A classical dictionary / containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table

by John Lemprière

B

Babilius, a Roman, who, by the help of a certain herb, is said to have passed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. Pliny, preface to ch. 19.

Babilus, an astrologer in Nero’s age, who told the emperor to avert the danger which seemed to hang upon his head, from the appearance of a hairy comet, by putting all the leading men of Rome to death. His advice was faithfully followed. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 36.

Baby̆lon, a son of Belus, who, as some suppose, founded a city which bears his name.——A celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 100 brazen gates; and its walls, which were cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged and embellished by the activity of Semiramis; measured 480 stadia in circumference, 50 cubits in thickness, and 200 in height. It was taken by Cyrus, B.C. 538, after he had drained the waters of the Euphrates into a new channel, and marched his troops by night into the town, through the dried bed; and it is said that the fate of the extensive capital was unknown to the inhabitants of the distant suburbs till late in the evening. Babylon became famous for the death of Alexander, and for the new empire which was afterwards established there under the Seleucidæ. See: [Syria]. Its greatness was so reduced in succeeding ages, according to Pliny’s observations, that in his time it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present the place where it stood is unknown to travellers. The inhabitants were early acquainted with astrology. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.—Herodotus, bks. 1, 2, 3.—Justin, bk. 1, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Xenophon, Cyropædia, bk. 7, &c.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 21.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 2.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 77.——There is also a town of the same name near the Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt.

Babylōnia, a large province of Assyria, of which Babylon was the capital. The inhabitants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and afterwards became very powerful.——The surname of Seleucia, which arose from the ruins of Babylon, under the successors of Alexander. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

Babylōnii, the inhabitants of Babylon, famous for their knowledge of astrology, first divided the year into 12 months, and the zodiac into 12 signs.

Babyrsa, a fortified castle near Artaxata. Strabo, bk. 11.

Babytăce, a city of Armenia, whose inhabitants despise gold. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

Bacabasus, betrayed the snares of Artabanus, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. Justin, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Bacchæ, the priestesses of Bacchus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Bacchanālia, festivals in honour of Bacchus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. See: [Dionysia].

Bacchantes, [♦]priestesses of Bacchus, who are represented at the celebration of the orgies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a thyrsus, and dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild, and they utter dreadful sounds, and clash different musical instruments together. They were also called Thyades and Menades. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 592.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 25.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 21.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 674.

[♦] ‘priestessess’ replaced with ‘priestesses’

Bacchi, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. Appian.

Bacchiădæ, a Corinthian family descended from Bacchia daughter of Dionysius. In their nocturnal orgies they, as some report, tore to pieces Actæon son of Mellissus, which so enraged the father, that before the altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge the death of his son, and immediately threw himself into the sea. Upon this the Bacchiadæ were banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 407.—Strabo, bk. 8.

Bacchĭdes, a general who betrayed the town of Sinope to Lucullus. Strabo, bk. 12.

Bacchis, or Balus, king of Corinth, succeeded his father Prumnides. His successors were always called Bacchidæ, in remembrance of the equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacchidæ increased so much, that they chose one of their number to preside among them with regal authority, and it is said that the sovereign power continued in their hands near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this institution by making himself absolute. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 92.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 407.

Bacchium, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Smyrna. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Bacchius and Bithus, two celebrated gladiators of equal age and strength; whence the proverb to express equality: Bithus contra Bacchium. Suetonius, Augustus.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 7, li. 20.

Bacchus, was son of Jupiter and Semele the daughter of Cadmus. After she had enjoyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was deceived, and perished by the artifice of Juno. This goddess, always jealous of her husband’s amours, assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele’s nurse, and persuaded Semele that the lover whom she entertained was not Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove his divinity she ought to beg of him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her bed with the same majesty as when he courted the embraces of Juno. The artifice succeeded, and when Jupiter promised his mistress whatever she asked, Semele required him to visit her with all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unable to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling to retract it; therefore, as she was a mortal, and unable to bear the majesty of Jupiter, she was consumed and reduced to ashes. The child, of which she had been pregnant for seven months, was with difficulty saved from the flames, and put in his father’s thigh, where he remained the full time which he naturally was to have been in his mother’s womb. From this circumstance Bacchus has been called Bimater. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, saved him from the flames. There are different traditions concerning the manner of his education. Ovid says that, after his birth, he was brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards entrusted to the care of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes that Mercury carried him, as soon as born, to the nymphs of Nysa; and Apollonius says that he was carried by Mercury to a nymph in the island of Eubœa, whence he was driven by the power of Juno, who was the chief deity of the place. Some support that Naxus can boast of the place of his education, under the nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates a tradition which prevailed in the town of Brasiæ in Peloponnesus; and accordingly mentions that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his daughter’s amours, shut her up, with her child lately born, in a coffer, and exposed them on the sea. The coffer was carried safe by the waves to the coast of Brasiæ; but Semele was found dead, and the child alive. Semele was honoured with a magnificent funeral, and Bacchus properly educated. This diversity of opinion shows that there were many of the same name. Diodorus speaks of three, and Cicero of a greater number; but among them all, the son of Jupiter and Semele seems to have obtained the merit of the rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his history is drawn from the Egyptian traditions concerning that ancient king. Bacchus assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and was cut to pieces; but the son of Semele was not then born. This tradition, therefore, is taken from the history of Osiris, who was killed by his brother Typhon, and the worship of Osiris has been introduced by Orpheus into Greece, under the name of Bacchus. In his youth he was taken asleep in the island of Naxos, and carried away by some mariners whom he changed into dolphins, except the pilot, who had expressed some concern at his misfortune. His expedition into the east is most celebrated. He marched, at the head of an army composed of men, as well as of women, all inspired with divine fury, and armed with thyrsi, cymbals, and other musical instruments. The leader was drawn in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was accompanied by Pan and Silenus, and all the Satyrs. His conquests were easy, and without bloodshed: the people easily submitted, and gratefully elevated to the rank of a god the hero who taught them the use of the vine, the cultivation of the earth, and the manner of making honey. Amidst his benevolence to mankind, he was relentless in punishing all want of respect to his divinity; and the punishment he inflicted on Pentheus, Agave, Lycurgus, &c., is well known. He has received the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyæus, Evan, Thyonæus, Psilas, &c., which are mostly derived from the places where he received adoration, or from the ceremonies observed in his festivals. As he was the god of vintage, of wine, and of drinkers, he is generally represented crowned with vine and ivy leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure is that of an effeminate young man, to denote the joys which commonly prevail at feasts; and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us that wine taken immoderately will enervate us, consume our health, render us loquacious and childish like old men, and unable to keep secrets. The panther is sacred to him, because he went in his expedition covered with the skin of that beast. The magpie is also his favourite bird, because in triumphs people were permitted to speak with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is sometimes represented like an infant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of grapes with a horn. He often appears naked, and riding upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who was his foster-father. He also sits upon a celestial globe, bespangled with stars, and is then the same as the Sun or Osiris of Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were introduced into Greece from Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries which arose from the celebration of these festivals are well known. See: [Dionysia]. The amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He married Ariadne, after she had been forsaken by Theseus in the island of Naxos; and by her he had many children, among whom were Ceranus, Thoas, Œnopion, Tauropolis, &c. According to some, he was the father of Hymenæus, whom the Athenians made the god of marriage. The Egyptians sacrificed pigs to him, before the doors of their houses. The fir tree, the yew tree, the fig tree, the ivy, and the vine, were sacred to him; and the goat was generally sacrificed to him, on account of the great propensity of that animal to destroy the vine. According to Pliny, he was the first who ever wore a crown. His beauty is compared to that of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented with fine hair loosely flowing down his shoulders, and he is said to possess eternal youth. Sometimes he has horns, either because he taught the cultivation of the earth with oxen, or because Jupiter his father appeared to him in the deserts of Libya under the shape of a ram, and supplied his thirsty army with water. Bacchus went down to hell to recover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly made a goddess, under the name of Thyone. The three persons of the name of Bacchus, whom Diodorus mentions, are, the one who conquered the Indies, and is surnamed the bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter and Proserpine, who was represented with horns; and the son of Jupiter and Semele, called the Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero are, a son of Proserpine; a son of Nisus, who built Nysa; a son of Caprius, who reigned in the Indies; a son of Jupiter and the moon; and a son of Thyone and Nisus. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bks. 2 & 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 22, 37; bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 150; bk. 2, chs. 42, 48, 49.—Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.—Diodorus, bks. 1, 3, &c.—Orpheus, Dionysius.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fable 3, &c.—Amores, bk. 3, poem 3.—Fasti, bk. 3, li. 715.—Hyginus, fables 155, 167, &c.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56; bk. 8, ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.—Lactantius, de falsa religione, bk. 1, ch. 22.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, &c.—Euripides, Bacchæ.—Lucian, de Sacrificiis; Bacchus; Dialogi Deorum.—Oppian, Cynegetica.—Philostratus, bk. 1, Imagines, ch. 50.—Seneca, Chorus of Œdipus.—Martial, bk. 8, ltr. 26; bk. 14, ltr. 107.

Bacchylides, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the praises of Hiero. Some of his verses have been preserved. Marcellinus.

Bacenis, a wood of Germany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 10.

Bacis, a famous soothsayer of Bœotia. Cicero, bk. 1, de Divinatione, ch. 34.——A king of Corinth, called also Bacchis. See: [Bacchis].——An athlete of Trœzene. Pausanias, bk. 6.

Bactra (orum), now Balk, the capital of Bactriana, on the river Bactros in Asia. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 138.—Strabo, bk. 2.

Bactri and Bactriāni, the inhabitants of Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and were always under arms. They gave to their dogs those that died through old age or disease, and suffered slaves and strangers to take whatever liberties they pleased with their wives. They were conquered by Alexander the Great. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.—Plutarch, An vitiositas ad infelicitatem sufficia.—Herodotus, bks. 1 & 3.

Bactriāna, a country of Asia, fruitful as well as extensive. It formed once part of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts of which it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient king of this country, who taught his subjects the art of magic and astrology. Diodorus, bk. 2.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Bactros, now Dahesh, a river on the borders of Asiatic Scythia, from which Bactriana receives its name. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 267.

Bacuntius, a river of Pannonia, which falls into the Save above Sirmium.

Badaca, a town of Media. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Badia, a town of Spain. Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Badius, a Campanian, who challenged Titus Quinctius Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he was killed. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 18.

Baduhennæ, a place in the country of the Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 73.

Bæbia lex, was enacted for the election of four pretors every other year. Livy, bk. 40.——Another law by Massa Bæbius a tribune of the people, which forbade the division of the lands, whilst it substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the possessors, and to be divided among the people. Appian, bk. 1.

Massa Bæbius, a Roman, in whose consulship the tomb of Numa was discovered. Plutarch, Numa.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.——Lucius, a Roman pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians, fled to Marseilles, where he died three days after. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 57.

Bætis, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has received the name of Bætica. It was formerly called Tartessus, and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool produced there was so good that Bætica was an epithet of merit, applied to garments. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 100.

Bæton, a Greek historian in the age of Alexander.

Bagistame, a delightful country of Media. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Bagistanes, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he murdered Darius. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 13.

Bagōas and Bagōsas, an Egyptian eunuch in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so powerful that nothing could be done without his consent. He led some troops against the Jews, and profaned their temple. He poisoned Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with his bones, because he had killed the god Apis. He placed on the throne Arses, the youngest of the slaughtered Prince’s children, and afterwards put him to death. He was at last killed, B.C. 335, by Darius, whom, after raising to the crown, he had attempted to poison. Diodorus, bks. 16 & 17.——Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander. He was the cause that one of the satraps was put to death by the most excruciating torments. Curtius, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Plutarch in Alexander.——The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently in the Persian history; and it seems that most of the eunuchs of the monarchs of Persia were generally known by that appellation.

Bagodares, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he attempted the life of Darius. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Bagophănes, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached the city, strewed all the streets and burned incense on the altars, &c. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Bagrăda, now Megerda, a river of Africa near Utica, where Regulus killed a serpent 120 feet long. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 14.

[♦]Baiæ, a city of Campania near the sea, founded by Baius, one of the companions of Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situation and baths, where many of the Roman senators had country houses. Its ancient grandeur, however, has now disappeared, and Baiæ, with its magnificent villas, has yielded to the tremendous earthquakes which afflict and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be found. Martial, bk. 14, ltr. 81.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1.—Strabo, bk. 5.

[♦] ‘Balæ’ replaced with ‘Baiæ’

Bala, a surname of Alexander king of Syria. Justin, bk. 35, ch. 1.

Balacrus, an officer in Alexander’s army, who took Miletus. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 13.——Another officer, who commanded some auxiliaries. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Balanagræ, a town of Cyrene. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.

Balanea, a town between Syria and Phœnicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20.

Balanus, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the Romans in their Macedonian war, A.U.C. 581.—Livy, bk. 44, ch. 14.

Balari, a people of Sardinia. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 6.

Claudius Balbillus, a learned and benevolent man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote the history, under Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 22.

Balbīnus, an admirer of Agna, mentioned Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40.——A Roman who, after governing provinces with credit and honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. He was some time after murdered by his [♦]soldiers. A.D. 238.

[♦] ‘soldier’ replaced with ‘soldiers’

Balbus, a mountain of Africa, famous for the retreat of Masinissa, after he had fought a battle against Syphax.

Lucius Balbus, a lawyer, &c., one among the pupils of Scævola.——A man killed by the assassins of the triumvirs.

Baleares, three islands in the Mediterranean, modernly called Majorca, Minorca, and Yvica, on the coast of Spain. The word is derived from βαλλειν, to throw, because the inhabitants were expert archers and slingers, besides great pirates. We are told by Florus, that the mothers never gave their children breakfast before they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. When a woman was married, she was not admitted to her husband’s bed before she had received the embraces of all her relations. The inhabitants were naturally of a lascivious propensity, and in their wars they required nothing but females and wine, and often exchanged four men for one woman. Strabo, bk. 14.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Diodorus, bk. 5.

Balētus, a son of Hippo, who first founded Corinth. Paterculus bk. 1, ch. 3.

Balius, a horse of Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 146.

Balista, a mountain of Liguria. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 41.

Ballonŏti, a people of European Sarmatia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 160.

Balneæ (baths), were very numerous at Rome, private as well as public. In the ancient times simplicity was observed; but in the age of the emperors they became expensive; they were used after walking, exercise, or labour, and were deemed more necessary than luxurious. Under the emperors it became so fashionable to bathe, that without this the meanest of the people seemed to be deprived of one of the necessaries of life. There were certain hours of the day appointed for bathing, and a small piece of money admitted the poorest, as well as the most opulent. In the baths there were separate apartments for the people to dress and to undress; and after they had bathed, they commonly covered themselves, the hair was plucked out of the skin, and the body rubbed over with a pumice stone, and perfumed to render it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors generally built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each other in the magnificence of the building. It is said that [♦]Diocletian employed 40,000 of his soldiers in building his baths; and when they were finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alexander Severus first permitted the people to use them in the night, and he himself often bathed with the common people. For some time both sexes bathed promiscuously and without shame, and the edicts of the emperors proved abortive for a while in abolishing that indecent custom, which gradually destroyed the morals of the people. They generally read in bathing, and we find many compositions written in the midst of this luxurious enjoyment.

[♦] ‘Dioclesian’ replaced with ‘Diocletian’ for consistency

Balventius, a centurion of great valour in Cæsar’s army, killed by Ambiorix. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 35.

Balyras, a river of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Bamurūæ, a people of Libya. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 303.

Bantia, now St. Maria de Vanse, a town of Apulia, whence Bantinus. Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.

Lucius Bantius, a gallant youth of Nola, whom Annibal found after the battle of Cannæ, almost dead among the heaps of slain. He was sent home with great humanity, upon which he resolved to betray his country to so generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard of it, and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm and faithful to the interest of Rome. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 15.

Baphy̆rus, a river of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 6.

Baptæ, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. Her festivals were celebrated in the night; and so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of the priests, that they disgusted even Cotytto herself, though the goddess of obscenity. The name is derived from βαπτειν, to wash, because the priests bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 91.——A comedy of Eupolis, on which men are introduced dancing on the stage, with all the indecent gestures of common prostitutes.

Baræi, a people of Cholcis and Iberia, who burnt the bodies of their friends who died by disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such as fell in war. Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 10, ch. 22.

Barăthrum, a deep and obscure gulf at Athens, where criminals were thrown.——The word is applied to the infernal regions by Valerius Flaccus, bk. 2, lis. 86 & 192.

Barbări, a name originally applied to those who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally called all nations, except their own, by the despicable name of Barbarians.

Barbăria, a river of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 31.——A name given to Phrygia and Troy. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 7.

Barbătus, the surname of a Roman family. Suetonius, Claudius, ch. 21.

Barbosthĕnes, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 10 miles from Sparta. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 27.

Barbythăce, a city of Persia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

Barca, a friend of Cato the elder. Plutarch, Cato the Younger.

Barcæi, or Barcitæ, a warlike nation of Africa, near the city of Carthage. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 43.

Barce, the nurse of Sichæus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 632.——A large country of Africa.——Also a city about nine miles from the sea, founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene, 515 years before the christian era. Strabo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais; but this arises because most of the inhabitants retired to Ptolemais, which was on the sea coast, to enrich themselves by commerce. Strabo, bk. 17.—Ptolemy, bk. 4, ch. 4.——A small village of Bactriana, where the people who had been taken prisoners by Darius in Africa, were confined. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 204.——A city of Media. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Barcha, the surname of a noble family at Carthage, from which Annibal and Hamilcar were descended. By means of their bribes and influence, they excited a great faction, which is celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the name of the Barchinian faction, and at last raised themselves to power, and to the independent disposal of all the offices of trust or emolument in the state. Livy, bk. 21, chs. 2 & 9.

Bardæi, a people of Illyricum concerned in the factions of Marius. Plutarch, Marius.

Bardi, a celebrated sacerdotal order among the ancient Gauls, who praised their heroes, and published their fame in their verses, or on musical instruments. They were so esteemed and respected by the people, that, at their sight, two armies which were engaged in battle laid down their arms, and submitted to their orders. They censured, as well as commended, the behaviour of the people. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 447.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Marcellinus, bk. 15, ch. 24.

Bardyllis, an Illyrian prince, whose daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Bareas Soranus, a youth killed by his tutor Egnatius, a Stoic philosopher. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 116.

Bares, a naval officer of Persia, who wished to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by Amasis. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 203.

Bargusii, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 19.

Bargyliæ, a town of Caria.

Barīne, a prostitute whom Horace accuses of perjury. Bk. 2, ode 8.

Barisses, one of the seven conspirators against the usurper Smerdis. Ctesias.

Barium, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, now called Bari, and remarkable for its fine fish. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 97.

Barnuus, a town of Macedonia near Heraclea. Strabo, bk. 7.

Barrus, a man ridiculed by Horace as proud of his beauty. Horace, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 30.

Barsīne and Barsēne, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander, by whom she had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered her and her child to be put to death. Justin, bk. 13, ch. 2; bk. 15, ch. 2.—Arrian.

Barzaentes, a satrap who revolted from Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 13.

Barzanes, a king of Armenia, tributary to Ninus. Diodorus, bk. 2.

Basilēa, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who was mother of all the gods. Diodorus, bk. 3.——An island at the north of Gaul, famous for its amber. Diodorus, bk. 5.——An island in the Euxine sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Basilīdæ, European Sarmatians, descended from Hercules and Echidna. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Basilīdes, the father of Herodotus, who, with others, attempted to destroy Strattes tyrant of Chios. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 132.——A family who held an oligarchical power at Erythræ. Strabo, bk. 14.——A priest of mount Carmel, who foretold many momentous events to Vespasian, when he offered sacrifices. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 87.—Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 7.

Basilĭpŏtămos, the ancient name of the Eurotas. Strabo, bk. 6.

Basĭlis, an historian who wrote concerning India. Athenæus.——A city of Arcadia, built by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 29.

Basilius, a river of Mesopotamia falling into the Euphrates. Strabo.——A celebrated bishop of Africa, very animated against the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he refuted with warmth, but great ability. He was eloquent as well as ingenious, and possessed of all those abilities which constitute the persuasive orator and the elegant writer. Erasmus has placed him in the number of the greatest orators of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, A.D. 379. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, folio, Paris, 1721.

Basĭlus, a general who assisted Antony. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 416.——An insignificant lawyer. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 146.——A pretor who plundered the provinces. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 222.

Bassæ, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo had a temple. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 30 & 41.

Bassania, a town of Macedonia near Illyricum. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 30.

Bassăreus, a surname of Bacchus, from the dress or long robe, called Bassaris, which his priests wore. Horace, bk. 1, ode 18.

Bassărĭdes, a name given to the votaries of Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius, which seems derived from Bassara, a town of Libya sacred to the god, or from a particular dress worn by his priestesses, and so called by the Thracians. Persius, bk. 1, li. 101.

Bassus Aufidius, an historian in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Germanic war. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.——Cæsius, a lyric poet in Nero’s age, to whom Persius addressed his sixth satire. Some of his verses are extant.——Julius, an orator in the reign of Augustus, some of whose orations have been preserved by Seneca.——A man spoken of by Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 14, and described as fond of wine and women.

Bastarnæ and Basternæ, a people of European Sarmatia, destroyed by a sudden storm as they pursued the Thracians. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 58.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 198.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Bastia, the wife of Metellus. Livy, fragment, bk. 89.

Bata, a seaport of Asia, on the Euxine, opposite Sinope. Strabo, bk. 6.

Batāvi, a people of Germany who inhabited that part of the continent known under the modern name of Holland, and called by the ancients, Batavorum insula. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 15.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 431.

Bathos, a river near the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 29.

Bathycles, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Bathyllus, a beautiful youth of Samos, greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant, and by Anacreon. Horace, epode 14, li. 9.——Mecænas was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same name. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 63.——The poet who claimed as his own Virgil’s distich, Nocte pluit totâ, &c., bore also the same name.——A fountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 31.

Lentulus Batiātus, a man of Campania, who kept a house full of gladiators who rebelled against him. Plutarch, Crassus.

Batīa, a naiad who married Œbalus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.——A daughter of Teucer, who married Dardanus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Batīna and Bantīna. See: [Bantia].

Bātis, a eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, upon being unwilling to yield, was dragged round the city tied by the heels to Alexander’s chariot. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome from king Philip. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 28.

Baton of Sinope, wrote commentaries on the Persian affairs. Strabo, bk. 12.——A charioteer of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.

Batrachomyomachia, a poem, describing the fight between frogs and mice, written by Homer, which has been printed sometimes separately from the Iliad or Odyssey. The best edition of it is Maittaire’s, 8vo, London, 1721.

Battiădes, a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 53.——A name given to the people of Cyrene from king Battus. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 253.

Battis, a girl, celebrated by Philetus the elegiac poet. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 5.

Battus I., a Lacedæmonian who built the town of Cyrene, B.C. 630, with a colony from the island of Thera. He was son of Polymnestus and Phronime, and reigned in the town he had founded, and after death received divine honours. The difficulty with which he spoke first procured him the name of Battus. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 155, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 15.——The second of that name was grandson to Battus I. by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Cyrene, and was surnamed Felix, and died 554 B.C. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 159, &c.——A shepherd of Pylos, who promised Mercury that he would not discover his having stolen the flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He violated his promise, and was turned into a pumice stone. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 702.——A general of Corinth against Athens. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 43.——A buffoon of Caesar’s. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 6.

Batŭlum, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants assisted Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 739.

Batŭlus, a surname of Demosthenes, from his effeminacy when young. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

Batyllus, a celebrated dancer in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 63.

Baubo, a woman who received Ceres when she sought her daughter all over the world, and gave her some water to quench her thirst. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 7.

Baucis, an old woman of Phrygia, who, with her husband Philemon, lived in a small cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter and Mercury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods came to the cottage, where they received the best things it afforded; and Jupiter was so pleased with their hospitality, that he metamorphosed their dwelling into a magnificent temple, of which Baucis and her husband were made priests. After they had lived happy to an extreme old age, they died both at the same hour, according to their request to Jupiter, that one might not have the sorrow of following the other to the grave. Their bodies were changed into trees before the doors of the temple. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 631, &c.

Bavius and Mævius, two stupid and malevolent poets in the age of Augustus, who attacked the superior talents of the contemporary writers. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3.

Bauli, a small town of Latium near Baiæ. Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 155.

Bazaentes, a friend of Bessus, &c.

Bazaria, a country of Asia. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 1.

Bebius, a famous informer in Vespasian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 35. See: [Bæbius].

Bebriăcum, now Caneto, a village between Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius overcame Otho. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 106.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Bebry̆ce, a daughter of Danaus, who is said to have spared her husband. Most authors, however, attribute that character of humanity to Hypermnestra. See: [Danaides].

Bebry̆ces and Bebry̆cii, a nation of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and, according to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They were expert in the battle of the cestus. The Argonauts touched on their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. Apollodorus, bk. 1.—Strabo, bks. 7 & 12.

Bebry̆cia, an ancient name of Bithynia, from Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. Strabo, bk. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 373.

Belemīna, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Belēnus, a divinity of the Gauls, the same as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus of the Ægyptians.

Belephantes, a Chaldean, who, from his knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander that his entering Babylon would be attended with fatal consequences to him. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Belĕsis, priest of Babylon, who told Arbaces governor of Media that he should reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His prophecy was verified, and he was rewarded by the new king with the government of Babylon, B.C. 826. Diodorus, bk. 2.

Belgæ, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celtæ by the rivers Matrona and Sequana. Their country, according to Strabo, extended from the Rhine to the river modernly called the Loire. Cæsar, Gallic War, bks. 1 & 2.

Belgĭca, one of the four provinces of Gaul near the Rhine.

Belgium, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The word is often used to express the whole country. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 24.

Belgius, a general of Gaul, who destroyed an army of Macedonians. Justin, bk. 23, ch. 2.—Polybius, bk. 2.

Belĭdes, a surname given to the daughters of Belus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 463.

Belīdes, a name applied to Palamedes, as descended from Belus. Virgil, Æneid bk. 2, li. 82.

Belisama, the name of Minerva among the Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6.

Belisarius, a celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and an effeminate age, in the reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople, renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and triumphs which had rendered the first Romans so distinguished in the time of their republic. He died after a life of military glory, and the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 565th year of the christian era. The story of his begging charity, with date obolum Belisario, is said to be a fabrication of modern times.

Belistīda, a woman who obtained a prize at Olympia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.

Belitæ, a nation of Asia. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Bellerŏphon, a son of Glaucus king of Ephyre by Eurymede, was at first called Hipponous. The murder of his brother, whom some call Alcimenus or Beller, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or murderer of Beller. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to the court of Prœtus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome appearance, the king’s wife, called Antæa or Stenobœa, fell in love with him; and as he slighted her passion, she accused him before her husband of attempts upon her virtue. Prœtus, unwilling to violate the laws of hospitality by punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to his father-in-law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave him a letter, in which he begged the king to punish with death a man who had so dishonourably treated his daughter. From that circumstance, all letters which are of an unfavourable tendency to the bearer have been called letters of Bellerophon. Jobates, to satisfy his son-in-law, sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster called Chimæra, in which dangerous expedition he hoped, and was even assured, he must perish. See: [Chimæra]. But the providence of Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of the winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the monster, and returned victorious. After this Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him destroyed; but he obtained another victory, and conquered afterwards the Amazons, by the king’s order. At his return from this third expedition, he was attacked by a party sent against him by Jobates; but he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the king that innocence is always protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no longer sought to destroy his life; but he gave him his daughter in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne of Lycia, as he was without male issue. Some authors have supported that he attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pegasus, but that Jupiter sent an insect which stung the horse, and threw down the rider who wandered upon the earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection till the day of his death, one generation before the Trojan war. Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who was killed in his war against the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the throne after his death, besides one daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe by Apollodorus, and Achemone by Homer. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 156, &c.—Juvenal, satire 10.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 1.—Hyginus, fables 157 & 243; Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 18.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 325.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 11, li. 26.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 31.

Bellĕrus and Beller, a brother of Hipponous. See: [Bellerophon].

Belliēnus, a Roman whose house was set on flames at Cæsar’s funeral. Cicero, Philippics, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Bellōna, the goddess of war, daughter to Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks Enyo, and often confounded with Minerva. She was anciently called Duelliona, and was the sister of Mars, or, according to others, his daughter or his wife. She prepared the chariot of Mars when he was going to war; and she appeared in battles armed with a whip to animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid great adoration to her; but she was held in the greatest veneration by the Cappadocians, and chiefly at Comana, where she had about 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Carmentalis. In it the senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to generals returned from war. At the gate was a small column called the column of war, against which they threw a spear whenever war was declared against an enemy. The priests of this goddess consecrated themselves by great incisions in their body, and particularly in the thigh, of which they received the blood in their hands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess. In their wild enthusiasm they often predicted bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of towns. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 124.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 270.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 703.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 2, li. 718; bk. 7, li. 73.—Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 221.

Bellōnarii, the priests of Bellona.

Bellovăci, a people of Gaul conquered by Julius Cæsar. They inhabited the modern Beauvais in the isle of France. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Bellovēsus, a king of the Celtæ, who, in the reign of Tarquin Priscus, was sent at the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambigatus. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 34.

Belon, a general of Alexander’s. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 11.——A city and river of Hispania Bætica. Strabo, bk. 3.

Belus, one of the most ancient kings of Babylon, about 1800 years before the age of Semiramis, was made a god after death, and worshipped with much ceremony by the Assyrians and Babylonians. He was supposed to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The temple of Belus was the most ancient and most magnificent in the world. It was originally the tower of Babel, which was converted into a temple. It had lofty towers, and it was enriched by all the succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after his unfortunate expedition against Greece, plundered and demolished it. Among the riches it contained, were many statues of massive gold, one of which was 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was a magnificent bed, where the priests daily conducted a woman, who, as they said, was honoured with the company of the god. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 10.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 181, &c.—Strabo, bk. 16.—Arrian, bk. 7.—Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.——A king of Egypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and father of Agenor.——Another, son of Phœnix the son of Agenor, who reigned in Phœnicia.——A river of Syria, where the making of glass was first invented. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 19.

Benācus, a lake of Italy, now Lago di Garda, from which the Mincius flows into the Po. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 160; Æneid, bk. 10, li. 205.

Bendidium, a temple of Diana Bendis. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 41.

Bendis, a name of Diana among the Thracians and their northern neighbours. Strabo, bk. 9. Her festivals, called Bendidia, were introduced from Thrace into Athens.

Beneventum, a town of the Hirpini, built by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its original name was Maleventum, changed into the more auspicious word of Beneventum, when the Romans had a colony there. It abounds in remains of ancient sculpture above any other town in Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Benthesicyme, a daughter of Neptune the nurse of Eumolpus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Bepolitānus, a youth whose life was saved by the delay of the executioner, who wished not to stain the youth’s fine clothes with blood. Plutarch, Mulierum virtutes.

Berbicæ, a nation who destroyed their relations when arrived at a certain age. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Beræa, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the sea, and 100 from the Euphrates, now called Aleppo.

Berecynthia, a surname of Cybele, from mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she was particularly worshipped. She has been celebrated in a poem by Catullus. Diodorus, bk. 5.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 782.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 82.

Berenīce and Beronice, a woman famous for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy Philadelphus by Lagus. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 43.—Theocritus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 7.——A daughter of Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of Syria, after he had divorced Laodice his former wife. After the death of Philadelphus, Laodice was recalled, and mindful of the treatment which she had received, she poisoned her husband, placed her son on the vacant throne, and murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch, where she had fled, B.C. 248.——A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped her father’s throne for some time, strangled her husband Seleucus, and married Archelaus, a priest of Bellona. Her father regained his power, and put her to death B.C. 55.——The wife of Mithridates, who, when conquered by Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destroy themselves, for fear the conqueror should offer violence to them. She accordingly drank poison, but this not operating soon enough, she was strangled by a eunuch.——The mother of Agrippa, who shines in the history of the Jews as daughter-in-law of Herod the Great.——A daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle Herod, and afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She was accused by Juvenal of committing incest with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she was passionately loved by Titus, who would have made her empress but for fear of the people.——A wife of king Attalus.——Another, daughter of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who married her own brother Evergetes, whom she loved with much tenderness. When he went on a dangerous expedition, she vowed all the hair of her head to the goddess Venus, if he returned. Some time after his victorious return, the locks which were in the temple of Venus disappeared; and Conon, an astronomer, to make his court to the queen, publicly reported that Jupiter had carried them away, and had made them a constellation. She was put to death by her son, B.C. 221. Catullus, poem 67.—Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 24.—Justin, bk. 26, ch. 3.——This name is common to many of the queens and princesses in the Ptolemean family in Egypt.——A city of Libya. Strabo.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 8.——Two towns of Arabia. Strabo, bk. 16.——One in Egypt on the Red sea, where the ships from India generally landed their cargoes. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.——Another near the Syrtes, &c. Pliny, bk. 17.

Berenīcis, a part of Africa near the town of Berenice. Lucan, bk. 9, li. 523.

Bergion and Albion, two giants, sons of Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he attempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed with stones from heaven. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Bergistăni, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 16.

Beris and Baris, a river of Cappadocia.——A mountain of Armenia.

Bermius, a mountain of Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 138.

Beroe, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she persuaded Semele not to grant her favours to Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of a god. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 278.——The wife of Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she advised the Trojan women to burn the fleet of Æneas in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 620.——One of the Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 341.

Berœa, a town of Thessaly. Cicero, Piso, ch. 36.

Beronīce. See: [Berenice].

Berōsus, a native of Babylon, priest to Belus. He passed into Greece, and remained a long time at Athens. He composed a history of Chaldæa, and signalized himself by his astronomical predictions, and was rewarded for his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at Athens. The age in which he lived is not precisely known, though some fix it in the reign of Alexander, or 268 years B.C. Some fragments of his Chaldæan history are preserved by Josephus, Against Appion & Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 105. The book that is now extant under his name, and speaks of kings that never existed, is a supposititious fabrication.

Berrhœa, a town of Macedonia. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 61.

Bery̆tus, now Berut, an ancient town of Phœnicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, famous in the age of Justinian for the study of law. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20.

Besa, a fountain in Thessaly. Strabo, bk. 8.

Besidlæ, a town of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 19.

Besippo, a town of Hispania Bætica, where Mela was born. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Bessi, a people of Thrace, on the left side of the Strymon, who lived upon rapine. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 67.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 111.

Bessus, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the battle of Arbela, seized Darius his sovereign and put him to death. After this murder, he assumed the title of king, and was some time after brought before Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres the brother of Darius. The prince ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, and his body to be exposed on a cross, and shot at by the soldiers. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 5.—Curtius, bks. 6 & 7.——A parricide who discovered the murder he had committed, upon observing a nest of swallows, which, as he observed, reproached him with his crime. Plutarch.

Lucius Bestia, a seditious Roman, who conspired with Catiline against his country. Cicero, bk. 2, Philippics.

Betis, a river in Spain, See: [Bætis].——A governor of Gaza, who bravely defended himself against Alexander, for which he was treated with cruelty by the conqueror.

Beturia, a country in Spain.

Bia, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Biānor, a son of Tiberius and Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who received the surname of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built a town which he called Mantua, after his mother’s name. His tomb was seen in the age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and Andes. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 9, li. 60.——A Trojan chief killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 92.——A centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 342.

Bias, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of Argos, and brother to the famous soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with Perone, daughter of Neleus king of Pylos; but the father refused to give his daughter in marriage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus, at his brother’s request, went to seize the oxen, and was caught in the act. He, however, in one year after received his liberty from Iphiclus who presented him with his oxen as a reward for his great services. Bias received the oxen from his brother, and obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in marriage. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 34.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——A Grecian prince, who went to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, lis. 13 & 20.——A river of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.——One of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Teutamidas, born at Priene, which he long saved from ruin. He flourished B.C. 566, and died in the arms of his grandson, who begged a favour of him for one of his friends. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 1.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

Bibācŭlus Marcus Furius, a Latin poet in the age of Cicero. He composed annals in iambic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit and humour, and other poems now lost. Horace, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.—Quintilian, bk. 10.——A pretor, &c. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Biblia and Billia, a Roman lady famous for her chastity. She married Duillius.

Biblis, a woman who became enamoured of her brother Caunus, and was changed into a fountain near Miletus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 662.

Biblina, a country of Thrace.

Biblus, a city of Phœnicia. Curtius, bk. 4.

Bibracte, a large town of the Ædui in Gaul, where Cæsar often wintered. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 55, &c.

Bibŭlus, a son of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato’s daughter. He was Cæsar’s colleague in the consulship, but of no consequence in the state, according to this distich mentioned by Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ch. 20:

Non Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed Cæsare factum est;

Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini.

——One of the friends of Horace bore that name. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 86.

Bices, a marsh near the Palus Mœotis. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 68.

Bicon, a Greek who assassinated Athenodorus, because he made himself master of a colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 7.

Bicornĭger, a surname of Bacchus.

Bicornis, the name of Alexander among the Arabians.

Biformīs (two forms), a surname of Bacchus and of Janus. Bacchus received it because he changed himself into an old woman to fly from the persecution of Juno; or perhaps because he was represented sometimes as a young, and sometimes as an old, man.

Bifrons, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with two faces among the Romans, as acquainted with the past and future. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 180.

Bilbĭlis, a town of Celtiberia, where Martial was born. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50.——A river of Spain. Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3.

Bimāter, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies that he had two mothers, because, when he was taken from his mother’s womb, he was placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 12.

Bingium, a town of Germany. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 70.

Bion, a philosopher and sophist of Borysthenes in Scythia, who rendered himself famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and philosophy. He made everybody the object of his satire, and rendered his compositions distinguished for clearness of expression, for facetiousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 241 B.C. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.——A Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant style. Moschus, his friend and disciple, mentions in an elegiac poem that he died by poison, about 300 years B.C. His Idyllia are written with elegance and simplicity, purity and ease, and they abound with correct images, such as the view of the country may inspire. There are many good editions of this poet’s works, generally printed with those of Moschus, the best of which is that of Heskin, 8vo, Oxford, 1748.——A soldier in Alexander’s army, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 13.——A native of Propontis, in the age of Pherecydes.——A native of Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first found out that there were certain parts of the earth where there were six months of perpetual light and darkness alternately.——A man of Soli, who composed a history of Æthiopia.——Another of Syracuse, who wrote nine books on rhetoric, which he called by the names of the muses, and hence Bionei sermones mentioned by Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 60.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 4.

Birrhus. See: [Cœlius].

Bisaltæ, a people of Scythia, or, according to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. Their country is called Bisaltia. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 29.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Bisaltes, a man of Abydos, &c. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 26.

[♦]Bisaltis, a patronymic of Theophane, by whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, had the golden ram. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 117.—Hyginus, fable 18.

[♦] ‘Bisaltes’ replaced with ‘Bisaltis’

Bisanthe, a town on the Hellespont. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 137.

Biston, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built Bistonia in Thrace, whence the Thracians are often called Bistones. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 110.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.—Lucan, bk. 7, li. 569.

Bistŏnis, a lake of Thrace near Abdera. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

Bithus. See: [Bacchius].

Bithyæ, a certain race of women of Scythia, whose eyes, as Pliny reports, bk. 7, ch. 2, killed those who gazed upon them for some time.

Bithȳnia, a country of Asia Minor, formerly called Bebrycia. It was bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and the east by Paphlagonia. The country was first invaded by the Thracians, under Bithynus the son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of Bithynia. It was once a powerful kingdom. Strabo, bk. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 75.—Mela, bks. 1 & 2. According to Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 9, the inhabitants were descended from Mantinea in Peloponnesus.

Bitias, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hiera, brought up in a wood sacred to Jupiter. He followed the fortune of Æneas, and, with his brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 672, &c.——One of Dido’s lovers, present when Æneas and the Trojans were introduced to the queen. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 742.

Biton. See: [Cleobis].

Bituītus, a king of the Allobroges, conquered by a small number of Romans, &c.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 6.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Bituntum, a town of Spain. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 55.

Bitŭrĭges, a people of Gaul, divided from the Ædui by the Ligeris. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 21.

Biturĭcum, a town of Gaul, formerly the capital of the Belgæ. Strabo, bk. 4.

Bizia, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born there.

Blæna, a fruitful country of Pontus, where the general of Mithridates Eupator destroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bithynian. Strabo, bk. 12.

Blæsii, two Romans who killed themselves because Tiberius deprived them of the priesthood. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 40.

Junius Blæsus, a governor of Gaul. Tacitus.

Blandenona, a place near Placentia. Cicero, bk. 2, ltr. 15, Letters to his brother Quintus.

Blandŭsia, a fountain on the borders of the country of the Sabines near Mandela, Horace’s country seat. Horace, bk. 3, ode 13.

Blastophœnīces, a people of Lusitania. Appian.

Blemmyes, a people of Africa, who, as is fabulously reported, had no heads, but had the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 4.

Blenīna, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Blitius Catulinus, was banished into the Ægean sea, after Piso’s conspiracy, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.

Blucium, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in Bithynia. Strabo, bk. 12.

Boadicea. See: [Boudicea].

Boæ and Boea, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Boagrius, a river of Locris. Strabo, bk. 9.

Bocalias, a river in the island of Salamis.

Boccar, a king of Mauritania. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 90, applies the word in a general sense to any native of Africa.

Bocchŏris, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Bocchus, a king of Gætulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugurtha to Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. Sallust, Jugurthine War.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.

Boduagnātus, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against them. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Bodūni, a people of Britain who surrendered to Claudius. Dio Cassius, bk. 60.

Boea. See: [Boæ].

Bœbe, a town of Thessaly. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 5.——A lake of Crete. Strabo, bk. 9.

Bœbēis, a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. Lucan, bk. 7, li. 176.

Bœbia lex, was enacted to elect four pretors every year.——Another to insure proprietors in the possession of their lands.——Another, A.U.C. 571, against using bribes at elections.

Boedromia, an Athenian festival instituted in commemoration of the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign of Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their country was invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. The word is derived ἁπο του βοηδρομειν, coming to help. Plutarch in Theseus mentions it as in commemoration of the victory which Theseus obtained over the Amazons, in a month called at Athens Boedromion.

Bœotarchæ, the chief magistrates in Bœotia. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 43.

Bœotia, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south by Attica, east by Eubœa, and west by the bay of Corinth. It has been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms a part of Livadia. It was called Bœotia, from Bœotus son of Itonus; or, according to others, a bove, from a cow, by which Cadmus was led into the country where he built Thebes. The inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of bodily strength than of mental excellence; yet their country produced many illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. The mountains of Bœotia, particularly Helicon, were frequented by the Muses, to whom also many of their fountains and rivers were consecrated. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 5, ch. 57.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, bk. 7, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Justin, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch. 4.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 244.—Diodorus, bk. 19.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 30, &c.

Bœotus, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1.

Bœorobistas, a man who made himself absolute among the Getæ, by the strictness of his discipline. Strabo, bk. 7.

Boethius, a celebrated Roman, banished and afterwards punished with death, on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths, A.D. 525. It was during his imprisonment that he wrote his celebrated poetical treatise De consolatione philosophiæ, in five books. The best edition of his works is that of Hagenau, 4to, 1491, or that of Leiden, 1671, with the notis variorum.

Boetus, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi. Strabo, bk. 14.——A river of Spain, more properly called Bætis. See: [Bætis].

Boeus, one of the Heraclidæ.

Boges and Boes, a Persian who destroyed himself and family when besieged by the Athenians. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 107.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 8.

Bogud, a king of Mauritania in the interest of Cæsar. Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 59.

Bogus, a king of the Maurusii, present at the battle of Actium. Strabo, bk. 8.

Boii, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy on the banks of the Po. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 28; bk. 7, ch. 17.—Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 158.

Bojocalus, a general of the Germans in the age of Tiberius, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 55.

Bola, a town of the Æqui in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.

Bolānus. See: [Bollanus].

Bolbe, a marsh near Mygdonia. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 58.

Bolbitīnum, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same name. Naucrautis was built near it. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 17.

Bolgius, a general of Gaul, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Macedonia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 19.

Bolīna, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself into the sea to avoid his importunities. The god made her immortal. There is a city which bears her name in Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

Bolinæus, a river near Bolina. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

Bolissus, a town and island near Chios. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 24.

Bollānus, a man whom Horace represents, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 11, as of the most irascible temper and the most inimical to loquacity.

Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. Livy, bk. 67.

Bomienses, a people near Ætolia. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 96.

Bomilcar, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where he had received all his dignity. Diodorus, bk. 26.—Justin, bk. 22, ch. 7.——An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha’s cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to death. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Bomonīcæ, youths that were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia during the festivals of the goddess. He who bore the lash of the whip with the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and received an honourable prize. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Plutarch, Lycurgus.

Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, and Rhea, by the Greeks; and by the Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was so chaste that no man but her husband saw her after her marriage; from which reason, her festivals were celebrated only in the night by the Roman matrons in the houses of the highest officers of the state, and all the statues of the men were carefully covered with a veil where the ceremonies were observed. In the latter ages of the republic, however, the sanctity of these mysteries was profaned by the introduction of lasciviousness and debauchery. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 313.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 25.—Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 637.

Bonōnia, called also Felsina, a town on the borders of the Rhine, or Rheno, which falls into the Po. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 599.

Bonosius, an officer of Probus, who assumed the imperial purple in Gaul.

Bonus Eventus, a Roman deity, whose worship was first introduced by the peasants. He was represented holding a cup in his right hand, and in his left, ears of corn. Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Boosūra (bovis cauda), a town of Cyprus, where Venus had an ancient temple. Strabo.

Boōtes, a northern constellation near the Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and Arctophylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus the father of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds for inebriating them. Others maintain that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 405.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 42.

Bootus and Bœotus, a son of Neptune and Menalippe, exposed by his mother, but preserved by shepherds. Hyginus, fable 186.

Borea, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. Cicero, bk. 16, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 4.

Boreădes, the descendants of Boreas, who long possessed the supreme power and the priesthood in the island of the Hyperboreans. Diodorus, bks. 1 & 2.

Boreas, the name of the north wind blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astræus and Aurora, but others make him son of the Strymon. He was passionately fond of Hyacinthus [See: [Hyacinthus]], and carried away Orithyia, who refused to receive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes and Calais, Cleopatra and Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and represented with wings and white hair. The Athenians dedicated altars to him, and to the winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed himself into a horse, to unite himself with the mares of Dardanus, by which he had 12 mares so swift, that they ran or rather flew over the sea, without scarce wetting their feet. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 222.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 379.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 189.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 700.

Boreasmi, A festival at Athens in honour of Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed, was related to them on account of his marriage with Orithyia the daughter of one of their kings. They attributed the overthrow of the enemy’s fleet to the respect which he paid to his wife’s native country. There were also sacrifices at Megalopolis in Arcadia, in honour of Boreas. Pausanias, Attica & Arcadia.

Boreus, a Persian, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 40.

Borges, a Persian who burnt himself rather than submit to the enemy, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 24.

Bornos, a place of Thrace. Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades, ch. 7.

Borsippa, a town of Babylonia, sacred to Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants ate bats. Strabo, bk. 16.

Borus, a son of Perieres, who married Polydora the daughter of Peleus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 177.

Borysthĕnes, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine sea, now called the Dnieper, and inferior to no other European river but the Danube, according to Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 45, &c.——There was a city of the same name on the borders of the river, built by a colony of Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. It was also called Olba Salvia. Mela, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 7.——A horse with which the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was honoured with a monument. Diodorus.

Bosphŏrus and Bospŏrus, two narrow straits, situate at the confines of Europe and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus Mœotis to the Euxine, now known by the name of the straits of Caffa; and the other, which was called the Thracian Bosphorus, and by the moderns the straits of Constantinople, made a communication between the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is 16 miles long, and one and a half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or four stadia, according to Herodotus. The word is derived from Βοος πορος, bovis meatus, because, on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it. Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, from the opposite banks, and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 1.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 49.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Strabo, bk. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.

Boter, a freedman of Claudius. Suetonius, Claudius.

Bottia, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. The people were called Bottiæi. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 185, &c.—Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 99.

Bottiæis, a country at the north of Macedonia, on the bay of Therma. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123, &c.

Boudicea, a queen in Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by the Romans. She poisoned herself when conquered, A.D. 61. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 31.

Bouiānum, an ancient colony of the Samnites, at the foot of the Apennines not far from Beneventum. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 28.

Bovillæ, a town of Latium near Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 607.——Another in Campania.

Brachmanes, Indian philosophers, who derive their name from Brahma, one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology, created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted themselves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed from their youth to endure labours, and to live with frugality and abstinence. They never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they had spent 37 years in the greatest trials, they were permitted to marry and indulge themselves in a more free and unbounded manner. According to modern authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, and he produced as many worlds as there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 14. They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds, butter, salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with its particular paradise. Strabo, bk. 15.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Bræsia, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.

Branciădes, a surname of Apollo.

Branchĭdæ, a people of Asia, near the river Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of Branchus, but had been removed from thence by Xerxes. Strabo, bk. 11.—Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 5.——The priests of Apollo Didymæus, who gave oracles in Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Branchyllĭdes, a chief of the Bœotians. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.

Branchus, a youth of Miletus, son of Smicrus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme, which became inferior to none of the Grecian oracles except Delphi, and which exchanged the name of Didymean for that of Branchidæ. The temple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who took possession of the riches it contained, and transported the people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was afterwards destroyed by Alexander. Strabo, bk. 15.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 3, li. 479.—Lucian, de Domo.

Braslæ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

Brasĭdas, a famous general of Lacedæmon, son of Tellus, who, after many great victories over Athens and other Grecian states, died of a wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon the Athenian had besieged, B.C. 422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.—Thucydides, bks. 4 & 5.—Diodorus, bk. 3.——A man of Cos. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 7.

Brasidēia, festivals at Lacedæmon, in honour of Brasidas. None but freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as were absent were fined.

Brasĭlas, a man of Cos. Theocritus, poem 7.

Braure, a woman who assisted in the murder of Pittacus king of the Edoni. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 107.

Brauron, a town of Attica, where Diana had a temple. The goddess had three festivals called Brauronia, celebrated once every fifth year by 10 men, who were called ἱεροποιοι. They sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer’s Iliad. The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana. They were about 10 years of age, and not under five, and therefore their consecration was called δεκατευειν, from δεκα, decem; and sometimes ἀρκτευειν, as the virgins themselves bore the name of ἀρκτοι, bears, from this circumstance. There was a bear in one of the villages of Attica so tame, that he ate with the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly, and was killed by it. The virgin’s brother killed the bear, and the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the service of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, that no woman in Athens was ever married before a previous consecration to the goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carried it away when he invaded Greece. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 46.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Brenni and Breuni, a people of Noricum. Horace, bk. 4, ode 14.

Brennus, a general of the Galli Senones, who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left the whole city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of geese which were before the doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news of their destruction. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 36, &c.—Plutarch, Camillus.——Another Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece with 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his troops, by the god, or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of intoxication, B.C. 278, after being defeated by the Delphians. Pausanias, bk. 10, chs. 22 & 23.—Justin, bk. 24, ch. 6, &c.

Brenthe, a ruined city of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 28.

Brescia, a city of Italy, which had gods peculiar to itself.

Brettii, a people of Italy. Strabo, bk. 6.

Briăreus, a famous giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads, and was called by men Ægeon, and only by the gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening looks that they desisted. He assisted the giants in their war against the gods, and was thrown under mount Ætna, according to some accounts. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 148.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 403.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 287; bk. 10, li. 565.——A Cyclops, made judge between Apollo and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Brias, a town of Pisidia.

Brigrantes, a people in the northern parts of Britain. Juvenal, satire 14, li. 196.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 43.

Brigrantīnus, a lake of Rhœtia between the Alps, now the lake of Constance. The town on its eastern banks is now Bregentz in the Tyrol, anciently called Brigantium. Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 17.

Brilessus, a mountain of Attica. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Brīmo (terror), a name given to Proserpine and Hecate. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 2, li. 11.

Brisēis, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also Hippodamia. When her country was taken by the Greeks, and her husband Mines and brother killed in the fight, she fell to the share of Achilles in the division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some time after from Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself from the field of battle. Briseis was very faithful to Achilles; and when Agamemnon restored her to him, he swore he had never offended her chastity. Homer, Iliad, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 3; De Ars Amatoria, bks. 2 & 3.—Propertius, bk. 2, poems 8, 20, & 22.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 24.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 4.

Brises, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the priest Chryses. His daughter Hippodamia was called Briseis, from him.

Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, from his nurse Briso, or his temple at Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos. Persius, bk. 1, li. 76.

Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. See: [Britannia].——A man in Gallia Belgica. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 17.

Britannia, an island in the northern ocean, the greatest in Europe, conquered by Julius Cæsar during his Gallic wars, B.C. 55, and first known to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was a Roman province from the time of its conquest till the 448th year of the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age of Cæsar, used to paint their bodies, to render themselves more terrible in the eyes of their enemies. The name of Britain was unknown to the Romans before Cæsar conquered it. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 33.—Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 17.

Britannĭcus, a son of Claudius Cæsar by Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne in preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in the night; but it is said that a shower of rain washed away the white paint which the murderer had put over his face, so that it appeared quite black, and discovered the effects of poison. Tacitus, Annals.—Suetonius, Nero, ch. 33.

Britomartis, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme, who devoted herself to hunting, and became a great favourite of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely, that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 14.——A surname of Diana.

Britomarus, a chief of the Galli Insubres conquered by Æmilius. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Britŏnes, the inhabitants of Britain. Juvenal, satire 15, li. 124.

Brixellum, a town in Italy near Mantua, where Otho slew himself when defeated. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Brixia, a town of Italy beyond the Po, at the north of Cremona, now Brescia. Justin, bk. 20, ch. 5.

Brizo, the goddess of dreams worshipped in Delos.

Brocubēlus, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius was murdered by Bessus. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 13.

Bromius, a surname of Bacchus, from βρεμειν, frendere, alluding to the groans which Semele uttered when consumed by Jupiter’s fire. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 11.——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Bromus, one of the Centaurs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 459.

Brongus, a river falling into the Ister. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Brontēs (thunder), one of the Cyclops. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 425.

Brontīnus, a Pythagorean philosopher.——The father of Theano the wife of Pythagoras. Diogenes Laërtius.

Broteas and Ammon, two men famous for their skill in the cestus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 107.——One of the Lapithæ.

Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. Ovid, Ibis, li. 517.

Bructēri, a people of Germany, inhabiting the country at the east of Holland. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 51.

Brumālia, festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Bacchus, about the month of December. They were first instituted by Romulus.

Brundusium, now Brundisi, a city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea where the Appian road was terminated. It was founded by Diomedes after the Trojan war, or, according to Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. The Romans generally embarked at Brundusium for Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius and the death of Virgil, and likewise for its harbour, which is capacious and sheltered by the land, and by a small island at the entrance, against the fury of the winds and waves. Little remains of the ancient city, and even its harbour has now been choked up by the negligence of the inhabitants. Justin, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 12, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 24.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 1.

Brutidius, a man dragged to prison in Juvenal’s age, on suspicion of his favouring Sejanus. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 82.

Brutii, a people in the furthest parts of Italy, who were originally shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a settlement. They received the name of Brutii, from their stupidity and cowardice in submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in the second Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest disgrace, and employed in every servile work. Justin, bk. 23, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Diodorus, bk. 16.

Brutŭlus, a Samnite, who killed himself, upon being delivered to the Romans for violating a treaty. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 39.

Brutus Lucius Junius, a son of Marcus Junius and Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, were murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, unable to revenge their death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life; he was called Brutus for his stupidity, which he, however, soon after showed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, B.C. 509, in consequence of the brutality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred to the royal family. His example animated the Romans. The Tarquins were proscribed by a decree of the senate, and the royal authority vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families. Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never would again submit to kingly authority; but the first who violated their oath were in his own family. His sons conspired with the Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and when discovered, they were tried and condemned before their father, who himself attended at their execution. Some time after, in a combat that was fought between the Romans and Tarquins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so fierce was the attack that they pierced one another at the same time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph; a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 56; bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bks. 4 & 5.—Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 8.—Eutropius on Tarquin.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 818.—Plutarch, Brutus & Cæsar.——Marcus Junius, father of Cæsar’s murderer, wrote three books on civil law. He followed the party of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. After the death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he surrendered, and by whose orders he was put to death. He had married Servilia, Cato’s sister, by whom he had a son and two daughters. Cicero, On Oratory, ch. 55.—Plutarch, Brutus.——His son of the same name by Servilia, was lineally descended from Junius Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to inherit the republican principles of his great progenitor, and in the civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey, though he was his father’s murderer, only because he looked upon him as more just and patriotic in his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar not only spared the life of Brutus, but he made him one of his most faithful friends. He, however, forgot the favour because Cæsar aspired to tyranny. He conspired with many of the most illustrious citizens of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey’s Basilica. The tumult which this murder occasioned was great; the conspirators fled to the capitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to the populace, they re-established tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom Brutus, contrary to the opinion of his associates, refused to seize, gained ground in behalf of his friend Cæsar, and the murderers were soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired into Greece, where he gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by persuasion, and he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom young Octavius accompanied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who commanded the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy; but Cassius, who had the care of the left, was overpowered, and as he knew not the situation of his friend, and grew desperate, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored his fall, and in the fulness of his grief called him the last of the Romans. In another battle, the wing which Brutus commanded obtained a victory; but the other was defeated, and he found himself surrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He, however, made his escape, and soon after fell upon his sword, B.C. 42. Antony honoured him with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less celebrated for his literary talents, than his valour in the field. When he was in the camp, the greatest part of his time was employed in reading and writing; and the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles, while the rest of his army was under continual apprehensions, Brutus calmly spent his hours till the evening, in writing an epitome of Polybius. He was fond of imitating the austere virtues of Cato, and in reading the histories of nations he imbibed those principles of freedom which were so eminently displayed in his political career. He was intimate with Cicero, to whom he would have communicated his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his great timidity. He severely reprimanded him in his letters for joining the side of Octavius, who meditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions that Cæsar’s ghost made its appearance to Brutus in his tent, and told him that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Portia the daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing burning coals when she heard the fate of her husband. Cornelius Nepos, Atticus.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 48.—Plutarch, Brutus, &c.; Cæsar, ch. 1.—Florus, bk. 4.——Decimus Junius Albinus, one of Cæsar’s murderers, who, after the battle of Mutina, was deserted by the legions, with which he wished to march against Antony. He was put to death by Antony’s orders, though consul elect.——Junius, one of the first tribunes of the people. Plutarch.——One of Carbo’s generals.

Bryas, a general of the Argives against Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom he had offered violence. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20.——A general in the army of Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 72.

Bryaxis, a marble sculptor, who assisted in making the Mausoleum. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 40.

Bryce, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Brygres, a people of Thrace, afterwards called Phryges. Strabo, bk. 7.

Brygri, a people of Macedonia, conquered by Mardonius. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 45.

Brysea, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Bubacēne, a town of Asia. Curtius, bk. 5.

Bubāces, a eunuch of Darius, &c. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 11.

Bubăris, a Persian who married the daughter of Amyntas, against whom he had been sent with an army. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 13.

Bubastiăcus, one of the mouths of the Nile.

Bubastis, a city of Egypt, in the eastern parts of the Delta, where cats were held in great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who is the chief deity of the place, is said to have transformed herself into a cat when the gods fled into Egypt. Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 59, 137, & 154.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 690.

Bubăsus, a country of Caria, whence Bubasides applied to the natives. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 643.

Bubon, an inland city of Lycia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Bucephăla, a city of India near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander in honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 12, ch. 8.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Bucephălus, a horse of Alexander’s, whose head resembled that of a bull, whence his name (βους κεφαλος, bovis caput). Alexander was the only one who could mount on his back, and he always knelt down to take up his master. He was present in an engagement in Asia, where he received a heavy wound, and hastened immediately out of the battle, and dropped down dead as soon as he had set down the king in a safe place. He was 30 years old when he died, and Alexander built a city which he called after his name. Plutarch, Alexander.—Curtius.—Arrian, bk. 5, ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 42.

Buciliānus, one of Cæsar’s murderers. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, ch. 14.

Bucolĭca, a sort of poem which treats of the care of the flocks, and of the pleasures and occupations of the rural life, with simplicity and elegance. The most famous pastoral writers of antiquity are Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Bucolics, or pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of Sicily.

Bucolĭcum, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate between the Sebennytican and Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Bucolion, a king of Arcadia, after Lais. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.——A son of Laomedon and the nymph Calybe.——A son of Hercules and Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus.——A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.

Bucŏlus, a son of Hercules and Marse.——A son of Hippocoon. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.

Budii, a nation of Media. Herodotus.

Budīni, a people of Scythia. Herodotus.

Budōrum, a promontory of Salamis. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 94.

Bulbus, a Roman senator, remarkable for his meanness. Cicero, Against Verres.

Bulis, a town of Phocis, built by a colony from Doris, near the sea, above the bay of Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.——A Spartan given up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence which his countrymen had done in putting the king’s messengers to death. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 134, &c.

Bullatius, a friend of Horace to whom the poet addressed, bk. 1, ltr. 11, in consequence of his having travelled over part of Asia.

Bullis, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, south of Apollonia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 7; bk. 44, ch. 30.

Bumellus, a river of Assyria. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 9.

Bunea, a surname of Juno.

Bunus, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, who obtained the government of Corinth when Ætes went to Colchis. He built a temple to Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 4.

Bupălus, a statuary of Clazomenæ. See: [Anthermus].

Buphăgus, a son of Japetus and Thornax killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his name. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.——A surname of Hercules, given him on account of his gluttony.

Buphŏnia, a festival in honour of Jupiter at Athens, where an ox was immolated. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 24.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Buprāsium, a city, country, and river of Elis. Homer.

Bura, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according to others, of Ion and Helice, from whom Bura or Buris, once a flourishing city in the bay of Corinth, received its name. This city was destroyed by the sea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 293.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 8.—Diodorus, bk. 15.

Buraicus, an epithet applied to Hercules, from his temple near Bura.——A river of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.

Burrhus Afranius, a chief of the pretorian guards, put to death by Nero.——A brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus.

Bursa, a capital city of Bithynia, supposed to have been called Prusa, from its founder Prusias. Strabo, bk. 12.

Bursia, a town of Babylonia. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 13.

Busa, a woman of Apulia who entertained 1000 Romans after the battle of Cannæ. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Busæ, a nation of Media. Herodotus, bk. 1.

Busīris, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Libya, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter with the greatest cruelty. When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar bound hand and foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, and offered the tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of his cruelty, on the altar. Many Egyptian princes have borne the same name. One of them built a town called Busiris, [♦]in the middle of the Delta, where Isis had a famous temple. Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 61.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 132; Heroides, poem 9, li. 69.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

[♦] extraneous ‘and’ removed

Buta, a town of Achaia. Diodorus, bk. 20.

Buteo, a surname of Marcus Fabius. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 26.——A Roman orator. Seneca.

Butes, one of the descendants of Amycus king of the Bebryces, very expert in the combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty, was called Venus; hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 372.——One of the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——A Trojan slain by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 690.——A son of Boreas who built Naxos. Diodorus, bk. 5.——A son of Pandion and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and Neptune. He married Chthonia daughter of Erechtheus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.——An armbearer to Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apollo assumed his shape when he descended from heaven to encourage Ascanius to fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 647; bk. 12, li. 632.——A governor of Darius, besieged by Conon the Athenian.

Buthrōtum, now Butrinto, a seaport town of Epirus, opposite Corcyra, visited by Æneas, in his way from Troy to Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 293.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Buthrōtus, a river in Italy, near Locri.

Buthyreus, a noble statuary, disciple to Myron. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Butoa, an island in the Mediterranean, near Crete. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Butorĭdes, an historian who wrote concerning the pyramids. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 12.

Butos, a town of Egypt, where there was a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle of Latona. Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 63.

Butuntum, an inland town of Apulia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Butus, a son of Pandion.

Buzȳges, an Athenian who first ploughed with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave him the Palladium, with which Diomedes had entrusted him to be carried to Athens. Polyænus, bk. 1, ch. 5.

Byblesia and Bybassia, a country of Caria. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 174.

Byblia, a name of Venus.

Byblii, a people of Syria. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Byblis, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. She fell in love with her brother Caunus, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became enamoured of her, and fled from his country to avoid incest; and others report that he fled from his sister’s importunities, who sought him all over Lycia and Caria, and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and was changed into a fountain of the same name. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 284; Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 451.—Hyginus, fable 243.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.——A small island in the Mediterranean.

Byblus, a town of Syria, not far from the sea, where Adonis had a temple. Strabo, bk. 16.

Bylliones, a people of Illyricum.

Byrrhus, a robber, famous for his dissipation. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69.

Byrsa, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, on which was the temple of Æsculapius. Asdrubal’s wife burnt it when the city was taken. When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be encompassed by a bull’s hide. After the agreement, she cut the hide in small thongs, and inclosed a large piece of territory, on which she built a citadel which she called Byrsa (Βυρσα, a hide). Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 371.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Justin, bk. 18, ch. 5.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Livy, bk. 34, ch. 62.

Byzacium, a country of Africa.

Byzantium, a town situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, founded by a colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before the christian era. Paterculus says it was founded by the Milesians, and by the Lacedæmonians according to Justin, and according to Ammianus by the Athenians. The pleasantness and convenience of its situation were observed by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A.D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis. A number of Greek writers, who have deserved or usurped the name of Byzantine historians, flourished at Byzantium, after the seat of the empire had been translated thither from Rome. Their works, which more particularly relate to the time in which they flourished, and are seldom read but by those who wish to form an acquaintance with the revolutions of the lower empire, were published in one large collection, in 36 vols., folio, 1648, &c., at Paris, and recommended themselves by the notes and supplements of du Fresne and du Cange. They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, in 28 vols., though perhaps this edition is not so valuable as that of the French. Strabo, bk. 1.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias, Alcibiades, & Timotheus.—Justin, bk. 9, ch. 1.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, chs. 62 & 63.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 8.

Byzas, a son of Neptune king of Thrace, from whom it is said Byzantium receives its name. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Byzeres, a people of Pontus, between Cappadocia and Colchis. Dionysius Periegetes.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 153.

Byzes, a celebrated artist in the age of Astyages. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Byzia, a town in the possession of the kings of Thrace, hated by swallows, on account of the horrible crimes of Tereus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

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