept of profession, 1003; flight to avoid profession, 1005; when concealment of one’s faith is lawful, 1007; sins of unbelief, see Unbelief, Sin of. See also Unbelief; Heresy; Apostasy; Doubt; Credulity; Rationalism.

Fame, see Reputation.

Fare, travelling without paying, 1907.

Fasting, excellence of, 2409 a. See also Abstemiousness.

Favoritism, sinfulness declared by Revelation, 1805; sinfulness declared by reason, 1806; gravity of sin of favoritism, 1807; favoritism in spiritual matters, 1809; favoritism in secular matters, 1812; favoritism in marks of esteem or honor, 1813; favoritism in judges, umpires, arbitrators and the like, 1814 a.

Fear, as obstacle to consent, 40, 44; acts done with and through fear, 43; two moral species (fear of the world and of God), 1043; habitual and actual fear, 1044; worldly fear as sin, 1045; servile and filial fear of God, 1048 sqq.; initial and perfected fear, 1055; divine commandments concerning fear, 1103; compared with envy, 1331 b, 1339.

Fear of the Lord, Gift of the Holy Ghost, 160 b; perfects hope, 1041; distinct from other kinds of fear, 1042; corresponds to First Beatitude and Fruits of modesty, continency and chastity, 1058; complement of temperance, 2571 a.

Fecundation, Artificial, 2618 c.

Fees, in connection with administration of sacred rites, 2185 b.

Feigning of Defects, form of lying, 2406 b.

Fenians, Society forbidden by Church, 947 b.

Fidelity, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163. See also Truthfulness.

Fighting, definition, 1428; kinds, 1429; sinfulness, 1430; causes, 1431; hatred as cause of fighting, 1432; frequent occasions, 1433; evil consequences, 1434.

First-Fruits, and tithes, 2185 b.

Fitness, the right standard for distributive justice, 1804 c.

Flattery, vice opposite to modesty, 2566 b.

Flesh Meat, 2586 sqq.

Foolhardiness, sin against fortitude, 2466 b.

Foolishness, sin of, opposed to Gift of Wisdom, 1621; description of sin, 1624; causes, 1625; cause of contumely, 2017 b.

Foresight, 1638 b.

Forgetfulness, resembles ignorance, 32.

Form, Sacramental, see Sacrament. Formal Sin, 248.

Fornication, definition, 2543; sinfulness of fornication, 2534; fornication compared with other sins, 2525 a; circumstances of fornication, 2526 a; fornication of engaged person, 2526 b; forms of fornication, 2527; the State and places of prostitution, 2528.

Fortitude, 150; golden mean in, 154 a, 157 b; Gift of the Holy Ghost, 160 b; rank among moral virtues, 2437; definition of fortitude, 2439; two acts of fortitude, 2440; excellence, 2441; sins opposed to fortitude, 2446; integral and potential parts of fortitude, 2447; differs from patience, 2453 b; complements of fortitude, 2457; Gift of Fortitude, 2457 a; fortitude and the Eighth Beatitude, 2457 b; fortitude and the Fruits of Patience and Longsuffering, 2457 c; commandments of fortitude, 2458; subjects of fortitude, 2460. See also Martyrdom.

Franchise, Electoral, see Voting.

Fraternal Correction, see Correction, fraternal.

Fraud, invalidates consent of contract, 1884 b; injustice in voluntary commutations, 2121; definition of fraud, 2122; two kinds of injustice in sales, 2123; injustice regarding price, 2124; criteria of a just price, 2125; obligation of observing prices settled by law or custom, 2126; when market price may be disregarded without injustice, 2127; unjust sales based on ignorance of real value, 2129; obligation of restitution on account of unjust price, 2130; injustice regarding thing sold, 2131; defects in the thing sold, 2132.

Free Love, definition, 2527 c.

Freemasonry, 823 b; books in favor of, forbidden, 855 b; Society forbidden by Code, 947 a.

Friday Abstinence, 2586 c.

Friendship, 1110; friendship of utility, pleasure and virtue, 1111; five marks of true friendship, 1137; human friendship not a distinct virtue, 1140; virtue of friendship, 2143 b.

Fruition, as act of will, 58.

Fruits of the Holy Ghost, 159 b; twelve in number, 163, 811, 1058, 1619, 1662, 2433, 2457, 2571.

Gambling, sinful, 1879 d; gambling forbidden to clerics, 2603 c.

Geomancy, form of divination, 2284 c.

Gift, sinful, 1879 a; when are free gifts to judges permissible? 1945 d.

Gifts of the Holy Ghost, 159 a; intellectual, 160 a; appetitive, 159, 160, 160 b; Understanding and Knowledge, 808-810; Fear of the Lord, 1041-1057; Wisdom, 1609 sqq.; Counsel, 1662; Piety, 2433; Fortitude, 2457; Fear of the Lord, 2571.

Gluttony, 269; sin opposed to abstemiousness, 2470 b; ways of committing gluttony, 2471; sinfulness of gluttony, 2472 a; gluttony as capital sin, 2473 11.

Gnome, part of judgment, 2432 d.

Gnosticism, 822 c.

Gnostics, 823 b.

God, belief in His existence and providence necessary for salvation, 787.

Golden Mean, in virtues, 153-154.

Good, Common. 285 c.

Goods, external, not last end of man, 20; of the body, not last end of man, 20; of the soul, not last end of man, 20; when temporal goods should be surrendered to avoid scandal, 1483.

Goods, Abandoned, when they may be occupied, 1873 e; when vacant goods may be occupied, 1873 f.

Good Templars, Independent Order of, forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Good Will, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163.

Gossip, sinfulness of, 2038.

Grace, 284.

Gratitude, virtue of, 2143 a; definition of virtue, 2373; two kinds of gratitude, 2374; circumstances of gratitude, 2376; sins against gratitude, 2377; moral species of ingratitude, 2378; theological species of ingratitude, 2379; is it right to confer favors on the ungrateful? 2380.

Grave Matter, absolute and relative standards, 1899; opinions on the amounts that are grave matter, 1900 a.

Greatness of Deed, integral part of fortitude, 2447 b; definition of virtue, 2452.

Greatness of Soul, integral part of fortitude, 2447 b; definition of virtue, 2448; greatness of soul and humility, 2449; vices opposed to, 2450 sqq.

Grief, at another’s prosperity, when lawful and unlawful, 1334-1337.

Guaranty, 1749 d.

Guilt, formal guilt, 248; material guilt, 248; causes that remove or diminish theological guilt, 1764 a.

Habits, as obstacle to voluntariness of acts, 40, 53; definition, 53; antecedent and consequent, 53; in general, 132 sqq.; definition, 133; entitative and operative, 134 a; good and evil, 134 b; infused and acquired, 134 c, 135-136; strengthening and weakening of, 137 sqq.; exercise great influence on morality, 140; our duties regarding, 141. See also Virtue; Vice.

Half-Truths, form of lying, 2030 c.

Haruspicy, form of divination, 2284 c.

Hate, 119 (see also Passions, concupiscible); sin against charity, 1295; definition and kinds, 1296; hatred of God, 1297; interpretative and formal hatred, 1299, 1315; hatred of God as a special sin, 1300; gravity of this sin, 1301; degrees of malice, 1303; hatred of creatures, 1304; dislike of self, 1305, 1307; may one wish evil to self or others? 1308; wish for death or spiritual evil, 1310-1311; gravity of sin of hatred of neighbor, 1312; comparison with other sins, 1313; hatred not a capital vice, 1314; species of sin, 1317; manner of confessing sin, 1318-1319; as cause of fighting, 1432; prohibition against, 1552.

Health, Injury to, a form of injustice, 1871.

Heresy, 822 c, 826 sqq.; as a sin and canonical crime, 827; positive and negative, 828 a; internal and external, 828 b; occult and public, 828 c; material and formal, 828 d, 829-830; sinfulness of, 831; circumstances that modify guilt, 832; penalties, 833; books in favor of, forbidden, 855 b; heresy compared with schism, 1370.

Hibernians, Ancient Order of, 955 b.

Hire of Labor, form of onerous contract, 1 749 b.

Historical Personages, lawfulness of revelations about, 2072.

Holy Ghost, Fruits of, see Fruits of the Holy Ghost.

Holy Ghost, Gifts of, see Gifts of the Holy Ghost.

Homicide, definition, 1816; when homicide is lawful, 1819; unlawful killing of offenders, 1823; lawfulness of tyrannicide, 1824 a; homicide in self-defense, 1826; killing of the innocent, 1844 sqq.; unintentional killing of the innocent, 1847; destruction of the unborn, 1848 sqq.; canonical penalties for, 1851 a; accidental homicide, 1862; moral and legal guilt of homicide, 1865. See also Punishment, Capital, 1820.

Honor, definition, 2010 b; persons who are deserving of honor, 2011; species of honor, 2352; obligation of showing honor, 2353; honor due to superiors, 2636 a.

Honors, Pursuit of, sometimes demanded by charity to self, 1574.

Hope, Theological Virtue of, 151, 157, 158, 1009 sqq.; definition, 1009-1012; supernatural and natural hope, 1013; animated and inanimated hope, 1016; disinterested and interested hope, 1017 b, 1033; object of, 1018; excellence of, 1027; comparison with faith, 1029; with charity, 1030; pseudo-hope (egotistical, Epicurean, and utilitarian), 1032; hope overcomes spiritual discouragement and aridity, 1034; means for growth in hope, 1035; subject of hope, 1036; certainty of, 1040; perfected by Fear of the Lord (q.v.), 1041; sins against hope, 1059 sqq.; despair (q.v.), 1061 sqq.; spiritual desolations, 1064; pusillanimity and spiritual sloth, 1064; presumption (q.v.), 1075 sqq,; commandments of hope, 1092; acts of hope obligatory, 1093; unlawful to surrender beatitude, 1094; when the commandment of hope obliges, 1095 sqq.

Horror, 119. See also Passions, concupiscible.

Houses of Study, courses of theology must follow St. Thomas Aquinas, 10.

Human Acts, see Acts, Human.

Humanitarianism, sin against piety, 2349 b.

Humility, greatness of soul and humility, 2449; potential part of temperance, 2465 c; definition, 2553; the three acts of humility, 2554 a; two requirements of humility, 2555; excellence of humility, 2556 a.

Hunting, forbidden to clerics, 2603 c.

Husbands, see Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Hussism, 822 c.

Hydromancy, form of divination, 2284 c.

Hyperdulia, species of reverence, 2352 c.

Hypocrisy, form of lying, 2391 b; sinfulness of hypocrisy, 2405.

Iconoclasm, 822 c.

Idleness, 1326 e.

Idolatry, see Religion, Sins against.

Ignorance, various kinds, 24 sqq.; concomitant, consequent and antecedent, 26, 29; vincible and invincible, 27, 30; influence on voluntariness of acts, 28; effect on sin, 249; sins of ignorance, see Ignorance, Sin of; invincible, in relation to Natural Law, 320; of Christian Law, possibility of, 356; confessors should examine penitents who show signs of ignorance, 924.

Ignorance, Sin of, 250 b, 904 sqq,; culpable ignorance as distinct sin, 907. See also Ignorance.

Images, when obscene, 1456 a.

Immoderation, vice opposed to temperance, 2464 b.

Immorality, see Impurity.

Impatience, vice opposed to patience, 2455 b.

Impediments, simple impediments to reception of Holy Orders, 2784 b; matrimonial impediments, 2804 sqq.

Imperfections, Moral, 185; when they become sin, 186.

Impossibility, Physical, 361 a; moral, 361 b.

Impurity, definition, 2492; sensuality, luxury and curiosity, 2492 n; kinds of impurity, 2493 a; gravity of sin, 2494 a; one of the capital vices, 2494 c; evil fruits of impurity, 2495; when venial and mortal, 2496 a; when directly willed, 2496 b; when indirectly willed, 2496 c; temptations to impurity, 2497; resistance to internal temptations, 2498; what opposition to temptation is sufficient, 2499; insufficient, harmful and unnecessary opposition, 2500; weapons against carnal temptations, 2501; sinfulness of negligence in resisting temptations, 2502; non-consummated sins of impurity, 2504; impure thoughts, 2505; malice of impure thoughts, 2506 a; impure rejoicing, 2507; impure desires, 2508; malice of impure desires, 2509; sins of lewdness, 2510; consummated sins of impurity, 2520; comparative malice of the sins of consummated lust, 2521 a; multiplication of sins of lust, 2522; fornication, 2523; incest, 2532; carnal sacrilege, 2533; unnatural lust, 2534; pollution, 2535; non-sinful pollution, 2536; unimputable pollution, 2537; proximate and remote occasions of pollution, 2538; theological malice of sinful pollution, 2539; moral species of sinful pollution, 2541; canonical penalties for immorality, 2542. See also Lewdness; Fornication.

Imputability of Acts, 97 sqq.

Inadvertence, resembles ignorance, 32.

Incest, definition, 2531.

Inconvenience, degrees of, 1520.

Index of Forbidden Books, 862 c.

Indifferentism, 823 a.

Indignation, differs from envy, 1331 c, 1339.

Indolence, 1326 d.

Infamy, 2051 sqq.

Infidelity, 822 ff.

Ingratitude, see Gratitude.

Inhabitant, definition, 437; when subject to laws, 438.

Inheritance, title of private ownership, 1872 b.

Inhibition, of passions, 131.

_Injuria_, definition, 1724 b.

Injuries, Bodily, a form of injustice, 1866.

Injustice, definition, 1719; species of legal and particular injustice, 1720; theological species of legal and particular injustice, 1721; when injury to private or public right is mortal sin, 1722 a, b; moral species of injustice, 1723; profitable and unprofitable injustice, 1724 c; when injury is no injustice, 1725; internal injustice, 1726; distributive injustice alone does not oblige to restitution, 1754; cooperators in injustice and restitution, 1778 sqq.; mandator of act of injustice, 1779 a; advisor of act of injustice, 1779 b; protector in act of injustice, 1779 d; consenter in act of injustice, 1779 e; partaker in injustice, 1779 f; sin of injustice, 1866 s; judicial injustice, 1939; principal sins of verbal injustice, 2009.

Injustice in Buying and Selling, see Fraud.

Innocent, unintentional killing of, 1847.

Insensibility, sin against fortitude, 2446 b; vice opposed to temperance, 2464.

Insurance, 1749 c.

Intellect, art and prudence the two practical virtues of, 1627.

Intention, as act of will, 58. See also Prayer.

Internationalism, False, sin against piety, 2349 b.

Interpretation, of law, 315 sqq.; verbal or emendatory, 315; by private or public authority, 316; of ecclesiastical laws, 483 sqq.; rules for doctrinal interpretation, 485.

Invocation, of a demon, 2284; invocation of spirits, see Religion, Sins against.

Irascible Passions, 118, 120.

Irregularities, as disqualifications for reception of Holy Orders, 2784 b.

Irreligiousness, see Religion, Sins against.

Jail-breaking, and restitution, 1983.

Jealousy, lawful and unlawful, 1333.

Jesting, distinction between derision and jesting, 2107.

Jingoism, sin against piety, 2349 a.

Joy, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163; sinful, 237; as effect of charity, 1193-1194.

Judaism, 822 b.

Judaizers, 823 b.

Judge, office of, 1940; qualifications, 1943; conduct, 1944; accepting gifts from litigants, 1945; obligation to restore bribes, etc., 1946; duties during a trial, 1947; duties on conclusion of a trial, 1948; obligation in connection with a law manifestly unjust, 1949; Catholic judge and degrees of divorce, 1950; obligation when evidence is contrary to his personal knowledge, 1951; when judge is unjust cause of damaging evidence, 1952; obligation in doubtful criminal cases, 1955; obligation in doubtful civil cases, 1956; standard by which he should weigh evidence, 1958; when a judge is bound to restitution, 1962; when he is not bound to restitution, 1963; right to question prisoner about his guilt, 1979; judges who pass death sentence become irregular by Canon Law, 1825. See also Witness.

Judgment, virtue of, 1727; public and private judgment, 1727 a; three conditions of righteous judgment, 1729-1731; necessary quality of lawful oath, 2249 e.

Judgment, Rash, 1731 b; sinfulness of rash judgment, 1734; rules on perfect advertence to rashness of judgment, 1736; rules on insufficiency of reasons for unfavorable judgments, 1737; rules on gravity of matter in rash judgments, 1738; moral species of the sin of rash judgment, 1739; chief reasons for rash conclusions about character of others, 1742; rash doubts, 1743.

Judgments, Moral, 672 sqq.; the safer and more likely, 673.

Jurisdiction, of a judge, 1942.

Justice, 150; golden mean in, 154 a, 157 b; precedence over charity, 291 b; compared with other virtues, 1714; private justice, 1715 b; legal justice, 1715 a; justice superior to courage, 1716 a; superior to liberality, 1716 b; regarded by some as inferior to virtue of religion and mercy, 1718 a, b; justice demands proper motives in those who seek or pass judgment, 1728 a; legal justice distinct from distributive and commutative, 1745 a; distributive justice, 1745 b; commutative justice, 1745 c; resemblance between distributive and commutative justice, 1746; special differences between distributive and commutative justice, 1747; commutations of commutative justice, 1748; equality sought by commutative justice, 1750; distributive justice and violation of individual rights, 1755; commutative justice and violation of individual rights, 1756; vice opposed to distributive justice, 1804; distributive injustice frequently accompanied by commutative injustice, 1808; vices against commutative justice, 1815; legal justice, classes of courts, 1941; jurisdiction of 9, judge, 1942; quasi-integral parts of justice, 2139; potential parts of justice, 2141; degrees of moral debt, 2143; necessary qualities of lawful oath, 2249 c; complements of justice, 2433; Beatitudes that correspond to justice, 2433 b; Fruits of the Holy Ghost that correspond to justice, 2433 c; commandments of justice, 2434; justice, a duty of superior, 2635 b. See also Equity; Restitution.

Killing, of animals, 1818 a; of human beings, see Homicide.

Kindness, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163.

Kinsfolk, order of charity between, 1176 sqq.

Kissing, morality of kissing and similar acts, 2513.

Knights of Columbus, 955 b.

Knights of Pythias, Society forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Knowledge, Gift of the Holy Ghost, 160 a; given to perfect theological virtues, 808.

Lands, how they may be occupied, 1873 b.

Larceny, definition of, 1893 b; petit and grand larceny, 1893 b.

Last End of Man, existence of, 19; nature of, 20; how attained, 21.

Latitudinarianism, 823 a.

Law, 284 sqq.; definition, 285; eternal, natural and positive divine, 286; collision of laws, 288; precedence, 289 sqq,; basis of all laws, 293; customs may interpret, abrogate or introduce law, 506.

Law, Christian, comparison with Mosaic Law, 346 sqq.; as regards their aims, 347; as regards their precepts, 348; as regards their difficulty of observance, 349; as regards external and internal works, 350-351; moral, ceremonial and judicial precepts of New Testament, 352; duration of, 354; subjects of, 355; ignorance of, 356; dispensation from, 357; interpretation of, 358-359; when observance of law is impossible, 360-361; Counsels of (q.v.), 364 sqq.; the three chief Counsels, 369. See also Law, Mosaic.

Law, Civil, 542 sqq.; persons in whom legislative authority is vested, 543; acceptance by people not necessary for obligation of law in itself, 544; obligation of laws made by one without authority, 545; subject-matter, 546; relation to natural law, 547; relation to divine and ecclesiastical law, 548; and human rights and liberties, 549; persons subject to, 550; obligation of, 551; when penalty is incurred before sentence, 552; special kinds, 557 sqq.; laws that determine ownership, 557; irritant or voiding laws, 558; four kinds of laws with reference to penalty, 561; moral obligation, 561 sqq. See also Laws, Human.

Law, Ecclesiastical, precedence over civil, 290, 418 sqq.; charter of, 418; character of, 419; general law of Church, 420; effects of Code on liturgical and disciplinary laws and customs, 421; rules governing interpretation of Code, 422; lawgivers in Church, 423-429; subject-matter of Church Law, 425; kinds of acts governed by Church Law, 426; persons bound by general laws, 427 sqq.; persons bound by particular laws, 435; promulgation, 447; acceptance of, 448; irritant laws, 450 sqq.; effects of ignorance, force or fear on acts irritated by law, 456; when an irritant law ceases to bind, 457; obligation of law based on presumption of common danger, 460; obligation of law based on presumption of particular fact, 461; personal, minute, partial and simultaneous fulfillment of laws, 462 sqq.; time of fulfillment, 468 sqq.; unwilling fulfillment, 476; intention required in fulfillment, 477 sqq.; virtuous dispositions in fulfillment, 480 sqq.; interpretation of, 483; cessation of obligation, 487; exemption from, 488; ignorance and impossibility as excuses for non-observance, 489 sqq.; cessation of, 500 sqq.; use of epieikeia in determining obligation, 503.

Law, Eternal, The, basis of all laws, 293.

Law, Mosaic, began with promise to Abraham, 332 a; promulgation, 332 b; excellence, 333; subjects of, 334; duration of obligation, 335; precepts, ceremonies and judgments, 336 sqq.; ceremonial laws, 340; sacred times and places, sacraments and customs, 340; four periods of ceremonial law, 342; four kinds of judgments or judicial laws, 343-345; comparison with Christian Law, 346 sqq.

Law, Natural, precedence over positive, 289; definition, 295; relation to other laws, 296; division, 297; common and proper, 297 b; primary and secondary, 298; first principle and secondary principles, 300 a; precepts (axiomatic and inferred, general and particular), 300-301; necessary and contingent laws, 302; absolute and relative laws, 303; properties of, 305; of universal obligation, 306; unchangeable, 307 sqq,; possibility of dispensation from, 309, 314 sqq.; possibility of modification, 313; when observance is physically or morally impossible, 317-318; promulgated by light of reason, 319; ineradicable from human heart, 324; wrong applications of, 326.

Law, Positive Divine, definition, 328; necessity, 328 c; differs from Natural Law in certain respects, 329; natural and supernatural commandments, 330; division of, 331; in state of original innocence, 331 a; in law of nature, 331 b; Mosaic Law, 332 sqq.; Christian Law, 346 sqq.

Lawgivers, in the Church, 423-424.

Laws, Administration of, see Judge.

Laws, Ceremonial, of Old Testament, 340 sqq., See also Law. Mosaic.

Laws, Ecclesiastical, in a wide sense, 514 sqq.; precepts, 519; rescripts, 520; privileges, 521-523; dispensations, 524.

Laws, Human, 370 sqq.; definition, 370; divisions, 371; qualities, 372; should not prescribe what is too difficult, 372; obligation, 375; necessity, 375; when unjust, 376; obedience to unjust laws not obligatory, 377; degrees of obligation, 373 sqq.; interpretation, 385-386; epieikeia, 385; those subject to law, 387-388; change of, 389; constitutional law, 390; effects of custom on law, 391; dispensation from, 401 sqq. See also Law, Civil.

Laws of New Testament, 7.

Laws of the First and Second Tables, 338. See also Decalogue.

Lawyer, general duties, 1995; qualifications, 1996; duties in introducing case, 1997, obligation in charity towards persons in distress, 1998-99; duty when cause is unjust, 2000; duties when justice of cause is doubtful, 2001; duty when he discovers case is really unjust, 2003; duties towards client, 2004; duties toward other parties, 2005; concealment of truth in presenting case, 2006; sinfulness of introducing false or corrupted documents, 2007; when bound to restitution, 2008.

Laxism, see Systems, Moral.

Laziness, as distinct from sloth, 1326; various forms, 1326 a-e.

Lease, 1749 b.

Leniency, Undue, vice, 2552 b.

Lenten Fast, 2588.

Lesbian Love, form of impurity, 2534 c.

Lewdness, definition, 2510; propriety of external acts, 2512; morality of kissing and similar acts, 2513; morality of sensual gratification, 2514; theological species of the sin of lewdness, 2515; circumstances that increase or lessen the danger of sin, 2517; cases wherein the danger of sin is grave or slight, 2518; lewd books, 2518 b; lewdness in speech, 2518 a; in reading, 2518 b; in looks, 2518 c; in touches, 2518 d; moral species of lewdness, 2519 a.

Libel, definition, 2030 d.

Liberality, inferior to justice, 1716 b; virtue of liberality, 2143 b; definition of virtue, 2424; importance of liberality, 2425. See also Avarice; Prodigality.

Lies, see Lying.

Lipstick, morality of use, 2570.

Liquids, may or may not break fast, 2588.

Loans, 1749 a; loan at interest, 1749 b.

Longsuffering, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163.

Looting, forbidden by modern international law, 1415.

Loss, definition, 1724 b.

Lots, Use of, when lawful, 2289.

Lottery, when lawful, 1879 e.

Love, definition, 119; root of all appetites of soul, 1106; effects, 1107; degrees, 1108; love of desire and love of benevolence, 1109; love of creatures not always charity, 1134; kinds of self-love (q.v.), 1136; obligatory, 1608 a; of supererogation, 1608 b.

Love of God, see Charity.

Love of Neighbor, see Neighbor, Love of.

Love of Self, see Self-Love.

Lukewarmness, 1327.

Lust, 269. See also Impurity.

Luxury, compared with impurity, 2492 a; modesty in luxury, 2569 a.

Lying, definition, 2389; misunderstanding a form of lying, 2390 a; misinterpretation a form of lying, 2390 b; divisions of lies, 2391; hypocrisy, 2391 b; simulation, 2301 b; misrepresentation and deceit, 2391 b; classification of lies, 2392; lies of inclination, 2392 b; pernicious lies, 2392 b; motives for lying 2393; jocose lie, 2392 a; officious lie, 2392 a; comparison of gravity of various lies, 2394; sinfulness of all lies, 2395; when lying entails no formal sin, 2396; pernicious lies, 2397; concealment of the truth, 2398; mental reservation, 2399; morality of strict mental reservation, 2400; morality of broad mental reservation, 2400 b; when broad mental reservation is lawful, 2401; ambiguous answers, 2402; simulation or pretence, 2403; sinfulness of simulation, 2404.

Macedonianism, 822 c.

Magnanimity, see Greatness of Soul.

Majority, Age of, 433.

Malefactor, when bound to accuse himself, 1968.

Malice, sins of, 250 e; caused by sloth, 1324.

_Mandatum_, 1749 a.

Manicheans, 823 b.

Manicheism, 822 c.

Marriage, see Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Marriage, Trial, definition, 2527 c.

Marriages, Dangerous, 875; canonical consequences, 879; prenuptial guarantees, 880; remedies against mixed and dangerous marriages, 881.

Martyrdom, definition, 2442; kinds of martyrdom, 2443; conditions for martyrdom, 2444; practical questions about martyrdom, 2445.

Mass, Sacrifice of the, 2709; obligation of saying Mass, 2710; dispositions for the celebration of Mass, 2711; confession before Mass, 2711 a; distractions during the Canon, 2711 b; preparation and thanksgiving before Mass, 2711 a; Eucharistic or natural fast, 2711 b; rubrical vestments, 2711 b; time of Mass, 2712 a; place, 2712 b; rites, 2712 c; when it is lawful to discontinue Mass, 2713; application of the Mass, 2714; obligation of pastors to say Mass for flocks, 2714 a; obligation of Mass stipends, 2714 b; persons for whom Mass may be applied, 2715; how Mass must be applied, 2715 b; lawfulness of Mass stipends, 2716.

Masturbation, form of impurity, 2534 a.

Material Sin, 248.

Matrimony, Sacrament of, first blessing of marriage (offspring), 2613 a; second blessing of marriage (fidelity), 2613 b; third blessing of marriage (sacrament), 2613 c; obligation of paying the conjugal debt, 2614; absence of obligation, 2615; suspension of obligation, 2616; obligation of requesting conjugal intercourse, 2617; morality of venereal acts of marriage, 2618; unnatural consummated acts, 2618 c; artificial fecundation, 2618 c; rectal copulation, 2618 c; contraception, 2620; contraception an injury to God, 2620 a; an injury to society, 2620 b; an injury to the family, 2620 c; an injury to the individual, 2620 d; arguments of Neo-Malthusians and other advocates of contraception, 2621; is birth-control ever lawful? 2622; _cooperatio uxoris ad onanismum vel contraceptionem_, 2623; _recapitulatio de licitis et illicitis in conjugio_, 2624; marriage as a Sacrament, 2626; reasons that justify separation, 2626 a; husband superior to wife in authority, 2626 b; husband has duty of providing for wife, 2626 c; no obligation for individual to marry, 2627 a; unity of marriage its first property, 2787 d; indissolubility of marriage its second property, 2787 e; Pauline Privilege, 2787 e; dissolution, 2787 e; divorce under Mosaic Law, 2787 e; marriages of infidels, 2787 e; true, presumed, putative and attempted marriage, 2788 a; legitimate, ratified, consummated marriage, 2788 b; clandestine, secret, public marriage, 2788 c; marriage of conscience, 2788 c; marriage is canonical or civil, 2788 d; elements of contract of marriage, 2789 a; ends of contract, 2789 b; essence of contract is the consent, 2789 c; valid consent, 2790; defects in consent, 2791; mental derangement as defect, 2791 a; ignorance as defect, 2791 b; error as defect, 2791 c; effect of forced consent on validity, 2792 a; effect of forced consent on lawfulness, 2792 b; conditional consent, 2793; elements of marriage as Sacrament, 2794; ministers and recipients of Matrimony, 2794 b; effects of Matrimony, 2794 c; duties in connection with marriage, 2795; obligation of betrothal or engagement, 2796; is engagement necessary before marriage? 2798; duties to parents or guardians in reference to marriage, 2799; duties of parents in reference to marriage, 2800; obstacles to marriage, 2801; duty to make known impediment to marriage, 2801 c; duties of pastor in examination of engaged persons, 2802; special proofs of freedom to marry, 2803; proof of Baptism, 2803 a; proof of single state, 2803 b; matrimonial impediments, 2804; sinfulness of marrying with an impediment, 2805; impedient or prohibitive impediments, 2806; vow as impediment, 2806 a; impediment of legal relationship, 2806 b; impediment of mixed religion, 2806 e; duties of pastor and parties in connection with mixed marriages, 2807; valid engagement forbids marriage with third party, 2809 a; special prohibition of particular marriage by the Church, 2809 b; closed times, 2809 e; diriment impediments to marriage, 2810; absolute diriment impediments, 2811; impediment of age, 2813; impediment of impotency, 2814; impediment of bond, 2816; impediment of difference of religion, 2817; impediment of kinship, 2818; consanguinity, 2818 a; affinity, 2818 b; public decency, 2818 c; spiritual relationship, 2818 d; legal relationship, 2818 e; matrimonial impediments produced through misdeeds, 2819; impediment of abduction, 2819 a; impediment of crime, 2819 b; duties of pastor after inquiry about impediments, 2820; dispensation, 2820 a; publications of banns of marriage, 2820 b; duties of pastor after examination and proclamation, 2821; duties of pastor as regards religious instruction of engaged couple, 2822; pastor and duties of engaged couple, 2823; pastor’s duties to parents, 2823 a; pastor’s duties to civil law, 2823 b; opposition of parents to marriage, 2824; religious duties of parties before marriage, 2825; confession, 2825 a; Communion, 2825 b; celebration of marriage, 2826; requisites for validity, 2826 a; requisites for lawfulness, 2826 b; rite of Matrimony, 2827; Nuptial Blessing and Nuptial Mass, 2827 b; cooperation in unworthy marriage, 2828; registration of marriages, 2829; when impediment is discovered after marriage, 2830; lawfulness of divorce and separation, 2831. See also Betrothal.

Matter of Sin, grave, 171-172; light, 182.

Matter, Sacramental, see Sacrament.

Meanness, vice against greatness of deed, 2452 b.

Medicinal Afflictions, as remedies against sin, 283.

Meekness, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163; potential part of temperance, 2465 c; definition, 2545.

Memory, 1637 a.

Mental Derangement, removes theological guilt, 1764 a.

Mercy, result of charity, 1193; definition, 1193 c; natural and supernatural, 1205; causes of unmerciful spirit, 1206; mercy compared with other moral virtues, 1207; compared with charity, 1208; obligation, 1209; seven corporal works of mercy, 1221; seven spiritual works, 1222-1223; regarded by some as superior to justice, 1717 b.

Merit, definition, 107; human and divine, 108; natural and supernatural, 109; condign and congruous, 110; the right standard for distributive justice, 1804 c.

Merits, former merits recovered by repentance, 2725 c.

Methods in Moral Theology, Casuistic, Positive and Scholastic, 13.

Minors, legal privileges in connection with contracts, 1882.

Misrepresentation, form of lying, 2391 b.

Moderation, see Temperance.

Modernism, 822 c, 841 b.

Modesty, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163; of bearing and living potential part of temperance, 2465 e; definition of modesty, 2565; modest behavior or decorum, 2566 a; vices opposed to modesty, 2566 b; modesty in style of living and dress, 2569 a; morality of self-beautification, 2570; fruit of the Fear of the Lord, 2571 c.

Mohammedanism, 822 a.

Monophysitism, 822 c.

Morality, definition, 64; constitutive norm, 65; manifestative norm, 67; perceptive norm, 68; three species of, 69; three sources, the object, circumstances, and end, 70 sqq.; moral value of passions, 121 sqq.; important influence of habits on, 140.

Moral Science, office of, 1631 b.

Moral Systems, see Systems, Moral.

Moral Theology, objects, 4; medium, 4; sources, 6; use of natural reason, philosophy and natural sciences in, 11-12; Positive, Scholastic and Casuistic Methods, 13; history of, 15; Patristic Period, 15 a; Medieval Period, 15 b; Modern, 15 c; division and order of parts, 17; General and Special, 18.

Mormonism, 823 b.

Mortgage, 1749 d.

Motions of the Soul, First and Second, 129.

Motives of Sin, 268 sqq.

Munificence, virtue, 2452 e.

Murder, see Homicide.

Murmuring, definition and sinfulness of, 2120.

Mutilation, definition, 1866 a; when lawful, 1867.

_Mutuum_, definition, 1749 a.

Mysteries, that must be believed, 787 sqq., 918, 920; substantial and scientific knowledge of, 790.

Narcotics, licit use, 2485.

Naturalism, 847 b.

Necessity, Spiritual, degrees of, 1165.

Necessity, Temporal, degrees of, 1236; extreme necessity justifies conversion of others’ property, 1921 a.

Necromancy, form of divination, 2284 b.

Necrophilism, form of impurity, 2534 d.

Negligence, 1326 a.

_Negotiorum gestio_, definition, 1749 a.

Neighbor, Love of, three kinds, 1139 sqq.; sacrifice of spiritual goods or bodily welfare for neighbor’s sake, 1163 sqq.; order of charity between neighbors, 1171 sqq. See Charity; Friendship; Emulation; Jealousy; Hate; Correction, Fraternal.

Neo-Malthusians, arguments in favor of contraception, 2821.

Nestorianism, 822 c.

New Testament, ordinances, 7; counsels, 7; laws, 7; temporary regulations, 7; law of, see Law, Christian.

Nihilists, society forbidden by Church, 947 b.

Non-Catholics, participation in Catholic rites, 957 sqq.

Non-Combatants, treatment during war, 1412.

Nurses, duties of, 2651 c.

Oaths, moral effects of accidentals added to contracts, 1886 b; definition of an oath, 2245; assertory or promissory oaths, 2246 a; comminatory or confirmatory oaths, 2246 a; contestatory or execratory oaths, 2246 b; explicit or implicit oaths, 2246 b; solemn or simple, judicial or extrajudicial oaths, 2246 d; moral difference between various kinds of oaths, 2247; lawfulness of oaths, 2248; necessary qualities of a lawful oath, 2249; sinful oaths, 2250; incautious oath, 2250 a; perjured oaths, 2250 b; wicked oaths, 2250 c; mental reservation in oaths, 2251; cooperation in sinful oaths, 2252; sinful oaths demanded or accepted by private persons, 2253; fictitious oaths, 2254; expressions confused with oaths; obligation imposed by promissory oath, 2256; obligation imposed by negative oath, 2257; obligation of oath is personal, 2258; interpretation of promissory oath, 2259; kind of obligation produced by a valid promissory oath, 2260; cessation of obligation of promissory oath, 2262. See also Adjuration.

Obedience, definition of virtue, 2355; power of jurisdiction and dominative power, 2356; degrees of obedience, 2357; comparison of obedience with other virtues, 2358; comparison of acts of obedience, 2359; duty of obedience, 2360; when obedience is not lawful or obligatory, 2361; internal actions and human superiors, 2363; obligation of vow of obedience, 2364; sins against obedience, 2365; definition of disobedience, 2366; kinds of disobedience, 2367; theological sinfulness of formal disobedience, 2369; moral species of disobedience, 2370; circumstances that aggravate formal disobedience, 2371; comparison of formal disobedience with other sins, 2372; vow and virtue of obedience, 2612 c; obedience due to superiors, 2636 b.

Objects, Sinful, formal cooperation by manufacture of, 1533; material cooperation, 1534 sqq.

Obscenity, definition, 1455; internal and external, 1455 a-b; general rules for determining what is obscene, 1456; persons who give scandal through obscenity, 1458; government suppression of obscenity aim of League of Nations, 1458 e.

Obstacles to Consent, 40 sqq.; fear, 41; ignorance, 40, 24 sqq.

Occasions of Sin, 263 sqq.

Occult Heresy, 828 c.

Occult Sin, 1287.

Occupation, title to private ownership, 1872 a; chief ways of occupation, 1873; when occupation of others’ goods is lawful, 1921 sqq. See also Theft.

Occupations, forbidden to clerics, 2603 b.

Odd Fellows, Society forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Offerings, act of religion, 2183.

Office, Divine, distractions during, 2174; obligation of matter and manner, 2600 a; excuses from the obligation of the Divine Office, 2601 a.

Officials, Public, lawfulness of revelations about, 2071.

Offset, definition of, 1927 a. Old Testament, moral precepts still binding, 7; ceremonial laws no longer obligatory, 7.

Omen, form of divination, 2285 d.

Omissions, voluntary, 37; effect of may be voluntary, 38.

Oneiromancy, form of divination, 2284 a.

Opinion, as state of conscience, 662 sqq.

Ordeal by Fire, sin against religion, 2284 c.

Order of Charity, 1158; between neighbors, 1171 sqq.; in almsgiving, 1247.

Orders, Holy, Sacrament of, 2777; distinction of the Orders, 2778; Major and Minor Orders, 2778 b; hierarchy of Orders, 2779 a; hierarchy of jurisdiction, 2779 b; matter and form of the various Orders in the Latin Church, 2780; episcopal consecration, 2780 a; minister of ordination, 2781; special duties of minister, 2782; recipient of Orders, 2783; conditions for validity of reception, 2783 a; conditions for lawfulness of reception, 2783 b; canonical requirements for ordination, 2784; irregularities, 2784 b; simple impediments, 2784 b; irregularities from defect or delinquency, 2784 b; duties of ordinandi according to Canon Law, 2785 a; registration of ordinations, 2786; ordination of acolyte, 2780 a; ordination of exorcist, 2780 a; ordination of porter, 2780 a; ordination of reader, 2780 a; ordination of subdeacon, 2780 b; ordination of deacon, 2780 c; ordination of priest, 2780 d.

Ordinances, of the New Testament, 7.

Orientals, 822 c.

Original Sin, 272 sqq.

Ouija Boards, form of divination, 2284 c.

Ownership, Private, allowed by natural and divine law, 1872; chief titles to private ownership, 1872.

Pacifism, Extreme, not inculcated by Christ, 1381.

Pain, of loss, 281 a; of sense, 281 b.

_Palpo_, definition, 1779 e.

Pan-Christianism, 823 b.

Parents, duties of charity and piety, 2630; compensation of children, 2631; sex education of children, 2632.

Participation of Catholics in Non-Catholic Services, 961; active and passive participation, 962-973; things wherein communication is possible; 963; simulated active assistance, 965; cases of communication in false worship, 967 sqq.; cases where a communication in another Catholic Rite is allowed, 970; participation in non-sacramental rites, 971; participation in religious places, times and objects, 972.

Partnership, 1749 b.

Passion, as obstacle to consent, 40, 45; antecedent, makes act less free, 48; consequent, does not affect voluntariness of acts, 49; when it removes or diminishes theological guilt, 1764 a.

Passions, definition, 45, 116 sqq.; definition, 117; concupiscible, 118-119; irascible, 118, 120; moral value of, 121 sqq.; physical, mental and moral dangers of, 126; antecedent or involuntary (first motions of the soul), 129; consequent or voluntary (second motions of the soul), 129; inhibition of, 131; important influence of habits on, 140.

Pastor, duty to give Sacraments, 2676 a; duties in reference to Baptism, 2688; to Confirmation, 2698; to Communion, 2707 c; to worship, 2708 c; to celebration of Mass, 2710 b; to application of Mass _pro populo_, 2714 a; jurisdiction for confession, 2751 a; on reserved cases, 2754 b; duty to hear confessions, 2756 b; to give Extreme Unction, 2775 c; rank among the clergy, 2779 b; duties in reference to marriage, 2802, 2807, 2808, 2820 sqq., 2826, 2829.

Pathological States, see Abnormal Mental States.

Patience, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163; act of fortitude, 2447 b; definition, 2453; patience differs from temperance, 2453 a; differs from longsuffering and constancy, 2453 c; greatness of patience, 2454; vices opposed to patience, 2455; virtue of steadfastness, 2456.

Patriolatry, sin against piety, 2349 a.

Patriotism, very like to religion, 2346 d.

Pawn, 1749 d.

Pawning, unjustifiable, 1879 g.

Peace, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163; as effect of charity, 1195 sqq.; reconciliation with God, 1196; reconciliation with enemies, 1196; reconciliation with enemies demanded by charity, 1198; what duty of reconciliation demands, 1199; what this duty necessitates, 1199 sqq.; person who should make the first advances, 1202; manner and time of seeking reconciliation, 1203-04; sins against peace, 1347 sqq. See Discord; Contention; Schism; War; Fighting; Duelling; Sedition.

Pederasty, kind of impurity, 2534 c.

Pelagianism, 822 c.

Penance, Sacrament of, 2727; remote matter, 2727 a; proximate matter, 2727 b; form of, 2727 c; subject of, 2727 d; Probabilism in administration of Sacrament, 2728; contrition the first act of the penitent, 2729; valid and fruitful reception of the Sacrament of Penance, 2734; resolution of amendment, 2736; confession, second act of penitent, 2737; qualities of confession, 2738; gravity of lying to confessor, 2739; integral confession, 2740; material and formal completeness, 2740 a, b; moral species of sin must be confessed, 2741 a; number of sins must be given, 2741 b; circumstances that change the species must be declared, 2741 c; external act that completed an internal sin must be declared, 2741 d; circumstances that notably aggravate a sin without changing its species, 2742 a; external effects of a sin must be confessed, 2742 b; uncertain sins must be confessed, 2742 c; when material integrity is not necessary, 2743; completion or repetition of past incomplete Confessions, 2744; when a general Confession should be made, 2744 c; satisfaction, the third act of the penitent, 2745; effects of actual satisfaction, 2746; conditions for effective satisfaction, 2747; obligation of accepting and performing a penance, 2748; causes that excuse from a penance imposed, 2749; requirements in the minister for valid absolution, 2750; power of jurisdiction, 2751; when the Church supplies jurisdiction (cases of common error and of uncertainty of law or fact), 2752; limitation of jurisdiction, 2753; reserved sins, 2753 a; reserved persons, 2753 b; absolution from reserved cases, 2754; absolution given by one not possessed of jurisdiction, 2755; duties of confessor before confession, 2756; duties of confessor as judge in hearing the case, 2757; duties of confessor in deciding about cases, 2758; duties of confessor in passing sentence, 2759; penitents to whom absolution should be denied, 2760; backsliders (recidivists), 2760 c; obligation, quality and quantity of sacramental penance, 2761; duties of the confessor as spiritual physician, 2762; duties of the confessor as teacher and guide, 2763; spiritual direction, 2764 b; duties of the confessor after confession, 2764; Probabilism or epieikeia may not be applied to sacramental seal, 2764 a; attitude of confessor to tempted and afflicted, 2762 b; attitude to scrupulous, 2762 b; treatment of sick and dying, 2762 b; attitude towards the pious, 2762 b; attitude towards the hardened sinner, 2762 b; manner of repairing defects made in hearing a confession, 2765; excuses from duty of repairing mistakes, 2766; obligation of seal of confession, 2767; sins against the seal of confession, 2768; special abuses to which confession is exposed, 2769; danger of defamation, 2769 a; danger of impurity, 2769 b; _absolutio complicis_, 2770; _effectus legis de absolutione complicis_, 2771; _sollicitatio in confessione_, 2772; _denuntiatio sollicitantis_, 2773.

Perception, 1637 b.

Pessimism, defective judgment, 1731 f.

Philanthropy, as distinguished from almsgiving, 1219.

Philosophy, use in Moral Theology. 11, 12.

Phrenology, form of divination, 2285 b.

Physicians, duties of, 2651 c.

Physiognomy, divination by, 2285 b.

Pictures, when obscene, 1456 a.

Piety, Gift of the Holy Ghost, 160 b; a potential part of justice, 2142 b; various senses of, 2345; definition of virtue of piety, 2346; reverence required by piety, 2347; assistance required by piety, 2348; sins against piety, 2349; malice of sins against piety, 2350; Gift of Piety directed to Our Father in Heaven, 2433 a.

Plants, when they may be occupied, 1873 b.

Plays, when obscene, 1456 c; formal cooperation with evil plays, 1531; material cooperation with, 1532.

Pleasures, Sensible, and temperance, 2461 b.

Pleasures, Spiritual, and temperance, 2461 b.

Pledge, 1749 d.

Pollution, see Impurity.

Pope, authentic interpreter of all ecclesiastical laws, 486; three ways of rejecting papal decisions, 1369.

Positive Method, in Moral Theology, 13.

Possessors, Unlawful, three kinds of, 1770 sqq.; obligations in reference to the property and its fruits, 1771 sqq.

Poverty, vow and virtue, 2612 a.

Power of Jurisdiction, and dominative power, 2356.

Practicality, 1645.

Praise of God, 2269; internal and external praise of God, 2270; excellence of praise of God, 2271; qualities that should be present in the divine praises, 2272.

Prayer, definition, 2153; the psychology of prayer, 2154; the necessity of prayer, 2155; a duty for all adults, 2156; times and frequency of prayer, 2157; corollaries about prayer and confession, 2158; to whom prayer may be offered, 2159; persons for whom prayer is offered, 2160; things that may be prayed for, 2161; qualities of prayer, 2162; confidence requisite for successful prayer, 2163; attention and intention in prayer, 2164; actual, virtual and habitual intention in prayer, 2165 a, b, c; internal or external, verbal or superficial, literal, spiritual, perfect or imperfect attention in prayer, 2166; acts that exclude external attention, 2167; when external attention is sufficient, 2168; kind of internal attention required in prayer, 2169; distractions in prayer, 2170; voluntary and involuntary distractions, 2171; sinfulness of distraction in prayer, 2172; distractions during Divine Office, 2174.

Precepts, axiomatic and inferred, 300; general and particular, 301; ecclesiastical, 515-519.

Precepts of the Church, First derived from natural and divine as well as ecclesiastical law, 2575 a; affirmative and negative parts of First Precept, 2576; how Mass must be heard, 2577; external and bodily assistance, 2577 a; internal or mental assistance requires actual or virtual intention of will, 2577 b; the necessary attention, 2577 b; time and place of Mass, 2578; servile works, 2579; forensic and commercial labors forbidden, 2579 b; liberal works tolerated, 2580 b; definition of common works, 2581 a; doubtful works, 2581 b; lawfulness of hiring non-Catholics to do servile work, 2582; obligation of First Precept, 2583; excuses from observance of First Precept, 2584; scope of Second Precept, 2586; definition of flesh meat, 2586 a; broth and condiments, 2586 c; obligation of Second Precept, 2587 21; exceptions to the obligation, 2587 c; the obligation of fasting, 2588 sqq.; scope of Third Precept, 2590; subject and matter of Third Precept, 2590 a; time for fulfillment of Third Precept, 2590; origin and gravity of Third Precept, 2591; scope of Fourth Precept, 2592; origin and gravity of Fourth Precept, 2593 a; Fifth Precept, 2594; Sixth Precept of the Church, 2594.

Prescription, title to private ownership, 1872 b; conditions for valid prescription, 1875; may terminate the obligation of contract, 1889 b.

Presumption, sin of, 1075 sqq.; definition, 1078; objects of, 1079; comparison with temptation of God and blasphemous hope, 1081; malice of, 1082; gravity compared with other sins, 1083; presumption and unbelief, 1084; presumption takes away virtue of hope, 1085; causes of, 1091; vice against greatness of soul, 2450 a.

Presumption of a Pact, 652.

Pretence, see Simulation.

Price, just and unjust, see Fraud.

Pride, as origin of discord, 1354; origin of contention, 1362; cause of contumely, 2017 a; definition of pride, 2557; acts of pride, 2558 a; sinfulness of pride, 2559 a; pride compared with other sins, 2560 n; pride mother of the seven capital sins, 2560 c.

Principles, first and secondary, 300 a; reflex, see Reflex Principles.

Prison, escape from, lawfulness, 1982 b.

Prisoners, treatment during war, 1412, 1417.

Privilege, Pauline, see Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Privileges, 521 sqq.; definition, 521; wide and strict interpretation of, 522; obligation to accept and use, 523.

Probabiliorism, see Systems, Moral.

Probability, intrinsic signs of, 665 a; extrinsic signs of, 665 b; kinds of, 703; of law, 711 a; of fact, 711 b, 712.

Probabilism, see Systems, Moral.

Prodigality, a vice opposed to liberality, 2427; sinfulness, 2428; comparison of avarice and prodigality, 2429.

Promotion of Undeserving Candidates, 1758.

Profession of Faith, commandment of, 938 sqq. See Faith.

Propensities, Natural, effect on voluntariness of acts, 54.

Property, Private, chief ways in which it may be occupied, 1873; when lost property may be occupied, 1873 d; conversion of property against the wishes of owner, 1891 b; conversion of property, 1891.

Propriety, integral part of temperance, 2405 b; propriety of external acts, 2512.

Protestantism, 822 e.

Providence, 1638 b.

Prudence, 146, 150; ranked first among cardinal virtues, 1626; definition of prudence, 1627; one of the two practical virtues of intellect, 1627 a; inferior to the Gift of Wisdom, 1627 b; objects of act of prudence, 1628 a; prudence concerned with application of truths and first principles of morality to contingent and particular cases, 1628 b; formal object of prudence, 1629 a; material object, 1629 a; prudence needs certitude, 1630; relation of prudence to the other moral virtues, 1631 a; prudence rules the inferior virtues and serves the superior, 1632; prudence and the intellectual virtues, 1632 a; prudence and the theological virtues, 1632 b; the exercise of prudence, 1633; the three acts of prudence, deliberation, decision, direction, 1633; qualities of prudence, 1634; moral, integral, subjective, potestative parts of prudence, 1635, 1636; integral parts of prudence, 1637; prudence knows how to reason correctly, 1638 a; subjective parts of prudence, 1639; individual prudence, 1639 a, 1644 a; social prudence, 1639 b; political prudence, 1640 a, 1644 c, 1648; domestic prudence, 1640 b, 1644 b, 1650; governmental prudence, 1642 a; military prudence, 1642 b, 1644 d; utility of prudence for society, 1643; potential parts of prudence, 1646; persons who possess prudence, 1648; evil prudence, 1651 a; imperfect prudence, 1651; indifferent prudence, 1651 b; good prudence, 1651 c; infused prudence, 1654 a; prudence in young people, 1655 a; formed habit of prudence, 1655 a; prudence a duty of superior, 2635 a; formative prudence, 1655 b.

Puberty, Age of, 433.

Punishment, eternal and temporal, 280.

Punishment, Capital, lawfulness of, 1820; when it should not be imposed, 1821; unlawful killing of offenders, 1823 a.

Punishments, Bodily, 1870.

Punitive Sterilization, 1869 b.

Purity, Virtue of, 2486; definition, 2486; definition of chastity, 2486 a; definition of decency, 2486 b. See also Virginity; Impurity.

Purpose, Wrong, may make venial sin mortal, 191; or mortal venial, 195.

Pusillanimity, 1084; as incentive to envy, 1330; vice against greatness of soul, 2451 a.

Pyromancy, form of divination, 2284 c.

Pythian Sisters, Society forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Pythonism, form of divination, 2284 b.

Quickness, 1637 b.

Rancor, caused by sloth, 1324.

Rape, 2529.

Rash Opinion, 1733. See also Judgment, Rash.

Rationalism, 847.

Reason, Age of, 433.

Reason, Natural, use in Moral Theology, 11; as subject of sin, 231.

Reading, Dangerous, 849 sqq.; forbidden by natural and ecclesiastical law, 850.

Rebeccas, Society forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Rebellion, not schism, 1364.

Recoupment, definition of, 1927 a.

Reflex Principles, for solution of doubts, 657 sqq.; may supply indirect certitude, 652 b.

_Regulae pro confessariis de licitis et illicitis, in conjugio_, 2625.

Relationships, various kinds, 1175.

Relatives, order of charity among, 1176 sqq.; duties of near, 2634.

Relaxation, as virtue, 2567 a, b; sins opposed to moderate enjoyment, 2568 a.

Religion, Virtue of, regarded by some as superior to justice, 1717 a; a potential part of justice, 2142 a; definition of the virtue, 2145; religion as a moral virtue, 2146; superiority of religion as a virtue, 2147; necessity of the acts of religion, 2148; internal acts of religion, 2149; definition of devotion, 2150; external and internal causes of devotion, 2152; external acts of religion, 2175; definition of adoration, 2176; difference between _latria_ and _hyperdulia_ and _dulia_, 2671 b; difference between _latria_ and civil homage, 2176 b; unity and variety of adoration, 2177; definition of sacrifice, 2178; essentials of sacrifice, 2179; obligation of sacrifice, 2180; exemptions from sacrifice based on the natural law, 2181; sacrifice compared with the other acts of religion, 2182; goods unsuitable as offerings to God, 2184; contributions to religion, 2185; obligation of contributing to the support of the clergy, 2186; quality of the obligation of contributing to the Church, 2188; priest’s attitude towards persons refusing to contribute, 2189; those to whom religious contributions are due, 2190; external acts of religion in honor of God, 2244.

Religion, Sins against, 2273; superstition, 2274; false worship, 2274 a; superfluous worship, 2274 b; sinfulness of improper worship of God, 2275; worship of false deity, 2276; definition of idolatry, 2277; kinds of idolatry, 2278; sinfulness of idolatry, 2279; comparison of different sins of idolatry, 2280; idolatry possible in Christian worship, 2281; definition of divination, 2282; distinction between the fact and sin of divination, 2283; forms of explicit invocation, 2284; forms of implicit invocation, 2285; malice of the sin of divination, 2286; when knowledge is obtained from God, 2287; when knowledge is obtained through natural causes, 2288; use of lots, 2289; vain observance, 2290; forms of vain observance, 2291; distinction between fact and sin of vain observance, 2293; superstition in religious observances, 2294; sinfulness of vain observance, 2295; cooperation in divination or other form of superstition, 2296; doubtful cases of vain observance, 2297; licitness of using doubtfully superstitious means, 2298; irreligiousness, 2299; temptation of God, 2300; cases wherein there is no temptation of God, 2301; kinds of temptation of God, 2302; causes that exclude the interpretative temptation of God, 2303; refusal of medicine or hygienic care, 2304; sinfulness of temptation of God, 2305; malice of temptation of God, 2306. See also Sacrilege; Simony.

Religious, special duties of, 2611; perfection of charity, 2611 a; evangelical counsels, 2611 b; obligation of the three principal vows, 2612 a.

Remorse of Conscience, penalty of sin, 279.

Repentance, Virtue of, 2718; character of repentance, 2720; excellence, 2721; dignity, 2721 a; necessity, 2721 b; repentance as a means and as a precept, 2722; accompaniments of repentance, 2724; fruits of, 2725; restores infused virtues and former merits, 2725 c; removes every sin, 2725 a.

Reproach, definition, 2012 b.

Reprisals, in war, 1417.

Reputation, when charity requires one to seek good reputation, 1575; when sacrifice of reputation is lawful and unlawful, 1576; when self-detraction is lawful, 1577; definition of good, true, false, ordinary and extraordinary reputation, 2034 a-c; right to good reputation, 2035; right to true and false reputation, 2037; meaning of the expression “infamous in a certain place,” 2051; rights that have precedence over a false reputation, 2068; unlawful attack on another’s false reputation, 2069; conditions that justify revelation of another’s defects, 2070; revelations about public officials or candidates for public office, 2071. See also Defamation.

Rescripts, 520.

Reservation, strict and broad mental reservation in an oath, 2251. See also Lying.

Resident, definition, 437; when subject to laws, 438.

Restitution, distinct from payment, restoration and satisfaction, 1751; difference between satisfaction and restitution, 1752; when restitution is due, 1753; confessor’s duties regarding the obligation of restitution, 1760; roots of restitution, 1762; when unjust damage obliges to restitution, 1763; restitution for damages that are only venially sinful but seriously harmful, 1765; for damages only juridically culpable, 1766; for careless discharge of fiduciary duties, 1768; restitution when culpability seems doubtful, 1769; cooperators and restitution, 1778; circumstances of restitution, 1781; restitution _in solidum_ or _pro rata_, 1783; order of restitution among cooperators, 1784; person to whom restitution must be made, 1786; creditors with right _in re_ have preference over creditors with right _ad rem_, 1787; “thing” to be restored, 1789; “amount” of restitution in certain cases, 1790; “manner” of making restitution, 1791; second restitution, 1792; “time” when restitution must be made, 1793; unjust refusal to make restitution, 1794; “place” where restitution must be made, 1795, 1796; causes that excuse temporarily from restitution, 1797; causes that excuse permanently from restitution, 1798; excuse from restitution on account of doubtfulness of obligation, 1800; restitution for frustration of another’s good, 1802 a; restitution for injury done to goods of fortune, 1802 b; restitution for injury done to goods of body or personal goods, 1802 c; restitution for unjust homicide or mutilation, 1803; restitution for fornication or adultery, 1803 b; restitution for injuries of soul, 1803 c; restitution for occupied goods, 1922; restitution of bribes, etc., 1946 c; restitution for jail-breaking, 1983; obligation of witness to make restitution, 1992; when a lawyer is bound to restitution, 2008; restitution for contumely, 2021 sqq.; cessation of obligation of restitution for contumely, 2026; restitution for defamation, 2085 sqq.; restitution of temporal price received for spiritual thing, 2340; restitution of temporal price received for temporal things annexed to spirituals, 2341; circumstances of restitution for simony, 2342; restitution of spiritual thing simoniacally received, 2343; restitution necessitated by breach of promise to marry, 2628 d; restitution for theft. See also Compensation.

Restraint, definition, 1866 d.

Revelations, private, 757.

Reverence, potential part of justice, 2142 c; definition of virtue, 2351; species of honor, 2352; obligation of religious cult of _dulia_, 2354.

Revilement, definition, 2012 b.

Rights, precedence in case of collision, 292.

Robbery, comparison with theft, 1892 a; kinds of theft and robbery, 1893 a; what constitutes grave matter in robbery, 1896. See also Theft; Injustice.

Rubrics, directive and preceptive, in administration of the Sacraments, 2669 c.

Rudeness, vice opposite to modesty, 2566 b.

Sacraments, of Old Testament, 339; denial of Christian Sacraments in cases of scandal, 1493; nature of Sacrament, 2654; outward sign, 2654 a; instituter of Sacraments, 2654 b; purpose of Sacraments, 2654 c; Sacraments of the Dead and of the Living, 2654 c; indelible character of some Sacraments, 2654 c; matter and form of the Sacraments, 2655; substantial changes in matter or form, 2655 a; substantial separations of matter and form, 2655 b; simultaneity of matter and form, 2656; accidental changes or separations of matter and form, 2658; substantial changes or separations, 2659; doubtful matter, 2660; Sacraments that have a necessity of means, 2661; reception of Sacraments _in re_ or _in voto_, 2662; Sacraments that have a necessity of precept, 2663; twofold ministry of the Sacraments (production and bestowal), 2664; requirements in the minister for valid performance of Sacrament, 2665; necessary intention, 2666; virtual, actual, habitual and interpretative intention, 2666 b; rules on plurality of intentions, 2667; requisites for use of conditional intention, 2668; lawful administration of Sacraments, 2669; minister’s worthiness before God, 2669 a; minister’s worthiness before Church, 2669 b; worthiness of ministration, 2669 c; directive and preceptive rubrics, 2669 c; explanation of ceremonies advised, 2669 c; multiplication of sins by unworthy administration, 2670; requirements for valid Sacrament in recipient, 2671; qualities of recipient’s intention, 2672; neutral intention, 2672 b; when virtual intention is necessary, 2673; when habitual and explicit intention suffices, 2674 b; when habitual and implicit intention suffices, 2674 b; requirements for lawful or fruitful reception of Sacrament by adult, 2675; obligation of minister to confer Sacraments, 2676; obligation of pastor to confer Sacraments, 2676 a; when minister is bound to deny them, 2677; administration to unworthy persons, 2678; simulation and dissimulation of Sacrament, 2680; administration of Penance and Extreme Unction to heretics and schismatics, 2681; repetition of Sacrament on account of invalid administration, 2682; reception of Sacrament from unworthy minister, 2683; forgiveness of sin through use of Sacraments, 2726.

Sacrament, Blessed, see Eucharist, Holy.

Sacramentals, definition, 2684; necessity and use, 2684 a, b.

Sacrifice, see Religion, Virtue of.

Sacrilege, definition, 2308; violation of what kind of consecration involves sacrilege? 2309; is sacrilege a special sin? 2310; species of sacrilege, 2311; personal sacrilege, 2311 a; local sacrilege, 2311 b; desecration, a form of sacrilege, 2311 b; profanation, a form of sacrilege, 2311 b; real sacrilege, 2311 c; special cases regarding local sacrilege, 2312; cases wherein there is no sacrilege, 2313; sacredness as aggravating circumstance of sin, 2314; malice of sacrilege, 2315; conditions that govern gravity of sacrilege, 2316; carnal sacrilege, 2533; personal sacrilege, 2533 c; local sacrilege, 2533 d; real sacrilege, 2533 e.

Sadness, concupiscible passion, 119.

Sapphism, form of impurity, 2534 c.

Satisfaction, for sin, 283. See also Penance, Sacrament of.

Scandal, various uses of word, 1445-46; definition, 1447; causes of, 1448; directly intentional (diabolical) and indirectly intentional, 1450; active and passive, 1453; acts that give scandal, 1454; obscenity (q.v.), 1455 sqq.; results of scandal, 1459; scandal resembles solicitation and complicity, 1460; persons apt to be scandalized, 1461; scandal given and scandal taken, 1464; Pharisaic scandal and “scandal of little ones,” 1464 b; sinfulness, 1465; is scandal a distinct species of sin? 1466; how scandal should be confessed, 1467; responsibility of scandalizer for injuries to third parties, 1470-71; gravity of sin, 1472; is any person immune from scandal? 1475; duty of avoiding, 1477; scandal of the weak forbidden by the natural law, 1479; surrender of temporal goods to avoid scandal, 1483; surrender of Church goods to avoid scandal, 1486-87; duty of repairing scandal, 1488; ways of repairing, 1489; public and private scandal, 1490 a; ordinary and extraordinary, 1490 b; denial of Sacraments in cases of scandal, 1493; prohibition against, 1552.

Schism, books in favor of, forbidden, 855 b; definition, 1364; principal schismatic movements, 1365; directly and indirectly voluntary schism, 1366; schism committed in two ways, 1368; three ways of rejecting decisions of Pope, 1369; schism compared with heresy, 1370; opposition between schism and charity, 1371; greatest sin against neighbor, 1372 a; not so serious as unbelief, 1372 b; formal and material schism, 1373.

Schismatics, spiritual powers of, 1374.

Scholastic Method, in Moral Theology, 13.

Schools, Dangerous, 867 sqq.; sectarian and neutral, 867; absolution of parents of children attending, 872; Catholic teachers in non-Catholic schools, 874.

Sciences, Natural, use in Moral Theology, 12.

Scripture, as Source of Moral Theology, 7.

Scrupulous, see Conscience.

Seal of Confession, see Penance, Sacrament of.

Second Sight, 2285 a.

Secret, violation of (infidelity), 2407; definition of a secret, 2408; natural, promised, entrusted or committed secret, 2408; sinfulness of violating secret, 2409; prying into others’ secrets, 2410; reading another’s letters or papers, 2411; lawfulness of utilizing knowledge of secret, 2412; sin committed by stealing or unduly using secret of another, 2413; obligation of keeping secret, 2414; comparison of secrets as regards binding force, 2415; cases wherein it is not necessary to keep secret, 2416; cases wherein it is not lawful to keep secret, 2417; lawfulness of revealing secret learned by stealth or force, 2420.

Sedition, definition, 1440; distinct species of sin, 1441; resistance to tyrannical government not sinful, 1443.

Seduction, 1495 sqq.; definition, 1496; malice, 1497; differs from mere permission to sin, 1500; sinful request, 1501; advice to commit evil, 1502; prearrangement of circumstances that lead to sin, 1504.

Self-Abuse, form of impurity, 2534 a.

Self-Beautification, morality of, 2570.

Self-Defamation, sin opposed to charity, 2028 e.

Self-Defense, Right of, 1826; conditions for exercise of this right, 1826 a; self-defense must be moderate, 1833; when it is obligatory, 1836; when it is not obligatory, 1837; defense of neighbor’s life against unjust aggressor, 1838; defense of material goods against unjust aggressor, 1840; defense of bodily purity against an unjust aggressor, 1841; defense of bodily integrity against an unjust aggrossor, 1842; defense of honor or reputation, 1843.

Self-Depreciation, form of lying, 2406.

Self-Glorification, form of lying, 2406.

Self-Love, commandment of, 1561; understood in many senses, 1561; sinful, natural and supernatural, 1136; charity demands an elicited supernatural self-love, 1562; demands pursuit of all goods necessary for attainment of happiness, 1563; care of the mind, 1564; neglect of education sinful, 1565; care of the body and health, 1566; care as to food and drink, 1567; fresh air, rest, physical exercise, 1568-1573; pursuit of honors and good name, 1574-1575; when self-detraction is lawful, 1577; dislike of self, 1305, 1307; may one wish evil to self? 1308.

Self-Starvation, sin opposed to abstemiousness, 2470 a.

Seminaries, courses of theology must follow St. Thomas Aquinas, 10.

Sensuality, 232, 117 sqq.; compared with impurity, 2492 a.

Sentence, Judicial, when it may be resisted, 1982 c; moral obligation when this is certainly just, 1959; moral obligation when this is certainly unjust, 1960.

Separation, see Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Servility, vice opposite to modesty, 2566 b.

Set-off, definition, 1927 a.

Shamefacedness, integral part of temperance, 2465 b.

Shintoism, 822 a.

Simony, origin of name, 2317; definition, 2318; temporal price in simony, 2319; spiritual thing in simony, 2320; temporal thing united with spiritual, 2321; temporal thing annexed to spiritual, 2322; various kinds of simony, 2323; confidential simony, 2324; simony against divine law, 2325; rules of Alexander III for determining simony, 2327; simony against divine law in reference to things annexed to spirituals, 2328; simony against ecclesiastical law, 2329; certain and uncertain simony, 2330; doubtful cases of simony, 2331; cases in which transaction is not simoniacal, 2332; theological malice of simony; 2335; moral malice of simony, 2336; invalidity and penalties of simoniacal contracts, 2337; canonical penalties for simony, 2338; influence of simony on spiritual effects, 2339; restitution of temporal price received for spiritual thing, 2340; restitution of temporal price received for temporal things annexed to spirituals, 2341; circumstances of restitution for simony, 2342; restitution of spiritual thing simoniacally received, 2343.

Simulation, form of lying, 2391 b; definition, 2403; sinfulness of simulation, 2404. See also Hypocrisy.

Sin, definition, 167; spiritual and carnal, 168 a, 224 sqq.; against God, neighbor or self, 168 h; mortal and venial, 168 c, 169; of commission or omission, 168 d; stages of (heart, mouth, work), 168 e; by excess or defect, 168 f; original and actual, 168 g; when matter of sin is grave, 171-172; advertence and consent conditions of mortal sin, 174 sqq.; mortal, condition of, 169 sqq.; venial, definition, 180; conditions, 181 sqq.; when imperfections become a sin, 186; when venial sin becomes mortal, 187-189; coalescence of, 189; multiplication of, 190; possible effect of wrong purpose, circumstances and harm foreseen, 191 sqq,; when mortal sin becomes venial, 194 sqq,; causes of sin, 246; effect of ignorance, passion and malice on, 249; external causes of, 252; distinct from temptation, 253; proximate and remote danger of, 258; possibility of, 259; guilt of one who exposes himself to sin, 2150; occasions of (proximate or remote, necessary or free, present or absent), 263 sqq.; motives of, 268 sqq.; results and penalties of, 272 sqq.; original and actual, 272 sqq.; stain of, 276; every sin removed by repentance, 2725 a; forgiveness of sin through the use of the Sacraments, 2726. See also Sins.

Sincerity, see Truthfulness.

Sinners, charity for, 1142; association with, 1145; friendship with, 1146.

Sins, theological and moral species, 197; specific distinction, 198; numerical multiplication, 197, 202 sqq.; rules of numerical distinction, 207 sqq.; comparison of, 220; sins against God, 227; against creatures, 228; subjects of (sensitive appetites, reason, will), 230 sqq,; sins of sensuality, 232; sins of thought, 233 sqq.; sins of desire, 237 sqq.; material (or objective) and formal (or subjective), 248; sins of weakness, ignorance and malice, 250. See also Sin.

Slander, definition, 2030 d. See also Defamation.

Sloth, 269; spiritual, 1064, capital sin, 1320 sqq.; definition, 1320; sinfulness, 1321; qualities of sin, 1322; sins that spring from sloth, 1324; conquest of sloth, 1325; prohibition against, 1552.

Sluggishness, sin opposed to diligence, 1326 b.

Sobriety, subjective part of temperance, 2465 a; definition, 2474; obligation to practise sobriety, 2475; sins against sobriety, 2476 a; morality of total abstinence, 2478 a; licit use of narcotics, 2485. See also Drunkenness.

Societies, Forbidden, 945 sqq.; forbidden by Code, 946; absolution of members, 949.

Sodomy, form of impurity, 2534 c.

Softness, 2534 a.

Solicitation, resemblance to scandal, 1460 a. See Seduction.

Sons of Temperance, Society forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Soul, First and Second Motions of the, 129.

Sortilege, form of divination, 2285 d.

Speculation, Sinful, 1879 f.

Spiritism, 823 b; sin against religion, 2284 b.

Sponsors, see Baptism, Sacrament of; Confirmation, Sacrament of.

Stain of Sin, 276.

State of Life, Duties of, knowledge of obligatory, 920.

Statesmanship, 1642 a, 1649 a.

States of Man, Four Historical, 331.

Steadfastness, act of fortitude, 2447 b.

Sterilization, morality of, 1869 a.

Stiffness, vice opposite to modesty, 2566 b.

Stipends, Mass, institution of, 2185 b. See also Mass, Sacrifice of the.

Stocks, purchase by clerics, 2605 a.

Stocks and Bonds, 1749 b.

Stolidity, vice opposed to patience, 2455.

Stranger, definition, 437; when subject to laws, 439-446.

Students, duties of, 2651 b.

Studiosity, potential part of temperance, 2465 c; definition of studiousness, 2562; vices opposed to studiousness, 2563 a; malice of the sins against studiousness, 2564 a; negligence, a sin against studiousness, 2564 b.

Subjects, duties to domestic and civil superiors, 2636.

Suffrage, Power of, 1649 b. See also Voting.

Suicide, books in favor of, forbidden, 855 b; voluntary and involuntary, direct and indirect, 1852 a; sinfulness of suicide, 1854; cooperation in suicide, 1855; authorization to commit suicide, 1856; when indirect suicide is lawful, 1857, 1858; when indirect suicide is unlawful, 1859; is it suicidal to refuse s necessary surgical operation? 1860; canonical penalties for suicide, 1861 a.

Sunday, Sanctification of, see Precepts of the Church.

Superfluities, from which alms must be given, 1227-1229.

Superior, Clerical, duties of, 2606 a; special duties to flock, 2607 a.

Superiors, Domestic and Civil, duties of, 2635. See also Employers; Subjects.

Superstition, see Religion, Sins against.

Surety, 1749 d.

Surgeons, duties of, 2651 c.

Surliness, sin against affability, 2423 b.

Syncretism, 823 b.

Synesis, part of judgment, 2432 d.

Synteresis, and Moral Theology, 2; directs the moral virtues, 1631 a.

Systems, Moral, 672 sqq.; Tutiorism, 672 a, 676 sqq.; Anti-tutiorism, 672 b; condemned by Church, 676; Laxism, 680 sqq.; condemned by Church, 681; Probabiliorism, 683 sqq.; Equiprobabilisrn, 688; Probabilism, 701 sqq.; Compensationism, 731 sqq.; practical conclusions, 739; respective merits and use of the rival systems, 740; use by confessors, 741.

Tale-Bearing, definition, 2103; sinfulness, 2104; circumstances which affect the species of tale-bearing, 2105.

Taoism, 822 a.

Taunting, form of contumely, definition, 2012 b.

Taxes, definition, 2637; kinds of taxes, 2638; just taxes, 2639; obligation to pay taxes, 2640 sqq.; obedience to tax laws, 2642.

Teachers, duties of, 2651 b.

Telepathy, and the virtue of religion, 2285 a.

Temperance, 150; golden mean in, 154 a, 157 b; differs from patience, 2453 a; definition of temperance, 2461; temperance and sensible pleasures, 2461 b; temperance and spiritual pleasures, 2461 b; rule of moderation, 2462; excellence of temperance, 2463; vices opposed to temperance, 2464; subjective parts of temperance, 2465 a; potential parts of temperance, 2465 c; integral parts of temperance, 2465 b; sobriety, 2476 sqq.; continence, 2544; incontinence, 2544 c; sinful indulgence, 2550; complements of the virtue of temperance, 2571 a; commandments of temperance, 2572 a.

Temptation, not a sin, 253; implicit or explicit, internal or external, direct or indirect, virtual or actual resistance to, 255; rules regarding resistance to, 256; exterior and interior temptations to impurity, 2497; resistance to internal temptations, 2498; what opposition to temptation is sufficient, 2499; insufficient, harmful and unnecessary opposition, 2500; weapons against carnal temptations, 2501; negligence in resisting temptations, 2508.

Temptation of God, see Religion, Sins against.

Tepidity, consequence of sloth, 1327.

Testament, New, see New Testament.

Testament, Old, see Old Testament.

Testimony, see Witness.

Theft, sin of injustice, 1872; definition of theft, 1890; plagiarism is form of theft, 1890 c; copyright infringement, a form of theft, 1890 c; kidnapping, a form of theft, 1890 c; comparison of theft and robbery, 1892 a; kinds of theft, 1893 a; sinfulness of theft, 1894 a; grave matter in theft of sacred objects, 1901; grave matter in domestic theft, 1903 a; theft by wife or minor child, 1904 a; theft by employees, 1905 a; theft of things about whose loss owner is less concerned, 1906 a; travelling without paying fare, 1907; when small thefts amount to grave matter, 1908 sqq.; moral connection between repeated acts of theft, 1912; interval of time between acts of theft, 1913; theft from joint owners, 1917; restitution in cases of theft, 1918 a; cases of doubt as to grave matter, 1919 a; occult compensation, 1920 b; when conversion of others’ property is permissible, 1920; conditions for lawful occupation of others’ goods, 1921 a; restitution for occupied goods, 1922; occupation in case of merely grave necessity, 1923; occupation of large sum by one in dire need, 1924 a; lawfulness of receiving support from thief, 1926; compensation for theft, see Compensation; condonation of domestic thefts, 1799.

Theologians, as source of Moral Theology, 10.

Theological Virtues, 151; golden mean in, 154 c; rank among virtues, 156. See Faith, Hope and Charity.

Theology, Ascetical and Mystical, 2573.

Theology, Moral, definition, 1; relation to Dogmatic Theology, 3.

Theosophical Societies, forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Theosophy, 823 b.

Third Orders, Secular, 955 a.

Thomas Aquinas, Saint, as source of Moral Theology, 10; arrangement of Moral Theology, 17; opinion on obligation of judge when evidence is contrary to his personal knowledge, 1951 c.

Thought, Sins of, 233 sqq.

Thoughts, Impure, see Impurity.

Thoughts, Sinful, 234.

Timidity, sin against fortitude, 2446 b.

Trading, definition, 2134; morality of trading in the strict sense, 2135; trading forbidden to clerics, 2604 a.

Tradition, 8; divine, Apostolic, ecclesiastical, 9.

Treasure Trove, when it may be occupied, 1873 c.

Tribadism, form of impurity, 2534 c.

Truth, necessary quality of lawful oath, 2249 b. See also Truthfulness; Lying.

Truthfulness, 2143 a; definition of virtue, 2385; excellence, 2386; sincerity and fidelity, 2387; vices opposed to truthfulness, 2388. See also Lying.

Truths, Natural and Supernatural, to which assent must be given, 784.

Tutiorism, see Systems, Moral.

Tyrannicide, lawfulness of, 1824 a.

Unbelief, Sin of, negative and positive, 813; ordinary and apostasy, 814; direct and indirect, 815-816; non-assent, 817; dissent (private and contrary unbelief), 818; infidelity, 822 a; order of gravity in unbelief, 824; dangers which lead to external expression of unbelief, 944 sqq. See also Heresy; Apostasy.

Unction, Extreme, Sacrament of, 2774; remote matter, 2774 a; proximate matter, 2774 b; form, 2774 c; recipient, 2774 d; minister, 2774 e; effects of, 2774 f; special duties of recipient, 2775 a; special duties of minister, 2775 b; special duties of pastor, 2775 c; special duties of faithful, 2775 d.

Understanding, integral part of prudence, 1637 a.

Understanding, Gift of, 160 a; given to perfect theological virtues, 808.

Unity of the Church, threefold, 1367.

Uranism, form of impurity, 2534 c.

Use, act of will, 59.

Usury, definition, 2136.

_Vagus_, definition, 437; when subject to laws, 438.

Vainglory, as origin of discord, 1354; origin of contention, 1362.

Vanity, vice against greatness of soul, 2450 c.

Vengeance, definition, 2381; morality of vengeance, 2382; excess and defect in vengeance, 2383; circumstances of vengeance, 2384.

Viaticum, see Communion, Holy.

Vice, definition, 167; and sin, see Sin.

Vices, Capital, Seven, 269 sqq.

Vindication, virtue, 2143 a. See also Vengeance.

Violence, invalidates consent to contract, 1884 d. See also Coercion.

Virginity, definition, 2488; loss of virginity, 2489; conditions necessary for virtue of virginity, 2490 a; excellence of virginity, 2491 a.

Virtue, subjective parts, 1639 h, 1745; integral parts, 1637, 2139; potential parts, 1646, 2141; parts, 1635, 1636, 2447, 2465.

Virtues, definition, 142; division, 143; practical intellectual, 146-148; moral, definition, 149; four cardinal virtues, 150; theological, 151; three causes of virtues (nature, practice and infusion), 152; inchoative and perfected, 152; properties of, 153; golden mean in, 154 b; rank among virtues, 156-157; in the blessed, 158; complements of, 159; properties of seven infused virtues, 745; order of theological virtues, 746; priority of a virtue in duration, by nature, and in excellence, 1028. See also Faith; Hope; Charity; Cardinal Virtues; Act, virtuous.

Vision, Beatific, relation to charity, 1116.

Vocation, internal, 2597; external, 2597 b; vocation to the clerical state, 2597 a; sinfulness of disregarding vocation, 2598 a.

Volksverein, 955 b.

Voting, duty of exercising the electoral franchise, 2643; manner of voting, 2644; obligation to seek office, 2645.

Vow, definition, 2191; personal, real and mixed vows, 2192; singular and common vows, 2192 b; temporary and perpetual vows, 2192 c; absolute and conditional vows, 2192 d; penal and non-penal vows, 2192 d; explicit and implicit vows, 2192 e; determinate and disjunctive vows, 2192 e; private and public vows, 2192 f; simple and solemn vows, 2192 f; vows in Canon Law, 2193; distinction between solemn and simple vows, 2194; knowledge and deliberation necessary for valid vow, 2195; freedom of will necessary for valid vow, 2196; cases in which fear does not invalidate vow, 2197; vows of doubtful validity, 2198; intention necessary for valid vow, 2199; matter of vow, 2200; vows that promise something necessary, 2201; when fulfillment of vow is only partly possible, 2202; vows that promise something displeasing to God, 2203; vows that promise something indifferent, 2205; meaning of better good in vow, 2206; vows invalidated by promise of lesser good, 2207; when one has taken two opposite vows, 2208; obligation of vow, 2209; gravity of obligation, 2210; rules for determining what is important matter in vow, 2211; coalescence of light into grave matter in vow, 2212; delay in fulfilling vow, 2214; time when vow obliges, 2213; person obliged to fulfill a vow, 2215; manner of fulfilling vow, 2216; obligation of certain kinds of vows, 2217; interpretation of doubtful vows, 2218; advantages of vows to vowers, 2220; when good vow may be sinful, 2221; merit of fulfilling vow that one regrets, 2222; persons who can make vow, 2223; dependence of vower on will of another, 2224; validity of vows made by subjects, 2225; cessation of vows, 2226; annulment of vows, 2228; reason necessary for annulment of vow, 2229; differences between direct and indirect annulment of vow, 2230; dispensation of vow, 2231; reasons sufficient for dispensation, 2232; sinfulness of unnecessary dispensation, 2233; persons who have power of dispensation, 2234; dispensation from religious vow of chastity, 2235; dispensation from vow made for benefit of third party, 2236; commutation of vows, 2238; good works that may be substituted for vows, 2239; persons who have authority to commute vow, 2240; cause required for commutation of vow, 2241; reversion to original vow, 2242; duties of confessors in reference to private vows, 2243; obligation of vow of obedience, 2364; religious vows, obligation of the three principal vows, 2612 a.

Vulgarity, vice against greatness of deed, 2452 b.

Wagers, Sinful, 1879 c.

Waldensianism, 822 c.

War, definition, 1376; just and unjust, 1377; offensive and defensive, 1378; not against law of God, 1380; nor against law of nature, 1383; three conditions for lawfulness, 1384; who may declare war? 1385; what is just cause of war? 1386; sufficient causes, 1389 sqq.; insufficient causes, 1393; when justice of cause is doubtful, 1394; can there be justice on both sides? 1396; duties before beginning war, 1398-99; duties during war, 1401 sqq.; lawful means of warfare, 1403; acts of war and sacred times, 1405; and sacred places, 1406; and sacred persons, 1407; combatants, non-combatants and neutrals, 1408; killing or wounding of combatants, 1409; of non-combatants, 1410; punishment of military crimes, 1411; imprisonment and restraint of enemy subjects, 1412; destruction and seizure of property, 1413; booty and looting, 1414-1415; lawfulness of stratagems, 1416; of reprisals, 1417; duties of victor, 1418; rights, 1419; obligation of victor whose cause was unjust, 1420-21; indemnities, 1422; guarantees for future, 1424; punishment for crimes committed during war, 1425; preparation for future wars, 1426; preparation for peace, 1427.

Weakness, Sins of, 250 a.

Whispering, form of defamation, 2103 sqq.

Whoremongering, definition, 2526 b.

Wicliffism, 822 c.

Will, acts elicited or commanded by, 56-62; three acts of, 58; consent of, condition of mortal sin, 174, 184, 196; as subject of sin, 231.

Will (Testament), definition, 1876; defects of a will, 1876.

Wisdom, intellectual virtue, 157 c.

Wisdom, Gift of, 160 a; corresponds with and serves charity, 1609; nature of Gift, 1610; object of, 1610 d; in its cause, Wisdom belongs to the will, 1611 a; in its essence, to the intellect, 1611 b; Wisdom is both speculative and practical, 1612; practical uses of, 1613; likeness to the other Gifts, 1614 a; difference from, 1614 b; persons who possess Wisdom, 1615; differs from the “word of wisdom,” 1616 b; varying degrees, 1617; exercise of Gift, 1618; corresponds to Seventh Beatitude, 1619 a; and to certain Fruits, 1619 b; direction given by Wisdom to human actions, 1620; sins opposed to Wisdom, 1621; false wisdom, 1623.

Wish, as act of will, 58.

Witness, reliability of, 1984; obligation of freely appearing as witness, 1985; obligation of appearing under lawful citation, 1986; obligation to answer truthfully, 1987; witness and concealment of facts, 1993; payment of witnesses, 1994; matters regarding which witness should not testify, 1988; sinfulness of false testimony, 1990; obligation of witness to make restitution, 1992; concealment of truth in presenting case, 2006; sinfulness of introducing false or corrupted documents, 2007.

Wives, see Matrimony, Sacrament of.

“Word of Wisdom,” 1616 b.

Words, Unjust, see Injustice.

Works of Mercy, seven corporal, 1221; seven spiritual, 1222.

Worship, False, communication in, 956 sqq.; cooperation in, 976 sqq.; contributions to, 981; building of houses of false worship, 983. See also Religion, Sins against.

Wounding, definition, 1866 b.

Writings, Forbidden, 861; when use allowed, 862; permission to read, 865; censures incurred through use, 866; formal cooperation with, 1529. See Books and Reading, Dangerous.

Y.M.C.A., Society forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Young Men’s Institute. 955 b.

Zoroastrianism, 822 a.