A classical dictionary / containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table

by John Lemprière

C

Caanthus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was ordered by his father to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he burnt in revenge the ravisher’s temple near the [♦]Isthmus. He was killed for this impiety by the god, and a monument was raised to his memory. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.

[♦] ‘Ithmus’ replaced with ‘Isthmus’

Cabades, a king of Persia, &c.

Cabăla, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by Dionysius. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Cabāles, a people of Africa. Herodotus.

Cabalii, a people of Asia Minor. Herodotus.

Caballīnus, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses, and called also Hippocrene, as raised from the ground by the foot of Pegasus. Persius.

Caballīnum, a town of the Ædui, now Chalons, on the Saone. Cæsar, Gallic War, ch. 42.

Caballio, a town of Gaul.

Cabarnos, a deity worshipped at Paros. His priests were called Cabarni.

Cabassus, a town of Cappadocia.——A village near Tarsus.

Cabīra, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three sons.——A town of Paphlagonia.

Cabīri, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands of Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these deities is uncertain. Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention three, and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and Camillus. It is unknown where their worship was first established; yet Phœnicia seems to be the place according to the authority of Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was introduced into Greece by the Pelasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri were celebrated with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, where all the ancient heroes and princes were generally initiated, as their power seemed to be great in protecting persons from shipwreck and storms. The obscenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and, according to Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to preside over metals. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 51.—Strabo, bk. 10, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1.

Cabiria, a surname of Ceres.——The festivals of the Cabiri. See: [Cabiri].

Cabūra, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 3.

Cabūrus, a chief of the Helvii. Cæsar.

Caca, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is said to have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen. She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered sacrifices in her temple. Lactantius [Placidus], bk. 1, ch. 20.

Cachăles, a river of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 32.

Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were covered with human bones. He plundered the neighbouring country; and when Hercules returned from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent discovery. Hercules departed without perceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed, were answered by the cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero became acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place, attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, in commemoration of his victory; and an annual festival was instituted by the inhabitants in honour of the hero, who had delivered them from such a public calamity. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 551.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 194.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10.—Juvenal, satire 5, li. 125.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Cacūthis, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. Arrian, Indica.

Cacyparis, a river of Sicily.

Cadi, a town of Phrygia. Strabo, bk. 12.——Of Lydia. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 6, li. 7.

Cadmēa, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 601.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Cadmēis, an ancient name of Bœotia.

Cadmus, son of Agenor king of Phœnicia by Telephassa or Agriope, was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Phœnicia if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call the country Bœotia. He found the heifer according to the directions of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured all the Phœnician’s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay, went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents. Some explain the dragon’s fable, by supposing that it was a king of the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according to the ambiguous signification of a Phœnician word. Cadmus was the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phœnicia, was only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phœnician deities was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61 years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built at the sound of Amphion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which was finished by one of his successors. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch. 147.—Hyginus, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 937, &c.——A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian in the age of Crœsus, and as the writer of an account of some cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the ancient, in contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise on love in 14 books. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Clement of Alexandria, bk. 3.—Strabo, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.——A Roman executioner, mentioned Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 39.

Cadra, a hill of Asia Minor. Tacitus.

Cadūceus, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter’s amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury’s having appeased the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life a dead person. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 242.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 10.

Cadurci, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. Cæsar.

Cadusci, a people near the Caspian sea. Plutarch.

Cadytis, a town of Syria. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 159.

Cæa, an island of the Ægean sea among the Cyclades, called also Ceos and Cea, from Ceus the son of Titan. Ovid, poem 20. Heroides.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 14.

Cæcias, a wind blowing from the north.

Cæcĭlia, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla.——The mother of Lucullus. Plutarch, Lucullus.——A daughter of Atticus.

Cæcilia Caia, or Tanaquil. See: [Tanaquil].

Cæcilia lex, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free exportation.——Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the consul Quintus Cæcilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred, should be exposed to public view on three market-days.——Another, enacted by Cæcilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 17.——Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by Publius Clodius the tribune.——Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C. 685, against usury.

Cæciliānus, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero.

Cæcĭlii, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from Cæcas, one of the companions of Æneas, or from Cæculus the son of Vulcan, who built Præneste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and patriots.

Cæcĭlius Claudius Isidorus, a man who left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000 pounds of silver. Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 10.——Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.——A Sicilian orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the orations of Demosthenes.——Metellus. See: [Metellus].——Statius, a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though the orator, Letters to Atticus, calls him Malum Latinitatis auctorem. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, Syracusæ, Fœnerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1.

Cæcīna Tuscus, a son of Nero’s nurse, made governor of Egypt. Suetonius, Nero.——A Roman who wrote some physical treatises.——A citizen of Volaterræ defended by Cicero.

Cæcŭbum, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta, famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. Strabo, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c.

Cæcŭlus, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and rapine, he built Præneste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the subjects of Cæculus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 680, says that he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.

Quintus Cædicius, a consul, A.U.C. 498.——Another, A.U.C. 465.——A military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his life.——A rich person, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 362.——A friend of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47.

Cælia lex, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Cælius, a tribune. It ordained, that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason, the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of the Cassian law.

Cælius, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to Catiline’s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife of Metellus. Pro Cælio.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.——A man of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected of the murder, but acquitted. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1.——Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and 1755.——Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of Sallust. Cælius flourished 120 years B.C. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 8.——Tubero, a man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 52.——Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted Romulus against the Cæninenses, &c.——Sabinus, a writer in the age of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule ediles.——One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from Cælius, who assisted Romulus against the Sabines.

Cæmaro, a Greek, who wrote an account of India.

Cæne, a small island in the Sicilian sea.——A town on the coast of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called Cænius. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 136.

Cæneus, one of the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil.

Cænides, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from Cæneus. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 92.

Cænīna, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called Cæninenses, made war against the Romans when their virgins had been stolen away. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 135.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Cænis, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a distance of about one mile and a half.

Cænis, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was called Cæneus. In the wars of the Lapithæ against the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood, and changed into a bird. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, lis. 172 & 479.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned again to her pristine form.

Quintus Servilius Cæpio, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by divine vengeance, &c. Justin, bk. 32, ch. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.——A questor who opposed Saturninus. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium.

Cæratus, a town of Crete. Strabo.——A river.

Cære, Cæres, anciently Agylla, now Cerveteri, a city of Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over the inhabitants, called Cæretes or Cærites; but they banished their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of Cære received with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of voting; whence Cærites tabulæ was applied to those who had no suffrage, and Cærites cera appropriated as a mark of contempt. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 8 & 10.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Cæresi, a people of Germany. Cæsar.

Cæsar, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because one of them kept an elephant, which bears the same name in the Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick head of hair. This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius Cæsar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman emperors were distinguished by the surname of Cæsar. They reigned in the following order: Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cæsar was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation of Cæsar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and impartial manner.——Caius Julius Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome, was son of [♦]Caius Cæsar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of Æneas. When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and endeavoured to remove him; but Cæsar understood his intentions, and to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received into Sylla’s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those who solicited the advancement of young Cæsar, that they were warm in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin of their country and of their liberty. When Cæsar went to finish his studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates, who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest. He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state, he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey. He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of the Roman senate, and the ambition of Cæsar and Pompey, soon became the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground for unsheathing the sword. Cæsar’s petitions were received with coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony, who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cæsar’s camp with the news; and the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony, he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Cæsar entered Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and Cæsar, after he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey, observing that he was marching against a general without troops, after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged. Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered. Cæsar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey’s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend, conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March, B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow, and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, Tu quoque Brute! Cæsar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus, which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The learning of Cæsar deserves commendation, as well as his military character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and when Cæsar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cæsar has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents, which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: Veni, vidi, vici. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, when he was murdered. In his private character, Cæsar has been accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being privy to Catiline’s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet made its appearance. The best editions of Cæsar’s commentaries, are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635. Suetonius & Plutarch, Lives.—Dio Cassius.—Appian.—Orosius.—Diodorus, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 466.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 782.—Marcellinus.—Florus, bks. 3 & 4.——Lucius was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his shoes.——Octavianus. See: [Augustus].——Caius, a tragic poet and orator, commended by Cicero, Brutus. His brother C. Lucius was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla. They were both put to death by order of Marius.——Lucius, an uncle of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius Cæsar in his youth.——Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Cæsar, Caius and Lucius. See: [Agrippa].——Augusta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called Saragossa.

[♦] ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

Cæsarēa, a city of Cappadocia,——of Bithynia,——of Mauritania,——of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in compliment to them.

Cæsarion, the son of Julius Cæsar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, Egypt, and Cœlosyria. He was put to death five years after by Augustus. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 17, & Cæsar, ch. 52.

Cæsennius Pætus, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25.

Cæsetius, a Roman who protected his children against Cæsar. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Cæsia, a surname of Minerva.——A wood in Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 50.

Cæsius, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy. Catullus, poem 14.——A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. Persius.

Cæso, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci.

Cæsonia, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered at the same time with her daughter Julia. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 59.

Cæsonius Maximus, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his friendship with Seneca, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.

Cætŭlum, a town of Spain. Strabo, bk. 2.

Cagāco, a fountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

Caicīnus, a river of Locris. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 103.

Caīcus, a companion of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 187; bk. 9, li. 35.——A river of Mysia, falling into the Ægean sea, opposite Lesbos. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 370.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 243.

Caiēta, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received its name from Caieta the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 1.

Caius and Caia, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natural position, denoted the man’s name, and when reversed Ↄ it implied Cais. Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Caius, a son of Agrippa by Julia. See: [Agrippa].

Quintus Calăber, called also Smyrnæus, wrote a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the beginning of the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734.

Calābria, a country of Italy in Magna Græcia. It has been called Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 425.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 31; Epodes, poem 1, li. 27; bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 14.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 48.

Calăbrus, a river of Calabria. Pausanias, bk. 6.

Calagurritāni, a people of Spain, who ate their wives and children rather than yield to Pompey. Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.

Calais and Zethes. See: [Zethes].

Calagutis, a river of Spain. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 22.

Calămis, an excellent carver. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 10.

Calămīsa, a place of Samos. Herodotus, bk. 9.

Calămos, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20.——A town of Phœnicia.——Another of Babylonia.

Calămus, a son of the river Mæander, who was tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Calānus, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, in his 83rd year, he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which he mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked him whether he had anything to say. “No,” said he, “I shall meet you again in a very short time.” Alexander died three months after in Babylon. Strabo, bk. 15.—Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 23.—Arrian & Plutarch, Alexander.—Ælian, bk. 2, ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 6.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Calaon, a river of Asia, near Colophon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Calăris, a city of Sardinia. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Calathāna, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.

Calathes, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxine sea. Strabo, bk. 7.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Calathion, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.

Calathus, a son of Jupiter and Antiope.

Calātia, a town of Campania, on the Appian way. It was made a Roman colony in the age of Julius Cæsar. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 543.

Calatiæ, a people of India, who ate the flesh of their parents. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 38.

Calavii, a people of Campania. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 27.

Calavius, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators from death, &c. Livy, bk. 23, chs. 2 & 3.

Calaurēa and Calaurīa, an island near Trœzene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place. The tomb of Demosthenes was seen there, who poisoned himself to fly from the persecutions of Antipater. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 384.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Calbis, a river of Caria. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16.

Calce, a city of Campania. Strabo, bk. 5.

Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest; and he informed them that the city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could not be stopped in the Grecian army before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He told them also that Troy could not be taken before 10 years’ siege. He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was informed that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in divination, he must perish; and this happened near Colophon, after the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact number, Calchas died through grief. See: [Mopsus]. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 69.—Aeschylus, Agamemnon.—Euripides, Iphigeneia.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Calchedonia. See: [Chalcedon].

Calchinia, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who inherited his grandfather’s kingdom of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Caldus Cælius, a Roman who killed himself when detained by the Germans. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 120.

Cale (es), Cales (ium), and Calēnum, now Calvi, a town of Campania. Horace, bk. 4, ode 12.—Juvenal, satire 1, li. 69.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 413.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 728.

Calēdonia, a country at the north of Britain, now called Scotland. The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed to denote a German extraction, according to Tacitus, Life of Agricola. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabitants so little civilized, that they called it Britannia Barbara, and they never penetrated into the country either for curiosity or conquest. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 44.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 598.

Calēntum, a place of Spain, where it is said they made bricks so light that they swam on the surface of the water. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 14.

Calēnus, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in the age of Tarquin. Pliny, bk. 28, ch. 2.——A lieutenant of Cæsar’s army. After Cæsar’s murder, he concealed some that had been proscribed by the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. Plutarch, Cæsar.

Cales. See: [Cale].——A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. Arrian.

Calesius, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 16.

Calētæ, a people of Belgic Gaul, now Pays de Caux, in Normandy. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4. Their town was called Caletum.

Caletor, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire to the ship of Protesilaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 419.

Calex, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Euxine sea. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 75.

Caliadne, the wife of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Calicēni, a people of Macedonia.

Marcus Calidius, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 2.——Lucius Julius, a man remarkable for his riches, the excellency of his character, his learning and poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volumnius, but delivered by Atticus. Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 12.

Caius Calĭgŭla, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing in the camp the Caliga, a military covering for the leg. He was son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During the first eight months of his reign, Rome experienced universal prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton, and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate the thunders and powers of Jupiter. The statues of all great men were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their absence; and the emperor appeared in public places in the most indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed incest with his three sisters, and established public places of prostitution. He often amused himself with putting innocent people to death; he attempted to famish Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased with the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he often wished the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with human victims, and a favourite horse was made high priest and consul, and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable trappings and pearls which the Roman empire could furnish. Caligula built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and would perhaps have shown himself more tyrannical had not Chæreas, one of his servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally tired with the cruelties and the insults that were offered with impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th year, after a reign of three years and ten months, A.D. 41. It has been said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but his love of learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the writings of Homer and of Virgil. Dio Cassius.—Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars.—Tacitus, Annals.

Calĭpus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 330.

Calis, a man in Alexander’s army, tortured for conspiring against the king. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 11.

Callæscherus, the father of Critias. Plutarch, Alcibiades.

Callaĭci, a people of Lusitania, now Gallicia, at the north of Spain. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 461.

Callas, a general of Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.——Of Cassander against Polyperchon. Diodorus, bk. 19.——A river of Eubœa.

Callatēbus, a town of Caria. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 32.

Calle, a town of ancient Spain, now Oporto, at the mouth of the Douro in Portugal.

Calleteria, a town of Campania.

Callēni, a people of Campania.

Callia, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Calliădes, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 51.

Callias, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and his country. Diodorus, bk. 12.——A son of Temenus, who murdered his father with the assistance of his brothers. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.——A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost. He was surnamed Schœnion, from his twisting ropes (σχοινος), through poverty. Athenæus, bk. 10.——A partial historian of Syracuse. He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shown him in a favourable view. Athenæus, bk. 12.—Dionysius.——An Athenian greatly revered for his patriotism. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 121.——A soothsayer.——An Athenian commander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships he took, &c.——A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison, on condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Cimon.——An historian, who wrote an explanation of the poems of Alcæus and Sappho.

Callibius, a general in the war between Mantinea and Sparta. Xenophon, Hellenica.

Callicērus, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia.

Callichŏrus, a place of Phocis, where the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated.

Callĭcles, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of his recent marriage, when an inquiry was made after the money given by Harpalus, &c. Plutarch, Demosthenes.——A statuary of Megara.

Callicolōna, a place of Troy, near the Simois.

Callicrătes, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity. He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 13 months. He is called Calippus by some authors. Cornelius Nepos, Dion.——An officer entrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.——An artist, who made, with ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer’s verses upon a grain of millet. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 21.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 17.——An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the Athenians to submit to Rome. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 10.——A Syrian, who wrote an account of Aurelian’s life.——A brave Athenian, killed at the battle of Platæa. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 72.

Callicratĭdas, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval battle, B.C. 406. Diodorus, bk. 13.—Xenophon, Hellenica.——One of the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedæmonians to Darius, upon the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.——A Pythagorean writer.

Callidius, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero, who speaks of his abilities with commendation. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 274.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Callidrŏmus, a place near Thermopylæ. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Calligētus, a man of Megara, received in his banishment by Pharnabazus. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Callĭmăchus, an historian and poet of Cyrene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had Apollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name of Ibis. See: [Apollonius]. The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of this piece. He wrote a work, in 120 books, on famous men, besides treatises on birds; but of all his numerous compositions, only 31 epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; the best editions of which are that of Ernestus, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1761, and that of Vulcanius, 12mo, Antwerp, 1584. Propertius styled himself the Roman Callimachus. The precise time of his death, as well as of his birth, is unknown. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 65.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 84.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 109.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.——An Athenian general killed in the battle of Marathon. His body was found in an erect posture, all covered with wounds. Plutarch.——A Colophonian, who wrote the life of Homer. Plutarch.

Callimĕdon, a partisan of Phocion, at Athens, condemned by the populace.

Callimĕles, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meat by Apollodorus of Cassandrea. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Callinus, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses are to be found in Stobæus. Athenæus.—Strabo, bk. 13.

Calliŏpe, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace supposes her able to play on any musical instrument. She was represented with a trumpet in her right hand, and with books in the other, which signified that her office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio was employed in celebrating them; and she held the three most famous epic poems of antiquity, and appeared generally crowned with laurels. She settled the dispute between Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis, whose company these two goddesses wished both perpetually to enjoy. Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Horace, Odes.

Callipatīra, daughter of Diagoras and wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised in man’s clothes with her son Pisidorus to the Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared victor, she discovered her sex through excess of joy, and was arrested, as women were not permitted to appear there on pain of death. The victory of her son obtained her release; and a law was instantly made, which forbade any wrestlers to appear but naked. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 7.

Callĭphon, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces. Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 26.——A philosopher who made the summum bonum consist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This system was opposed by Cicero. Academic Questions, bk. 4, chs. 131 & 139; De Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 119.

Callĭphron, a celebrated dancing master, who had Epaminondas among his pupils. Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.

Callipĭdæ, a people of Scythia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 17.

Callipŏlis, a city of Thrace on the Hellespont. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 250.——A town of Sicily near Ætna.——A city of Calabria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a bridge to the continent. It is now called Gallipoli, and contains 6000 inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton.

Callĭpus, or Calippus, an Athenian, disciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &c. See: [Callicrates]. Cornelius Nepos, Dion.——A Corinthian, who wrote a history of Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 20.——A philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius, Zeno.——A general of the Athenians, when the Gauls invaded Greece by Thermopylæ. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Callipyges, a surname of Venus.

Callirhoe, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus.——A fountain of Attica where Callirhoe killed herself. See: [Coresus]. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.—Statius, bk. 12, Thebiad, li. 629.——A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Echidna, Orthus, and Cerberus by Chrysaor. Hesiod.——A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who kindly received Diomedes at his return from Troy. He abandoned her, upon which she killed herself.——A daughter of the Achelous, who married Alcmæon. See: [Alcmæon]. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.——A daughter of Phocus the Bœotian, whose beauty procured her many admirers. Her father behaved with such coldness to her lovers that they murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance of the Bœotians. Plutarch, Amatoriæ narrationes.——A daughter of Piras and Niobe. Hyginus, fable 145.

Calliste, an island of the Ægean sea, called afterwards Thera. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Its chief town was founded 1150 years before the christian era, by Theras.

Callisteia, a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was rewarded in a public manner. There was also an institution of the same kind among the Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Minerva.

Callisthĕnes, a Greek who wrote a history of his own country in 10 books, beginning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down to the plundering of the temple of Delphi by Philomelus. Diodorus, bk. 14.——A man who with others attempted to expel the garrison of Demetrius from Athens. Polyænus, bk. 5, ch. 17.——A philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, whom he accompanied in his oriental expedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he had been recommended by his friend and master Aristotle. He refused to pay divine honours to the king, for which he was accused of conspiracy, mutilated and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison, which ended together his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are extant. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Arrian, bk. 4.—Justin, bk. 12, chs. 6 & 7.——A writer of Sybaris.——A freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he gave poison to his master. Plutarch, Lucullus.

Callisto and Calisto, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, and one of Diana’s attendants. Jupiter saw her, and seduced her after he had assumed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy was discovered as she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour with Jupiter called Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a constellation of heaven, with her son Arcas, under the name of the bear. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 4, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Hyginus, fable 176 & 177.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Callistonicus, a celebrated statuary at Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 16.

Callistrătus, an Athenian, appointed general with Timotheus and Chabrias against Lacedæmon. Diodorus, bk. 15.——An orator of Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent of his age.——An Athenian orator with whom Demosthenes made an intimate acquaintance after he had heard him plead. Xenophon.——A Greek historian praised by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.——A comic poet, rival of Aristophanes.——A statuary. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.——A secretary of Mithridates. Plutarch, Lucullus.——A grammarian, who made the alphabet of the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some suppose that he wrote a treatise on courtesans.

Callixĕna, a courtesan of Thessaly, whose company Alexander refused, though requested by his mother Olympias. This was attributed by the Athenians to other causes than chastity, and therefore the prince’s ambition was ridiculed.

Callixĕnus, a general who perished by famine.——An Athenian imprisoned for passing sentence of death upon some prisoners. Diodorus, bk. 13.

Calon, a statuary. Quintilian, bk. 12, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Calor, now Calore, a river in Italy near Beneventum. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 14.

Calpe, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar.

Calphurnia, a daughter of Lucius Piso, who was Julius Cæsar’s fourth wife. The night previous to her husband’s murder, she dreamed that the roof of her house had fallen, and that he had been stabbed in her arms; and on that account she attempted, but in vain, to detain him at home. After Cæsar’s murder she placed herself under the patronage of Marcus Antony. Suetonius, Julius.

Calphurnius Bestia, a noble Roman bribed by Jugurtha. It is said that he murdered his wives when asleep. Pliny, bk. 27, ch. 2.——Crassus, a patrician who went with Regulus against the Massyli. He was seized by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia the king’s daughter fell in love with him, and gave him an opportunity of escaping and conquering her father. Calphurnius returned victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.——A man who conspired against the emperor Nerva.——Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 11.——Piso, condemned for using seditious words against Tiberius. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 21.——Another, famous for his abstinence. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 3.——Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age of Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, and generally found with the works of the poets who have written on hunting. Though abounding in many beautiful lines, they are, however, greatly inferior to the elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition is that of Kempher, 4to, Leiden, 1728.——A man surnamed Frugi, who composed annals, B.C. 130.

Calpurnia, or Calphurnia, a noble family in Rome, derived from Calpus son of Numa. It branched into the families of the Pisones, Bibuli, Flammæ, Cæsennini, Asprenates, &c. [♦]Plutarch, Numa.

[♦] ‘Pliny’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

Calpurnia and Calphurnia lex, was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely to punish such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 2.——A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods by her father, who was advised to do it, in a dream, if he wished to conquer the Cimbri. Plutarch, Parallela minora.——A woman who killed herself when she heard that her husband was murdered in the civil wars of Marius. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 26.——The wife of Julius Cæsar. See: [Calphurnia].——A favourite of the emperor Claudius, &c. Tacitus, Annals.——A woman ruined by Agrippina on account of her beauty, &c. Tacitus.

Calvia, a female minister of Nero’s lusts. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Calvīna, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 3, li. 133.

Calvisius, a friend of Augustus. Plutarch, Antonius.——An officer whose wife prostituted herself in his camp by night, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 48.

Calumnia and Impudentia, two deities worshipped at Athens. Calumnia was ingeniously represented in a painting by Apelles.

Calusidius, a soldier in the army of Germanicus. When this general wished to stab [♦]himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered him his own, observing that it was sharper. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 35.

[♦] ‘himslf’ replaced with ‘himself’

Calusium, a town of Etruria.

Calvus Cornelius Licinius, a famous orator, equally known for writing iambics. As he was both factious and satirical, he did not fail to excite attention by his animadversions upon Cæsar and Pompey, and, from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of eloquence with Cicero. Cicero, Letters.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 19.

Caly̆be, a town of Thrace. Strabo, bk. 17.——The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.——An old woman, priestess in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 419.

Calycadnus, a river of Cilicia.

Caly̆ce, a daughter of Æolus son of Helenus and Enaretta, daughter of Deimachus. She had Endymion king of Elis, by Æthlius the son of Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.——A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evathlus. As she was unable to gain the object of her love, she threw herself from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age of Athenæus, bk. 14.——A daughter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. Hyginus, fable 157.

Calydium, a town on the Appian way.

Calydna, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Some suppose it to be near Rhodes, others near Tenedos. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 205.

Calydon, a city of Ætolia, where Œneus the father of Meleager reigned. The Evenus flows through it, and it receives its name from Calydon the son of Ætolus. During the reign of Œneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the country, on account of the neglect which had been shown to her divinity by the king. All the princes of the age assembled to hunt this boar, which is greatly celebrated by the poets, under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Calydonian boar. Meleager killed the animal with his own hand, and gave the head to Atalanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin of the boar was preserved, and was still seen in the age of Pausanias, in the temple of Minerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in Tegea, and Augustus carried them away to Rome, because the people of Tegea had followed the party of Antony. These tusks were shown for a long time at Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, and the other was broken. See: [Meleager] and [Atalanta]. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Homer, [♦]Iliad, bk. 9, li. 577.—Hyginus, fable 174.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 4, &c.——A son of Ætolus and Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of Ætolia.

[♦] Book reference omitted in text.

Caly̆dōnis, a name of Deianira, as living in Calydon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 4.

Caly̆dōnius, a surname of Bacchus.

Calymne, an island near Lebynthos. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 81.

Calynda, a town of Caria. Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Calȳpso, one of the Oceanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas, according to some, was goddess of silence, and reigned in the island of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence is doubted. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, she received him with great hospitality, and offered him immortality if he would remain with her as a husband. The hero refused, and after seven years’ delay, he was permitted to depart from the island by order of Mercury the messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, Ulysses had two sons by Calypso, Nausithous, and Nausinous. Calypso was inconsolable at the departure of Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 7 & 5.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 360.—Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 18; Amores, bk. 2, poem 17.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 15.

Camalodūnum, a Roman colony in Britain, supposed Malden, or Colchester.

Camantium, a town of Asia Minor.

Camarīna, a town of Italy.——A lake of Sicily, with a town of the same name, built B.C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, and rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. The lake was drained, contrary to the advice of Apollo, as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence was the consequence; but the lowness of the lake below the level of the sea prevents it being drained. The words Camarinam movere are become proverbial to express an unsuccessful and dangerous attempt. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 701.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 134.

Cambaules, a general of some Gauls who invaded Greece. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 19.

Cambes, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious appetite that he ate his own wife, &c. Ælian, bk. 1, Varia Historia, ch. 27.

Cambre, a place near Puteoli. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 154.

Cambunii, mountains of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 53.

Camby̆ses, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and was so offended at the superstition of the Egyptians, that he killed their god Apis, and plundered their temples. When he wished to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his army a number of cats and dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, in the attempt to defend themselves, to kill animals which they reverenced as divinities, became an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses afterwards sent an army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Ammon’s temple, and resolved to attack the Carthaginians and Æthiopians. He killed his brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed alive a partial judge, whose skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his son to succeed him, telling him to remember where he sat. He died of a small wound he had given himself with his sword as he mounted on horseback; and the Egyptians observed that it was the same place on which he had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he was visited by the hand of the gods. His death happened 521 years before the birth of Christ. He left no issue to succeed him, and his throne was usurped by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after. Herodotus, bks. 2, 3, &c.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 3.——A person of obscure origin, to whom king Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, who had been terrified by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown by the hand of his daughter’s son, had taken this step in hopes that the children of so ignoble a bed would ever remain in obscurity. He was disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane’s son, dethroned him when grown to manhood. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 46, 107, &c.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 4.——A river of Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Camelāni, a people of Italy.

Camelītæ, a people of Mesopotamia.

Camera, a field of Calabria. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 582.

[♦]Camerīnum and Camertium, a town of Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The inhabitants were called Camertes. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 36.

[♦] ‘Camernīum’ replaced with ‘Camerīnum’

Camerīnus, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, poem 16, li. 19.——Some of the family of the Camerini were distinguished for their zeal as citizens, as well as for their abilities as scholars, among whom was Sulpicius, commissioned by the Roman senate to go to Athens, to collect the best of Solon’s laws. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 90.

Camerium, an ancient town of Italy near Rome, taken by Romulus. Plutarch, Romulus.

Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 562. See: [Camerinum].

Camilia, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla. She was educated in the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, and fed upon the milk of mares. Her father devoted her, when young, to the service of Diana. When she was declared queen, she marched at the head of an army, and accompanied by three youthful females of equal courage as herself, to assist Turnus against Æneas, where she signalized herself by the numbers that perished by her hand. She was so swift that she could run, or rather fly, over a field of corn without bending the blades, and make her way over the sea without wetting her feet. She died by a wound which she had received from Aruns. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 803; bk. 11, li. 435.

Camilli and Camillæ, the priests instituted by Romulus for the service of the gods.

Camillus Lucius Furius, a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus, from his services to his country. He was banished by the people, for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he had obtained at Veii. During his exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Brennus. In the midst of their misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected him dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the relief of his country, which he delivered, after it had been for some time in the possession of the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his age, B.C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, once censor, three times interrex, twice a military tribune, and obtained four triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians, and dissuaded his countrymen from their intentions of leaving Rome to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with proper indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed into his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. Plutarch, Lives of the Roman Emperors.—Livy, bk. 5.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Diodorus, bk. 14.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 825.——A name of Mercury.——An intimate friend of Cicero.

Camīro and Clytia, two daughters of Pandarus of Crete. When their parents were dead, they were left to the care of Venus; who, with the other goddesses, brought them up with tenderness, and asked Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them the crime of their father, who was accessary to the impiety of Tantalus, ordered the harpies to carry them away and deliver them to the furies. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 30.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 20, li. 66.

Camīrus and Camīra, a town of Rhodes, which received its name from Camirus, a son of Hercules and Iole. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 163.

Camissares, a governor of part of Cilicia, father to Datames. Cornelius Nepos, Datames.

Camma, a woman of Calatia, who avenged the death of her husband Sinetus upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of which the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of marrying him, according to the custom of their country, which required that the bridegroom and his bride should drink out of the same vessel. She escaped by refusing to drink on pretence of illness. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Camœnæ, a name given to the muses from the sweetness and melody of their songs, à cantu amæno, or, according to Varro, from carmen. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Campāna lex, or Julian agrarian law, was enacted by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691, to divide some lands among the people.

Campānia, a country of Italy, of which Capua was the capital, bounded by Latium, Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Mediterranean sea. It is celebrated for its delightful views, and for its fertility. Capua is often called Campana urbs. Strabo, bk. 5.—Cicero, On the Agrarian Law, ch. 35.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 22, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 16.

Campe, kept the 100 handed monsters confined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because she refused to give them their liberty to come to his assistance against the Titans. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 500.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Campaspe, or Pancaste, a beautiful concubine of Alexander, whom the king gave to Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as he drew her picture in her naked charms. It is said that from this beauty the painter copied the thousand charms of his Venus Anadyomene. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

Campi Diomēdis, a plain situate in Apulia. Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 93.

Campsa, a town near Pallene. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Campus Martius, a large plain at Rome, without the walls of the city, where the Roman youths performed their exercises, and learnt to wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies were held there, and the officers of state chosen, and audience given to foreign ambassadors. It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its pleasant situation made it very frequented. It was called Martius because dedicated to Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from its closeness to the Tiber. It was given to the Roman people by a vestal virgin; but they were deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud, who made it a private field, and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin was driven from Rome the people recovered it, and threw away into the Tiber the corn which had grown there, deeming it unlawful for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which were thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the accumulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an island, which was called the Holy Island, or the island of Æsculapius. Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martius. Strabo, bk. 5.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 20.

Camulogīnus, a Gaul raised to great honours by Cæsar, for his military abilities. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 57.

Camŭlus, a surname of Mars among the Sabines and Etrurians.

Cana, a city and promontory of Æolia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Canăce, a daughter of Æolus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of her brother Macareus, by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. The cries of the child discovered the mother’s incest; and Æolus sent his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Macareus fled, and became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was ravished by Neptune, by whom she had many children, among whom were Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. Apollodorus, bk. 1.—Hyginus, fables 238 & 242.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 11; Tristia, bk. 2, li. 384.

Canăche, one of Actæon’s dogs.

Canăchus, a statuary of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.

Canæ, a city of Locris,——of Æolia.

Canārii, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name because they fed in common with their dogs. The islands which they inhabited were called Fortunate by the ancients, and are now known by the name of the Canaries. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Canăthus, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to recover her infant purity. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 38.

Candăce, a queen of Æthiopia, in the age of Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that her successors always bore her name. She was blind of one eye. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 22.—Dio Cassius, bk. 54.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Candāvia, a mountain of Epirus, which separates Illyria from Macedonia. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 331.

Candaules, or Myrsilus, son of Myrsus, was the last of the Heraclidæ who sat on the throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked to Gyges, one of his ministers; and the queen was so incensed, that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before the christian era. After this murder, Gyges married the queen and ascended the throne. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.

Candēi, a people of Arabia who fed on serpents.

Candiŏpe, a daughter of Œnopion, ravished by her brother.

Candy̆ba, a town of Lycia.

Canens, a nymph called also Venilia, daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king of the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her husband into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fable 9.

Canephŏria, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small baskets to the deity, and received the name of Canephoræ, whence statues representing women in that attitude were called by the same appellation. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4.

Canethum, a place of Eubœa.——A mountain in Bœotia.

Căniculāres dies, certain days in the summer, in which the star Canis is said to influence the season, and to make the days more warm during its appearance. Marcus Manilius.

Cānĭdia, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. Horace, Epodes.

Canĭdius, a tribune, who proposed a law to empower Pompey to go only with two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians. Plutarch, Pompey.

Caninefātes, a people near Batavia, where modern Holland now is situate. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 15.

Caius Caninius Rebilus, a consul with Julius Cæsar, after the death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his predecessor died the last day of the year, and he was chosen only for the remaining part of the day; whence Cicero observed, that Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not slept during the whole time of his consulship. Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 33.—Plutarch, Cæsar.——Lucius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 83.——Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. Pliny, bk. 1, ltr. 3.——Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero.

Canistius, a Lacedæmonian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 20.

Canius, a poet of Gades, contemporary with Martial. He was so naturally merry that he always laughed. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 62.——A Roman knight who went to Sicily for his amusement, where he bought gardens well stocked with fish, which disappeared on the morrow. Cicero, bk. 3, de Officiis, ch. 14.

Cannæ, a small village of Apulia near the Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Roman consuls, Probus Æmylius and Terentius Varro, and slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B.C. 216. The spot where this famous battle was fought is now shown by the natives, and denominated the field of blood. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 44.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Life of Hannibal.

Canōpicum ostium, one of the mouths of the Nile, 12 miles from Alexandria. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Cănōpus, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore called Amyclæa, and it received its name from Canopus the pilot of the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants were dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epithet of Pellæus, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built Alexandria in the neighbourhood. Silius Italicus, bk. 11, li. 433.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.—Virgil, Georgics bk. 4, li. 287.——The pilot of the ship of Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Cantăbra, a river falling into the Indus. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 20.

Cantăbri, a ferocious and warlike people of Spain, who rebelled against Augustus, by whom they were conquered. Their country is now called Biscay. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 326.—Horace, bk. 2, odes 6 & 11.

Cantăbriæ lacus, a lake in Spain, where a thunderbolt fell, and in which 12 axes were found. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 8.

Canthărus, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.——A comic poet of Athens.

Canthus, a son of Abas, one of the Argonauts.

Cantium, a country in the eastern parts of Britain, now called Kent. Cæsar, Gallic War bk. 5.

Canuleia, one of the first vestals chosen by Numa. Plutarch.——A law. See: [Canuleius].

Caius Canuleius, a tribune of the people of Rome, A.U.C. 310, who made a law to render it constitutional for the patricians and plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 17.

Canulia, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and killed herself by order of her father. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Canŭsium, now Canosa, a town of Apulia, whither the Romans fled after the battle of Cannæ. It was built by Diomedes, and its inhabitants have been called bilingues, because they retained the language of their founder and likewise adopted that of their neighbours. Horace complained of the grittiness of their bread. The wools and the cloths of the place were in high estimation. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 30.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Canŭsius, a Greek historian under Ptolemy Auletes. Plutarch.

Canutius Tiberinus, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked Antony, when declared an enemy to the state. His satire cost him his life. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 64.——A Roman actor. Plutarch, Brutus.

Căpăneus, a noble Argive, son of Hipponous and Astinome, and husband to Evadne. He was so impious, that when he went to the Theban war, he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such contempt provoked the god, who struck him dead with a thunderbolt. His body was burnt separately from the others, and his wife threw herself on the burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is said that Æsculapius restored him to life. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 404.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 3, &c.—Hyginus, fables 68 & 70.—Euripides, Phœnician Women & Suppliants.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.

Capella, an elegiac poet in the age of Julius Cæsar. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 36.——Martianus, a Carthaginian, A.D. 490, who wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and philology, and in praise of the liberal arts. The best edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo, Bernæ, 1763.——A gladiator. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 155.

Capēna, a gate of Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 192.

Capēnas, a small river of Italy. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 13, li. 85.

Capēni, a people of Etruria, in whose territory Feronia had a grove and a temple. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 697.—Livy, bks. 5, 22, &c.

Caper, a river of Asia Minor.

Capētus, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 years. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.——A suitor of Hippodamia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.

Caphāreus, a lofty mountain and promontory of Eubœa, where Nauplius king of the country, to revenge the death of his son Palamedes, slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night, which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 260.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 481.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 115.

Caphyæ, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Capio, a Roman, famous for his friendship with Cato. Plutarch, [♦]de Pat. Am.

[♦] reference unknown

Capĭto, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Crassus. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 69.——Fonteius, a man sent by Antony to settle his disputes with Augustus. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 32.——A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely punished by the senate. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 93.——An epic poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love.——An historian of Lycia, who wrote an account of Isauria in eight books.——A poet who wrote on illustrious men.

Capĭtolīni ludi, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved the capitol from the Gauls.

Capĭtolīnus, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on mount Capitolinus.——A surname of Marcus Manlius, who, for his ambition, was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly defended.——A mountain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and Mons Saturni. The Capitol was built upon it.——A man of lascivious morals, consul with Marcellus. Plutarch, Marcellus.——Julius, an author in Diocletian’s reign, who wrote an account of the life of Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c., most of which are now lost.

Capĭtōlium, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by the consul Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. It was built upon four acres of ground, the front was adorned with three rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. The ascent to it from the ground was by 100 steps. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. All the consuls successively made donations to the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one time 2000 pounds weight of gold. Its thresholds were made of brass, and its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels and shields of solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during the civil war of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before the dedication, which was performed by Quintus Catulus. It was again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius; and Vespasian, who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death. Domitian raised it again, for the last time, and made it more grand and magnificent than any of his predecessors, and spent 12,000 talents in gilding it. When they first dug for the foundations, they found a man’s head called Tolius, sound and entire in the ground, and from thence drew an omen of the future greatness of the Roman empire. The hill was from that circumstance called Capitolium, a capite Toli. The consuls and magistrates offered sacrifices there, when they first entered upon their offices, and the procession in triumphs was always conducted to the capitol. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 136; bk. 8, li. 347.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 72.—Plutarch, Publicola.—Livy, bks. 1, 10, &c.—Pliny, bk. 33, &c.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 40.

Cappădŏcia, a country of Asia Minor, between the Halys, the Euphrates, and the Euxine. It receives its name from the river Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. The inhabitants were called Syrians and Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a dull and submissive disposition, and addicted to every vice, according to the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram against them:

Vipera Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at illa Gustato periit sanguine Cappadocis.

When they were offered their freedom and independence by the Romans, they refused it, and begged of them a king, and they received Ariobarzanes. It was some time after governed by a Roman proconsul. Though the ancients have ridiculed this country for the unfruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet it can boast of the birth of the geographer Strabo, St. Basil, and Gregory Nazianzen, among other illustrious characters. The horses of this country were in general esteem, and with these they paid their tributes to the king of Persia, while under his power, for want of money. The kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 39.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 3.—Curtius, bks. 3 & 4.—Strabo, bks. 11 & 16.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 73; bk. 5, ch. 49.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.

Cappădox, a river of Cappadocia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 3.

Caprăria, now Cabrera, a mountainous island on the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Căpreæ, now Capri, an island on the coast of Campania, abounding in quails, and famous for the residence and debaucheries of the emperor Tiberius, during the seven last years of his life. The island, in which now several medals are dug up expressive of the licentious morals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in circumference, and surrounded by steep rocks. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 709.—Suetonius, Tiberius.—Statius, Sylvæ, bk. 3, li. 5.

Capræa Palus, a place near Rome where Romulus disappeared. Plutarch, Romulus.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 491.

Capricornus, a sign of the zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amalthæa, which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan, who changed himself into a goat when frightened at the approach of Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice, or the longest night in the year. Marcus Manilius, bks. 2 & 4.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 17, li. 19.—Hyginus, fable 196; Poetica Astronomica, bk. 2, ch. 28.

Caprificiālis, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered him money. Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 15.

Caprīma, a town of Caria.

Caprĭpĕdes, a surname of Pan, the Fauni and the Satyrs, from their having goats’ feet.

Caprias, a great informer in Horace’s age. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 66.

Caprotīna, a festival celebrated at Rome in July in honour of Juno, at which women only officiated. See: [Philotis]. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.

Caprus, a harbour near mount Athos.

Capsa, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Capsăge, a town of Syria. Curtius, bk. 10.

Căpua, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion, of Anchises. This city was very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled Rome, and was called altera Roma. The soldiers of Annibal, after the battle of Cannæ, were enervated by the pleasures and luxuries which powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city and under a soft climate. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 145.—Livy, bks. 4, 7, 8, &c.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 44.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 16.—Cicero, Philippics, bk. 12, ch. 3.—Plutarch, Life of Hannibal.

Capys, a Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of those who, against the advice of Thymœtes, wished to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 145.——A son of Assaracus by a daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 33.

Capys Sylvius, a king of Alba, who reigned 28 years. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 768.

Car, a son of Phoroneus king of Megara. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 39 & 40.——A son of Manes, who married Callirhoe daughter of the Mæander. Caria received its name from him. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 171.

Carabactra, a place in India.

Carabis, a town of Spain.

Carăcalla. See: [Antonius].

Caracates, a people of Germany.

Caractăcus, a king of the Britons, conquered by an officer of Claudius Cæsar, A.D. 47. Tacitus, Annals, [♦]bk. 12, chs. 33 & 37.

[♦] ‘c. 12, 33,’ replaced with ‘12, chs. 33,’

Caræ, certain places between Susa and the Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp.

Caræus, a surname of Jupiter in Bœotia,——in Caria.

Carălis (or es, ium), the chief city of Sardinia, Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.

Carambis, now Kerempi, a promontory of Paphlagonia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Carānus, one of the Heraclidæ, the first who laid the foundation of the Macedonian empire, B.C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned 28 years, which he spent in establishing and strengthening the government of his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by Perdiccas. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 6.——A general of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 7.——A harbour of Phœnicia.

Carausius, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A.D. 293.

Carro, a Roman orator, who killed himself because he could not curb the licentious manners of his countrymen. Cicero, Brutus.——Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the party of Marius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government. He was killed in Spain in his third consulship, by order of Pompey. Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 13.——An orator, son of Carbo the orator, killed by the army when desirous of re-establishing the ancient military discipline. Cicero, Brutus.

Carchēdon, the Greek name of Carthage.

Carcīnus, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of Macedon. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. Diodorus, bk. 5.——Another of Athens.——Another of Naupactum.——A man of Rhegium, who exposed his son Agathocles on account of some uncommon dreams during his wife’s pregnancy. Agathocles was preserved. Diodorus, bk. 19.——An Athenian general, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the time of Pericles. Diodorus, bk. 12.

Carcĭnus, a constellation, the same as the Cancer. Lucan, bk. 9, li. 536.

Cardaces, a people of Asia Minor. Strabo, bk. 15.

Cardămy̆le, a town of Argos.

Cardia, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Cardŭchi, a warlike nation of Media, along the borders of the Tigris. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cāres, a nation which inhabited Caria, and thought themselves the original possessors of that country. They became so powerful that their country was not sufficiently extensive to contain them all, upon which they seized the neighbouring islands of the Ægean sea. These islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. Nileus son of Codrus invaded their country, and slaughtered many of the inhabitants. In this calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every side by enemies, fortified themselves in the mountainous parts of the country, and, soon after, made themselves terrible by sea. They were anciently called Leleges. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 146 & 171.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 40.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 725.

Caresa, an island of the Ægean sea, opposite Attica.

Caressus, a river of Troas.

Carfinia, an immodest woman, mentioned Juvenal, satire 2, li. 69.

Cāria, now Aidinelli, a country of Asia Minor, whose boundaries have been different in different ages. Generally speaking, it was at the south of Iona, at the east and north of the Icarian sea, and at the west of Phrygia Major, and Lycia. It has been called Phœnicia, because a Phœnician colony first settled there; and afterwards it received the name of Caria, from Car, a king who first invented the auguries of birds. The chief town was called Halicarnassus, where Jupiter was the chief deity. See: [Cares].——A poet of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Carias, a town of Peloponnesus.——A general. See: [Laches].

Cariate, a town of Bactriana, where Alexander imprisoned Callisthenes.

Carilla, a town of the Piceni, destroyed by Annibal for its great attachment to Rome. Silius Italicus, bk. 8.

Carīna, a virgin of Caria, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Carinæ, certain edifices at Rome, built in the manner of ships, which were in the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a street in which Pompey’s house was built. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 361.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 7.

Carīne, a town near the Caicus in Asia Minor. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 42.

Carīnus Marcus Aurelius, a Roman who attempted to succeed his father Carus as emperor. He was famous for his debaucheries and cruelties. Diocletian defeated him in Dalmatia, and he was killed by a soldier whose wife he had debauched, A.D. 268.

Carisiăcum, a town of ancient Gaul, now Cressy in Picardy.

Carissanum, a place of Italy near which Milo was killed. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 56.

Caristum, a town of Liguria.

Carmānia, a country of Asia, between Persia and India. Arrian.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.

Carmānor, a Cretan, who purified Apollo of slaughter. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Carme, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. She was one of Diana’s attendants. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Carmēlus, a god among the inhabitants of [♦]mount Carmel, situate between Syria and Judæa. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 78.—Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 5.

[♦] ‘muont’ replaced with ‘mount’

Carmenta and Carmentīs, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom she came to Italy, and was received by king Faunus, about 60 years before the Trojan war. Her name was Nicostrata, and she received that of Carmentis from the wildness of her looks when giving oracles, as if carens mentis. She was the oracle of the people of Italy during her life, and after death she received divine honours. She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered her sacrifices under the name of Themis. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 467; bk. 6, li. 530.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 339.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 47.

Carmentāles, festivals at Rome in honour of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of January, near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capitol. This goddess was entreated to render the Roman matrons prolific, and their labours easy. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Carmentālis porta, one of the gates of Rome in the neighbourhood of the Capitol. It was afterwards called Scelerata, because the Fabii passed through it on going to that famous expedition where they perished. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 338.

Carmides, a Greek of an uncommon memory. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.

Carna and Cardinea, a goddess at Rome who presided over hinges, as also over the entrails and secret parts of the human body. She was originally a nymph called Grane, whom Janus ravished, and, for the injury, he gave her the power of presiding over the exterior of houses, and of removing all noxious birds from the doors. The Romans offered her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simplicity of their ancestors. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 101, &c.

Carnasius, a village of Messenia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Carneădes, a philosopher of Cyrene in Africa, founder of a sect called the third or new academy. The Athenians sent him with Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, as ambassadors to Rome, B.C. 155. The Roman youth were extremely fond of the company of these learned philosophers; and when Carneades, in a speech, had given an accurate and judicious dissertation upon justice, and in another speech confuted all the arguments he had advanced, and apparently given no existence to the virtue he had so much commended, a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Grecian was come who had so captivated by his words the rising generation, that they forgot their usual amusements, and ran mad after philosophy. When this reached the ears of Cato the censor, he gave immediate audience to the Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dismissed them in haste, expressing his apprehensions of their corrupting the opinions of the Roman people, whose only profession, he sternly observed, was arms and war. Carneades denied that anything could be perceived or understood in the world, and he was the first who introduced a universal suspension of assent. He died in the 90th year of his age, B.C. 128. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 12, ltr. 23; On Oratory, bks. 1 & 2.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 30.—Lactantius, bk. 5, ch. 14.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 8.

Carneia, a festival observed in most of the Grecian cities, but more particularly at Sparta, where it was first instituted, about 675 B.C., in honour of Apollo, surnamed Carneus. It lasted nine days, and was an imitation of the manner of living in camps among the ancients.

Carnion, a town of Laconia.——A river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 34.

Carnus, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom Apollo was called Carneus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Carnūtes, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 4.

Carpasia and Carpasium, a town of Cyprus.

Carpăthus, an island in the Mediterranean between Rhodes and Crete, now called Scapanto. It has given its name to a part of the neighbouring sea, thence called the Carpathian sea, between Rhodes and Crete. Carpathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles in circumference, and was sometimes called Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 45.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Strabo, bk. 10.

Carpia, an ancient name of Tartessus. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 19.

Carpis, a river of Mysia. Herodotus.

Carpo, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus the son of Mæander, whom she equally admired. She was drowned in the Mæander, and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of fruit. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Carpophŏra, a name of Ceres and Proserpine in Tegea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.

Carpophŏrus, an actor greatly esteemed by Domitian. Martial.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 198.

Carræ and Carrhæ, a town of Mesopotamia, near which Crassus was killed. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 105.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.

Carrīnātes Secundus, a poor but ingenious rhetorician, who came from Athens to Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, especially against tyrannical power, exposed him to Caligula’s resentment, who banished him. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 205.

Carrūca, a town of Spain. Hirtius, Hispanic War, ch. 27.

Carseŏli, a town of the Æqui, at the west of the lake Fucinus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 683.

Cartalias, a town of Spain.

Carteia, a town at the extremity of Spain, near the sea of Gades, supposed to be the same as Calpe.

Cartēna, a town of Mauritania, now Tenez, on the shores of the Mediterranean.

Carthæa, a town in the island of Cea, whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 368.

Carthāgĭnienses, the inhabitants of Carthage, a rich and commercial nation. See: [Carthago].

Carthāgo, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of Rome, and long the capital of the country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. The precise time of its foundation is unknown, yet most writers seem to agree that it was first built by Dido, about 869 years before the christian era, or, according to others, 72 or 93 years before the foundation of Rome. This city and republic flourished for 737 years, and the time of its greatest glory was under Annibal and Amilcar. During the first Punic war, it contained no less than 700,000 inhabitants. It maintained three famous wars against Rome, called the Punic wars [See: [Punicum bellum]], in the third of which Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio the second Africanus, B.C. 147, and only 5000 persons were found within the walls. It was 23 miles in circumference, and when it was set on fire by the Romans, it burned incessantly during 17 days. After the destruction of Carthage, Utica became powerful, and the Romans thought themselves secure; and as they had no rival to dispute with them in the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. Cæsar planted a small colony on the ruins of Carthage. Augustus sent there 3000 men; and Adrian, after the example of his imperial predecessors, rebuilt part of it, which he called Adrianopolis. Carthage was conquered from the Romans by the arms of Genseric, A.D. 439; and it was for more than a century the seat of the Vandal empire in Africa, and fell into the hands of the Saracens in the seventh century. The Carthaginians were governed as a republic, and had two persons yearly chosen among them with regal authority. They were very superstitious, and generally offered human victims to their gods; an unnatural custom, which their allies wished them to abolish, but in vain. They bore the character of a faithless and treacherous people, and the proverb Punica fides is well known. Strabo, bk. 17.—Virgil, Æneid bk. 1, &c.—Mela, bk. 1, &c.—Ptolemy bk. 4.—Justin.—Livy, bk. 4, &c.—Paterculus, bks. 1 & 2.—Plutarch, Life of Hannibal, &c.—Cicero.——Nŏva, a town built in Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian general. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered himself after a heavy loss. It now bears the name of Carthagena. Polybius, bk. 10.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 43, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 15, li. 220, &c.——A daughter of Hercules.

Carthasis, a Scythian, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 7.

Carthea, a town of Cos. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9.

Carvilius, a king of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s naval station by order of Cassivelaunus, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 22.——Spurius, a Roman, who made a large image of the breastplates taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the capitol. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 7.——The first Roman who divorced his wife during the space of about 600 years. This was for barrenness, B.C. 231. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Carus, a Roman emperor who succeeded Probus. He was a prudent and active general; he conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the Persian war which his predecessor had commenced. He reigned two years, and died on the banks of the Tigris as he was going in an expedition against Persia, A.D. 283. He made his two sons, Carinus and Numerianus, Cæsars; and as his many virtues had promised the Romans happiness, he was made a god after death. Eutropius.——One of those who attempted to scale the rock Aornus, by order of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Carya, a town of Arcadia.——A city of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10. Here a festival was observed in honour of Diana Caryatis. It was then usual for virgins to meet at the celebration and join in a certain dance, said to have been first instituted by Castor and Pollux. When Greece was invaded by Xerxes, the Laconians did not appear before the enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess by not celebrating her festival. At that time the peasants assembled at the usual place, and sang pastorals called Βουκολισμοι, from Βουκολος, a neatherd. From this circumstance some suppose that Bucolics originated. Statius, bk. 4, Thebiad, li. 225.

Caryanda, a town and island on the coast of Caria, now Karacoion.

Caryātæ, a people of Arcadia.

Carystius Antigonus, an historian, &c. B.C. 248.

Carystus, a maritime town on the south of Eubœa, still in existence, famous for its marble. Statius, bk. 2, Sylvæ, poem 2, li. 93.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 76.

Caryum, a place of Laconia, where Aristomenes preserved some virgins, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 16.

Casca, one of Cæsar’s assassins, who gave him the first blow. Plutarch, Cæsar.

Cascellius Aulus, a lawyer of great merit in the Augustan age. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 371.

Casilīnum, a town of Campania. When it was besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 or 570 natives of Præneste, who, when half their number had perished either by war or famine, surrendered to the conqueror. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 19.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Cicero, De Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Casīna and Casīnum, a town of Campania. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 227.

Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates.——Another at the east of Pelusium, where Pompey’s tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupiter, surnamed Casius, had a temple there. Lucan, bk. 8, li. 858.——Another in Syria, from whose top the sun can be seen rising, though it be still the darkness of night at the bottom of the mountain. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 22.—Mela, bks. 1 & 3.

Casmenæ, a town built by the Syracusans in Sicily. Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 5.

Casmilla, the mother of Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 543.

Caspĕria, wife of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii, committed adultery with her son-in-law. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 388.——A town of the Sabines. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 714.

Caspĕrŭla, a town of the Sabines. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 416.

Caspiæ portæ, certain passes of Asia, which some place about Caucasus and the Caspian sea, and others between Persia and the Caspian sea, or near mount Taurus, or Armenia, or Cilicia. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 27; bk. 6, ch. 13.

Caspiana, a country of Armenia.

Caspii, a Scythian nation near the Caspian sea. Such as had lived beyond their 70th year were starved to death. Their dogs were remarkable for their fierceness. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 92, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 67, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, bk. 14, ch. 8.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 798.

Caspium mare, or Hyrcānum, a large sea in the form of a lake, which has no communication with other seas, and lies between the Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the north of Parthia, receiving in its capacious bed the tribute of several large rivers. Ancient authors assure us that it produced enormous serpents and fishes, different in colour and kind from those of all other waters. The eastern parts are more particularly called the Hyrcanian sea, and the western the Caspian. It is now called the sea of Sala or Baku. The Caspian is about 680 miles long, and in no part more than 260 in breadth. There are no tides in it, and on account of its numerous shoals, it is navigable to vessels drawing only nine or ten feet of water. It has strong currents, and, like inland seas, is liable to violent storms. Some navigators examined it in 1708, by order of the Czar Peter, and after the labour of three years, a map of its extent was published. Its waters are described as brackish, and not impregnated with salt so much as the wide ocean. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 4; bk. 7, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, chs. 5 & 6.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 13.—Dionysius Periegetes, li. 50.

Caspius mons, a branch of mount Taurus, between Media and Armenia, at the east of the Euphrates. The Caspiæ portæ are placed in the defiles of the mountain by some geographers.

Cassandāne, the mother of Cambyses by Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 2.

Cassander, son of Antipater, made himself master of Macedonia after his father’s death, where he reigned for 18 years. He married Thessalonica the sister of Alexander, to strengthen himself on his throne. Olympias the mother of Alexander wished to keep the kingdom of Macedonia for Alexander’s young children; and therefore she destroyed the relations of Cassander, who besieged her in the town of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander, and Barsane the mother of Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared the fate of Olympias with their children. Antigonus, who had been for some time upon friendly terms with Cassander, declared war against him; and Cassander, to make himself equal with his adversary, made a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, and obtained a memorable victory at Ipsus, B.C. 301. He died three years after this victory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater killed his mother; and for his unnatural murder he was put to death by his brother Alexander, who, to strengthen himself, invited Demetrius the son of Antigonus from Asia. Demetrius took advantage of the invitation, and put to death Alexander, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Diodorus, bk. 19.—Justin, bks. 12, 13, &c.

Cassandra, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, who promised to grant her whatever she might require, if she would gratify his passion. She asked the power of knowing futurity; and as soon as she had received it, she refused to perform her promise, and slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips with his tongue, and by this action effected that no credit or reliance should ever be put upon her predictions, however true or faithful they might be. Some maintain that she received the gift of prophecy with her brother Helenus, by being placed when young one night in the temple of Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed round their bodies and licking their ears, which circumstance gave them the knowledge of futurity. She was looked upon by the Trojans as insane, and she was even confined, and her predictions were disregarded. She was courted by many princes during the Trojan war. When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter to the temple of Minerva, where Ajax found her, and offered her violence, with the greatest cruelty, at the foot of Minerva’s statue. In the division of the spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was enamoured of her, took her as his wife, and returned with her to Greece. She repeatedly foretold to him the sudden calamities that awaited his return; but he gave no credit to her, and was assassinated by his wife Clytemnestra. Cassandra shared his fate, and saw all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled. See: [Agamemnon]. Aeschylus, Agamemnon.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 363; Odyssey, bk. 4.—Hyginus, fable 117.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 246, &c.—Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus], bk. 13, li. 421.—Euripides, Trojan Women.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 3, ch. 19.

Cassandria, a town of the peninsula of Pallene in Macedonia, called also Potidæa. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.

Cassia lex, was enacted by Cassius Longinus, A.U.C. 649. By it no man condemned or deprived of military power was permitted to enter the senate house.——Another, enacted by Caius Cassius the pretor, to choose some of the plebeians to be admitted among the patricians.——Another. A.U.C. 616, to make the suffrages of the Roman people free and independent. It ordained that they should be received upon tablets. Cicero, de Amicitia.——Another, A.U.C. 267, to make a division of the territories taken from the Hernici, half to the Roman people and half to the Latins.——Another, enacted A.U.C. 596, to grant a consular power to Publius Anicius and Octavius on the day they triumphed over Macedonia. Livy.

Cassiodōrus, a great statesman and writer in the sixth century. He died A.D. 562, at the age of 100.—His works were edited by Chandler, 8vo, London, 1722.

Cassiŏpe and Cassiŏpea, married Cepheus king of Æthiopia, by whom she had Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fairer than the Nereides; upon which Neptune, at the request of these despised nymphs, punished the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge sea monster to ravage Æthiopia. The wrath of Neptune could be appeased only by exposing Andromeda, whom Cassiope tenderly loved, to the fury of this sea monster; and just as she was going to be devoured, Perseus delivered her. See: [Andromeda]. Cassiope was made a southern constellation, consisting of 13 stars called Cassiope. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 43.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 738.—Hyginus, fable 64.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 3.—Marcus Manilius, bk. 1.——A city of Epirus near Thesprotia. Another in the island of Corcyra. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.——The wife of Epaphus. Statius, Sylvæ.

Cassitĕrĭdes, islands in the western ocean, where tin was found, supposed to be the Scilly islands, the Land’s End, and Lizard Point, of the moderns. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.

Cassivelaunus, a Briton invested with sovereign authority when Julius Cæsar made a descent upon Britain. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.

Caius Cassius, a celebrated Roman, who made himself known by being first questor to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia, from which he extricated himself with uncommon address. He followed the interest of Pompey; and when Cæsar had obtained the victory in the plains of Pharsalia, Cassius was one of those who owed their life to the mercy of the conqueror. He married Junia the sister of Brutus, and with him he resolved to murder the man to whom he was indebted for his life, on account of his oppressive ambition; and before he stabbed Cæsar, he addressed himself to the statue of Pompey, who had fallen by the avarice of him whom he was going to assassinate. When the provinces were divided among Cæsar’s murderers, Cassius received Africa; and when his party had lost ground at Rome, by the superior influence of Augustus and Marcus Antony, he retired to Philippi, with his friend Brutus and their adherents. In the battle that was fought there, the wing which Cassius commanded was defeated, and his camp was plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he suddenly gave up all hopes of recovering his losses, and concluded that Brutus was conquered and ruined as well as himself. Fearful to fall into the enemy’s hands, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through, and he perished by that very sword which had given wounds to Cæsar. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by his friend Brutus, who declared over him that he deserved to be called the last of the Romans. If he were brave, he was equally learned. Some of his letters are still extant among Cicero’s epistles. He was a strict follower of the doctrines of Epicurus. He was often too rash and too violent, and many of the wrong steps which Brutus took are to be ascribed to the prevailing advice of Cassius. He is allowed by Paterculus to have been a better commander than Brutus, though a less sincere friend. The day after Cæsar’s murder he dined at the house of Antony, who asked him whether he had then a dagger concealed in his bosom. “Yes,” replied he, “if you aspire to tyranny.” Seutonius, Cæsar & Augustus.—Plutarch, Brutus & Cæsar.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 46.—Dio Cassius, bk. 40.——A Roman citizen who condemned his son to death, on pretence of his raising commotions in the state. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 8.——A tribune of the people, who made many laws tending to diminish the influence of the Roman nobility. He was competitor with Cicero for the consulship.——One of Pompey’s officers, who, during the civil wars, revolted to Cæsar with 10 ships.——A poet of Parma, of great genius. He was killed by Varus, by order of Augustus, whom he had offended by his satirical writings. His fragments of Orpheus were found and edited some time after by the poet Statius. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 62.——Spurius, a Roman, put to death on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, after he had been three times consul, B.C. 485. Diodorus, bk. 11.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 3.——Brutus, a Roman who betrayed his country to the Latins, and fled to the temple of Pallas, where his father confined him, and he was starved to death.——Longinus, an officer of Cæsar in Spain, much disliked. Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 48.——A consul, to whom Tiberius married Drusilla daughter of Germanicus. Seutonius, Galba, ch. 57.——A lawyer whom Nero put to death, because he bore the name of Julius Cæsar’s murderer. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 37.——Lucius Hemina, the most ancient writer of annals at Rome. He lived A.U.C. 608.——Lucius, a Roman lawyer, whose severity in the execution of the law has rendered the words Cassiani judices applicable to rigid judges. Cicero, For Sextus Roscius of Ameria, ch. 30.——Longinus, a critic. See: [Longinus].——Lucius, a consul with Caius Marius, slain with his army by the Gauls Senones. Appian, Gallic History.——Marcus Scæva, a soldier of uncommon valour in Cæsar’s army. Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2.——An officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his soldiers, and murdered three months after.——Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote on animals.——Severus, an orator who wrote a severe treatise on illustrious men and women. He died in exile, in his 25th year. See: [Severus]. The family of Cassii branched into the surname of Longinus, Viscellinus, Brutus, &c.

Cassōtis, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

Castabala, a city of Cilicia, whose inhabitants made war with their dogs. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 40.

Castabus, a town of Chersonesus.

Castălia, a town near Phocis.——A daughter of the Achelous.

Castălius fons, or Castalia, a fountain of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. The waters of this fountain were cool and excellent, and they had the power of inspiring those who drank of them with the true fire of poetry. The Muses have received the surname of Castalides from this fountain. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 293.—Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 11; bk. 12, ltr. 3.

Castanea, a town near the Peneus, whence the nuces Castaneæ received their name. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 9.

Castellum menapiōrum, a town of Belgium on the Maese, now Kessel.——Morinorum, now mount Cassel, in Flanders.——Cattorum, now Hesse Cassel.

Casthĕnes, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium.

Castianira, a Thracian, mistress of Priam and mother of Gorgythion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8.

Castor and Pollux, were twin brothers, sons of Jupiter by Leda, the wife of Tyndarus king of Sparta. The manner of their birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was enamoured of Leda, changed himself into a beautiful swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose herself into an eagle. After this transformation the goddess pursued the god with apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge into the arms of Leda, who was bathing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took advantage of his situation, and nine months after Leda, who was already pregnant, brought forth two eggs, from one of which came Pollux and Helena; and from the other, Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter were believed to be the children of Tyndarus. Some suppose that Leda brought forth only one egg, from which Castor and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after their birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, where they were educated; and as soon as they had arrived at years of maturity, they embarked with Jason to go in quest of the golden fleece. In this expedition both behaved with superior courage: Pollux conquered and slew Amycus in the combat of the cestus, and was ever after reckoned the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. Castor distinguished himself in the management of horses. The brothers cleared the Hellespont and the neighbouring seas from pirates, after their return from Colchis, from which circumstance they have been always deemed the friends of navigation. During the Argonautic expedition, in a violent storm, two flames of fire were seen to play around the heads of the sons of Leda, and immediately the tempest ceased and the sea was calmed. From this occurrence their power to protect sailors has been more firmly credited, and the two before-mentioned fires, which are very common in storms, have since been known by the name of Castor and Pollux; and when they both appeared, it was a sign of fair weather; but if only one was seen it prognosticated storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was consequently solicited. Castor and Pollux made war against the Athenians to recover their sister Helen, whom Theseus had carried away; and from their clemency to the conquered, they acquired the surname of Anaces or benefactors. They were initiated in the sacred mysteries of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when Lynceus and Idas were going to celebrate their marriage with Phœbe and Talaira the daughters of Leucippus, who was brother to Tyndarus. Their behaviour after this invitation was cruel. They became enamoured of the two women whose nuptials they were to celebrate, and resolved to carry them away and marry them. This violent step provoked Lynceus and Idas: a battle ensued, and Castor killed Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death of his brother by killing Idas; and, as he was immortal, and tenderly attached to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life, or to be deprived himself of immortality. Jupiter permitted Castor to share the immortality of his brother; and consequently, as long as the one was upon earth, so long was the other detained in the infernal regions, and they alternately lived and died every day; or, according to others, every six months. This act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by making the two brothers constellations in heaven, under the name of Gemini, which never appear together, but when one rises the other sets, and so on alternately. Castor made Talaira mother of Anogon, and Phœbe had Mnesileus by Pollux. They received divine honours after death, and were generally called Dioscuri, sons of Jupiter. White lambs were more particularly offered on their altars, and the ancients were fond of swearing by the divinity of the Dioscuri, by the expressions of Ædepol and Æcastor. Among the ancients, and especially among the Romans, there prevailed many public reports, at different times, that Castor and Pollux had made their appearance to their armies; and mounted on white steeds, had marched at the head of their troops, and furiously attacked the enemy. Their surnames were many, and they were generally represented mounted on two white horses, armed with spears, and riding side by side, with their head covered with a bonnet, on whose top glittered a star. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 109; Fasti, bk. 5, li. 701; Amores, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 54.—Hyginus, fables 77 & 78.—Homer, Hymn 33 to the Dioscuri.—Euripides, Helen.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 121.—Marcus Manilius, Astronomica, bk. 2.—Livy, bk. 2.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 6.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 3.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 27.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 12.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 11.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 27.——An ancient physician.——A swift runner.——A friend of Æneas, who accompanied him into Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 124.——An orator of Rhodes, related to king Dejotarus. He wrote two books on Babylon, and one on the Nile.——A gladiator. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 19.

Castra Alexandri, a place of Egypt about Pelusium. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 7.——Cornelia, a maritime town of Africa, between Carthage and Utica. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.——Annibalis, a town of the Brutii, now Rocella.——Cyri, a country of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when he marched against Crœsus. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.——Julia, a town of Spain.——Posthumania, a place of Spain. Hirtius, Hispanic War, ch. 8.

Castratius, a governor of Placentia during the civil wars of Marius. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 2.

Castrum Novum, a place on the coast of Etruria. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 3.——Truentinum, a town of Picenum. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 8, ltr. 12.——Inui, a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.

Castŭlo, a town of Spain, where Annibal married one of the natives. Plutarch, Sertorius.—Livy, bk. 24, ch. 41.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, lis. 99 & 391.

Catabathmos, a great declivity near Cyrene fixed by Sallust as the boundary of Africa. Sallust, Jugurthine War, chs. 17 & 19.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Catadūpa, the name of the large cataracts of the Nile, whose immense noise stuns the ears of travellers for a short space of time, and totally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of the power of hearing. Cicero, Somnium Scipionis, ch. 5.

Catagogia, festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated by the people of Eryx. See: [Anagogia].

Catamenteles, a king of the Sequani, in alliance with Rome, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Catăna, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna, founded by a colony from Chalcis, 753 years before the christian era. Ceres had there a temple, in which none but women were permitted to appear. It was large and opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the dreadful overthrows to which it has been subjected from its vicinity to Ætna, which has discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream of lava four miles broad and 50 feet deep, advancing at the rate of seven miles in a day. Catana contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 53; bk. 5, ch. 84.—Diodorus, bks. 11 & 14.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 3.

Cataonia, a country above Cilicia, near Cappadocia. Cornelius Nepos, Datames, ch. 4.

Cataracta, a city of the Samnites.

Cataractes, a river of Pamphylia, now Dodensoui.

Catĕnes, a Persian by whose means Bessus was seized. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 43.

Cathæa, a country of India.

Cathări, certain gods of the Arcadians.——An Indian nation, where the wives accompany their husbands to the burning pile, and are burnt with them. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Catia, an immodest woman, mentioned Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 95.

Catiēna, a courtesan in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 133.

Catiēnus, an actor at Rome in Horace’s age, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 61.

Lucius Sergius Cătĭlīna, a celebrated Roman, descended of a noble family. When he had squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries and extravagance, and been refused the consulship, he secretly meditated the ruin of his country, and conspired with many of the most illustrious of the Romans, as dissolute as himself, to extirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, and set Rome on fire. This conspiracy was timely discovered by the consul Cicero, whom he had resolved to murder; and Catiline, after he had declared his intentions in the full senate, and attempted to vindicate himself, on seeing five of his accomplices arrested, retired to Gaul, where his partisans were assembling an army; while Cicero at Rome punished the condemned conspirators. Petreius, the other consul’s lieutenant, attacked Catiline’s ill-disciplined troops, and routed them. Catiline was killed in the engagement, bravely fighting, about the middle of December, B.C. 63. His character has been deservedly branded with the foulest infamy; and to the violence he offered to a vestal, he added the more atrocious murder of his own brother, for which he would have suffered death, had not friends and bribes prevailed over justice. It has been reported that Catiline and the other conspirators drank human blood, to make their oaths more firm and inviolable. Sallust has written an account of the conspiracy. Cicero, Against Catiline.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 668.

Catilli, a people near the river Anio. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 225.

Catilius, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Catillus, or Catilus, a son of Amphiaraus, who came to Italy with his brothers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and assisted Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 672.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 18, li. 2.

Catīna, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. See: [Catana].——Another of Arcadia.

M. Catius, an epicurean philosopher of Insubria, who wrote a treatise in four books, on the nature of things, and the summum bonum, and an account of the doctrine and tenets of Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faithful follower of the epicurean philosophy, he has been ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 4.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.——Vestinus, a military tribune in Marcus Antony’s army. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ch. 23.

Catizi, a people of the Pygmæans, supposed to have been driven from their country by cranes. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Cato, a surname of the Porcian family, rendered illustrious by Marcus Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman, afterwards called Censorius, from his having exercised the office of censor. He rose to all the honours of the state, and the first battle he ever saw was against Annibal, at the age of 17, where he behaved with uncommon valour. In his questorship, under Africanus against Carthage, and in his expedition in Spain against the Celtiberians, and in Greece, he displayed equal proofs of his courage and prudence. He was remarkable for his love of temperance; he never drank but water, and was always satisfied with whatever meats were laid upon his table by his servants, whom he never reproved with an angry word. During his censorship, which he obtained, though he had made many declarations of his future severity if ever in office, he behaved with the greatest rigour and impartiality, showed himself an enemy to all luxury and dissipation, and even accused his colleague of embezzling the public money. He is famous for the great opposition which he made against the introduction of the finer arts of Greece into Italy, and his treatment of Carneades is well known. This prejudice arose from an apprehension that the learning and luxury of Athens would destroy the valour and simplicity of the Roman people; and he often observed to his son, that the Romans would be certainly ruined whenever they began to be infected with Greek. It appears, however, that he changed his opinion, for he made himself remarkable for the knowledge of Greek, which he acquired in his old age. He himself educated his son, and instructed him in writing and grammar. He taught him dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured him to the labours of the field, and to bear cold and heat with the same indifference, and to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease and boldness. He was universally deemed so strict in his morals, that Virgil makes him one of the judges of hell. He repented only of three things during his life; to have gone by sea when he could go by land, to have passed a day inactive, and to have told a secret to his wife. A statue was raised to his memory, and he distinguished himself as much for his knowledge of agriculture as for his political life. In Cicero’s age there were 50 orations of his, besides letters, and a celebrated work called Origines, of which the first book gave a history of the Roman monarchy; the second and third an account of the neighbouring cities of Italy; the fourth a detail of the first, and the fifth of the second Punic war; and in the others the Roman history was brought down to the war of the Lusitanians, carried on by Servius Galba. Some fragments of the Origines remain, supposed by some to be supposititious. Cato’s treatise, De Re Rusticâ, was edited by Auson. Pompna, 8vo, Antwerp, Plantin, 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c., seems to be Gesner’s, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735. Cato died in extreme old age, about 150 B.C.; and Cicero, to show his respect for him, has introduced him in his treatise on old age, as the principal character. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 14. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos have written an account of his life. Cicero, Academica & De Senectute, &c.——Marcus, the son of the Censor, married the daughter of Paullus Æmylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, and, with their assistance, renewed the battle, and recovered his sword. Plutarch, Cato.——A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato the censor. He had five horses killed under him in battles. Plutarch, Cato.——Valerius, a grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble pupils, and wrote some poems. Ovid, bk. 2, Tristia, poem 1, li. 436.——Marcus, surnamed Uticensis, from his death at Utica, was great grandson to the censor of the same name. The early virtues that appeared in his childhood seemed to promise a great man; and, at the age of 14, he earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla. He was austere in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets of the Stoics; he was careless of his dress, often appeared barefooted in public, and never travelled but on foot. He was such a lover of discipline, that in whatever office he was employed, he always reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient regulations. When he was set over the troops in the capacity of a commander, his removal was universally lamented, and deemed almost a public loss by his affectionate soldiers. His fondness for candour was so great, that the veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his visits to his friends, he wished to give as little molestation as possible; and the importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him when he was at his court, that he hastened away from his presence. He was very jealous of the safety and liberty of the republic, and watched carefully over the conduct of Pompey, whose power and influence were great. He often expressed his dislike to serve the office of tribune; but when he saw a man of corrupted principles apply for it, he offered himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtained the tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, and was the chief cause that the conspirators were capitally punished. When the provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years to Cæsar, Cato observed to the senators that they had introduced a tyrant into the Capitol. He was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the expedition would injure his reputation. But his prudence extricated him from every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a successful campaign, Cato was received at Rome with the most distinguishing honours, which he, however, modestly declined. When the first triumvirate was formed between Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all his might, and with an independent spirit foretold to the Roman people all the misfortunes which soon after followed. After repeated applications he was made pretor, but he seemed rather to disgrace than support the dignity of that office, by the meanness of his dress. He applied for the consulship, but could never obtain it. When Cæsar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver the care of the republic into the hands of Pompey; and when his advice had been complied with, he followed him with his son to Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory there, he was entrusted with the care of the ammunition, and of 15 cohorts. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cato took the command of the Corcyrean fleet; and when he heard of Pompey’s death on the coast of Africa, he traversed the deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the command of the army in Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards repented. When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not paying regard to Cato’s advice, Cato fortified himself in Utica, but, however, not with the intentions of supporting a siege. When Cæsar approached near the city, Cato disdained to fly, and rather than fall alive into the conqueror’s hands, he stabbed himself after he had read Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul, B.C. 46, in the 59th year of his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman whose licentious conduct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards he united himself to Martia daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his friend, wished to raise children by Martia, and therefore obtained her from Cato. After the death of Hortensius, Cato took her again. This conduct was ridiculed by the Romans, who observed that Martia had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observed that Cato always appeared in mourning, and never laid himself down at his meals since the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if depressed with the recollection that the supporters of republican liberty were decaying. Plutarch has written an account of his life. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 128, &c.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 10.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 21.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 841; bk. 8, li. 670.——A son of Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle after he had acquired much honour. Plutarch, Cato Minor.

Catrea, a town of Crete. Pausanias.

Catreus, a king of Crete, killed by his son at Rhodes, unknowingly. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Catta, a woman who had the gift of prophecy. Suetonius, Vitellius, ch. 14.

Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, li. 57.

Catuliāna, a surname of Minerva, from Lutatius Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Catullus Caius, or Quintus Valerius, a poet of Verona, whose compositions, elegant and simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant imagination. He was acquainted with the most distinguished people of his age, and directed his satire against Cæsar, whose only revenge was to invite the poet, and hospitably entertain him at his table. Catullus was the first Roman who imitated with success the Greek writers, and introduced their numbers among the Latins. Though the pages of the poet are occasionally disfigured with licentious expressions, the whole is written with great purity of style. Catullus died in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 40. The best editions of his works, which consist only of epigrams, are that of Vulpius, 4to, Patavii, 1737, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 62.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 427.——A man surnamed Urbicarius, was a mimographer. Juvenal, satire 13, li. 111.

Quintus Luctatius Catŭlus, went with 300 ships during the first Punic war against the Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their ships under Hamilcar, near the Ægates. This celebrated victory put an end to the war.——An orator, distinguished also as a writer of epigrams, and admired for the neatness, elegance, and polished style of his compositions. He is supposed to be the same as the colleague of Marius, when a consul the fourth time; and he shared with him the triumph over the Cimbri. He was, by his colleague’s order, suffocated in a room filled with the smoke of burning coals. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 174.—Plutarch, Caius Marius.——A Roman sent by his countrymen to carry a present to the god of Delphi, from the spoils taken from Asdrubal. Livy, bk. 27.

Caturĭges, a people of Gaul, now Chorges, near the source of the Durance. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Cavares, a people of Gaul, who inhabited the present province of Comtat in Provence.

Cavarillus, a commander of some troops of the Ædui in Cæsar’s army. Cæsar. Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 67.

Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the Senones by Cæsar, and banished by his subjects. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 54.

Caucăsus, a celebrated mountain between the Euxine and Caspian seas, which may be considered as the continuation of the ridge of mount Taurus. Its height is immense. It was inhabited anciently by various savage nations who lived upon the wild fruits of the earth. It was covered with snow in some parts, and in others it was variegated with fruitful orchards and plantations. The inhabitants formerly were supposed to gather gold on the shores of their rivulets in sheepskins, but they now live without making use of money. Prometheus was tied on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and continually devoured by vultures, according to ancient authors. The passes near this mountain, called Caucasiæ portæ, bear now the name of Derbent, and it is supposed that through them the Sarmatians, called Huns, made their way, when they invaded the provinces of Rome. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 203, &c.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6; Georgics, ch. 2, li. 440; Æneid, bk. 4, li. 366.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 155.

Caucon, a son of Clinus, who first introduced the Orgies into Messenia from Eleusis. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Caucones, a people of Paphlagonia, originally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia, according to some accounts. Some of them made a settlement near Dymæ in Elis. Herodotus, bk. 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8, &c.

Caudi and Caudium, a town of the Samnites, near which, in a place called Caudinæ Furculæ, the Roman army under Titus Veturius Calvinus and Spurius Posthumius was obliged to surrender to the Samnites, and pass under the yoke with the greatest disgrace. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 138.

Cavii, a people of Illyricum. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 30.

Caulonia, or Caulon, a town of Italy near the country of the Brutii, founded by a colony of Achæans, and destroyed in the wars between Pyrrhus and the Romans. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 553.

Caunius, a man raised to affluence from poverty by Artaxerxes. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

Caunus, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He was passionately fond of, or, according to others, he was tenderly beloved by, his sister Byblis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce, he retired to Caria, where he built a city called by his own name. See: [Byblis]. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 11.——A city of Caria, opposite Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. The climate was considered as unwholesome, especially in summer, so that Cicero mentions the cry of a person who sold Caunian figs, which were very famous (qui Cauneas clamitabat), at Brundusium, as a bad omen (cave ne eas) against Crassus going to attack the Parthians. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 176.

Cauros, an island with a small town formerly called Andros, in the Ægean sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Caurus, a wind blowing from the west. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 356.

Caus, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Caȳci, or Chauci, a nation of Germany, now the people of Friesland and Groningen. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 463.

Caȳcus, a river of Mysia. See: [Caicus].

Cayster, or Caystrus, now Kitcheck-Meinder, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Lydia, and, after a meandering course, falling into the Ægean sea near Ephesus. According to the poets, the banks and neighbourhood of this river were generally frequented by swans. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 253; bk. 5, li. 386.—Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 54.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 461.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 384.

Cea, or Ceos, an island near Eubœa, called also Co. See: [Co].

Ceădes, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus was concerned in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Ceba, now Ceva, a town of modern Piedmont, famous for cheese. Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 42.

Ceballīnus, a man who gave information of the snares laid against Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.—Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Cebarenses, a people of Gaul. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 36.

Cebenna, mountains of Gaul, now the Cevennes, separating the Arverni from the Helvii, extending from the Garonne to the Rhone. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Cebes, a Theban philosopher, one of the disciples of Socrates, B.C. 405. He attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and distinguished himself by three dialogues that he wrote; but more particularly by his tables, which contain a beautiful and affecting picture of human life, delineated with accuracy of judgment and great splendour of sentiment. Little is known of the character of Cebes from history. Plato mentions him once, and Xenophon the same, but both in a manner which conveys most fully the goodness of his heart and the purity of his morals. The best editions of Cebes are those of Gronovius, 8vo, 1689; and Glasgow, 12mo, 1747.

Cebren, the father of Asterope. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Cebrēnia, a country of Troas with a town of the same name, called after the river Cebrenus, which is in the neighbourhood. Œnone the daughter of the Cebrenus receives the patronymic of Cebrenis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 769.—Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, bk. 5, li. 21.

Cebriŏnes, one of the giants conquered by Venus.——An illegitimate son of Priam, killed with a stone by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad.

Cebrus, now Zebris, a river falling in a southern direction into the Danube, and dividing Lower from Upper Mœsia.

Cecidas, an ancient dithyrambic poet.

Cecilius. See: [Cæcilius].

Cecīna, a river near Volaterra in Etruria. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

A. Cecinna, a Roman knight in the interest of Pompey, who used to breed up young swallows, and send them to carry news to his friends as messengers. He was a particular friend of Cicero, with whom he corresponded. Some of his letters are still extant in Cicero. Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 24.—Cicero, bk. 15, ltr. 66; Orator, ch. 29.——A scribe of Octavius Cæsar. Cicero, bk. 16, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 8.——A consular man suspected of conspiracy and murdered by Titus, after an invitation to supper. Suetonius, Titus, ch. 6.

Cecrŏpia, the original name of Athens, in honour of Cecrops, its first founder. The ancients often use this word for Attica, and the Athenians are often called Cecropidæ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 21.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 671; Fasti, bk. 2, li. 81.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 306.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.—Catullus, poems 62, 79.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 186.

Cecrŏpĭdæ, an ancient name of the Athenians, more particularly applied to those who were descended from Cecrops the founder of Athens. The honourable name of Cecropidæ was often conferred as a reward for some virtuous action in the field of battle. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 21.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 671.

Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who led a colony to Attica about 1556 years before the christian era, and reigned over part of the country which was called from him Cecropia. He softened and polished the rude and uncultivated manners of the inhabitants, and drew them from the country to inhabit 12 small villages which he had founded. He gave them laws and regulations, and introduced among them the worship of those deities which were held in adoration in Egypt. He married the daughter of Actæus, a Grecian prince, and was deemed the first founder of Athens. He taught his subjects to cultivate the olive, and instructed them to look upon Minerva as the watchful patroness of their city. It is said that he was the first who raised an altar to Jupiter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his newly formed kingdom, and in polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leaving three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, a native of the country. Some time after, Theseus, one of his successors on the throne, formed the 12 villages which he had established into one city, to which the name of Athens was given. See: [Athenæ]. Some authors have described Cecrops as a monster, half a man and half a serpent; and this fable is explained by the recollection that he was master of two languages, the Greek and the Egyptian; or that he had the command over two countries, Egypt and Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to the regulations which Cecrops made amongst the inhabitants concerning marriage and the union of the two sexes. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 44.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 561.—Hyginus, fable 166.——The second of that name was the seventh king of Athens, and the son and successor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa the sister of Dædalus, by whom he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and died 1307 B.C. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 5.

Cecyphalæ, a place of Greece, where the Athenians defeated the fleet of the Peloponnesians. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 105.

Cedreātis, the name of Diana among the Orchomenians, because her images were hung on lofty cedars.

Cedon, an Athenian general, killed in an engagement against the Spartans. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Cedrusii, an Indian nation. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 11.

Ceglŭsa, the mother of Asopus by Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 12.

Cei, the inhabitants of the island Cea.

Celădon, a man killed by Perseus, at the marriage of Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 144.——A river of Greece, flowing into the Alpheus. Strabo, bk. 8.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 7, li. 133.

Celădus, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.——An island of the Adriatic sea. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Celænæ, or Celēne, a city of Phrygia, of which it was once the capital. Cyrus the younger had a palace there, with a park filled with wild beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. The Mæander arose in this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel there after his defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celænæ were carried by Antiochus Soter to people Apamea when newly founded. Strabo, bk. 12.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 13.—Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 1. Marsyas is said to have contended in its neighbourhood against Apollo. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 26.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 206.

Celæno, one of the daughters of Atlas, ravished by Neptune. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 173.——One of the Harpies, daughter of Neptune and Terra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 245.——One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.——A daughter of Neptune and Ergea. Hyginus.——A daughter of Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

Celeæ, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Celeia and Cela, a town of Noricum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 24.

Celelates, a people of Liguria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.

Celendræ, Celendris, and Celenderis, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, with a harbour of the same name at the mouth of the Selinus. Lucan, bk. 8, li. 259.

Celeneus, a Cimmerian, who first taught how persons guilty of murder might be expiated. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 406.

Celenna, or Celæna, a town of Campania, where Juno was worshipped. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 739.

Celer, a man who, with Severus, [♦]undertook to rebuild Nero’s palace after the burning of Rome. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 42.——A man called Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 837.—Plutarch, Romulus.——Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius dedicated a poem.

[♦] ‘untook’ replaced with ‘undertook’

Celĕres, 300 of the noblest and strongest youths at Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his body-guards, to attend him wherever he went, and to protect his person. The chief or captain was called Tribunus Celerum. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 15.

Celetrum, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 40.

Celeus, a king of Eleusis, father to Triptolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind reception to Ceres, who taught his son the cultivation of the earth. See: [Triptolemus]. His rustic dress became a proverb. The invention of several agricultural instruments made of osiers is attributed to him. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 508; bk. 5, li. 269.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 165.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.——A king of Cephallenia.

Celmus, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was changed into a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was mortal. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 281.

Celonæ, a place of Mesopotamia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Celsus, an epicurean philosopher in the second century, to whom Lucian dedicated one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise against the christians, to which an answer was returned by Origen.——Cornelius, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight books on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs. The best editions of Celsus de medicinâ are the 8vo, Leiden, 1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo, Paris, apud Didot, 1772.——Albinoyanus, a friend of Horace, warned against plagiarism, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed, in the eighth epistle, for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been preserved.——Juventius, a lawyer who conspired against Domitian.——Titus, a man proclaimed emperor, A.D. 265, against his will, and murdered seven days after.

Celtæ, a name given to the nation that inhabited the country between the Ocean and the Palus Mæotis, according to some authors mentioned by Plutarch, Caius Marius. This name, though anciently applied to the inhabitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany and Spain, was more particularly given to a part of the Gauls, whose country, called Gallia Celtica, was situate between the rivers Sequana and Garumna, modernly called la Seine and la Garonne. The Celtæ seemed to receive their name from Celtus, a son of Hercules or of Polyphemus. The promontory which bore the name of Celticum is now called Cape Finisterre. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 2.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Celtĭbēri, a people of Spain, descended from the Celtæ. They settled near the Iberus, and added the name of the river to that of their nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. They made strong head against the Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded their country. Their country, called Celtiberia, is now known by the name of Arragon. Diodorus, bk. 6.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 10.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 339.

Celtĭca, a well-populated part of Gaul, inhabited by the Celtæ.

Celtĭci, a people of Spain. The promontory which bore their name is now Cape Finisterre.

Celtillus, the father of Vercingetorix among the Arverni. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Celtorii, a people of Gaul, near the Senones. Plutarch.

Celtoscy̆thæ, a northern nation of Scythians. Strabo, bk. 10.

Cemmĕnus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. Strabo.

Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bottom of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionysius Periegetes, li. 358.

Cenăbum, or Genăbum. See: [Genabum].

Cenæum, a promontory of Eubœa, where Jupiter Cæneus had an altar raised by Hercules. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 136.—Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 93.

Cenchreæ, now Kenkri, a town of Peloponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth.——A harbour of Corinth. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 4.

Cenchreis, the wife of Cinyras king of Cyprus, or, as others say, of Assyria. Hyginus, fable 58.

Cenchreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis, or, as some say, of Pyrene. He killed a large serpent at Salamas. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Cenchrius, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, where some suppose that Latona was washed after she had brought forth. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 61.

Cenepŏlis, a town of Spain, the same as Carthago Nova. Polybius.

Cenetium, a town of Peloponnesus. Strabo.

Cenneus. See: [Cænis].

Cenimāgni, a people on the western parts of Britain.

Cenīna. See: [Cænina].

Cenon, a town of Italy. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 63.

Censōres, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created B.C. 443. Their office was to number the people, estimate the possessions of every citizen, reform and watch over the manners of the people, and regulate the taxes. Their power was also extended over private families; they punished irregularity, and inspected the management and education of the Roman youth. They could inquire into the expenses of every citizen, and even degrade a senator from all his privileges and honours, if guilty of any extravagance. This punishment was generally executed in passing over the offender’s name in calling the list of the senators. The office of public censor was originally exercised by the kings. Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, first established a census, by which every man was obliged to come to be registered, and give in writing the place of his residence, his name, his quality, the number of his children, of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c. The ends of the census were very salutary to the Roman republic. They knew their own strength, their ability to support a war, or to make a levy of troops, or raise a tribute. It was required that every knight should be possessed of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and privileges of his order; and a senator was entitled to sit in the senate, if he was really worth 800,000 sesterces. This laborious task of numbering and reviewing the people was, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges of the consuls. But when the republic was become more powerful, and when the number of its citizens was increased, the consuls were found unable to make the census, on account of the multiplicity of business. After it had been neglected for 16 years, two new magistrates called censors were elected. They remained in office for five years, and every fifth year they made a census of all the citizens in the Campus Martius, and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the name of all the Roman people. This space of time was called a lustrum, and 10 or 20 years were commonly expressed by two or four lustra. After the office of the censors had remained for some time unaltered, the Romans, jealous of their power, abridged the duration of their office, and a law was made, A.U.C. 420, by Mamercus Æmilius, to limit the time of the censorship to 18 months. After the second Punic war, they were always chosen from such persons as had been consuls; their office was more honourable, though less powerful, than that of the consuls; the badges of their office were the same, but the censors were not allowed to have lictors to walk before them as the consuls. When one of the censors died, no one was elected in his room till the five years were expired, and his colleague immediately resigned. This circumstance originated from the death of a censor before the sacking of Rome by Brennus, and was ever deemed an unfortunate event to the republic. The emperors abolished the censors, and took upon themselves to execute their office.

Censorīnus, Appius Claudius, was compelled, after many services to the state, to assume the imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom he was murdered some days after, A.D. 270.——Martius, a consul, to whom, as a particular friend, Horace addressed his bk. 4, ode 8.——A grammarian of the third century, whose book, De Die Natali, is extant, best edited in 8vo, by Havercamp, Leiden, 1767. It treats of the birth of man, of years, months, and days.

Census, the numbering of the people at Rome, performed by the censors; à censeo, to value. See: [Censores].——A god worshipped at Rome, the same as Consus.

Centaretus, a Galatian, who, when Antiochus was killed, mounted his horse in the greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious of disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself and his rider. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 42.

Centaurī, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were the offspring of Centaurus son of Apollo, by Stilbia daughter of the Peneus. According to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion’s adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as others assert, of the union of Centaurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable of the existence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs of a horse, arises from the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed horses, and having appeared to their neighbours mounted on horseback, a sight very uncommon at that time, and which, when at a distance, seems only one body, and consequently one creature. Some derive the name ἀπο του κεντειν ταυρους, goading bulls, because they went on horseback after their bulls which had strayed, or because they hunted wild bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have maintained that monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in the natural course of things. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium mentions one seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3, says that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had been brought to Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithæ is famous in history. Ovid has elegantly described it, and it has also employed the pen of [♦]Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus, &c.; and Pausanias in Elis says it was represented in the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius, according to Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5. The origin of the battle was a quarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with rudeness, and even offered violence to the women that were present. Such an insult irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapithæ, who defended the women, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and obliged them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their insolence was a second time punished by Hercules, who, when he was going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the Centaurs, but had been given them on condition of their treating Hercules with it whenever he passed through their territory. They resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and attacked him with uncommon fury. The hero defended himself with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and therefore they hoped that he would desist in his presence. Hercules, though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but in the midst of the engagement, he wounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. The death of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that were present were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped the common destruction. The most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon, Rhœtus, Pisenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Tzetzes, Historiarum variarum Chiliades, bk. 9, ch. 237.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.—Homer, Iliad & Odyssey.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10, &c.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 11, ch. 2.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 286.—Hyginus, fables 33 & 62.—Pindar, Pythian, li. 2.

[♦] ‘Hesoid’ replaced with ‘Hesiod’

Centaurus, a ship in the fleet of Æneas, which had the figure of a Centaur. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.

Centobrica, a town of Celtiberia. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Centŏres, a people of Scythia. Flaccus.

Centoripa, or Centuripa. See: [Centuripa].

Centrites, a river between Armenia and Media.

Centrones, a people of Gaul, severely beaten by Julius Cæsar when they attempted to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the modern country of Tarantaise in Savoy. There was a horde of Gauls of the same name subject to the Nervii, now supposed to be near Courtray in Flanders. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 38.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Centronius, a man who squandered his immense riches on useless and whimsical buildings. Juvenal, satire 14, li. 86.

[♦]Centum cellum, a seaport town of Etruria built by Trajan, who had there a villa. It is now Civita Vecchia, and belongs to the pope. Pliny the Younger, bk. 6, ltr. 51.

[♦] Placed in correct alphabetical order.

Centumvĭri, the members of a court of justice at Rome. They were originally chosen, three from the 35 tribes of the people, and though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were afterwards increased to the number of 180, and still kept their original name. The pretor sent to their tribunal causes of the greatest importance, as their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were generally summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the chiefest among them; and they assembled in the Basilica, or public court, and had their tribunal distinguished by a spear with an iron head, whence a decree of their court was called Hastæ judicium: their sentences were very impartial, and without appeal. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 38.—Quintilian, bks. 4, 5, & 11.—Pliny the Younger, bk. 6, ltr. 33.

Centŭria, a division of the people among the Romans, consisting of 100. The Roman people were originally divided into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 curiæ. Servius Tullius made a census; and when he had enrolled the place of habitation, name, and profession of every citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear arms, he divided them into six classes, and each class into several centuries, or companies of 100 men. The first class consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of which were composed of men from the age of 45 and upwards, appointed to guard the city. The 40 others were young men, from 17 to 45 years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight the enemies of Rome. Their arms were all the same; that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a helmet, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a javelin; and as they were of the most illustrious citizens, they were called, by way of eminence, Classici, and their inferiors infra classem. They were to be worth 1,100,000 asses, a sum equivalent to 1800l. English money. The second, third, and fourth classes, consisted each of 20 centuries, 10 of which were composed of the more aged, and the others of the younger sort of people. Their arms were a large shield, a spear, and a javelin; they were to be worth in the second class, 75,000 asses, or about 121l. In the third, 50,000, or about 80l.; and in the fourth, 25,000, or about 40l. The fifth class consisted of 30 centuries, three of which were carpenters by trade, and the others of different professions, such as were necessary in the camp. They were all armed with slings and stones. They were to be worth 11,000 asses, or about 18l. The sixth class contained only one centuria, comprising the whole body of the poorest citizens, who were called Proletarii, as their only service to the state was procreating children. They were also called capite censi, as the censor took notice of their person, not of their estate. In the public assemblies in the Campus Martius, at the election of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital crimes, the people gave their vote by centuries, whence the assembly was called comitia centuriata. In these public assemblies, which were never convened but only by the consuls at the permission of the senate, or by the dictator in the absence of the consuls, some of the people appeared under arms, for fear of an attack from some foreign enemy. When a law was proposed in the public assemblies, its necessity was explained, and the advantages it would produce to the state were enlarged upon in a harangue; after which it was exposed in the most conspicuous parts of the city three market-days, that the people might see and consider. Exposing it to public view, was called proponere legem, and explaining it, promulgare legem. He who merely proposed it, was called lator legis; and he who dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wished it to be enforced, was called auctor legis. When the assembly was to be held, the auguries were consulted by the consul, who, after haranguing the people, and reminding them to have in view the good of the republic, dismissed them to their respective centuries, that their votes might be gathered. They gave their votes vivâ voce, till the year of Rome A.U.C. 615, when they changed the custom, and gave their approbation or disapprobation by ballots thrown into an urn. If the first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the first was superior to all the others in number; but if they were not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave offence to the rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one class of the six should be drawn by lot, to give its votes first, without regard to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered, the consul declared aloud, that the law which had been proposed was duly and constitutionally approved. The same ceremonies were observed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The word Centuria is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Roman legions which consisted of 100 men, and was the half of a manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth part of a legion. The commander of a centuria was called centurion, and he was distinguished from the rest by a branch of a vine which he carried in his hand.

Centŭrĭpa (es, or æ, arum), now Centorlu, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 23.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 205.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Ceos and Cea, an island. See: [Co].

Cephălas, a lofty promontory of Africa near the Syrtis Major. Strabo.

Cephaledion, a town of Sicily near the river Himera. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 52.

Cephallen, a noble musician, son of Lampus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 7.

Cephalēna and Cephallenia, an island in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into four different districts, from which circumstance it received the name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, and from its capital Samo, or Samos, it has frequently been called Same.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 30.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 15.

Cephălo, an officer of Eumenes. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 19.

Cephaloedis and Cephaludium, now Cephalu, a town at the north of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 253.—Cicero, bk. 2, Against Verres, ch. 51.

Cephălon, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote a history of Troy, besides an epitome of universal history from the age of Ninus to Alexander, which he divided into nine books, inscribed with the name of the nine muses. He affected not to know the place of his birth, expecting it would be disputed like Homer’s. He lived in the reign of Adrian.

Cĕphălus, son of Deioneus king of Thessaly, by Diomede daughter of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him away; but he refused to listen to her addresses, and was impatient to return to Procris. The goddess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of his wife, she made him put on a different form, and he arrived at the house of Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer; but she suffered herself to be seduced by the gold of this stranger, who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from her husband, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eubœa, where she was admitted among the attendants of Diana, who presented her with a dog always sure of his prey, and a dart which never missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mistress of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos, because Procris had cured his wounds. After this Procris returned in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris. Procris discovered herself at the moment that Cephalus showed himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was particularly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in the cool shade, and earnestly called for Aura, or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous word was mistaken for the name of a mistress; and some informer reported to the jealous Procris that Cephalus daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband into the woods. According to his daily custom, Cephalus retired to the cool, and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up her head to see her expected rival. Her motion occasioned rustling among the leaves of a bush that concealed her; and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild beast, and he let fly his unerring dart. [♦]Procris was struck to the heart, and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to Apollodorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus; one, son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other married Procris, and was the cause of the tragical event mentioned above. Cephalus was father of Arcefius by Procris, and of Phaeton, according to Hesiod, by Aurora. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 26.—Hyginus, fable 189.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.——A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in regulating the republic of Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Plutarch, Timoleon.——A king of Epirus. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 18.——An orator frequently mentioned by Demosthenes.

[♦] ‘Procus’ replaced with ‘Procris’

Cephēis, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 193.

Cephēnes, an ancient name of the Persians. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 61.——A name of the Æthiopians, from Cepheus, one of their kings. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 1.

Cēpheus, a king of Æthiopia, father of Andromeda by Cassiope. He was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after his death. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 669; bk. 5, li. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 35; bk. 8, ch. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, chs. 1, 4, & 7; bk. 3, ch. 9, mentions one, son of Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The former he makes king of Tegea and father of Sterope; and says that he, with his 12 sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, where they were killed. The latter he calls king of Æthiopia and father of Andromeda.——A son of Lycurgus, present at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Cephīsia, a part of Attica, through which the Cephisus flows. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Cephīsiădes, a patronymic of Eteocles son of Andreus and Evippe, from the supposition of his being the son of the Cephisus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.

Cephisidōrus, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of Æschylus.——An historian who wrote an account of the Phocian war.

Cephīsion, the commander of some troops sent by the Thebans to assist Megalopolis, &c. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Cephisodŏtus, a disciple of Isocrates, a great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book of proverbs. Athenæus, bk. 2.

Cephīsus and Cephissus, a celebrated river of Greece, that rises at Lilæa in Phocis, and after passing at the north of Delphi and mount Parnassus, enters Bœotia, where it flows into the lake Copais. The Graces were particularly fond of this river, whence they are called the goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river of the same name in Attica, and another in Argolis. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 29.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 175.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 369; bk. 3, li. 19.——A man changed into a sea monster by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his grandson. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 388.

Cephren, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Cepio, or Cæpio, a man who, by a quarrel with Drusus, caused a civil war at Rome, &c.——Servilius, a Roman consul, who put an end to the war in Spain. He took gold from a temple, and for that sacrilege the rest of his life was always unfortunate. He was conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, and he died at last in prison.

Cepion, a musician. Plutarch, de Musica.

Ceraca, a town of Macedonia. Polybius, bk. 5.

Ceracates, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 70.

Cerambus, a man changed into a beetle, or, according to others, into a bird, on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9.

Ceramīcus, now Keramo, a bay of Caria, near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, receiving its name from Ceramus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16.——A public walk, and a place to bury those that were killed in defence of their country, at Athens. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltr. 10.

Cerămium, a place of Rome, where Cicero’s house was built. Cicero, Letters to Atticus.

Cerămus, a town at the west of Asia Minor.

Ceras, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed into bulls.

Cerăsus (untis), now Keresoun, a maritime city of Cappadocia, from which cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 13.—Pliny, bk. 15, ch. 25; bk. 16, ch. 18; bk. 17, ch. 14.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.——Another, built by a Greek colony from Sinope. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cerata, a place near Megara.

Cerātus, a river of Crete.

Ceraunia, a town of Achaia.

Ceraunia and Ceraunii, large mountains of Epirus, extending far into the sea, and forming a promontory which divides the Ionian and Adriatic seas. They are the same as the Acroceraunia. See: [Acroceraunium].——Mount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Ceraunii, mountains of Asia, opposite the Caspian sea. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Ceraunus, a river of Cappadocia.——A surname of Ptolemy II., from his boldness. Cornelius Nepos, Kings, ch. 3.

Cerausius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Cerbalus, a river of Apulia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Cerberion, a town of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 6.

Cerbĕrus, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon. He had 50 heads according to Hesiod, and three according to other mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance into hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. It was usual for those heroes, who in their lifetime visited Pluto’s kingdom, to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus with a cake. Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 134; bk. 6, li. 417.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 622.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 3, ch. 25.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 312.—Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 35.

Cercăphus, a son of Æolus.——A son of Sol, of great power at Rhodes. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Cercasōrum, a town of Egypt, where the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and Canopic mouths. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 15.

Cercēis, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 355.

Cercēne, a country of Africa. Diodorus, bk. 2.

Cercestes, a son of Ægyptus and Phœnissa. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cercides, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote iambics. Athenæus, bk. 10.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13.

Cercii, a people of Italy.

Cercina and Cercinna, a small island of the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. Tacitus, bk. 1, Annals, ch. 53.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Livy, bk. 33, ch. 48.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 7.——A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 98.

Cercinium, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 41.

Cercius and Rhetius, charioteers of Castor and Pollux.

Cercōpes, a people of Ephesus, made prisoners by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.——The inhabitants of the island Pithecusa, changed into monkeys on account of their dishonesty. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 91.

Cercops, a Milesian, author of a fabulous history mentioned by Athenæus.——A Pythagorean philosopher.

Cercyon and Cercyŏnes, a king of Eleusis, son of Neptune, or, according to others, of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, they were easily conquered and put to death. After many cruelties, he challenged Theseus in wrestling, and he was conquered and put to death by his antagonist. His daughter Alope was loved by Neptune, by whom she had a child. Cercyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon; but he was preserved by a mare, and afterwards placed upon his grandfather’s throne by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 439.—Hyginus, fable 187.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 39.

Cercȳra and Corcȳra, an island in the Ionian sea, which receives its name from Cercyra daughter of Asopus. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 6.

Cereālia, festivals in honour of Ceres; first instituted at Rome by Memmius the edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in mourning were not permitted to appear at the celebration; therefore they were not observed after the battle of Cannæ. They are the same as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. See: [Thesmophoria].

Ceres, the goddess of corn and of harvests, was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Pherephata, fruit-bearing, and afterwards Proserpine. This daughter was carried away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the plains near Enna. The rape of Proserpine was grievous to Ceres, who sought her all over Sicily; and when night came, she lighted two torches in the flames of mount Ætna, to continue her search by night all over the world. She at last found her veil near the fountain Cyane; but no intelligence could be received of the place of her concealment, till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her that her daughter had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this, than she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by two dragons, and demanded of Jupiter the restoration of her daughter. The endeavours of Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as a powerful god, to become her son-in-law, proved fruitless, and the restoration was granted, provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in the kingdom of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proserpine had eaten the grains of a pomegranate which she had gathered as she walked over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had seen her, discovered it to make his court to Pluto. The return of Proserpine upon earth was therefore impracticable; but Ascalaphus, for his unsolicited information, was changed into an owl. See: [Ascalaphus]. The grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter was so great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass six months with her mother, and the rest of the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the earth was neglected, and the ground became barren; therefore, to repair the loss which mankind had suffered by her absence, the goddess went to Attica, which was become the most desolate country in the world, and instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis in everything which concerned agriculture. She taught him how to plough the ground, to sow and reap the corn, to make bread, and to take particular care of the fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave him her chariot and commanded him to travel all over the world, and communicate his knowledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots of the earth. See: [Triptolemus]. Her beneficence to mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was supposed to be the favourite retreat of the goddess, and Diodorus says that she and her daughter made their first appearance to mankind in Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he married Proserpine. The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres, every man according to his abilities; and the fountain of Cyane, through which Pluto opened himself a passage with his trident when carrying away Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an offering of bulls, and the blood of the victims was shed in the waters of the fountain. Besides these, other ceremonies were observed in honour of the goddesses who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The commemoration of the rape was celebrated about the beginning of the harvest, and the search of Ceres at the time that corn is sown in the earth. The latter festival continued six successive days; and during the celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of some free and wanton expressions, as that language had made the goddess smile while melancholy for the loss of her daughter. Attica, which had been so eminently distinguished by the goddess, gratefully remembered her favours in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. See: [Eleusinia]. Ceres also performed the duties of a legislator, and the Sicilians found the advantages of her salutary laws; hence her surname of Thesmophora. She is the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is said, was first brought into Greece by Erechtheus. She met with different adventures when she travelled over the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was severely punished. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, she changed herself into a mare; but the god took advantage of the metamorphosis, and from their union arose the horse Arion. See: [Arion]. The birth of this monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself from the sight of mankind; and the earth would have perished for want of her assistance, had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given information of it to Jupiter. The Parcæ were sent by the god to comfort her, and at their persuasion she returned to Sicily, where her statues represented her veiled in black, with the head of a horse, and holding a dove in one hand, and in the other a dolphin. In their sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as that animal often injures and destroys the productions of the earth. While the corn was yet in the grass, they offered her a ram, after the victim had been led three times round the field. Ceres was represented with a garland of ears of corn on her head, holding in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which was sacred to her. She appears as a countrywoman mounted on the back of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left arm, and holding a hoe; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. She was supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus. Cybele, Bona Dea, Berecynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great adoration, and her festivals were yearly celebrated by the Roman matrons in the month of April, during eight days. These matrons abstained during several days from the use of wine and every carnal enjoyment. They always bore lighted torches in commemoration of the goddess; and whoever came to these festivals without a previous initiation, was punished with death. Ceres is metaphorically called bread and corn, as the word Bacchus is frequently used to signify wine. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, chs. 12 & 14.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 31; bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 8, ch. 25, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 417; Metamorphoses, fables 7, 8, &c.—Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ.—Cicero, Against Verres.—Callimachus, Hymn to Demeter.—Livy, bks. 29 & 31.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 33.—Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2.

Ceressus, a place of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 14.

Cerĕtæ, a people of Crete.

Ceriālis Anicius, a consul elect, who wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a god, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 74.

Cerii, a people of Etruria.

Cerilli, or Carillæ, now Cirella, a town of the Brutii near the Laus. Strabo, bk. 6.

Cerillum, a place of Lucania. Strabo, bk. 6.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 580.

Cerinthus, now Zero, a town of Eubœa, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war, headed by Elphenor son of Chalcedon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 45.—Strabo, bk. 10.——A beautiful youth, long the favourite of the Roman ladies, and especially of Sulpitia, &c. Horace, bk. 1, Statius, bk. 2, li. 81.——One of the early heretics from christianity.

Cermanus, a place where Romulus was exposed by one of the servants of Amulius. Plutarch, Romulus.

Cerne, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African coast. Strabo, bk. 1.—Pliny, bks. 5 & 6.

Cernes, a priest of Cybele.

Ceron, a fountain of Histiæotis, whose waters rendered black all the sheep that drank of them. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Ceropasades, a son of Phraates king of Persia, given as a hostage to Augustus.

Cerossus, a place of the Ionian sea.

Cerpheres, a king of Egypt, who is supposed to have built the smallest pyramid.

Cerrhæi, a people of Greece, who profaned the temple of Delphi. Plutarch, Solon.

Cerretāni, a people of Spain that inhabited the modern district of Cerdana in Catalonia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Cersobleptes, a king of Thrace, conquered by Philip king of Macedonia. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 31.

Certima, a town of Celtiberia. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 47.

Certonium, a town of Asia Minor.

Cervarius, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 50.

Publius Cervius, an officer under Verres. Cicero, Against Verres, speech 5, ch. 44.

Ceryces, a sacerdotal family at Athens. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 53.

Cerycius, a mountain of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 20.

Cerymīca, a town of Cyprus. Diodorus.

Cerynēa, a town of Achaia.——A mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.

Cerynītes, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.

Cesellius Balsus, a turbulent Carthaginian, who dreamt of money, and persuaded Nero that immense treasures had been deposited by Dido in a certain place, which he described. Inquiry was made, and when no money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 16, ch. 1, &c.

Cesennia, an infamous prostitute, born of an illustrious family at Rome. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 135.

Cestius, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero.——A governor of Syria. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5.——Severus, an informer under Nero. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4.——Proculus, a man acquitted of an accusation of embezzling the public money. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 30.——A bridge at Rome.

Cestrīna, a part of Epirus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Cestrīnus, a son of Helenus and Andromache. After his father’s death he settled in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the country Cestrina. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Cetes, king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Cethēgus, the surname of one of the branches of the Cornelii.——Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. Cicero, Brutus.——A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was commissioned to murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to death by the Roman senate. Plutarch, Cicero, &c.——A Trojan, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 513.——Publius Cornelius, a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of Marius against Sylla. His mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over him, that she distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not ashamed to court her smiles, when he wished to be appointed general against Mithridates.——A senator put to death for adultery under Valentinian.

Cetii, a people of Cilicia.

Cetius, a river of Mysia.——A mountain which separates Noricum from Pannonia.

Ceto, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by whom she had the three Gorgons, &c. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 237.—Lucian, bk. 9, li. 646.

Ceus and Cæus, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Phœbe, by whom he had Latona and Asteria. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 135.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 179.——The father of Trœzen. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 354.

Cēyx, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His wife was apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found his dead body washed on the sea-shore. They were both changed into birds, called Alcyons. See: [Alcyone]. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 587.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 32. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Trachinia were two different persons.

Chea, a town of Peloponnesus.

Chabinus, a mountain of Arabia Felix. Diodorus, bk. 3.

Chabria, a village of Egypt.

Chabrias, an Athenian general and philosopher, who chiefly signalized himself when he assisted the Bœotians against Agesilaus. In this celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to put one knee upon the ground, and firmly to rest their spear upon the other, and cover themselves with their shields, by which means he daunted the enemy, and had a statue raised to his honour in that same posture. He assisted also Nectanebus king of Egypt, and conquered the whole island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive courage, and despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his power to save his life like his companions, B.C. 376. Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus.—Diodorus, bk. 16.—Plutarch, Phocion.

Chabryis, a king of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Chæanitæ, a people at the foot of [♦]Caucasus.

[♦] ‘Causacus’ replaced with ‘Caucasus’

Chæreas, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture.——An officer who murdered Caligula, A.D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which was prepared against himself.——An Athenian, &c. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 74, &c.

Chæredemus, a brother of Epicurus, &c. Diogenes Laërtius.

Chærēmon, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates.——A stoic, who wrote on the Egyptian priests.

Chærĕphon, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia.

Chærestrăta, the mother of Epicurus, descended of a noble family.

Chærinthus, a beautiful youth, &c. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 81.

Chærippus, an extortioner, &c. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 96.

Chæro, the founder of Chæronea. Plutarch, Sulla.

Chæronia, Chæronea, and Cherronea, a city of Bœotia, on the Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians, B.C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 men over the confederate army of the Thebans and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2nd of August, B.C. 338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called Arne. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.—Plutarch, Pelopidas, &c.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Chalæon, a city of Locris.——A port of Bœotia.

Chales, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Chalcæa, a town of Caria,——of Phœnicia.

Chalcea, an island with a town near Rhodes. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3.——A festival at Athens. See: [Panathenæa].

Chalcēdon and Chalcēdŏnia, now Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headed by Argias, B.C. 685. It was first called Procerastis, and afterwards Colpusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly chosen that it was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan of the founders. Strabo, bk. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Chalcidēne, a part of Syria, very fruitful. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 23.

Chalcidenses, the inhabitants of the isthmus between Teos and Erythræ.——A people near the Phasis.

Chalcideus, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet killed by the Athenians, &c. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 8.

Chalcidĭca, a country of Thrace,——of Syria.

Chalcidĭcus (of Chalcis), an epithet applied to Cumæ in Italy, as built by a colony from Chalcis. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 17.

Chalciœus, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis in Eubœa. She was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica.

Chalciŏpe, a daughter of Æetes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to her father’s court for protection. She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved her life from the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband to obtain the golden fleece. See: [Phryxus]. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 232.—Hyginus, fable 14, &c.——The mother of Thessalus by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.——The daughter of Rhexenor, who married Ægeus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Chalcis, now Egripo, the chief city of Eubœa, in that part which is nearest to Bœotia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The island is said to have been anciently joined to the continent in the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the Corinthians. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Chalcītis, a country of Ionia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.

Chalcŏdon, a son of Ægyptus by Arabia. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.——A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.——The father of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 15.——A man who assisted Hercules in his war against Augias. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 15.

Chalcon, a Messenian, who reminded Antilochus son of Nestor to be aware of the Æthiopians, by whom he was to perish.

Chalcus, a man made governor of Cyzicus by Alexander. Polyænus.

Chaldæa, a country of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their knowledge of astrology, Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Strabo, bk. 2.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.

Chaldæi, the inhabitants of Chaldæa.

Chalestra, a town of Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Chalonītis, a country of Media.

Chaly̆bes and Caly̆bes, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of country, abounding in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The Calybes attacked the 10,000 in their retreat, and behaved with much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation of Spain. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 421.—Strabo, bk. 12, &c.—Apollonius, bk. 2, li. 375.—Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 4, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 28.—Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3.

Chalybon, now supposed to be Aleppo, a town of Syria, which gave the name of Chalybonitis to the neighbouring country.

Chalybonītis, a country of Syria, so famous for its wines that the king of Persia drank no other.

Chalybs, a river of Spain, where Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3, places the people called Calybes.

Chamani and Chamaviri, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania.

Chane, a river between Armenia and Albania, falling into the Caspian sea.

Chaon, a mountain of Peloponnesus.——A son of Priam. See: [Chaonia].

Chaŏnes, a people of Epirus.

Chaŏnia, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother Helenus. There was a wood near, where doves (Chaoniæ aves) were said to deliver oracles. The words Chaonius victus are by ancient authors applied to acorns, the food of the first inhabitants. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 426.—Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ, bk. 3, li. 47.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 335.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 9.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 1.

Chaonitis, a country of Assyria.

Chaos, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage of inactive elements, which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it; and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn from the account of Moses, by being copied from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some as one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the infernal deities. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 510.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 1.

Charădra, a town of Phocis. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 33.

Charadros, a river of Phocis, falling into the Cephisus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 46.

Charădrus, a place of Argos where military causes were tried. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 60.

Choræadas, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during the Peloponnesian war. He died 426 B.C., &c. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 86.

Charandæi, a people near Pontus.

Charax, a town of Armenia.——A philosopher of Pergamus, who wrote a history of Greece in 40 books.

Charaxes and Charaxus, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became passionately fond of the courtesan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the necessity of piratical excursions. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 117.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 135, &c.

Charuxus, one of the centaurs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 272.

Chares, an Athenian general.——A statuary of Lindus, who was 12 years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 7.——A man who wounded Cyrus when fighting against his brother Artaxerxes.——An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of Alexander.——An Athenian who fought with Darius against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.——A river of Peloponnesus. Plutarch, Aratus.

Charĭcles, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Lacedæmonians. Xenophon, Memorabilia, bk. 1.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 6.——A famous physician under Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 50.

Chariclīdes, an officer of Dionysius the younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the tyrant. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Charĭclo, the mother of Tiresias, greatly favoured by Minerva. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.——A daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur Chiron. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 635.

Charidēmus, a Roman exposed to wild beasts. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 44.——An Athenian banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c.

Charĭla, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to this circumstance: In a great famine the people of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to relieve their wants. He accordingly distributed the little corn which he had among the noblest; but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the king with more than common earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and the girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her girdle. The famine increased; and the oracle told the king that, to relieve his people, he must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The king presided over this institution, and distributed pulse and corn to such as attended. Charila’s image was brought before the king, who struck it with his shoe; after which it was carried to a desolate place, where they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was buried. Plutarch, Quæstiones Græcæ.

Charilāus and Charillus, a son of Polydectes king of Sparta, educated and protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and released on promising that he would cease from war, an engagement which he soon broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36; bk. 6, ch. 48.——A Spartan who changed the monarchical power into an aristocracy. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 12.

Charillus, one of the ancestors of Leutychides. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 131.

Charīni and Carīni, a people of Germany. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.

Charis, a goddess among the Greeks, surrounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. She was the wife of Vulcan. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 382.

Charisia, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.——A festival in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. He who continued awake the longest was rewarded with a cake.

Charisius, an orator at Athens. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 83.

Charistia, festivals at Rome celebrated on the 20th of February, by the distribution of mutual presents, with the intention of reconciling friends and relations. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2.

Charĭtes and Gratiæ, the Graces, daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are three in number—Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. They were the constant attendants of Venus, and they were represented as three young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another by the hand. They presided over kindness, and all good offices, and their worship was the same as that of the nine muses, with whom they had a temple in common. They were generally represented naked, because kindness ought to be done with sincerity and candour. The moderns explain the allegory of their holding their hands joined, by observing that there ought to be a perpetual and never-ceasing intercourse of kindness and benevolence among friends. Their youth denotes the constant remembrance that we ought ever to have of kindnesses received; and their virgin purity and innocence teach us that acts of benevolence ought to be done without any expectation of restoration, and that we ought never to suffer others or ourselves to be guilty of base or impure favours. Homer speaks only of two Graces.

Charĭton, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the latter end of the fourth century. He composed a Greek romance called The Loves of Chæreas and Callirhoe, which has been much admired for its elegance, and the originality of the characters it describes. There is a very learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with D’Orville’s notes, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1750.

Charmădas, a philosopher of uncommon memory. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.

Charme and Carme, the mother of Britomartis by Jupiter.

Charmides, a Lacedæmonian, sent by the king to quell a sedition in Crete. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.——A boxer. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.——A philosopher of the third academy, B.C. 95.

Charmīnus, an Athenian general, who defeated the Peloponnesians. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 42.

Charmione, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, who stabbed herself after the example of her mistress. Plutarch, Antonius.

Charmis, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero’s age, who used cold baths for his patients, and prescribed medicines contrary to those of his cotemporaries. Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 1.

Charmosy̆na, a festival in Egypt. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.

Charmotas, a part of Arabia.

Charmus, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose fragments are found scattered in Athenæus.

Charon, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas and his friends, when they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. Plutarch, Pelopidas.——An historian of Lampsacus, son of Pytheus, who wrote two books on Persia, besides other treatises, B.C. 479.——An historian of Naucratis, who wrote a history of his country and of Egypt.——A Carthaginian writer, &c.——A god of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the rivers Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. Such as had not been honoured with a funeral were not permitted to enter his boat, without previously wandering on the shore for 100 years. If any living person presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he could not be admitted before he showed Charon a golden bough, which he had received from the Sibyl, and Charon was imprisoned for one year, because he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercules, without this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man, with a hideous countenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes. His garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered with wrinkles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money for their admission, it was always usual, among the ancients, to place under the tongue of the deceased a piece of money for Charon. This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed on them, and according to their good or bad actions, they were honoured with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. See: [Acherusia]. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Seneca, Hercules Furens, li. 765.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 298, &c.

Charondas, a man of Catana, who gave laws to the people of Thurium, and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it he fell upon his sword, B.C. 446. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, li. 5.

Charonea, a place of Asia, &c.

Charonia scrobs, a place of Italy emitting deadly vapours. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Charonium, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be delivered from their disorders by certain superstitious solemnities.

Charops and Charŏpes, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. Homer, Iliad.——A powerful Epirot who assisted Flaminius when making war against Philip the king of Macedonia. Plutarch, Titus Flamininus.——The first decennial archon at Athens. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situation of the Charybdis is not discovered by the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremendous is now found to correspond with the descriptions of the ancients. The words,

Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim,

became a proverb, to show that in our eagerness to avoid one evil, we often fall into a greater. The name of Charybdis was properly bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tenderness with ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was struck with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool. Lycophron, Cassandra.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14.—Ovid, Ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 10; Amores, bk. 2, poem 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 420.

Chaubi and Chauci, people of Germany, supposed to inhabit the country now called Friesland and Bremen.

Chaula, a village of Egypt.

Chauros. See: [Caurus].

Chelæ, a Greek word (χηλη), signifying claws, which is applied to the Scorpion, one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 33.

Cheles, a satrap of Seleucus, &c.

Chelĭdon, a mistress of Verres. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 40.

Chelīdŏnia, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for boys to go begging from door to door and singing certain songs, &c. Athenæus.——The wind Favonius was called also Chelidonia, from the 6th of the ides of February to the 7th of the calends of March, the time when swallows first made their appearance. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.

Chelīdoniæ, now Kelidoni, small islands opposite the promontory of Taurus of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. Dionysius Periegetes, li. 506.—Pliny, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 31.—Livy, bk. 33, ch. 41.

Chelĭdŏnis, a daughter of king Leotychides, who married Cleonymus, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Chelidŏnium, a promontory of mount Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian sea.

Chelŏne, a nymph changed into a tortoise by Mercury, for not being present at the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to perpetual silence for having ridiculed these deities.

Chelōnis, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She accompanied her father, whom her husband had expelled, and soon after went into banishment with her husband, who had in his turn been expelled by Leonidas. Plutarch, Agis & Cleomenes.

Chelonophăgi, a people of Carmania, who fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations with the shells. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 24.

Chelydoria, a mountain of Arcadia.

Chemmis, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 156.

Chena, a town of Laconia.

Chenæ, a village on mount Œta. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

Chenion, a mountain in Asia Minor, from which the 10,000 Greeks first saw the sea. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Chenius, a mountain near Colchis.

Cheops and Cheospes, a king of Egypt, after Rhampsinitus, who built famous pyramids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only in supplying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and other vegetables. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 124.

Chephren, a brother of Cheops, who also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so inveterately hated these two royal brothers, that they publicly reported, that the pyramids which they had built had been erected by a shepherd. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 127.

Cheremocrătes, an artist who built Diana’s temple at Ephesus, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.

Cherisŏphus, a commander of 800 Spartans, in the expedition which Cyrus undertook against his brother Artaxerxes. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cheronæa. See:[Chæronea].

Cherŏphon, a tragic writer of Athens, in the age of Philip. Philostratus, Lives.

Cherronēsus. See: [Chersonesus].

Chersias, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo. Pausanias praises some of his poetry, bk. 9, ch. 38.

Chersidămas, a Trojan killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 259.

Chersiphro, an architect, &c. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.

Chersonēsus, a Greek word, rendered by the Latins Peninsula. There were many of these among the ancients, of which these five were the most celebrated: one called Peloponnesus; one called Thracian, in the south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across the isthmus. From its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending between the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, called Taurica, now Crim Tartary, was situate near the Palus Mæotis. The fourth, called Cimbrica, now Jutland, is in the northern parts of Germany; and the fifth, surnamed Aurea, lies in India, beyond the Ganges. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 33; bk. 7, ch. 58.—Livy, bk. 31, ch. 16.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 2.——Also a peninsula near Alexandria in Egypt. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 10.

Cherusci, a people of Germany, who long maintained a war against Rome. They inhabited the country between the Weser and the Elbe. Tacitus.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 9.

Chidnæi, a people near Pontus.

Chidōrus, a river of Macedonia near Thessalonica, not sufficiently large to supply the army of Xerxes with water. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 127.

Chiliarchus, a great officer of state at the court of Persia. Cornelius Nepos, Conon.

Chilius and Chileus, an Arcadian, who advised the Lacedæmonians, when Xerxes was in Greece, not to desert the common cause of their country. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 9.

Chilo, a Spartan philosopher who has been called one of the seven wise men of Greece. One of his maxims was “Know thyself.” He died through excess of joy, in the arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at Olympia, B.C. 597. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 33.—Diogenes Laërtius.——One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556.

Chilonis, the wife of Theopompus king of Sparta. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Chimæra, a celebrated monster, sprung from Echidna and Typhon, which had three heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon, and continually vomited flames. The fore parts of its body were those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder parts were those of a dragon. It generally lived in Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is explained by the recollection that there was a burning mountain in Lycia, called Chimæra, whose top was the resort of lions, on account of its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was fruitful, was covered with goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground abounded with serpents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered the Chimæra, because he first made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch says that it was the captain of some pirates, who adorned their ship with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dragon. From the union of the Chimæra with Orthos sprung the Sphinx and the lion of Nemæa. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 181.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 322.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 3.—Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 903.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 646.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 288.——One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 118.

Chimarus, a river of Argolis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Chimerium, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thessaly. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Chiomara, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she had been taken prisoner, &c. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes.

Chion, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis Cobergi, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1765.

Chiŏne, a daughter of Dædalion, of whom Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep with his Caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, under the form of an old woman, obtained the same favours as Mercury. From this embrace Chione became mother of Philammon and Autolycus, the former of whom, as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the latter was equally notorious for his robberies, of which his father Mercury was the patron. Chione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods, that she even preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for which impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 8.——A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into the sea, but he was preserved by his father. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.——A famous prostitute. Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 34.

Chionides, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of comedy.

Chionis, a victor at Olympia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 13.

Chios, now Scio, an island in the Ægean sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some suppose, from Chione, or from χιων, snow, which was very frequent there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called Æthalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there for the space of 700 years. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 5; bk. 1, satire 10, li. 24.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 2.

Chiron, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his knowledge of music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs: and he instructed in all the polite arts the greatest heroes of his age; such as Achilles, Æsculapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, Æneas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his assistance; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 9, ch. 31.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 676.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 13.—Horace, epode 13.

Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear the same signification as Flava, so often applied to the goddess of corn. The name, from its signification (χλοη, herba virens), has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of simplicity.

Chloreus, a priest of Cybele, who came with Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 768.——Another, &c.

Chloris, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5.——A daughter of Amphion, son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and 12 sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 280.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 21; bk. 9, ch. 36.——A prostitute, &c. Horace, bk. 3, ode 15.

Chlorus, a river of Cilicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.——Constantine, one of the Cæsars, in Diocletian’s age, who reigned two years after the emperor’s abdication, and died July 25, A.D. 306.

Choarīna, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c.

Choaspes, a son of Phasis, &c. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 585.——An Indian river. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.——A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris, and now called Karun. Its waters are so sweet, that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in their expeditions they always had some with them which had been previously boiled. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 188.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 40.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

Chobus, a river of Colchis. Arrian.

Chœrades and Pharos, two islands opposite Alexandria in Egypt. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 33.—— Others in the Euxine sea.——An island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 13.

Chœrĭlus, a tragic poet of Athens, who wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained the prize.——An historian of Samos.——Two other poets, one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander’s flatterers and friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on his forehead as there were bad; and in consequence of this, scarce six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest were rewarded with castigation. Plutarch, Alexander.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 232.

Chœreæ, a place of Bœotia.

Chonnidas, a man made preceptor to Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of Trœzene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil. Plutarch, Theseus.

Chonūphis, an Egyptian prophet. Plutarch, de Genio Socratis.

Chorasmi, a people of Asia near the Oxus. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 93.

Chorineus, a man killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 571.——Another. Æneid, bk. 12, li. 298.——A priest with Æneas. Æneid.

Chorœbus, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first olympiad. See: [Corœbus].——A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of Cassandra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 341.

Choromnæi, a people subdued by Ninus. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Chosroes, a king of Persia, in Justinian’s reign.

Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence’s Andria. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 94.

Chremĕtes, a river of Libya.

Chresiphon, an architect of Diana’s temple in Ephesus. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.

Chresphontes, a son of Aristomachus. See: [Aristodemus].

Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens, &c. Columella, bk. 1, de Res Rustica, ch. 1.

Chromia, a daughter of Itonus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Chromios, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by Hercules.——A son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Chromis, a captain in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.——A young shepherd. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6.——A Phrygian killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.——A son of Hercules. Statius, bk. 6, li. 346.

Chromius, a son of Pterilaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.——An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Spartans. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 82.

Chronius, a man who built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 48.

Chronos, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honour festivals called Chronia were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of the Greeks.

Chryasus, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus.

Chrysa and Chryse, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 37.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 174.——A daughter of Halmus, mother of Phlegias by Mars. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 36.

Chrysăme, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the flesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. Polyænus.

Chrysantas, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a dog bark. Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.

Chrysanthius, a philosopher in the age of Julian, known for the great number of volumes which he wrote.

Chrysantis, a nymph who told Ceres, when she was at Argos with Pelagus, that her daughter had been carried away. Pausanias, bk. 1.

Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from the blood of Medusa, armed with a golden sword, whence his name, χρυσος ἀορ. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimæra. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 295.——A rich king of Iberia. Diodorus, bk. 4.——A son of Glaucus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Chrysaoreus, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice, where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency. Strabo, bk. 4.

Chrysaŏris, a town of Cilicia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 2.

Crysas, a river of Sicily, falling into the Simæthus, and worshipped as a deity. Cicero, Against Verres, Speech 4, ch. 44.

Chryseis, the daughter of Chryses. See: [Chryses].

Chrysermus, a Corinthian, who wrote a history of Peloponnesus and of India, besides a treatise on rivers. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Chryses, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him Chryseis. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wife of Eetion the sovereign of the place, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this, went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter’s restoration; and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore Chryseis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 11, &c.——A daughter of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Chrysippe, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Chrysippus, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father, for which Hippodamia, his stepmother, ordered her own sons, Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on account of which they were banished. Some say that Hippodamia’s sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. They further say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his arms when Hippodamia killed him. Hyginus, fable 85.—Plato, de Leges, bk. 6.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 20.——A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises. Among his curious opinions was his approbation of a parent’s marriage with his child, and his wish that dead bodies should be eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on a silver plate, 207 B.C., in the 80th year of his age. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 7.—Diodorus.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 40. There were also others of the same name. Diogenes Laërtius.——A freedman of Cicero.

Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plutarch, Demetrius.——A priestess of Juno at Mycenæ. The temple of the goddess was burnt by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of Minerva. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Chrysoaspĭdes, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they served. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 7.

Chrysogŏnus, a freedman of Sylla. Cicero, pro Sexto Roscio Amerino.——A celebrated singer in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 74.

Chrysolāus, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Chrysondium, a town of Macedonia. Polybius, bk. 5.

Chrysopŏlis, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now Scutari.

Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31.

Chrysorrhōæ, a people in whose country are golden streams.

Chrysostom, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A.D. 407, in his 53rd year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing the vices of his age, he procured himself many enemies. He was banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom’s works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version, by Saville, 8 vols., folio, Etonæ, 1613. They have appeared with a translation, at Paris, editor, Benedictine Montfaucon, 13 vols., folio, 1718

Chrysothĕmis, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.——A Cretan, who first obtained the poetical prize at the Pythian games. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 7.

Chryxus, a leader of the Boii, grandson to Brennus, who took Rome. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 148.

Chthonia, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.——A surname of Ceres, from a temple built to her by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration, the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel, with garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. When they came to the temple, the victim was let loose, and four old women armed with scythes sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim were in a like manner despatched by the old women; and it was observable that they all fell on the same side. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 441.——One of the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. Hyginus, fable 178.——A son of Ægyptus and Calliadne. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Chitrium, a name given to part of the town of Clazomenæ.

Cibalæ, now Swilei, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. Eutropius, bk. 10, ch. 4.—Marcellinus, bk. 30, ch. 24.

Cibarītis, a country of Asia, near the Mæander.

Cibyra, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 13.—Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 2.——Of Caria.

Caius Cicereius, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a triumph over the Corsicans. Livy, bks. 41 & 42.

Marcus Tullius Cicero, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight, and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His mother’s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius Scævola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities, were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory, and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital punishment, though inveighed against by Julius Cæsar as too severe, was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance, Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled The father of his country, and a second founder of Rome. The vehemence with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome, though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence; and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months’ absence, he entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much hesitation during the civil commotions between Cæsar and Pompey, he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When victory had declared in favour of Cæsar, at the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Cæsar had been stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he saw the interest of Cæsar’s murderers decrease, and Antony come into power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship. But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies, produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death, and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December, 43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony’s hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir’s wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once observed, that no animal is more revengeful than a woman. Cicero has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true standard of pure latinity. The words nascitur poeta have been verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial, Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo, though severe, is true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country, but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers, poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo, conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute, sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose Cæsar, the judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition; and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet, 9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to, 1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou, 1768. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Quintilian.—Dio Cassius.—Appian.—Florus.—Cornelius Nepo, Atticus.—Eutropius.—Cicero, &c.——Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father’s death, by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced his father’s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. Plutarch, Cicero.——Quintus, the brother of the orator, was Cæsar’s lieutenant in Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with his son at the same time as his brother Tully.—Plutarch, Cicero.—Appian.

Cicerōnis villa, a place near Puteoli in Campania. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Cichyris, a town of Epirus.

Cicŏnes, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 520, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Cilūta, an old avaricious usurer. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.

Cĭlĭcia, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates. The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul. It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Varro, Re Rustica, bk. 2, ch. 11.—Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 8.—Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 11.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.——Part of the country between Æolia and Troas is also called Cilicia. Strabo, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from the other Cilicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Cilissa, a town of Phrygia.

Cilix, a son of Phœnix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who, after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to which he gave the name of Cilicia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 91.

Cilla, a town of Africa Propria. Diodorus, bk. 20.——A town of Æolia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.——Of Troas, which received its name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of Hippodamia’s suitors, and was killed by Œnomaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 38.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 174.

Cilles, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Cillus, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built. Strabo, bk. 13.

Cilnius, the surname of Mæcenas.

Cilo, Junius, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said, he was told by one of Cilo’s friends that they returned thanks for his good administration; upon which the emperor said, “Let Cilo be continued two years longer in his province.” Dio Cassius, bk. 60.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 21.

Cimber, Tillius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. He laid hold of the dictator’s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike. Plutarch, Cæsar.

Cimberius, a chief of the Suevi.

Cimbri, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a large army, and were conquered by Marius. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Cimbrīcum bellum, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius Cæpo. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in triumph. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch. 1.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.—Plutarch, Caius Marius.

Cimĭnus, now Viterbe, a lake and mountain of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 697.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 36.

Cimmĕrii, a people near the Palus Mœotis, who invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.——Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of Cimmerian darkness has proverbially been used. Homer, according to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 13.—Virgil, Æneid bk. 6.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Cimmĕris, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

Cimmĕrium, now Crim, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose inhabitants are called Cimmerii. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Cimōlis and Cinolis, a town of Paphlagonia.

Cimōlus, now Argentiera, an island in the Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller’s earth. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 463.—Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 16.

Cimon, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and wife Elpinice. See: [Elpinice]. He behaved with great courage at the battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians, who declared war against the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from his exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Lacedæmon and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power, that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within a day’s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. Thucydides, bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Diodorus, bk. 11.—Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.——An Athenian, father of Miltiades. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 34.——A Roman, supported in prison by the milk of his daughter.——An Athenian, who wrote an account of the war of the Amazons against his country.

Cinæthon, an ancient poet of Lacedæmon, &c. See: [Cinethon].

Cinaradas, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Cincia lex, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 4.

Lucius Quinctius Cincinnātus, a celebrated Roman, who was informed, as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator. Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by the Volsci and Æqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office, and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was again summoned against Præneste as dictator, and after a successful campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate. He flourished about 460 years before Christ. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 26.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 4.—Pliny, bk. 18, ch. 3.

Lucius Cincius Alimentus, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic war, who wrote annals in Greek. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.——Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia lex.

Cineas, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he, however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every senator and knight by his name. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 9, ltr. 25.——A king of Thessaly. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 63.——An Athenian, &c. Polyænus, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Cinesias, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bœotia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. Athenæus.

Cinethon, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter called Eriopis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.

Cinga, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean mountains into the Iberus. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 21.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 48.

Cingetŏrix, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 3.——A prince of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 22.

Cingŭlum, now Cingoli, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called Cingulani. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Silius Italicus, bk. 10, li. 34.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 11.

Ciniātā, a place of Galatia.

Cinithii, a people of Africa.

Lucius Cornelius Cinna, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him, at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar, and became mother of Julia. Plutarch, Caius Marius, Pompey, & Sulla.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 822.—Appian, Civil Wars, bk. 1.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 21.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.—Plutarch, Cæsar.——One of Cæsar’s murderers.——Caius Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate with Cæsar. He went to attend the obsequies of Cæsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of Cinyras. Plutarch, Cæsar.——A grandson of Pompey. He conspired against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. Dio Cassius.—Seneca, de Clementia, ch. 9.——A town of Italy, taken by the Romans from the Samnites.

Cinnadon, a Lacedæmonian youth, who resolved to put to death the Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was discovered, and he was put to death. Aristotle.

Cinnămus, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 63.

Cinniana, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 4.

Cinxia, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was supposed to untie the girdles of new brides.

Cinyps and Cinyphus, a river and country of Africa near the Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 312.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 198.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 94.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15, li. 755.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 787.

Ciny̆ras, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was so rich, that his opulence, like that of Crœsus, became proverbial. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 9.—Plutarch, Parallela minora—Hyginus, fables 242, 248, &c.——A son of Laodice. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.——A man who brought a colony from Syria to Cyprus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.——A Ligurian, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 186.

Cios, a river of Thrace. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.——A commercial place of Phrygia.——The name of three cities in Bithynia.

Cippus, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a single acre of ground. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 565.

Circæum, now Circello, a promontory of Latium, near a small town called Circeii, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people were called Circeienses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 248.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 799.—Livy, bk. 6, ch. 17.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Circe, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an island called Ææa. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war, visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all enchantments by a herb called moly, which he had received from Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his departure the nymph advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. See: [Scylla] and [Picus]. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 2; bk. 1, ode 17.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8, li. 70; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.—Hyginus, fable 125.—Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 136, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 956.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Circenses ludi, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days, beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachiæ, were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 636.

Circius, a part of mount Taurus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.——A rapid and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in any other country. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 408.

Circum padani agri, the country around the river Po. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 35.

Circus, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators. It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in beautifying it, and Julius Cæsar introduced in it large canals of water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.

Ciris, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 151.

Cirræatum, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young. Plutarch, Caius Marius.

Cirrha and Cyrrha, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus, where Apollo was worshipped. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 172.

Cirtha and Cirta, a town of Numidia. Strabo, bk. 7.

Cisalpīna Gallia, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata. Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps on the Italian side.

Cispadāna Gallia, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.

Cisrhenāni, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 2.

Cissa, a river of Pontus.——An island near Istria.

Cissēis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus.

Cissēus, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some authors. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 320.——A son of Melampus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 317.——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cissia, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 49.

Cissiæ, some gates in Babylon. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 155.

Cissides, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist the Spartans, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Cissoessa, a fountain of Bœotia. Plutarch.

Cissus, a mountain of Macedonia.——A city of Thrace.——A man who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cissusa, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. Plutarch, Lysander.

Cistenæ, a town of Æolia.——A town of Lycia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Cithæron, a king who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, situate at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the Muses. Actæon was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain, and Hercules killed there an immense lion. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 303.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Citharista, a promontory of Gaul.

Citium, now Chitti, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his expedition against Egypt Plutarch, Cimon.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 112.

Cius, a town of Mysia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Julius Civīlis, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against Galba, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 59.

Cizycum, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus. See: [♦][Cyzicus].

[♦] ‘Cizycus’ replaced with ‘Cyzicus’.

Cladeus, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Clanes, a river falling into the Ister.

Clanis, a centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 379.

Clanius, or Clanis, a river of Campania. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 225.——Of Etruria, now Chiana. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 454.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 79.

Clarus, or Claros, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes, after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed Clarius. Strabo, bk. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 516.——An island of the Ægean, between Tenedos and Scios. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 33.——One of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 126.

Clastidium, now Schiatezzo, a town of Liguria. Strabo, bk. 5.—Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.——A village of Gaul. Plutarch, Marcellus.

Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides the honour of six triumphs. Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 1.

Claudia, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and by this action was honourably acquitted. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.—Silius Italicus, bk. 17, li. 34.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 315; ex Ponto, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.——A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother Fulvia. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 62.——The wife of the poet Statius. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5.——A daughter of Appius Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.——The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.——An inconsiderable town of Noricum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.——A Roman road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way. Ovid, bk. 1, ex Ponto, poem 8, li. 44.——A tribe which received its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a large body of attendants. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.——Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cæcus, whose statue in the vestibulum of Cybele’s temple was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to ashes. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 64.——Pulchra, a cousin of Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius. She was condemned. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 52.——Antonia, a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his fate, when she refused to marry his murderer.

Claudia lex, de comitiis, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates, no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent.——Another, de usurâ, which forbade people to lend money to minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents.——Another, de negotiatione, by Quintus Claudius the tribune, A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have any vessel containing above 300 amphoræ, for fear of their engaging themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of the state.——Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 9.——Another, to take away the freedom of the city of Rome from the colonists, which Cæsar had carried to Novicomum. Suetonius, Julius, ch. 28.

Claudiæ aquæ, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441. Eutropius, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 29.

Claudiānus, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman, 4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1758.

Claudiopŏlis, a town of Cappadocia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.

Claudius I. (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia’s second son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, &c.—Dio Cassius, bk. 60.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 619.—Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.——The second emperor of that name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery, and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these words of the senate, addressed to him: Claudi Auguste, tu frater, tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps.——Nero, a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy, to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. Livy, bk. 27, &c.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.—Suetonius, Tiberias.——The father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to Cæsar in the wars of Alexandria.——Pollos, an historian. Pliny the Younger, bk. 7, ltr. 51.——Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made them pass under the yoke. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.——Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.——Appius, an orator. Cicero, Brutus. See: [Appius].——Appius Cæcus, a Roman censor, who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was called Appia, and it was the first that was brought to the city from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. See: [Appius]. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 29.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 203.—Cicero, de Senectute, ch. 6.——A pretor of Sicily.——Publius, a great enemy to Cicero. See: [Clodius].——Marcellus. See: [Marcellus].——Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not eat. Livy, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome.——Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He married Livia, the emperor’s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded in the empire by the name of Tiberius. See: [Tiberius]. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.——The name of Claudius is common to many Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. Livy.

Claviēnus, an obscure poet in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 1, li. 8.

Clavĭger, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a key. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 228.——Hercules received also that surname, as he was armed with a club. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 284.

Clausius, or Clusius, a surname of Janus.

Clausus, or Claudius, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345.

Clazŏmĕnæ and Clazŏmĕna, now Vourla, a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the Ægean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 39.

Cleadas, a man of Platæa, who raised tombs over those who had been killed in the battle against Mardonius. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 85.

Cleander, one of Alexander’s officers, who killed Parmenio by the king’s command. He was punished with death, for offering violence to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 1.——The first tyrant of Gela. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 12.——A soothsayer of Arcadia. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 83.——A favourite of the emperor Commodus, who was put to death, A.D. 190, after abusing public justice, and his master’s confidence.

Cleandridas, a Spartan general, &c.——A man punished with death for bribing two of the Ephori.

Cleanthes, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas, successor of Zeno. He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water for a gardener in the night, and study in the daytime. Cicero calls him the father of the stoics; and, out of respect for his virtues, the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. Strabo, bk. 13.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, ch. 69; bk. 4, ch. 7.

Clearchus, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato’s pupils, during the celebration of the festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign power during 12 years, 353 B.C. Justin, bk. 16, ch. 4.—Diodorus, bk. 15.——The second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B.C. 288.——A Lacedæmonian sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was recalled but refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who made him captain of 13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a victory over Artaxerxes, who was so enraged at the defeat, that when Clearchus fell into his hands by the treachery of Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate death. Diodorus, bk. 14.——A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a treatise on tactics, &c. Xenophon.

Clearides, a son of Cleonymus governor of Amphipolis. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 132; bk. 5, ch. 10.

Clemens Romanus, one of the fathers of the church, said to be contemporary with St. Paul. Several spurious compositions are ascribed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to the Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances that had arisen there. It has been much admired. The best edition is that of Wotton, 8vo, Cambridge, 1718.——Another of Alexandria, called from thence Alexandrinus, who flourished 206 A.D. His works are various, elegant, and full of erudition; the best edition of which is Potter’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1715.——A senator who favoured the party of Niger against Severus.

Clementia, one of the virtues to whom the Romans paid adoration.

Cleo, a Sicilian among Alexander’s flatterers. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.

Cleŏbis and Biton, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their mother’s chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on account of the filial affection of her sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess to reward the piety of her sons with the best gift that could be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more; and by this the goddess showed, that death is the only true happy event that can happen to man. The Argives raised statues at Delphi. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 47.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 31.—Plutarch, de Consolatio ad Apollonium.

Cleobūla, the wife of Amyntor, by whom she had Phœnix.——A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, called also Cleopatra. She married Phineus son of Agenor, by whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus repudiated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.——A woman, mother of a son called Euripides by Apollo.——Another, who bore Cepheus and Amphidamus to Ægeus.——The mother of Pithus. Hyginus, fables 14, 97, &c.

Cleobūlīna, a daughter of Cleobulus, remarkable for her genius, learning, judgment, and courage. She composed enigmas, some of which have been preserved. One of them runs thus: “A father had 12 children, and these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 30 black daughters, who are immortal, though they died every day.” In this there is no need of an Œdipus to discover that there are 12 months in the year, and that every month consists of 30 days, and of the same number of nights. Diogenes Laërtius.

Cleobūlus, one of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, famous for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote some few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, B.C. 564. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.——An historian. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.——One of the Ephori. Thucydides.

Cleochares, a man sent by Alexander to demand Porus to surrender. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 13.

Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas by Lelax. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Cleodæus, a son of Hyllus. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 52; bk. 7, ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131. He endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus after his father’s death, but to no purpose.

Cleodamus, a Roman general under Gallienus.

Cleodēmus, a physician. Plutarch, de Convivium Septem Sapientium.

Cleodōra, a nymph, mother of Parnassus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6.——One of the Danaides, who married Lyxus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cleodoxa, a daughter of Niobe and Amphion, changed into a stone as a punishment for her mother’s pride. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Cleogĕnes, a son of Silenus, &c. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 1.

Cleolāus, a son of Hercules, by Argele daughter of Thestius, who, upon the ill success of the Heraclidæ in Peloponnesus, retired to Rhodes with his wife and children. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Cleomăchus, a boxer of Magnesia.

Cleomantes, a Lacedæmonian soothsayer. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cleombrŏtus, son of Pausanias, a king of Sparta after his brother Agesipolis I. He made war against the Bœotians, and lest he should be suspected of treacherous communication with Epaminondas, he gave that general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous place. He was killed in the engagement, and his army destroyed, B.C. 371. Diodorus, bk. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.—Xenophon.——A son-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, who for a while usurped the kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leonidas was recalled, Cleombrotus was banished; and his wife Chelonis, who had accompanied her father, now accompanied her husband in his exile. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Agis & Cleomenes.——A youth of Ambracia, who threw himself into the sea, after reading Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 34.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 493.

Cleomēdes, a famous athlete of Astypalæa, above Crete. In a combat at Olympia, he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with his fist. On account of this accidental murder, he was deprived of the victory, and he became delirious. In his return to Astypalæa, he entered a school and pulled down the pillars which supported the roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, and he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured, that his pursuers were obliged to break them for access. When the tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not be found either dead or alive. The oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypalæus. Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a god. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.—Plutarch, Romulus.

Cleomĕnes I., king of Sparta, conquered the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by setting fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. By bribing the oracle, he pronounced Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate, because he had refused to punish the people of Ægina, who had deserted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B.C. Herodotus, bks. 5, 6, & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3, &c.

Cleomĕnes II., succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. He reigned 61 years in the greatest tranquillity, and was father to Acrotatus and Cleonymus, and was succeeded by Areus I. son of Acrotatus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Cleomĕnes III., succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force, by banishing luxury and intemperance. He killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his royal colleague Eurydamidas, and made his own brother Euclidas king, against the laws of the state, which forbade more than one of the same family to sit on the throne. He made war against the Achæans, and attempted to destroy their league. Aratus the general of the Achæans, who supposed himself inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B.C. 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy Evergetes, where his wife and children had fled before him. Ptolemy received him with great cordiality; but his successor, weak and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was flayed and exposed on a cross, B.C. 219. Polybius, bk. 6.—Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Justin, bk. 28, ch. 4.

Cleomĕnes, a man appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes of Egypt and Africa. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.——A man placed as arbitrator between the Athenians and the people of Megara.——An historian.——A dithyrambic poet of Rhegium.——A Sicilian contemporary with Verres, whose licentiousness and avarice he was fond of gratifying. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 12.——A Lacedæmonian general.

Cleon, an Athenian, who, though originally a tanner, became general of the armies of the state, by his intrigues and eloquence. He took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing himself in several engagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 B.C. Thucydides, bks. 3, 4, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 12.——A general of Messenia, who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereignty.——A statuary. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8.——A poet who wrote a poem on the Argonauts.——An orator of Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysander, in which he intimated the propriety of making the kingdom of Sparta elective. Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Lysander.——A Magnesian, who wrote some commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous events, &c. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 4.——A Sicilian, one of Alexander’s flatterers. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.——A tyrant of Sicyon.——A friend of Phocion.

Cleōnæ and Cleona, a village of Peloponnesus, between Corinth and Argos. Hercules killed the lion of Nemæa in its neighbourhood, and thence it is called Cleonæus. It was made a constellation. Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 4, li. 28.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 417.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 32.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5.——A town of Phocis.

Cleōne, a daughter of Asopus. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Cleonīca, a young virgin of Byzantium, whom Pausanias king of Sparta invited to his bed. She was introduced into his room when he was asleep, and unluckily overturned a burning lamp which was by the side of the bed. Pausanias was awakened at the sudden noise, and thinking it to be some assassin, he seized his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew who it was. Cleonica often appeared to him, and he was anxious to make a proper expiation to her manes. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17.—Plutarch, Cimon, &c.

Cleonīcus, a freedman of Seneca, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 45.

Cleonnis, a Messenian who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereign power of his country. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Cleony̆mus, a son of Cleomenes II., who called Pyrrhus to his assistance, because Areus his brother’s son had been preferred to him in the succession; but the measure was unpopular, and even the women united to repel the foreign prince. His wife was unfaithful to his bed, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.——A general who assisted the Tarentines, and was conquered by Æmilius the Roman consul. Strabo, bk. 6.——A person so cowardly that Cleonymo timidior became proverbial.

Cleŏpăter, an officer of Aratus.

Cleŏpātra, the granddaughter of Attalus, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after he had divorced Olympias. When Philip was murdered by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order of Olympias, and put to death. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Justin, bk. 9, ch. 7.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.——A sister of Alexander the Great, who married Perdiccas, and was killed by Antigonus as she attempted to fly to Ptolemy in Egypt. Diodorus, bks. 16 & 20.—Justin, bk. 9, ch. 6; bk. 13, ch. 6.——A harlot of Claudius Cæsar.——A daughter of Boreas. See: [Cleobula].——A daughter of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. She married Meleager son of king Œneus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 552.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 2.——One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.——A daughter of Amyntas of Ephesus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.——A wife of Tigranes king of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. Justin, bk. 38, ch. 3.——A daughter of Tros and Callirhoe. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.——A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander Bala, and afterwards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor’s son, because he ascended the throne without her consent. She was suspected of preparing poison for Antiochus her son, and compelled to drink it herself, B.C. 120.——A wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes, who raised her son Alexander a minor, to the throne of Egypt, in preference to his elder brother Ptolemy Lathurus, whose interest the people favoured. As Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suffered Lathurus to ascend the throne, on condition, however, that he should repudiate his sister and wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca his younger sister. She afterwards raised her favourite Alexander to the throne; but her cruelties were so odious, that he fled to avoid her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; and when Alexander heard it, he put her to death. Justin, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.——A queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and wife to Ptolemy Dionysius, celebrated for her beauty and her cunning. She admitted Cæsar to her arms, to influence him to give her the kingdom, in preference to her brother who had expelled her, and had a son by him called Cæsarion. As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his expedition to Parthia, summoned her to appear before him. She arrayed herself in the most magnificent apparel, and appeared before her judge in the most captivating attire. Her artifice succeeded; Antony became enamoured of her, and publicly married her, forgetful of his connections with Octavia the sister of Augustus. He gave her the greatest part of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This behaviour was the cause of a rupture between Augustus and Antony; and these two celebrated Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, where soon after Antony followed. Antony killed himself upon the false information that Cleopatra was dead; and as his wound was not mortal, he was carried to the queen, who drew him up by a cord from one of the windows of the monument, where she had retired and concealed herself. Antony soon after died of his wounds; and Cleopatra, after she had received pressing invitations from Augustus, and even pretended declarations of love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp not to fall into the conqueror’s hands. She had previously attempted to stab herself, and had once made a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra was a voluptuous and extravagant woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls in her drink to render her entertainment more sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of appearing dressed as the goddess Isis; and she advised Antony to make war against the richest nations, to support her debaucheries. Her beauty has been greatly commended, and her mental perfections so highly celebrated, that she has been described as capable of giving audience to the ambassadors of seven different nations, and of speaking their various languages as fluently as her own. In Antony’s absence, she improved the public library of Alexandria, with the addition of that of Pergamus. Two treatises, De medicamene faciei epistolæ eroticæ, and De morbis mulierum, have been falsely attributed to her. She died B.C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years, aged 39. Egypt became a Roman province at her death. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Appian, bk. 5, Civil Wars.—Plutarch, Pompey & Antonius.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 21, &c.—Strabo, bk. 17.——A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who married Philometor, and afterwards Physcon of Cyrene.

Cleopatris, or Arsinoe, a fortified town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf.

Cleophănes, an orator.

Cleophanthus, a son of Themistocles, famous for his skill in riding.

Cleŏphes, a queen of India, who submitted to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she had a son. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 10.

Cleophŏlus, a Samian, who wrote an account of Hercules.

Cleŏphon, a tragic poet of Athens.

Cleophȳlus, a man whose posterity saved the poems of Homer. Plutarch.

Cleopompus, an Athenian, who took Thronium, and conquered the Locrians, &c. Thucydides, bk. 2, chs. 26 & 58.——A man who married the nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some have supposed that she had two husbands. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

Cleoptolĕmus, a man of Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 11.

Cleŏpus, a son of Codrus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Cleora, the wife of Agesilaus. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

Cleostrătus, a youth devoted to be sacrificed to a serpent among the Thespians, &c. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 26.——An ancient philosopher and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before Christ. He first found the constellations of the zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar.

Cleoxĕnus, wrote a history of Persia.

Clepsy̆dra, a fountain of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.

Cleri, a people of Attica.

Clesides, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, who revenged the injuries he had received from queen Stratonice, by representing her in the arms of a fisherman. However indecent the painter might represent the queen, she was drawn with such personal beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the artist.

Cleta and Phaenna, two of the Graces, according to some. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Clidēmus, a Greek who wrote the history of Attica. Vossius, historicis græcis, bk. 3.

Climax, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by the projection of a brow into the Mediterranean sea. Strabo, bk. 14.

Climĕnus, a son of Arcas descended from Hercules.

Clinias, a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, 520 years before the christian era. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 23.——A son of Alcibiades, the bravest man in the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 17.——The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of Coronea. Plutarch, Alcibiades.——The father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B.C. 263. Plutarch, Aratus.——A friend of Solon. Plutarch, Solon.

Clinippĭdes, an Athenian general in Lesbos. Diodorus, bk. 12.

Clinus of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed, with some of his troops, by Nicostratus and the Argives, as he passed the Nile. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Clio, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over history. She is represented crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and a book in the other. Sometimes she holds a plectrum or quill with a lute. Her name signifies honour and reputation (κλεος, gloria); and it was her office faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She had Hyacintha by Pierus son of Magnus. She was also mother of Hymenæus and Ialemus, according to others. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 75.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 14.——One of Cyrene’s nymphs. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 341.

Clisithera, a daughter of Idomeneus, promised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she was murdered.

Clisthĕnes, the last tyrant of Sicyon. Aristotle.——An Athenian of the family of Alcmæon. It is said that he first established ostracism, and that he was the first who was banished by that institution. He banished Isagoras, and was himself soon after restored. Plutarch, Aristotle.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 66, &c.——A person censured as effeminate and incontinent. Aristotle.——An orator. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 7.

Clitæ, a people of Cilicia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 55.——A place near mount Athos. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 11.

Clitarchus, a man who made himself absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion.——An historian, who accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose life he wrote the history. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.

Clite, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself when she saw her husband dead. Apollonius, bk. 1.—Orpheus.

Cliternia, a town of Italy. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Clitodēmus, an ancient writer. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 15.

Clitomăchus, a Carthaginian philosopher of the third academy, who was pupil and successor to Carneades at Athens, B.C. 128. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.——An athlete of a modest countenance and behaviour. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 30.

Clitonymus, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and Italy.

Clitophon, a man of Rhodes, who wrote a history of India, &c.

Clitor, a son of Lycaon.——A son of Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, called after his name. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8. Ceres, Æsculapius, Ilythia, the Dioscuri, and other deities, had temples in that city. There is also in this town a fountain called Clitorium, whose waters gave a dislike for wine. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 322.—Pliny, bk. 32, ch. 2.——A river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Clitoria, the wife of Cimon the Athenian.

Clitumnus, a river of Campania, whose waters, when drunk, made oxen white. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 10, li. 25.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 146.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

Clitus, a familiar friend and foster-brother of Alexander. Though he had saved the king’s life in a bloody battle, yet Alexander killed him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, he preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. Alexander was inconsolable for the loss of his friend, whom he had sacrificed in the hour of his drunkenness and dissipation. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Curtius, bk. 4, &c.——A commander of Polyperchon’s ships, defeated by Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 18.——An officer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, against the Athenians, whom he conquered near the Echinades. Diodorus, bk. 18.——A Trojan prince killed by Teucer.——A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a book on Miletus.

Cloacīna, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the Cloacæ. Some suppose her to be Venus, whose statue was found in the Cloacæ, whence the name. The Cloacæ were large receptacles for the filth and dung of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the elder, and finished by Tarquin the Proud. They were built all under the city; so that, according to an expression of Pliny, Rome seemed to be suspended between heaven and earth. The building was so strong, and the stones so large, that though they were continually washed by impetuous torrents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacæ, called Curatores Cloacarum urbis. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 48.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome were descended. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.

Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for her lasciviousness. Plutarch, Lucullus.——An opulent matron at Rome, mother of Decimus Brutus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus.——A vestal virgin. See: [Claudia].——Another of the same family who successfully repressed the rudeness of a tribune that attempted to stop the procession of her father in his triumph through the streets of Rome. Cicero, For Marcus Cælius.——A woman who married Quintus Metellus, and afterwards disgraced herself by her amours with Cœlius, and her incest with her brother Publius, for which he is severely and eloquently arraigned by Cicero. For Marcus Cælius.

Clodia lex, de Cypro, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A.U.C. 695, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato to go with the pretorian power and see the auction of the king’s goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome.——Another, de Magistratibus, A.U.C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors.——Another, de Religione, by the same, A.U.C. 696, to deprive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pessinus, of his office, and confer the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian.——Another, de Provinciis, A.U.C. 696, which nominated the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinius; and Achaia, Thessaly, Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, with proconsular power. It empowered them to defray the expenses of their march from the public treasury.——Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same distribution of corn among the people gratis, as had been given them before at six asses and a triens the bushel.——Another, A.U.C. 695 by the same, de Judiciis. It called to an account such as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people, and all the formalities of a trial.——Another, by the same, to pay no attention to the appearances of the heavens, while any affair was before the people.——Another, to make the power of the tribunes free, in making and proposing laws.——Another, to re-establish the companies of artists, which had been instituted by Numa, but since his time abolished.

Clodii forum, a town of Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Publius Clōdius, a Roman descended from an illustrious family, and remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself in women’s clothes into the house of Julius Cæsar, whilst Pompeia, Cæsar’s wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. He was accused for this violation of human and divine laws; but he corrupted his judges, and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with pretorian power in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty of the campaign, he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate enemy to Cicero; and by his influence he banished him from Rome, partly on pretence that he had punished with death, and without trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero’s house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale; which, however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored to him. Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero took upon himself. Plutarch, Cicero.—Appian on Cicero, bk. 2.—Cicero, for Milo & On his House.—Dio Cassius.——A certain author, quoted by Plutarch.——Licinius, wrote a history of Rome. Livy, bk. 29, ch. 22.——Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Nero’s age. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 7.——Sextus, a rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with Marcus Antony, whose preceptor he was. Suetonius, Lives of the Rhetoricians.—Cicero, Philippics.

Clœlia, a Roman virgin, given, with other maidens, as hostages to Porsonna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confinement, and swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by her countrymen with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 651.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.—Juvenal, satire 8, li. 265.——A patrician family descended from Clœlius, one of the companions of Æneas. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Clœliæ fossæ, a place near Rome. Plutarch, Coriolanus.

Clœlius Gracchus, a general of the Volsci and Sabines against Rome, conquered by Quinctius Cincinnatus the dictator.——Tullus, a Roman ambassador, put to death by Tolumnius king of the Veientes.

Clonas, a musician. Plutarch, de Musica.

Clonia, the mother of Nycteus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Clonius, a Bœotian, who went with 50 ships to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.——A Trojan killed by Messapus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 749.——Another, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 574.

Clotho, the youngest of the three Parcæ, daughter of Jupiter and Themis, or, according to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside over the moment that we are born. She held the distaff in her hand, and spun the thread of life, whence her name (κλωθειν, to spin). She was represented wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered with a variegated robe. See: [Parcæ]. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 218.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Cluacīna, a name of Venus, whose statue was erected in that place where peace was made between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape of the virgins. See: [Cloacina].

Cluentius, a Roman citizen, accused by his mother of having murdered his father, 54 years B.C. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii was descended from Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.—Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius.

Cluilia fossa, a place five miles distant from Rome. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 39.

Clŭpea and Cly̆pea, now Aklibia, a town of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage, which receives its name from its exact resemblance to a shield, clypeus. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 586.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 29.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Clusia, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of whom Valerius Torquatus the Roman general became enamoured. He asked her of her father, who slighted his addresses; upon which he besieged and destroyed his town. Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, and came to the ground unhurt. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Clusīni fontes, baths in Etruria. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 9.

Clusium, now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porsena was buried there. At the north of Clusium there was a lake called Clusina lacus, which extended northward as far as Arretium, and had a communication with the Arnus, which falls into the sea at Pisa. Diodorus, bk. 14.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, lis. 167 & 655.

Clusius, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. Polybius, bk. 2.——The surname of Janus, when his temple was shut. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 130.

Cluvia, a noted debauchee, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 49.

Cluvius Rufus, a questor, A.U.C. 693. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 56.——A man of Puteoli appointed by Cæsar to divide the lands of Gaul, &c. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ch. 7.

Clymĕne, a daughter of Oceanus and [♦]Tethys, who married Japetus, by whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menœtius, and Epimetheus. Hesiod, Theogony.——One of the Nereides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. Hyginus.——The mother of Thesimenus by Parthenopæus. Hyginus, fable 71.——A daughter of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus. Apollodorus, bk. 3.——A daughter of Crateus, who married Nauplius. Apollodorus, bk. 2.——The mother of Phaeton by Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 756.——A Trojan woman. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.——The mother of Homer. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.——A female servant of Helen, who accompanied her mistress to Troy, when she eloped with Paris. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 267.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 3, li. 144.

[♦] ‘Thetys’ replaced with ‘Tethys’

Clymeneĭdes, a patronymic given to Phaeton’s sisters, who were daughters of Clymene.

Clymĕnus, a king of Orchomenos, son of Presbon and father of Erginus, Stratius, Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him, made war against the Thebans, to revenge his death. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 37.——One of the descendants of Hercules, who built a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.——A son of Phoroneus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.——A king of Elis. Pausanias.——A son of Œneus king of Calydon.

Clysony̆mus, a son of Amphidamas, killed by Patroclus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Clytemnestra, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda. She was born, together with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under the form of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon king of Argos. She had before married Tantalus son of Thyestes, according to some authors. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his cousin Ægysthus to take care of his wife, of his family, and all his domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain favourite musician was appointed by Agamemnon to watch over the conduct of the guardian as well as that of Clytemnestra. In the absence of Agamemnon, Ægysthus made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and he resolved to take full revenge upon the adulterers at his return. He was prevented from putting his scheme into execution; Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as he came out of the bath, or, according to other accounts, as he sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes would also have been deprived of his life, like his father, had not his sister Electra removed him from the reach of Clytemnestra. After this murder, Clytemnestra publicly married Ægysthus, and he ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven years, returned to Mycenæ, resolved to avenge his father’s murder. He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been married by the adulterers to a person of mean extraction and indigent circumstances. His death was publicly announced; and when Ægysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks to the god for the death of the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, who with his faithful friend Pylades had concealed himself in the temple, rushed upon the adulterers and killed them with his own hand. They were buried without the walls of the city, as their remains were deemed unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. See: [Ægysthus], [Agamemnon], [Orestes], [Electra]. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 22.—Euripides, Iphigeneia in Aulis.—Hyginus, fables 117 & 140.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 19.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 471.—Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 9.

Clytia, or Clytie, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She was deserted by her lover, who paid his addresses to Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, that she discovered the whole intrigue to her rival’s father. Apollo despised her the more for this, and she pined away, and was changed into a flower, commonly called a sunflower, which still turns its head towards the sun in his course, as in pledge of her love. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 3, &c.——A daughter of Amphidamus, mother of Pelops by Tantalus.——A concubine of Amyntor son of Phrastor, whose calumny caused Amyntor to put out the eyes of his falsely accused son Phœnix.——A daughter of Pandarus.

Clytius, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. Homer, Iliad, bk. 10.——A youth in the army of Turnus, beloved by Cydon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 325.——A giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war waged against the gods. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.——The father of Pireus, who faithfully attended Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 251.——A son of Æolus, who followed Æneas in Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 744.——A son of Alcmæon the son of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.

Clytus, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed by Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 302.

Cnacadium, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

Cnacălis, a mountain of Arcadia, where festivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Cnagia, a surname of Diana.

Cnemus, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful in an expedition against the Acarnanians. Diodorus, bk. 12.—Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.

Cneus, or Cnæus, a prænomen common to many Romans.

Cnidinium, a name given to a monument near Ephesus.

Cnidus and Gnidus, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the chief deity of the place, and had there a famous statue made by Praxiteles. Horace, bk. 1, ode 30.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

Cnopus, one of the descendants of Codrus, who went to settle a colony, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Cnossia, a mistress of Menelaus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Cnossus, or Gnossus, a town of Crete, about 25 stadia from the sea. It was built by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 27.

Co, Coos, and Cos, now Zia, one of the Cyclades, situate near the coasts of Asia, about 15 miles from the town of Halicarnassus. Its town is called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Astypalæa. It gave birth to Hippocrates, Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous for its fertility, for the wine and silkworms which it produced, and for the manufacture of silk and cotton of a beautiful and delicate texture. The women of the island always dressed in white; and their garments were so clear and thin, that their bodies could be seen through, according to Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9. The women of Cos were changed into cows by Venus or Juno; whom they reproached for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon’s flocks through their territories. Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 29.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 101.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 23.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 2; bk. 2, poem 1, li. 5; bk. 4, poem 2, li. 23.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 298.

Coamani, a people of Asia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Coastræ, and Coactræ, a people of Asia near the Palus Mæotis. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 246.

Cobares, a celebrated magician of Media, in the age of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Cōcălus, a king of Sicily, who hospitably received Dædalus, when he fled before Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of Cocalus destroyed him. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 261.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Cocceius Nerva, a friend of Horace and Mecænas, and grandfather to the emperor Nerva. He was one of those who settled the disputes between Augustus and Antony. He afterwards accompanied Tiberius in his retreat in Campania, and starved himself to death. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 58; bk. 6, ch. 26.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 27.——An architect of Rome, one of whose buildings is still in being, the present cathedral of Naples.——A nephew of Otho. Plutarch.——A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 72.

Coccygius, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Cocintum, a promontory of the Brutii, now Cape Stilo.

Cocles Publius Horatius, a celebrated Roman, who, alone, opposed the whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore. When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, though severely wounded in the leg by the darts of the enemy, leaped into the Tiber, and swam across with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services. He had the use only of one eye, as Cocles signifies. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 10.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 650.

Coctiæ and Cottiæ, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius, the conqueror of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus. Tacitus, Histories.

Cocȳtus, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from κωκυειν, to weep and to lament. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water, and above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have made the poets call it one of the rivers of hell, hence Cocytia virgo, applied to Alecto, one of the furies. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 38; bk. 4, li. 479; Æneid, bk. 6, lis. 297, 323; bk. 7, li. 479.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17.——A river of Campania, flowing into the Lucrine lake.

Codanus sinus, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Codomănus, a surname of Darius III. king of Persia.

Codrĭdæ, the descendants of Codrus, who went from Athens at the head of several colonies. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Codropŏlis, a town of Illyricum.

Codrus, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, son of Melanthus. When the Heraclidæ made war against Athens, the oracle declared that the victory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in battle. The Heraclidæ upon this gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country. He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 years before the christian era. To pay greater honour to his memory, the Athenians made a resolution that no man after Codrus should reign in Athens under the name of king, and therefore the government was put into the hands of perpetual archons. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Justin, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 7, ch. 25.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.——A man who, with his brothers, killed Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 49.——A Latin poet contemporary with Virgil. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 7.——Another in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty became a proverb. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 203.

Cœcilus, a centurion. Cæsar, Civil War.

Cœla, a place in the bay of Eubœa. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 47.——A part of Attica. Strabo, bk. 10.

Cœlaletæ, a people of Thrace.

Cœlesyria and Cœlosyria, a country of Syria, between mount Libanus and Antilibanus, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital was Damascus.——Antiochus Cyzicenus gave his name to that part of Syria which he obtained as his share when he divided his father’s dominions with Grypus, B.C. 112. Dionysius Periegetes.

Cœlia, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla. The Cœlian family, which was plebeian, but honoured with the consulship, was descended from Vibenna Cœles, an Etrurian, who came to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus.

Cœlius, a Roman, defended by Cicero.——Two brothers of Tarracina accused of having murdered their father in his bed. They were acquitted when it was proved that they were both asleep at the time of the murder. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Cicero.——A general of Carbo.——An orator. Plutarch, Pompey.——A lieutenant of Antony’s.——Cursor, a Roman knight, in the age of Ticerius.——A man who, after spending his all in dissipation and luxury, became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69.——A Roman historian, who flourished B.C. 121.——A hill of Rome. See: [Cælius].

Cœlus, or Urānus, an ancient deity, supposed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, whom he afterwards married. The number of his children, according to some, amounted to 45. They were called Titans, and were so closely confined by their father, that they conspired against him, and were supported by their mother, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn armed himself with this scythe, and deprived his father of the organs of generation, as he was going to unite himself to Terra. From the blood which issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown into the sea, and from them, and the foam which they occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of beauty. Hesiod, &c.

Cœnus, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to Parmenio. He died of a distemper, in his return from India. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Cœrănus, a stoic philosopher. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 52.——A person slain by Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 157.——A Greek, charioteer to Merion. He was killed by Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17, li. 610.

Coes, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign master of his country by Darius. His countrymen stoned him to death. Herodotus, bk. 5, chs. 11 & 38.

Coeus, a son of Cœlus and Terra. He was father of Latona, Asteria, &c., by Phœbe. Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 135 & 405.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 279.——A river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Cogamus, a river of Lydia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Cogidūnus, a king of Britain, faithful to Rome. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 14.

Cohibus, a river of Asia, near Pontus.

Cohors, a division in the Roman armies, consisting of about 600 men. It was the tenth part of a legion, and consequently its number was under the same fluctuation as that of the legions, being sometimes more and sometimes less.

Colænus, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to some accounts. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 31.

Colaxias, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.

Colaxes, a son of Jupiter and Ora. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 48.

Colchi, the inhabitants of Colchis.

Colchis and Colchos, a country of Asia, at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of Iberia, now called Mingrelia. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, and as the birthplace of Medea. It was fruitful in poisonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king of Egypt extended his conquests in the north. From the country arises the epithets of Colchus, Colchicus, Colchiachus, and Medea receives the name of Colchis. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 640.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 418.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 13, li. 8.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 24; Amores, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 28.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 3.

Colenda, a town of Spain.

Colias, now Agio Nicolo, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a man’s foot, where Venus had a temple. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 96.

Collatia, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was there that Sextus Tarquin offered violence to Lucretia. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 37, &c.—Strabo, bk. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 774.

Lucius Tarquinius Collatīnus, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, to whom Sextus Tarquin offered violence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls. As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman people, he laid down his office of consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary banishment. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 2, ch. 2.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——One of the seven hills of Rome.

Collīna, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 871.——A goddess at Rome, who presided over hills. One of the original tribes established by Romulus.

Collucia, a lascivious woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 306.

Junius Colo, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 21.

Colōnæ, a place of Troas. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Colōne, a city of Phocis,——of Erythræa,——of Thessaly,——of Messenia.——A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus.

Colōnia Agrippina, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now Cologne.——Equestris, a town on the lake of Geneva, now Noyon.——Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now Terrouen, in Artois.——Norbensis, a town of Spain, now Alcantara.——Trajana, or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now Kellen, near Cleves.——Valentia, a town of Spain, which now bears the same name.

Colōnos, an eminence near Athens, where Œdipus retired during his banishment, from which circumstance Sophocles has given the title of Œdipus Coloneus to one of his tragedies.

Colŏphon, a town of Ionia, at a small distance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Codrus. It was the native country of Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honour of having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 20.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 54.—Cicero, For Archias, ch. 8.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 8.

Colosse and Colossis, a large town of Phrygia, near Laodicea, of which the government was democratical, and the first ruler called archon. One of the first christian churches was established there, and one of St. Paul’s epistles was addressed to it. Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 9.

Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and everything in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the work of Chares the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years in making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ; and after it had remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partially demolished by an earthquake, 224 B.C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the space of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who had received several large contributions to repair it, divided the money amongst themselves, and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from its ruins. In the year 672 of the christian era, it was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at 36,000l. English money.

Colotes, a Teian painter, disciple of Phidias. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 8.——A disciple of Epictetus.——A follower of Epicurus, accused of ignorance by Plutarch.——A sculptor who made a statue of Æsculapius. Strabo, bk. 8.

Colpe, a city of Ionia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Colubraria, now Monte Colubre, a small island at the east of Spain, supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Columbra, a dove, the symbol of Venus among the poets. This bird was sacred to Venus, and received divine honours in Syria. Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, where Venus had a temple, and they were said to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she went to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to give oracles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 17.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 15.

Columella Lucius Junius Moderatus, a native of Gades, who wrote, among other works, 12 books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, and the work displays the genius of a naturalist, and the labours of an accurate observer. The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735, and reprinted there 1772.

Columnæ Hercŭlis, a name given to two mountains on the extremest parts of Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean. They were called Calpe and Abyla, the former on the coast of Spain, and the latter on the side of Africa, at the distance of only 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and they were supposed to have been joined, till the hero separated them, and opened a communication between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.——Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near them, though Homer places them in the island Pharos. Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 351.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 262.

Colūthus, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, an imitation of Homer. The composition remained long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the 15th century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus.

Colyttus, a tribe of Athens.

Comagēna, a part of Syria, above Cilicia, extending on the east as far as the Euphrates. Its chief town was called Samosata, the birthplace of Lucian. Strabo, bks. 11 & 17.

Comāna (a and orum), a town of Pontus. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 34.——Another in Cappadocia, famous for a temple of Bellona, where there were above 6000 ministers of both sexes. The chief priest among them was very powerful, and knew no superior but the king of the country. This high office was generally conferred upon one of the royal family. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 66.—Flaccus, bk. 7, li. 636.—Strabo, bk. 12.

Comania, a country of Asia.

Comarea, the ancient name of Cape Comorin in India.

Comări, a people of Asia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Comărus, a port in the bay of Ambracia, near Nicopolis.

Comastus, a place of Persia.

Combabus, a favourite of Stratonice wife of Antiochus.

Combe, a daughter of Ophius, who first invented a brazen suit of armour. She was changed into a bird, and escaped from her children, who had conspired to murder her. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 382.

Combi, or Ombi, a city of Egypt on the Nile. Juvenal, satire 15, li. 35.

Combrēa, a town near Pallene. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Combutis, a general under Brennus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 22.

Comētes, the father of Asterion, and one of the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 356.——One of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 284.——A son of Thestius, killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.——One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of Persia. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9.——An adulterer of Ægiale.——A son of Orestes.

Cometho, a daughter of Pterilaus, who deprived her father of a golden hair in his head, upon which depended his fate. She was put to death by Amphitryon for her perfidy. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Quintus Cominius, a Roman knight, who wrote some illiberal verses against Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 31.

Comitia (orum), an assembly of the Roman people. The word is derived from Comitium, the place where they were convened, quasi a cum eundo. The Comitium was a large hall, which was left uncovered at the top, in the first ages of the republic; so that the assembly was often dissolved in rainy weather. The Comitia were called, some consularia, for the election of the consuls; others prætoria, for the election of pretors, &c. These assemblies were more generally known by the name of Comitia, Curiata, Centuriata, and Tributa. The Curiata was when the people gave their votes by curiæ. Centuriata were not convened in later times. See: [Centuria]. Another assembly was called Comitia Tributa, where the votes were received from the whole tribes together. At first the Roman people were divided only into three tribes; but as their numbers increased, the tribes were at last swelled to 35. The object of these assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and all the public officers of state. They could be dissolved by one of the tribunes, if he differed in opinion from the rest of his colleagues. If one among the people was taken with the falling sickness, the whole assembly was immediately dissolved, whence that disease is called morbus comitialis. After the custom of giving their votes vivâ voce had been abolished, every one of the assembly, in the enacting of a law, was presented with two ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R., that is, uti rogas, be it as is required; on the other was an A., that is, antiquo, which bears the same meaning as antiquam volo, I forbid it; the old law is preferable. If the number of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A.’s, the law was approved constitutionally; if not, it was rejected. Only the chief magistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the privilege of convening these assemblies. There were only these eight of the magistrates who had the power of proposing a law, the consuls, the dictator, the pretor, the interrex, the decemvirs, the military tribunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. These were called majores magistratus; to whom one of the minores magistratus was added, the tribune of the people.

Comius, a man appointed king over the Attrebates, by Julius Cæsar, for his services. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 21.

Commagēne. See: [Comagena].

Commodus Lucius Aurelius Antoninus, son of Marcus Antoninus, succeeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel, and fond of indulging his licentious propensities; and regardless of the instructions of philosophers, and of the decencies of nature, he corrupted his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys, for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be called Hercules, like that hero he adorned his shoulders with a lion’s skin, and armed his hands with a knotted club. He showed himself naked in public, and fought with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in killing the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He required divine honours from the senate, and they were granted. He was wont to put such an immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that when he appeared bare-headed in the sunshine, his head glittered as if surrounded with sunbeams. Martia, one of his concubines, whose death he had prepared, poisoned him; but as the poison did not quickly operate, he was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his reign, A.D. 192. It has been observed, that he never trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. Herodian.

Commoris, a village of Cilicia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

Comon, a general of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 26.

Compĭtālia, festivals celebrated by the Romans the 12th of January and the 6th of March, in the cross ways, in honour of the household gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud, or, according to some, Servius Tullius, instituted them on account of an oracle which ordered him to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims; but Junius Brutus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, thought it sufficient to offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. The slaves were generally the ministers, and during the celebration they enjoyed their freedom. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 140.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.

Compsa, now Consa, a town of the Hirpini in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius.

Compustus, a river of Thrace, falling into the lake Bistonis. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

Compusa, a town of Bithynia.

Comum, now Como, a town at the north of Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, in the modern duchy of Milan. It was afterwards called Novo Comum by Julius Cæsar, who transplanted a colony there, though it resumed its ancient name. It was the birthplace of the younger Pliny. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.—Livy, bk. 34, chs. 36 & 37.—Suetonius, Julius, ch. 28.—Pliny the Younger, bk. 1, ltr. 3.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 35.

Comus, the god of revelry, feasting, and nocturnal entertainments. During his festivals, men and women exchanged each other’s dress. He was represented as a young and drunken man, with a garland of flowers on his head, and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling. He is more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and turning himself when the heat of the falling torch scorched his side. Philostratus, bk. 2, Imagines.—Plutarch, Quæstiones romanæ.

Concăni, a people of Spain, who lived chiefly on milk mixed with horses’ blood. Their chief town, Concana, is now called Sanlinala, or Cangas de Onis. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 463.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 361.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 34.

Concerda, a town belonging to Venice in Italy.

Concordia, the goddess of peace and concord at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised a temple in the Capitol, where the magistrates often assembled for the transaction of public business. She had, besides this, other temples and statues, and was addressed to promote the peace and union of families and citizens. Plutarch, Camillus.—Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 1.—Cicero, On his House.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 639; bk. 6, li. 637.

Condate, a town of Gaul, now Rennes (Rhedonum urbs), in Britany.

Condlaus, an avaricious officer, &c. Aristotle, Politics.

Condivicnum, a town of Gaul, now Nantes, in Britany.

Condochātes, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges.

Condrūsi, a people of Belgium, now Condrotz, in Liege. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Condy̆lia, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Cone, a small island at the mouth of the Ister, supposed to be the same as the insula Conopôn of Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 200.

Conetōdūnus and Cotuatus, two desperate Gauls, who raised their countrymen against Rome, &c.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Confluentes, a town at the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine, now Coblentz.

Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, as much honoured among his countrymen as a monarch. He died about 479 years B.C.

Congēdus, a river of Spain. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 9.

Coniăci, a people of Spain, at the head of the Iberus. Strabo, bk. 3.

Conimbrĭca, a town of Spain, now Coimbra of Portugal.

Conisaltus, a god worshipped at Athens, with the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lampsacus. Strabo, bk. 3.

Coniscī, a people of Spain.

Connīdas, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose honour the Athenians instituted a festival called Connideia. It was then usual to sacrifice to him a ram. Plutarch, Theseus.

Conon, a famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made governor of all the islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in a naval battle by Lysander, near the Ægospotamos. He retired in voluntary banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he freed his country from slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cnidos, in an engagement, where Pisander, the enemy’s admiral, was killed. By his means the Athenians fortified their city with a strong wall, and attempted to recover Ionia and Æolia. He was perfidiously betrayed by a Persian, and died in prison, B.C. 393. Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus.—Plutarch, Lysander & Artaxerxes.—Isocrates.——A Greek astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen’s locks, which had been dedicated in the temple of Venus, and had since disappeared, were become a constellation. He was intimate with Archimedes, and flourished 247 B.C. Catullus, poem 67.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3, li. 40.——A Grecian mythologist in the age of Julius Cæsar, who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, still extant, preserved by Photius.——There was a treatise written on Italy by a man of the same name.

Consentes, the name which the Romans gave to the 12 superior gods, the Dii majorum gentium. The word signifies as much as consentientes, that is, who consented to the deliberations of Jupiter’s council. They were 12 in number, whose names Ennius has briefly expressed in these lines:

Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars,

Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo.

Varro, de Re Rustica

Consentia, now Cosenza, a town in the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 28, ch. 11.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Considius Æquus, a Roman knight, &c. Tacitus.——Caius, one of Pompey’s adherents, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Consilinum, a town of Italy. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Constans, a son of Constantine. See: [Constantius].

Constantia, a granddaughter of the great Constantine, who married the emperor Gratian.

Constantīna, a princess, wife of the emperor Gallus.——Another of the imperial family.

Constantinopŏlis, now Stamboul, formerly Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great, and solemnly dedicated A.D. 330. It was the capital of the eastern Roman empire, and was called after its foundation, Roma nova, on account of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. The beauty of its situation, with all its conveniences, have been the admiration of every age. Constantinople became long the asylum of science and of learned men, but upon its conquest by Mahomet II., 28th May, 1453, the professors retired from the barbarity of their victors, and found in Italy the protection which their learning deserved. This migration was highly favourable to the cause of science, and whilst the Pope, the head of the house of Medicis, and the emperor, munificently supported the fugitives, other princes imitated their example, and equally contributed to the revival of literature in Europe.

Constantīnus, surnamed the Great, from the greatness of his exploits, was son of Constantius. As soon as he became independent he assumed the title of Augustus, and made war against Licinius, his brother-in-law and colleague on the throne, because he was cruel and ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him to lay aside the imperial power. It is said that as he was going to fight against Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this inscription, ἐν τουτῳ νικα, in hoc vince. From this circumstance he became a convert to christianity and obtained an easy victory, ever after adopting a cross or abarum as his standard. After the death of Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Licinius, who had reigned together, though in a subordinate manner, Constantine became sole emperor, and began to reform the state. He founded a city in the most eligible situation, where old Byzantium formerly stood, and called it by his own name, Constantinopolis. Thither he transported part of the Roman senate; and by keeping his court there, he made it the rival of Rome, in population and magnificence, and from that time the two imperial cities began to look upon each other with an eye of envy; and soon after the age of Constantine, a separation was made of the two empires, and Rome was called the capital of the western, and Constantinopolis was called the capital of the eastern, dominions of Rome. The emperor has been distinguished for personal courage, and praised for the protection which he extended to the christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their opinions. His murder of his son Crispus has been deservedly censured. By removing the Roman legions from the garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy passage to the barbarians, and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths, and received into his territories 300,000 Samartians, who had been banished by their slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate. Constantine was learned, and preached as well as composed many sermons, one of which remains. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of 31 years of the greatest glory and success. He left three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, among whom he divided his empire. The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion, was conquered by the armies of his brother Constans, and killed in the 25th year of his age, A.D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of the provinces of Rhætia, murdered Constans in his bed, after a reign of 13 years over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius, the only surviving brother, now become the sole emperor, A.D. 353, punished his brother’s murderer, and gave way to cruelty and oppression. He visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died in his march against Julian, who had been proclaimed independent emperor by his soldiers.——The name of Constantine was very common to the emperors of the east, in a later period.——A private soldier in Britain, raised on account of his name to the imperial dignity.——A general of Belisarius.

Constantius Chlorus, son of Eutropius and father of the great Constantine, merited the title of Cæsar, which he obtained by his victories in Britain and Germany. He became the colleague of Galerius, on the abdication of Docletian; and after bearing the character of a humane and benevolent prince, he died at York, and made his son his successor, A.D. 306.——The second son of Constantine the Great. See: [Constantinus].——The father of Julian and Gallus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and died A.D. 337.——A Roman general of Nyssa, who married Placidia the sister of Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he enjoyed only seven months. He died universally regretted, 421 A.D., and was succeeded by his son Valentinian in the west.——One of the servants of Attila.

Consuāles Ludi, or Consuālia, festivals at Rome in honour of Consus, the god of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered under the ground. This altar was always covered, except at the festival, when a mule was sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhibited in honour of Neptune. It was during these festivals that Romulus carried away the Sabine women who had assembled to be spectators of the games. They were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, however, that Romulus only regulated and reinstituted them after they had been before established by Evander. During the celebration, which happened about the middle of August, horses, mules, and asses were exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned with garlands and flowers. Ausonius, bk. 69, li. 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 199.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Consul, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of one year. There were two consuls, a consulendo, annually chosen in the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A.U.C. 244, after the expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen; but the people obtained the privilege, A.U.C. 388, of electing one of their consuls from their own body; and sometimes both were plebeians. The first consul among the plebeians was Lucius Sextius. It was required that every candidate for the consulship should be 43 years of age, called legitimum tempus. He was always to appear at the election as a private man, without a retinue; and it was requisite, before he canvassed for the office, to have discharged the inferior functions of questor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes these qualifications were disregarded. Valerius Corvinus was made a consul in his 23rd year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, were also under the proper age when they were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been questor or pretor. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew no superior but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people, and [♦]misbehaviour was often punished by the laws. The badge of their office was the prætexta, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards exchanged for the toga picta or palmata. They were preceded by 12 lictors, carrying the fasces, or bundle of sticks, in the middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away from the fasces by Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his successor. The consuls took it by turns, monthly to be preceded by the lictors while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with their badges of royal authority should raise apprehensions in the multitude. While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before the other, and the lictors followed behind without the fasces. Their authority was equal; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children, and he was generally called consul major or prior. As their power was absolute, they presided over the senate, and could convene and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their counsellors; and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by the name of the consuls, and by Marcus Tullius Cicerone & L. Antonio Consulibus, for instance, the year of Rome 691 was always understood. This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or 541st year of the christian era, when the consular office was totally suppressed by Justinian. In public assemblies the consuls sat in ivory chairs and held in their hands an ivory wand, called scipio eburneus, which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to the Capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them to protect the republic; after this they departed from the city, arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces were assigned them, without drawing by lot, by the will and appointment of the senators. At their departure they were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their expedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12 lictors, and equally invested with regal authority. They were not permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the senate, and they always remained in their province till the arrival of their successor. At their return they harangued the people, and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently endeavoured to promote the greatness and welfare of the state. No man could be consul two following years; yet this institution was sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the expiration of his office, during the Cimprian war. The office of consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its authority but the useless ensigns of original dignity. Even the office of consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three months by Julius Cæsar; but they who were admitted on the 1st of January denominated the year, and were called ordinarii. Their successors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of suffecti. Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship, and the emperor Commodus made no less than 25 consuls in one year. Constantine the Great renewed the original institution, and permitted them to be a whole year in office.——Here is annexed a list of the consuls from the establishment of the consular power to the battle of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls was totally extinguished.

[♦] ‘misbehavour’ replaced with ‘misbehaviour’

The first two consuls, chosen about the middle of June, A.U.C. 244, were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. Collatinus retired from Rome as being of the family of the Tarquins, and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Spurius Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of the year with Valerius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about 16 months, during which the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and the Capitol was dedicated.

A.U.C. 246. Publius Valerius Publicola 2; Titus Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Cocles, Scævola, and Clœlia.

A.U.C. 247. Publius Lucretius, or Marcus Horatius; Publius Valerius Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna continued.

A.U.C. 248. Spurius Lartius; Titus Herminus. Victories obtained over the Sabines.

A.U.C. 249. Marcus Valerius; Publius Postumius. Wars with the Sabines continued.

A.U.C. 250. Publius Valerius 4; Titus Lucretius 2.

A.U.C. 251. Agrippa Menenius; Publius Postumius 2. The death of Publicola.

A.U.C. 252. Opiter Virginius; Spurius Cassius. Sabine war.

A.U.C. 253. Postumius Cominius; Titus Lartius. A conspiracy of slaves at Rome.

A.U.C. 254. Servvius Sulpicius; Marcus Tullus.

A.U.C. 255. Publius Veturius Geminus; Titus Æbutius Elva.

A.U.C. 256. Titus Lartius 2; Quintus Clœlius. War with the Latins.

A.U.C. 257. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus; Marcus Minucius.

A.U.C. 258. Aulus Postumius; Titus Virginius. The battle of Regillæ.

A.U.C. 259. Appius Claudius; Publius Servilius. War with the Volsci.

A.U.C. 260. Aulus Virginius; Titus Veturius. The dissatisfied people retired to Mons Sacer.

A.U.C. 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Spurius Cassius 2. A reconciliation between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes.

A.U.C. 262. Titus Geganius; Publius Minucius. A famine at Rome.

A.U.C. 263. Marcus Minucius 2; Aulus Sempronius 2. The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the populace.

A.U.C. 264. Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus; Spurius Lartius Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci.

A.U.C. 265. Caius Julius; Paius Pinarius. The Volsci make declarations of war.

A.U.C. 266. Spurius Nautius; Sextus Furius. Coriolanus forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies.

A.U.C. 267. Titus Sicinius; Caius Aquilius. The Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 268. Spurius Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. Cassius aspires to tyranny.

A.U.C. 269. Servius Cornelius; Quintus Fabius. Cassius is condemned, and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

A.U.C. 270. Lucius Æmilius; Cæsio Fabius. The Æqui and Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 271. Marcus Fabius; Lucius Valerius.

A.U.C. 272. Qucius Fabius 2; Caius Julius. War with the Æqui.

A.U.C. 273. Cæsio Fabius 2; Spurius Furius. War continued with the Æqui and Veientes.

A.U.C. 274. Marcus Fabius 2; Cnæus Manlius. Victory over the Hernici.

A.U.C. 275. Cæsio Fabius 3; Titus Virginius. The march of the Fabii to the river Cremera.

A.U.C. 276. Lucius Æmilius 2; C. Servilius. The wars continued against the neighbouring states.

A.U.C. 277. Caius Horatius; Titus Menenius. The defeat and death of the 300 Fabii.

A.U.C. 278. Spurius Servilius; Aulus Virginius. Menenius brought to his trial for the defeat of the armies under him.

A.U.C. 279. Caius Nautius; Publius Valerius.

A.U.C. 280. Lucius Furius; Cublius Manlius. A truce of 40 years granted to the Veientes.

A.U.C. 281. Lucius Æmilius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered in his bed for his seditions.

A.U.C. 282. Lucius Pinarius; Publius Furius.

A.U.C. 283. Appius Claudius; Titus Quintius. The Roman army suffer themselves to be defeated by the Volsci on account of their hatred to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed against the Æqui.

A.U.C. 284. Lucius Valerius 2; Tiberius Æmilius. Appius is cited to take his trial before the people, and dies before the day of trial.

A.U.C. 285. Titus Numicius Priscus; Aulus Virginius.

A.U.C. 286. Tulus Quintius 2; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 287. Tiberius Æmilius 2; Quintus Fabius.

A.U.C. 288. Quintus Servilius 2; Spurius Postumius.

A.U.C. 289. Quintus Fabius 2; Titus Quintius 3. In the census made this year, which was the ninth, there were found 124,214 citizens in Rome.

A.U.C. 290. Aulus Postumius; Spurius Furius.

A.U.C. 291. Lucius Æbutius; Publius Servilius. A plague at Rome.

A.U.C. 292. Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus; Titus Veturius Geminus.

A.U.C. 293. Publius Volumnius; Servius Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies at Rome, and seditions.

A.U.C. 294. Caius Claudius; Publius Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes the Capitol, and is defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and made dictator; he quelled the dissensions at Rome, and returned to his farm.

A.U.C. 295. Quintus Fabius 3; Lucius Cornelius. The census made the Romans amount to 132,049.

A.U.C. 296. Lucius Minucius; Caius Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged in his camp by the Æqui; and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 days after his election.

A.U.C. 297. Quintus Minucius; Caius Horatius. War with the Æqui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of five.

A.U.C. 298. Marcus Valerius; Spurius Virginius.

A.U.C. 299. Titus Romilius; Caius Veturius.

A.U.C. 300. Spurius Tarpeius; Aulus Aterius.

A.U.C. 301. Publius Curiatius; Sextus Quintilius.

A.U.C. 302. Titus Menenius; Publius Cestius Capitolinus. The Decemvirs reduce the laws into 12 tables.

A.U.C. 303. Appius Claudius; Titus Genutius; Publius Cestius, &c. The Decemvirs assume the reins of government, and preside with consular power.

A.U.C. 304 & 305. Appius Claudius; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs continued. They act with violence. Appius endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who is killed by her father. The Decemvirs abolished, and Valerius Potitus, Marcus Horatius Barbatus, are created consuls for the rest of the year. Appius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decemvirs are banished.

A.U.C. 306. Lars Herminius; Titus Virginius.

A.U.C. 307. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Caius Julius. Domestic troubles.

A.U.C. 308. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa Furius. The Æqui and Volsci come near the gates of Rome, and are defeated.

A.U.C. 309. Marcus Genucius; Caius Curtius. A law passed to permit the patrician and plebeian families to intermarry.

A.U.C. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of consuls. The plebeians admitted among them. The first were Aulus Sempronius; Lucius Atilius; Titus Clœlius. They abdicated three months after their election, and consuls were again chosen. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus; Lucius Sempronius Atratinus.

A.U.C. 311. Marcus Geganius Macerinus 2; Titus Quintius Capitolinus 5. The censorship instituted.

A.U.C. 312. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius Æbutius Cornicen.

A.U.C. 313. Caius Furius Pacilus; Maius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 314. Proculus Geganius Macerinus; Lucius Menenius Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Mælius attempts to make himself king.

A.U.C. 315. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus.

A.U.C. 316. Mamercus Æmilius; Lucius Quintius; Lucius Julius. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 317. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius king of the Veientes killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal spoils called Opima.

A.U.C. 318. Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis; Lucius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 319. Caius Julius; Lucius Virginius.

A.U.C. 320. Caius Julius 2; Lucius Virginius 2. The duration of the censorship limited to 18 months.

A.U.C. 321. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Fossius; Lucius Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 322. Lucius Pinarius Mamercus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Spurius Postumius Albus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 323. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus; Caius Julius Manto; consuls. A victory over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictator Posthumius.

A.U.C. 324. Caius Papirius Crassus; Lucius Julius.

A.U.C. 325. Lucius Sergius Fidenas 2; Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus.

A.U.C. 326. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Titus Quintus Pennus 2.

A.U.C. 327. Servilius Ahala; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus 2.

A.U.C. 328. Titus Quintius Pennus; Caius Furius; Marcus Posthumius; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. Military tribunes, all of patrician families. Victory over the Veientes.

A.U.C. 329. Aarcus Sempronius Atratinus; Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Lucius Horatius Barbatus.

A.U.C. 330. Appius Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 331. Caius Sempronius Atratinus; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dissatisfaction to the people.

A.U.C. 332. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; Titus Quinctius Capitolinus.

A.U.C. 334. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 3; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2; Mucius Manlius; Aulus Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 335. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 336. Lucius Sergius Fidenas; Marcus Papirius Mugillanus; Caius Servilius.

A.U.C. 337. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 2, &c.

A.U.C. 338. Agrippa Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 339. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c.

A.U.C. 340. Cnæus Cornelius Cossus, &c. One of the military tribunes stoned to death by the army.

A.U.C. 341. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus, consuls. Domestic seditions.

A.U.C. 342. Quintus Fabius Ambustus; Caius Furius Pacilus.

A.U.C. 343. Marcus Papirius Atratinus. Spurius Nautius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 344. Mamercus Æmilius; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 345. Cnaeus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2. Plebeians for the first time questors.

A.U.C. 346. Caius Julius, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 347. Lucius Furius Medullinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 348. Publius & Cnæus Cornelii Cossi, &c. Military tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first received pay.

A.U.C. 349. Titus Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes. The siege of Veii begun.

A.U.C. 350. Caius Valerius Potitus &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 351. Manlius Æmilius Mamercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin to receive pay.

A.U.C. 352. Caius Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes.

A.U.C. 353. Lucius Valerius Potitus 4; Marcus Furius Camillus 2, &c. A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 354. Publius Licinius Calvus, &c.

A.U.C. 355. Marcus Veturius, &c.

A.U.C. 356. Lucius Valerius Potitus 5; Marcus Furius Camillus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 357. Lucius Julius Iulus, &c.

A.U.C. 358. Publius Licinius, &c. Camillus declared dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph.

A.U.C. 359. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c. The people wished to remove to Veii.

A.U.C. 360. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.; Falisci surrendered to the Romans.

A.U.C. 361. Lucius Lucretius Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15 successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii, and it is rejected.

A.U.C. 362. Lucius Valerius Potitus; Mucius Manlius. One of the censors dies.

A.U.C. 363. Lucius Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. A strange voice heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after march towards Rome.

A.U.C. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The Romans defeated at Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and defeats the Gauls.

A.U.C. 365. Lucius Valerius Poplicola 3; Lucius Virginius, &c. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, Æqui, and Tuscans.

A.U.C. 366. Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus; Quintus Servilius Fidenas; Lucius Julius Iulus.

A.U.C. 367. Lucius Papirius; Cnæus Sergius; Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 368. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.

A.U.C. 369. Aulus Manlius; Publius Cornelius, &c. The Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty.

A.U.C. 370. Servius Cornelius Maluginensis; Publius Valerius Potitus; Marcus Furius [♦]Camillus. Manlius is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

[♦] ‘Carnillus’ replaced with ‘Camillus’

A.U.C. 371. Lucius Valerius; Aulus Manlius; Servius Sulpicius, &c.

A.U.C. 372. Spurius & Lucius Papirii, &c.

A.U.C. 373. Marcus Furius Camillus; Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 374. Lucius & Publius Valerii.

A.U.C. 375. Cnæus Manlius, &c.

A.U.C. 376. Spurius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 377. Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 378.		For five years anarchy at Rome. No consuls or military tribunes elected, but only for that time, Lucius Sextinus; Caius Licinius Calvus Stolo, tribunes of the people.
A.U.C. 379.
A.U.C. 380.
A.U.C. 381.
A.U.C. 382.

A.U.C. 383. Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 384. Quintus Servilius; Caius Veturius, &c. Ten magistrates are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books.

A.U.C. 385. Lucius Qunitus Capitolinus; Spurius Servilius, &c.

A.U.C. 386. According to some writers, Camillus this year was sole dictator, without consuls or tribunes.

A.U.C. 387. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Veturius Crassus, &c. The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future to be elected from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 388. Lucius Æmilius, patrician; Lucius Sextius, plebeian; consuls. The offices of pretor and curule ædile granted to the senate by the people.

A.U.C. 389. Lucius Genucius; Quintus Servilius. Camillus died.

A.U.C. 390. Caius Sulpicius Peticus; Caius Licinius Stolo.

A.U.C. 391. Cnæus Genucius; Lucius Æmilius.

A.U.C. 392. Quintus Servilius Ahala 2; Lucius Genucius 2. Curtius devotes himself to the Dii manes.

A.U.C. 393. Caius Sulpicius 2; Caius Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in single battle.

A.U.C. 394. Caius Petilius Balbus; Marcus Fabius Ambustus.

A.U.C. 395. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Manlius.

A.U.C. 396. Caius Fabius; Caius Plautius. Gauls defeated.

A.U.C. 397. Caius Marcinus; Cnæus Manlius 2.

A.U.C. 398. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 2; Marcus Popilius Lænas 2. A dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time.

A.U.C. 399. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 3; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 2; both of patrician families.

A.U.C. 400. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 3; Titus Quintius.

A.U.C. 401. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 4; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 3.

A.U.C. 402. Publius Valerius Poplicola 4; Caius Marcius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 403. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus 5; Titus Quinctius Pennus. A censor elected for the first time from the plebeians.

A.U.C. 404. Marcus Popilius Lænas 3; Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

A.U.C. 405. Lucius Furius Camillus; Appius Claudius Crassus. Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquering a Gaul.

A.U.C. 406. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Popilius Lænas 4. Corvus was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty of amity concluded with Carthage.

A.U.C. 407. Titus Manlius Torquatus; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 408. Marcus Valerius Corvus 2; Caius Pætilius.

A.U.C. 409. Marcus Fabius Dorso; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus.

A.U.C. 410. Caius Marcius Rutilus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 411. Marcus Valerius Corvus 3; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. The Romans begin to make war against the Samnites, at the request of the Campanians. They obtained a victory.

A.U.C. 412. Caius Marcius Rutilus 4; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 413. Caius Plautinus; Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus.

A.U.C. 414. Titus Manlius Torquatus 3; Publius Decius Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. Manlius puts his son to death for fighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins.

A.U.C. 415. Tiberius Æmilius Mamercinus; Quintus Publilius Philo.

A.U.C. 416. Lucius Furius Camillus; Caius Mænius. The Latins conquered.

A.U.C. 417. Caius Sulpicius Longus; Publius Ælius Pætus. The pretorship granted to a plebeian.

A.U.C. 418. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Cæso Duillius.

A.U.C. 419. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 420. Titus Veturius; Spurius Posthumius.

A.U.C. 421. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Caius Pætilius Libo.

A.U.C. 422. Aulus Cornelius 2; Cnæus Domitius.

A.U.C. 423. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 424. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Caius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 425. Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus 2; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 426. Publius Plautius Proculus; Publius Cornelius Scapula.

A.U.C. 427. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Quintus Publilius Philo 2.

A.U.C. 428. Caius Pætilius; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus.

A.U.C. 429. Lucius Furius Camillus 2; Ducius Junius Brutus Scæva. The dictator Papirius [♦]Cursor is for putting to death Fabius his master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a famous victory. He pardons him.

[♦] ‘Curso’ replaced with ‘Cursor’

A.U.C. 430. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator, Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 431. Gaius Sulpicius Longus; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus.

A.U.C. 432. Quintus Fabius; Lucius Fulvius.

A.U.C. 433. Titus Veturius Calvinus 2; Spurius Posthumius Albinus 2. Caius Pontius the Samnite takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Caudium.

A.U.C. 434. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Quintus Publilius Philo 3.

A.U.C. 435. Lucius Papirius Cursor 3; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus 2.

A.U.C. 436. Marcus Fossius Flaccinator; Lucius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 437. Caius Junius Bubulcus; Lucius Æmilius Barbula.

A.U.C. 438. Spurius Nautius; Marcus Popilius.

A.U.C. 439. Lucius Papirius 4; Quintus Publilius 4.

A.U.C. 440. Marcus Pætilius; Caius Sulpicius.

A.U.C. 441. Lucius Papirius Cursor 5; Caius Junius Bubulcus 2.

A.U.C. 442. Marcus Valerius; Publius Decius. The censor Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct.

A.U.C. 443. Caius Junius Bubulcus 3; Quintus Æmilius Barbula 2.

A.U.C. 444. Quintus Fabius 2; Caius Martius Rutilius.

A.U.C. 445. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator. Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 446. Quintus Fabius 3; Pucius Decius 2.

A.U.C. 447. Appius Claudius; Lucius Volumnius.

A.U.C. 448. Publius Cornelius Arvina; Quintus Marcius Tremulus.

A.U.C. 449. Lucius Posthumius; Tiberias Minucius.

A.U.C. 450. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius Sophus. The Æqui conquered.

A.U.C. 451. Lucius Genucius; Servius Cornelius.

A.U.C. 452. Marcus Livius; Marcus Æmilius.

A.U.C. 453. Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus; Marcus Valerius Corvus; not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors.

A.U.C. 454. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Quintus Apuleius. The priesthood made common to the plebeians.

A.U.C. 455. Marcus Fulvius Pætinus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 456. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Cnæus Fulvius.

A.U.C. 457. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Publius Decius Mus 3. Wars against the Samnites.

A.U.C. 458. Lucius Volumnius 2; Appius Claudius 2. Conquest over the Etrurians and Samnites.

A.U.C. 459. Quintus Fabius 5; Publius Decius 4. Decius devotes himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a victory.

A.U.C. 460. Lucius Posthumius Megellus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 461. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Spurius Carvilius. Victories over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 462. Quintus Fabius Gurges; Decimus Junius Brutus Scæva. Victory over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 463. Lucius Posthumius 3; Caius Junius Brutus. Æsculapius brought to Rome in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus.

A.U.C. 464. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Marcus Curius Dentatus.

A.U.C. 465. Marcus Valerius Corvinus; Quintus Cædicius Noctua.

A.U.C. 466. Quintus Marcius Tremulus; Publius Cornelius Arvina.

A.U.C. 467. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Nautius.

A.U.C. 468. Marcus Valerius Potitus; Caius Ælius Pætus.

A.U.C. 469. Caius Claudius Cænina; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus.

A.U.C. 470. Caius Servilius Tucca; Cæcilius Metellus. War with the Senones.

A.U.C. 471. Parcus Cornelius Dolabella; Cnæus Domitius Calvinus. The Senones defeated.

A.U.C. 472. Qelius Æmilius; Caius Fabricius. War with Tarentum.

A.U.C. 473. Lucius Æmilius Barbula; Qelius Murcius. Pyrrhus comes to assist Tarentum.

A.U.C. 474. Publius Valerius Lævinus: Tiberius Coruncanius. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Lævinus, and though victorious sues for peace, which is refused by the Roman senate. The census was made, and 272,222 citizens were found.

A.U.C. 475. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Publius Decius Mus. A battle with Pyrrhus.

A.U.C. 476. Caius Fabricius Luscinus 2; Quintus Æmilius Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome and Carthage renewed.

A.U.C. 477. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Caius Junius Brutus. Crotona and Locri taken.

A.U.C. 478. Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; Caius Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy.

A.U.C. 479. Manius Curius Dentatus 2; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius.

A.U.C. 480. Manius Curius Dentatus 3; Servius Cornelius Merenda.

A.U.C. 481. Caius Fabius Dorso; Caius Claudius Cænina 2. An embassy from Philadelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans.

A.U.C. 482. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Spurius Carvilius 2. Tarentum surrenders.

A.U.C. 483. Lucius Genucius; Caius Quintilius.

A.U.C. 484. Caius Genucius; Cnæus Cornelius.

A.U.C. 485. Quintus Ogulinus Gallus; Caius Fabius Pictor. Silver money coined at Rome for the first time.

A.U.C. 486. Publius Sempronius Sophus; Appius Claudius Crassus.

A.U.C. 487. Marcus Attilius Regulus; Lucius Julius Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally.

A.U.C. 488. Numerius Fabius; Decimus Junius.

A.U.C. 489. Quintus Fabius Gurges 3; Lucius Mamilius Vitulus. The number of the questors doubled to eight.

A.U.C. 490. Appius Claudius Caudex; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans aid the Mamertines, which occasions the first Punic war. Appius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of gladiators first instituted.

A.U.C. 491. Manius Valerius Maximus; Manius Otacilius Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up at Rome, brought from Catana.

A.U.C. 492. Lucius Posthumius Gemellus; Quintus Mamilius Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 493. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Titus Otacilius Crassus.

A.U.C. 494. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina; Caius Duillius. In two months the Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The naval victory and triumph of Duillius.

A.U.C. 495. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Aquilius Florus. Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica.

A.U.C. 496. Aulus Attilius Calatinus; Caius Sulpicius Paterculus. The Carthaginians defeated in a naval battle.

A.U.C. 497. Caius Attilius Regulus; Cnæus Cornelius Blasio.

A.U.C. 498. Lucius Manlius Vulso; Quintus Cædicius. At the death of Cædicius, Marcus Attilius Regulus 2 was elected for the rest of the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land in Africa.

A.U.C. 499. Servius Fulvius Pætinus Nobilior; Marcus Æmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 500. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina 2; Aulus Attilius Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans.

A.U.C. 501. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. The Romans, discouraged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas.

A.U.C. 502. Caius Aurelius Cotta; Publius Servilius Geminus. Citizens capable to bear arms amounted to 297,797.

A.U.C. 503. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 2; Caius Furius Pacilus. The Romans begin to recover their power by sea.

A.U.C. 504. Caius Attilius Regulus 2; Lucius Manlius Volso 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most excruciating torments.

A.U.C. 505. Publius Clodius Pulcher; Lucius Junius Pullus. The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a storm.

A.U.C. 506. Caius Aurelius Cotta 2; Publius Servilius Geminus 2.

A.U.C. 507. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 3; Numerius Fabius Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222.

A.U.C. 508. Manius Otacilius Crassus; Marcus Fabius Licinius.

A.U.C. 509. Marcus Fabius Buteo; Caius Attilius Balbus.

A.U.C. 510. Aulus Manlius Torquatus 2; Caius Sempronius Blæsus.

A.U.C. 511. Caius Fundanius Fundulus; Caius Sulpicius Gallus. A fleet built by individuals at Rome.

A.U.C. 512. Caius Lutatius Catulus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near the islands Ægates. Peace made between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians evacuate Sicily.

A.U.C. 513. Quintus Lutatius Cerco; Aulus Manlius Atticus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The 39th census taken. The citizens amount to 260,000.

A.U.C. 514. Caius Claudius Centho; Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.

A.U.C. 515. Caius Mamilius Turinus; Quintus Valerius Falto.

A.U.C. 516. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Publius Valerius Falto. The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to Rome.

A.U.C. 517. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes assistance against Antiochus Theos.

A.U.C. 518. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia.

A.U.C. 519. Caius Attilius Balbus 2; Titus Manlius Torquatus. The temple of Janus shut for the first time since the reign of Numa, about 440 years. A universal peace at Rome.

A.U.C. 520. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Spurius Carvilius Maximus.

A.U.C. 521. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; Manius Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage.

A.U.C. 522. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Marcus Publicius Malleolus.

A.U.C. 523. Marcus Pomponius Matho 2; Carcus Papirius Maso. The first divorce known at Rome.

A.U.C. 524. Marcus Æmilius Barbula; Marcus Junius Pera. War with the Illyrians.

A.U.C. 525. Lucius Postumius Albinus 2; Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. The building of new Carthage.

A.U.C. 526. Spurius Carvilius Maximus 2; Quintus Fabius Maximus.

A.U.C. 527. Publius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Attilius Regulus. Two new pretors added to the other pretors.

A.U.C. 528. Marcus Valerius Messala; Lucius Apulius Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could now lead into the field of battle 770,000 men.

A.U.C. 529. Lucius Æmilius Papus; Caius Attilius Regulus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near Telamon.

A.U.C. 530. Titus Manlius Torquatus 2; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender.

A.U.C. 531. Caius Flaminius; Publius Furius Philus.

A.U.C. 532. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the spoils called opima.

A.U.C. 533. Publius Cornelius; Marcus Minucius Rufus. Annibal takes the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain.

A.U.C. 534. Lucius Veturius; Caius Lutatius. The Via Flaminia built.

A.U.C. 535. Marcus Livius Salinator; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. War with Illyricum.

A.U.C. 536. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Tiberius Sempronius Longus. Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Annibal.

A.U.C. 537. Cnæus Servilius; Caius Flaminius 2. A famous battle near the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of Cnæus Scipio in Spain.

A.U.C. 538. Caius Terentius Varro; Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2. The famous battle of Cannæ. Annibal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and his army is totally defeated by the Scipios.

A.U.C. 539. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Quintus Fabius Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Carthaginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio.

A.U.C. 540. Quintus Fabius Maximus 3; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Syracuse by sea and land.

A.U.C. 541. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse continued.

A.U.C. 542. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made a Roman province. Tarentum treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios conquered in Spain.

A.U.C. 543. Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. Publius Sulpicius Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Romans. Publius Scipio sent to Spain with proconsular power.

A.U.C. 544. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 4; Marcus Valerius Lævinus 2. The Carthaginians driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young Scipio.

A.U.C. 545. Quintus Fabius Maximus 5; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 546. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 5; Titus Quintius Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet defeated.

A.U.C. 547. Caius Claudius Nero; Marcus Livius 2. Asdrubal passes the Alps. Nero obtains some advantage over Annibal. The two consuls defeat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown into Annibal’s camp. The Romans make war against Philip.

A.U.C. 548. Lucius Veturius; Quintus Cæcilius. Scipio obtains a victory over Asdrubal the son of Gisgo in Spain. Masinissa sides with the Romans.

A.U.C. 549. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Publius Licinius Crassus. Scipio is empowered to invade Africa.

A.U.C. 550. Marcus Cornelius Cethegus; Publius Sempronius Tuditanus. Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of families found in Rome.

A.U.C. 551. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Servilius Geminus. Scipio spreads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from Italy by the Carthaginian senate.

A.U.C. 552. Marcus Servilius; Tiberius Claudius. Annibal and Scipio come to a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage.

A.U.C. 553. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Ælius Pætus. Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio triumphs.

A.U.C. 554. Publius Sulpicius Galba 2; Caius Aurelius Cotta. War with the Macedonians.

A.U.C. 555. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Villius Tapulus. The Macedonian war continued.

A.U.C. 556. Sextus Ælius Pætus; Titus Quintius Flaminius. Philip defeated by Quintius.

A.U.C. 557. Caius Cornelius Cethegus; Qitus Minucius Rufus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him peace.

A.U.C. 558. Lucius Furius Purpureo; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The independence of Greece proclaimed by Flaminius at the Isthmian games.

A.U.C. 559. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Porcius Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato’s victories in Spain, and triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 560. Publius Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. Sempronius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus.

A.U.C. 561. Lucius Cornelius Merula; Quintus Minucius Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms.

A.U.C. 562. Lucius Quintus Flamininus; Cnæus Domitius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver them.

A.U.C. 563. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Manlius Acilius Glabrio. The success of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus.

A.U.C. 564. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Lælius. The fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 565. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior; Cnæus Manlius Vulso. War with the Gallogrecians.

A.U.C. 566. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Livius Salinator. Antiochus dies.

A.U.C. 567. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Flaminius. The Ligurians reduced.

A.U.C. 568. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Marcius Philippus. The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome.

A.U.C. 569. Appius Claudius Pulcher; L. Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria.

A.U.C. 570. Publius Claudius Pulcher; Lucius Porcius Licinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome.

A.U.C. 571. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Quintus Fabius Labeo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. Gauls invade Italy.

A.U.C. 572. [♦]Cnæus Bæbius Tamphilus; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. Death of Philip.

[♦] ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Cnæus’

A.U.C. 573. Publius Cornelius Cethegus; Marcus Bæbius Tamphilus 2. Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome.

A.U.C. 574. Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated.

A.U.C. 575. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Lucius Manlius Acidinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip.

A.U.C. 576. Marcus Junius Brutus; Aulus Manlius Vulso.

A.U.C. 577. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The Istrians defeated.

A.U.C. 578. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Hispalus; Quintus Petillius Spurinus.

A.U.C. 579. Publius Mucius; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2.

A.U.C. 580. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Mucius Scævola.

A.U.C. 581. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Marcus Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 582. Caius Popilius Lænas; Publius Ælius Ligur. War declared against Perseus.

A.U.C. 583. Publius Licinius Crassus; Caius Cassius Longinus. Perseus gains some advantages over the Romans.

A.U.C. 584. Aulus Hostilius Mancinus; Aulus Atilius Serranus.

A.U.C. 585. Quintus Marcius Philippus 2; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. The campaign in Macedonia.

A.U.C. 586. Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2; Caius Licinius Crassus. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus.

A.U.C. 587. Quintus Ælius Pætus; Marcus Junius Pennus.

A.U.C. 588. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Sulpicius Galba.

A.U.C. 589. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Quintus Cassius Longus.

A.U.C. 591. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Manlius Juvencius Phalna.

A.U.C. 592. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Caius Marcius Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made king of Syria.

A.U.C. 593. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Fannius Strabo.

A.U.C. 594. Lucius Anicius Gallus; Marcus Cornelius Cethegus.

A.U.C. 595. Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella; Marcus Fulvius Nobilior.

A.U.C. 596. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 597. Sextus Julius Cæsar; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. War against the Dalmatians.

A.U.C. 598. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus; Caius Marcius Figulus 2.

A.U.C. 599. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica 2; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2.

A.U.C. 600. Quintus Opimius Nepos; Lucius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 601. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior; Titus Annius Luscus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain.

A.U.C. 602. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 3; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 603. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 604. Titus Quintius Flamininus; Manius Acilius Balbus. War between the Carthaginians and Masinissa.

A.U.C. 605. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Manius Manlius Nepos. The Romans declare war against Carthage. The Carthaginians wish to accept the hard conditions which are imposed upon them; but the Romans say that Carthage must be destroyed.

A.U.C. 606. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. Carthage besieged.

A.U.C. 607. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Livius Drusus. The siege of Carthage continued with vigour by Scipio.

A.U.C. 608. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Lucius Mummius. Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth.

A.U.C. 609. Quintus Fabius Æmilianus; Lucius Hostilius Mancinius.

A.U.C. 610. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 611. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Macedonicus. War against the Celtiberians.

A.U.C. 612. Lucius Metellus Calvus; Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus.

A.U.C. 613. Quintus Pompeius; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio.

A.U.C. 614. Caius Lælius Sapiens; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. The wars with Viriatus.

A.U.C. 615. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 616. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Decimus Junius Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by the tribunes.

A.U.C. 617. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Hostilius Mancinus. Wars against Numantia.

A.U.C. 618. [♦]Lucius Furius Philus; Sextus Atilius Serranus.

[♦] ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 619. Servius Fulvius Flaccus; Quintus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 620. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2; Caius Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 621. Publius Mucius Scævola; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi. Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is entirely demolished. The seditions of Tiberias Gracchus at Rome.

A.U.C. 622. Publius Popilius Lænas; Publius Rupillus.

A.U.C. 623. Publius Licinius Crassus; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 624. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. In the census are found 313,823 citizens.

A.U.C. 625. Caius Sempronius Tuditanus; Manius Aquilius Nepos.

A.U.C. 626. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Annius Luscus.

A.U.C. 627. Lucius Cassius Longus; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. A revolt of slaves in Sicily.

A.U.C. 628. [♦]Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Aurelius Orestes.

[♦] ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Marcus’

A.U.C. 629. Marcus Plautius Hypsæus; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 630. Caius Cassius Longinus; [♦]Caius Sextius Calvinus.

[♦] ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

A.U.C. 631. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Titus Quintius Flamininus.

A.U.C. 632. Caius Fannius Strabo; Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Gracchus.

A.U.C. 633. Lucius Opimius; Quintus Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate end of Caius Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated.

A.U.C. 634. Publius Manlius Nepos; Caius Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 635. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus Calvus; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 636. Marcus Portius Cato; Quintus Marcius Rex.

A.U.C. 637. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus; Quintus Mutius Scævola.

A.U.C. 638. Caius Licinius Geta; Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus.

A.U.C. 639. Marcus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Æmilius Scaurus.

A.U.C. 640. Manius Acilius Balbus; Caius Portius Cato.

A.U.C. 641. Caius Cæcilius Metellus; Cnæus Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 642. Marcus Livius Drusis; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. The Romans declare war against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 643. Publius Scipio Nasica; Lucius Calpurnius Bestia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by [♦]Jugurtha.

[♦] ‘Jugartha’ replaced with ‘Jugurtha’

A.U.C. 644. Marcus Minucius Rufus; Spurius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 645. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Junius Silanus. Success of Metellus against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Marcus Aurelius Scaurus. Metellus continues the war.

A.U.C. 647. Caius Marius; Lucius Cassius. The war against Jugurtha continued with vigour by Marius.

A.U.C. 648. Caius Atilius Serranus; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla the lieutenant of Marius.

A.U.C. 649. Publius Rutilius Rufus; [♦]Cnæus Mallius Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones.

[♦] ‘Corn. Maniius’ replaced with ‘Cnæus Mallius’

A.U.C. 650. Caius Marius 2; Caius Flavius Fimbria. The Cimbri march towards Spain.

A.U.C. 651. Caius Marius 3; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. The Cimbri defeated in Spain.

A.U.C. 652. Caius Marius 4; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Teutones totally defeated by Marius.

A.U.C. 653. Caius Marius 5; Manius Aquilius. The Cimbri enter Italy, and are defeated by Marius and Catulus.

A.U.C. 654. Caius Marius 6; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. Factions against Metellus.

A.U.C. 655. Marcus Antonius; Aulus Postumius Albinus. Metellus is gloriously recalled.

A.U.C. 656. [♦]Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos; Titus Didius.

[♦] ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Quintus’

A.U.C. 657. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Licinius Crassus.

A.U.C. 658. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Cassius Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people.

A.U.C. 659. Lucius Licinius Crassus; Quintus Mucius Scævola. Seditions of Norbanus.

A.U.C. 660. Caius Cœlius Caldus; Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.

A.U.C. 661. Caius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Herennius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus.

A.U.C. 662. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Rome.

A.U.C. 663. Lucius Marcius Philippus; Sextus Julius Cæsar. The allies prepare to revolt.

A.U.C. 664. [♦]Lucius Julius Cæsar; Publius Rutulius Rufus. Wars with the Marsi.

[♦] ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 665. Cnæus Pompeius Strabo; Lucius Portius Cato. The great valour of Sylla surnamed the Fortunate.

A.U.C. 666. Lucius Cornelius Sylla; Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to supersede him; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies.

A.U.C. 667. Cnæus Octavius; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Cinna endeavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter.

A.U.C. 668. Caius Marius 7; Lucius Cornelius Cinna 2. Marius died, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 669. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 3; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by Sylla.

A.U.C. 670. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 4; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates.

A.U.C. 671. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; Caius Norbanus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla.

A.U.C. 672. Caius Marius; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, who makes himself dictator.

A.U.C. 673. Marcus Tullius Decula; Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pompey triumphs over Africa.

A.U.C. 674. Lucius Cornelius Sylla Felix 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates.

A.U.C. 675. Publius Servilius Vatia; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship.

A.U.C. 676. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Sylla dies.

A.U.C. 677. Decimus Junius Brutus; Mamercus Æmilius Lepidus Livianus. A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Sertorius in Spain.

A.U.C. 678. Cnæus Octavius; [♦]Gaius Scribonius Curio. Sertorius defeated.

[♦] ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

A.U.C. 679. [♦]Lucius Octavius; Caius Aurelius Cotta. Mithridates and Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius murdered by Perpenna.

[♦] ‘Cn.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 680. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Marcus Aurelius Cotta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 681. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus; Caius Cassius [♦]Longinus. The gladiators make head against the Romans with much success.

[♦] ‘Varus Spartacus’ replaced with ‘Longinus’

A.U.C. 682. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over three Roman generals.

A.U.C. 683. Cnæus Aufidius Orestes; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia.

A.U.C. 684. Marcus Licinius Crassus; Cnæus Pompeius Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. The census amounts to above 900,000.

A.U.C. 685. Quintus Hortensius 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the invasion of Parthia.

A.U.C. 686. Quintus Marcius Rex; Lucius Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes.

A.U.C. 687. Manius Acilius Glabrio; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes against the pirates.

A.U.C. 688. Manius Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Volcatus Tullus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy.

A.U.C. 689. Lucius Aurelius Cotta; Lucius Manlius Torquatus. Success of Pompey in Asia.

A.U.C. 690. Lucius Julius Cæsar; Caius Martius Figulus. Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there.

A.U.C. 691. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Caius Antonius. Mithridates poisons himself. Catiline conspires against the state. Cicero discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents.

A.U.C. 692. Decimus Junius Silanus; Lucius Licinius Muræna. Pompey triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus.

A.U.C. 693. Marcus Puppius Piso; Marcus Valerius Messala Niger.

A.U.C. 694. Lucius Afranius; Quintus Metellus Celer. A reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and Cæsar.

A.U.C. 695. Caius Julius Cæsar; Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Cæsar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains the government of Gaul for five years.

A.U.C. 696. [♦]Lucius Calpurnius Piso; Aulus Gabinius Paulus. Cicero banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. Successes of Cæsar in Gaul.

[♦] ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 697. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cæsar’s success and victories.

A.U.C. 698. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus; Lucius Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus.

A.U.C. 699. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 2; Marcus Licinius Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cæsar continued for five years more in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain.

A.U.C. 700. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Great victories of Cæsar.

A.U.C. 701. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Marcus Valerius Messala. Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius.

A.U.C. 702. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 3; the only consul. He afterwards took for colleague, Quintus Cæcilius Metullus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the Gauls crushed by Cæsar.

A.U.C. 703. Servius Sulpicius Rufus; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Rise of the jealousy between Cæsar and Pompey.

A.U.C. 704. Lucius Æmilius Paulus; [♦]Gaius Claudius Marcellus. Cicero proconsul of Cilicia. Increase of the differences between Cæsar and Pompey.

[♦] ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

A.U.C. 705. Caius Claudius Marcellus; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Cæsar begins the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Cæsar made dictator.

A.U.C. 706. Caius Julius Cæsar 2; Publius Servilius Isauricus. Cæsar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of Cæsar in Egypt.

A.U.C. 707. Quintus Fusius Calenus; Publius Vatinius. Power and influence of Cæsar at Rome. He reduces Pontus.

A.U.C. 708. Caius Julius Cæsar 3; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. Cæsar defeats Pompey’s partisans in Africa, and takes Utica.

A.U.C. 709. Caius Julius Cæsar 4; Consul alone. He conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator and Imperator, &c.

A.U.C. 710. Caius Julius Cæsar 5; Marcus Antonius. Cæsar meditates a war against Parthia. Above 600 Romans conspire against Cæsar, and murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power. The rise of Octavius.

A.U.C. 711. Caius Vibius Pansa; Aulus Hirtius. Antony judged a public enemy. He joins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus.

A.U.C. 712. Lucius Minucius Plancus; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory of Julius Cæsar. Brutus and Cassius join their forces against Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 713. Lucius Antonius; Publius Servilius Isauricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius.

A.U.C. 714. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Caius Asinius Pollio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against Augustus. The alliance of short duration.

A.U.C. 715. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Caius Calvisius Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia the sister of Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alliance.

A.U.C. 716. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Caius Norbanus Flaccus; to whom were substituted Caius Octavianus and Quintus Pedius. Sext. Pompey the son of Pompey the Great makes himself powerful by sea to oppose Augustus.

A.U.C. 717. Marcus Agrippa; Lucius Caninius Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by Augustus to oppose Sextus Pompey with a fleet. He builds the famous harbour of Misenum.

A.U.C. 718. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom he is put to death.

A.U.C. 719. Lucius Cornificus Nepos; Sextus Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by Augustus.

A.U.C. 720. Lucius Scribonius Libo; Marcus Antonius 2. Augustus and Antony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another division of the provinces. Cæsar obtains the west, and Antony the east.

A.U.C. 721. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 2; Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra.

A.U.C. 722. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Sosius. Dissensions between Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 723. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 3; Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to some authors, happened the year of Rome 721. The end of the commonwealth.

Consus, a deity at Rome, who presided over councils. His temple was covered in the Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought to be secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to his honour, called Consualia, during the celebration of which the Romans carried away the Sabine women. See: [Consuales ludi]. Plutarch, Romulus.—Ausonius, ltr. 69, & Ecolgue 13, poem 23, on Roman festivals, li. 19.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Consygna, the wife of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lascivious deportment. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 40.

Contadesdus, a river of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 90.

Contubia, a town in Spain. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Coon, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad.

Coos, Cos, Cea, and Co, an island of the Ægean sea. See: [Co].

Copæ, a place of Greece, near the Cephisus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Copais lacus, now Limne, a lake of Bœotia, into which the Cephisus and other rivers empty themselves. It is famous for its excellent eels. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

Cophas, a son of Artabazus. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 11.——A river of India. Dionysius Periegetes.

Cophontis, a burning mountain of Bactriana. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 106.

Copia, the goddess of plenty among the Romans, represented as bearing a horn filled with grapes, fruits, &c.

Copillus, a general of the Tectosagæ, taken by the Romans. Plutarch, Sulla.

C. Coponius, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in the interest of Pompey. Cicero, bk. 1, de Divinatione, ch. 8.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 83.

Coprates, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Copreus, a son of Pelops, who fled to Mycenæ at the death of Iphitus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Coptus and Coptos, now Kypt, a town of Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 23.—Strabo, bk. 16.—Juvenal, satire 15, li. 28.

Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians before the foundation of Rome. Lucan, bk. 7, li. 392.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.

Coracēsium and Coracensium, a maritime town of Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 20.

Coraconāsus, a town of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Coraletæ, a people of Scythia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 81.

Coralli, a savage people of Pontus. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 2, li. 37.

Coranus, a miser. See: [♦]Nascia.

[♦] ‘Nascia’ not referenced

Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, who fought against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 672.

Corax, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded a salary of his pupils. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 12; On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 20.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 5, ch. 10.—Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1.——A king of Sicyon.——A mountain of Ætolia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 30.

Coraxi, a people of Colchis. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 5.

Corbeus, a Gaul, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Corbis and Orsua, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a city, in the presence of Scipio, in Spain. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 21.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 11.

Corbŭlo Domitius, a prefect of Belgium, who, when governor of Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be murdered; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, “I have well deserved this!” A.D. 66. His name was given to a place (Monumentum) in Germany, which some suppose to be modern Groningen. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 18.

Corcȳra, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively Drepane, Scheria, and Phæacia, and now bears the name of Corfu. Some Corinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, when banished from their country, 703 years before the christian era. A colony of Colchis had settled there 1349 years before Christ. The war which was carried on by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and was called Corcyrean, became but a preparation for the Peloponnesian war. The people of Corcyra were once so hated by the Cretans, that such as were found on the island of Crete were always put to death. Ovid, Ibis, li. 512.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 5, &c.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 32.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 6.

Cordŭba, now Cordova, a famous city of Hispania Bætica, the native place of both the Senecas and of Lucan. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 62.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 57.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Cordyla, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught there (Cordylæ). Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 15.—Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 1.

Core, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Proserpine. Festivals called Coreia were instituted to her honour in Greece.

Coressus, a hill near Ephesus. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 100.

Corĕsus, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in Bœotia, who was deeply enamoured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with disdain. He complained to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence. The Calydonians were directed by the oracle to appease the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which afterwards bore her name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.

Corētas, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. Plutarch, de Defectu Oraculorum.

Corfinium, now San Ferino, the capital of the Peligni, three miles from the Aternus, which falls into the Adriatic. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 16.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 478.—Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 522.

Coria, a surname of Minerva among the Arcadians. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23.

Corinna, a celebrated woman of Tanagra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her father’s name was Archelodorus. It is said that she obtained five times a poetical prize, in which Pindar was her competitor; but it must be acknowledged that her beauty greatly contributed to defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books of epigrams and odes, of which only some few verses remain. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 3.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22.——A woman of Thespis, celebrated for her beauty.——Ovid’s mistress was also called Corinna. Amores, bk. 2, poem 6.

Corinnus, an ancient poet in the time of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from the poem of Corinnus.

Corinthiăcus sinus, is now called the gulf of Lepanto.

Corinthus, an ancient city of Greece, now called Corito, situated on the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60 stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus son of Æolus, A.M. 2616, and received its name from Corinthus the son of Pelops. Its original name was Ephyre; and it is called Bimaris, because situated between the Saronicus Sinus and the Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were once very powerful, and had great influence among the Grecian states. They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, and delivered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by the means of Timoleon. Corinth was totally destroyed by Lucius Mummius the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B.C. The riches which the Romans found there were immense. During the conflagration, all the metals which were in the city melted and mixed together, and formed that valuable composition of metals which has since been known by the name of Corinthium Æs. This, however, appears improbable, especially when it is remembered that the artists of Corinth made a mixture of copper with small quantities of gold and silver, and so brilliant was the composition, that the appellation of Corinthian brass afterwards stamped an extraordinary value on pieces of inferior worth. There was there a famous temple of Venus, where lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty; whence the proverb of

Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthian,

to show that all voluptuous indulgences are attended with much expense. Julius Cæsar planted a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its former grandeur. The government of Corinth was monarchical till 779 years B.C., when officers called Pyrtanes were instituted. The war which has received the name of Corinthian war, because the battles were fought in the neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 395, by the combination of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon. Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war; the former, in the first year of hostilities, was defeated with the Lacedæmonian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few days after Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. The most famous battles were fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus refused to besiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, instead of destroying one another, did not turn their arms against the Persian power. Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 58.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 70.—Livy, bk. 45, ch. 28.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 240.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 36.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 2.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 106.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8, &c.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 15.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 4, ch. 14; Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 44; de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.——An actor at Rome. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 197.

Coriŏlānus, the surname of Caius Martius from his victory over Corioli, where, from a private soldier, he gained the amplest honours. When master of the place, he accepted, as the only reward, the surname of Coriolanus, a horse and prisoners, and his ancient host, to whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a number of military exploits, and many services to his country, he was refused the consulship by the people, when his scars had for a while influenced them in his favour. This raised his resentment; and when the Romans had received a present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Coriolanus insisted that it should be sold for money, and not be given gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the people against him for his imprudent advice, and even wished him to be put to death. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the influence of the senators, and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was banished by a majority of three tribes, and he immediately retired among the Volsci, to Attius Tullus, his greatest enemy, from whom he met a most friendly reception. He advised him to make war against Rome, and he marched at the head of the Volsci as general. The approach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies to reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf to all proposals, and bade them prepare for war. He pitched his camp only at the distance of five miles from the city; and his enmity against his country would have been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia, and his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons to go and appease his resentment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his family was tender and affecting. He remained long inexorable; but at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. To show their sense of Volumnia’s merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a temple to Female Fortune. The behaviour of Coriolanus, however, displeased the Volsci. He was summoned to appear before the people of Antium; but the clamours which his enemies raised were so prevalent, that he was murdered at the place appointed for his trial, B.C. 488. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on mourning for his loss. Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 22.

Coriŏli and Coriolla, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the Romans under Caius Martius, called from thence Coriolanus. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Plutarch.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 33.

Corissus, a town of Ionia.

Coritus. See: [Corytus].

Cormasa, a town of Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 15.

Cormus, a river near Assyria. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 14.

Cornēlia lex, de Civitate, was enacted A.U.C. 670, by Lucius Cornelius Sylla. It confirmed the Sulpician law, and required that the citizens of the eight newly elected tribes should be divided among the 35 ancient tribes.——Another, de Judiciis, A.U.C. 673, by the same. It ordained that the pretor should always observe the same invariable method in judicial proceedings, and that the process should not depend upon his will.——Another, de Sumptibus, by the same. It limited the expenses which generally attended funerals.——Another, de Religione, by the same, A.U.C. 677. It restored to the college of priests the privilege of choosing the priests, which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of the people.——Another, de Municipiis, by the same, which revoked all the privileges which had been some time before granted to the several towns that had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil wars.——Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, which gave the power of bearing honours and being promoted before the legal age, to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and partisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of the privilege of standing for any office of the state.——Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It ordained that no person should exercise the same office within 10 years’ distance, or be invested with two different magistracies in one year.——Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It divested the tribunes of the privilege of making laws interfering, holding assemblies, and receiving appeals. All such as had been tribunes were incapable of holding any other office in the state by that law.——Another, de Majestate, by the same, A.U.C. 670. It made it treason to send an army out of a province, or engage in a war without orders, to influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a captive general of the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the absence of a Roman citizen to a foreign court without previous leave. The punishment was, aquæ et ignis interdictio.——Another, by the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either by poison, weapons, or false accusations, and the setting fire to buildings, to choose whether the jury that tried him should give their verdict clam or palam, vivâ voce or by ballot.——Another, by the same, which made it aquæ et ignis interdictio to such as were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of wills, corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting of the public coin; all such as were accessary to this offence were deemed as guilty as the offender.——Another, de pecuniis repetundis, by which a man convicted of peculation or extortion in the provinces was condemned to suffer the aquæ et ignis interdictio.——Another, by the same, which gave the power to such as were sent into the provinces with any government, of retaining their command and appointment, without a renewal of it by the senate, as was before observed.——Another, by the same, which ordained that the lands of proscribed persons should be common, especially those about Volaterræ and Fesulæ in Etruria, which Sylla divided among his soldiers.——Another, by Caius Cornelius, tribune of the people, A.U.C. 686, which ordained that no person should be exempted from any law, according to the general custom, unless 200 senators were present in the senate; and no person thus exempted could hinder the bill of his exemption from being carried to the people for their concurrence.——Another, by Nasica, A.U.C. 582, to make war against Perseus, son of Philip king of Macedonia, if he did not give proper satisfaction to the Roman people.

Cornēlia, a daughter of Cinna, who was the first wife of Julius Cæsar. She became mother of Julia, Pompey’s wife, and was so affectionately loved by her husband, that at her death he pronounced a funeral oration over her body. Plutarch, Cæsar.——A daughter of Metellus Scipio, who married Pompey, after the death of her husband Publius Crassus. She has been praised for her great virtues. When her husband left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on shore in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his dying groans without the possibility of aiding him. She attributed all his misfortunes to his connection with her. Plutarch, Pompey.——A daughter of Scipio Africanus, who married Sempronius Gracchus, and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. She was courted by a king; but she preferred being the wife of a Roman citizen to that of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly commended, as well as the wholesome principles which she inculcated in her two sons. When a Campanian lady made once a show of her jewels at Cornelia’s house, and entreated her to favour her with a sight of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, “These are the only jewels of which I can boast.” In her lifetime, a statue was raised to her, with this inscription, Cornelia mater Gracchorum. Some of her epistles are preserved. Plutarch, Gracchus.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 167.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 4.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 58; de Claris Oratoribus, ch. 58.——A vestal virgin, buried alive in Domitian’s age, as guilty of incontinence. Suetonius, Domitian.

Cornēlii, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most distinguished were, Caius Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who foretold the beginning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia.——Dolabella, a friend and admirer of Cleopatra. He told her that Augustus intended to remove her from the monument, where she had retired.——An officer of Sylla, whom Julius Cæsar bribed to escape the proscription which threatened his life.——Cethegus, a priest, degraded from his office for want of attention.——Cnæus, a man chosen by Marcellus to be his colleague in the consulship.——Balbus, a man who hindered Julius Cæsar from rising up at the arrival of the senators.——Cossus, a military tribune during the time that there were no consuls in the republic. He offered to Jupiter the spoils called opima. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 19.——Balbus, a man of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he was ably defended when accused.——A freedman of Sylla the dictator.——Scipio, a man appointed master of the horse by Camillus, when dictator.——Gallus, an elegiac poet. See: [Gallus].——Merula, was made consul by Augustus, in the room of Cinna.——Marcellus, a man killed in Spain by Galba.——Cornelius Nepos, an historian. See: [Nepos].——Merula, a consul sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. His grandson followed the interest of Sylla; and when Marius entered the city he killed himself, by opening his veins.——Gallus, a man who died in the act of copulation. Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 12.——Severus, an epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great genius. He wrote a poem on mount Ætna, and on the death of Cicero. Quintilian, bk. 10, li. 1.——Thuscus, a mischievous person.——Lentulus Cethegus, a consul.——Aulus Celsus, wrote eight books on medicine, still extant, and highly valued.——Cnæus and Publius Scipio. See: [Scipio].——Lentulus, a high priest, &c. Livy.—Plutarch.—Valerius Maximus.—Tacitus.—Suetonius.—Polybius.—Cornelius Nepos, &c.

Cornicŭlum, a town of Latium. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Cornificius, a poet and general in the age of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, &c. His sister Cornificia was also blessed with a poetical genius. Plutarch, Brutus.——A lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. Plutarch, Cæsar.——A friend of Cicero, and his colleague in the office of augur.

Cornĭger, a surname of Bacchus.

Cornūtus, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric. Persius, bk. 5, li. 36.——A pretor of Rome, in the age of Cicero. Cicero, bk. 10, ltr. 12.——A Roman, saved from the proscription of Marius by his servants, who hung up a dead man in his room, and said it was their master. Plutarch, Marius.

Corœbus, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the hand of Cassandra for his services. Cassandra advised him in vain to retire from the war. He was killed by Peneleus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 341, &c.——A courier of Elis, killed by Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 776, in the 28th olympiad, from the institution of Iphitus; but this year has generally been called the first olympiad. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.——A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called Pœne, sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in the number of the furies. His country was afflicted with the plague, and he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to build a temple where a tripod which was given him should fall from his hand. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Corōna, a town of Messenia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Coronēa, a town of Bœotia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, B.C. 394. Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.—Diodorus, bk. 12.——A town of Peloponnesus,——of Corinth,——of Cyprus,——of Ambracia,——of Phthiotis.

Corōnis, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, who killed her on account of her criminal partiality to Ischys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her for her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury saved the child from her womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say that she brought forth her son and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid her father’s resentment; and they further mention that Apollo had set a crow to watch her behaviour. The child was preserved, and called Æsculapius; and the mother, after death, received divine honours, and had a statue at Sicyon, in her son’s temple, which was never exposed to public view. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.——The daughter of Coronæus king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before Neptune. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 543.——One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione.

Coronia, a town of Acarnania. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 102.

Corōnus, a son of Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.——A son of Phoroneus king of the Lapithæ. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Corrhāgium, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 27.

Corsi, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans.

Corsia, a town of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

Corsīca, a mountainous island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its inhabitants were savage, and bore the character of robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, who was exiled among them. They lived to a great age, and fed on honey, which was produced in great abundance, though bitter in taste, from the number of yew trees and hemlock which grew there. Corsica was in the possession of the Carthaginians, and was conquered by the Romans, B.C. 231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was considered as in a flourishing state, as it contained no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding its present population.—Strabo.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 27.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 7, ch. 2.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 12, li. 10.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 9, li. 30.

Corsote, a town of Armenia.

Corsūra, an island in the bay of Carthage.

Cortōna, an ancient town of Etruria, called Corytum by Virgil. It was at the north of the Thrasymene lake. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, chs. 20 & 26.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 22, ch. 4.

Corvīnus, a name given to Marcus Valerius from a crow, which assisted him when he was fighting against a Gaul.——An orator. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.——Messala, an eloquent orator, in the Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent quotations of Greek in his orations. In his old age he became so forgetful as not even to remember his own name.——One of this family became so poor, that he was obliged, to maintain himself, to be a mercenary shepherd. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 108.

Tiberius Coruncānius, the first plebeian who was made high priest at Rome.——The family of the Coruncanii was famous for the number of great men which it supplied for the service and honour of the Roman republic. Cicero, On his House.

Corus, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red sea. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 9.

Corybantes, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved as if delirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and from thence passed into Crete, and [♦]secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they received their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele, who first introduced the rites of his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival at Cnossus in Crete called Corybantica, in commemoration of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 37.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 250.

[♦] ‘secretely’ replaced with ‘secretly’

Cory̆bas, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diodorus, bk. 5.——A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Corybassa, a city of Mysia.

Cory̆bus, a promontory of Crete.

Corycia, a nymph, mother of Lycorus by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

Cōry̆cĭdes, the nymphs who inhabited the foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied to the Muses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 320.

Corycius, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in taking care of his bees. He is represented by Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 12, &c., as a contented old man, whose assiduity and diligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the word Corycius implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corycus, who had settled in Italy.

Cory̆cus, now Curco, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a town of the same name, and also a cave, with a grove which produced excellent saffron. Horace, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 68.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 809.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 12, ltr. 13.—Strabo, bk. 14.——Another of Ionia, long the famous retreat of robbers.——Another at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Cory̆don, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occuring in the pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil.

Coryla and Coryleum, a village of Paphlagonia.

Cory̆na, a town of Ionia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.

Corymbĭfer, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of corymbi, certain berries that grow on the ivy. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 393.

Coryneta and Corynetes, a famous robber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus. Plutarch, Theseus.

Coryphasium, a promontory of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36.

Coryphe, a daughter of Oceanus. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Corythenes, a place of Tegea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.

Corythus, a king of Corinth. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Corytus, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have put to death to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and mountain of Etruria, now Cortona, near which Dardanus was born. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 170; bk. 7, li. 209.—Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 123; bk. 4, li. 721.

Cos, an island. See: [Co].

Cosa and Cossa, or Cŏsæ, a town of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 168.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 11.—Cicero, bk. 9, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 6.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 34.

Cosconius, a Latin writer. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.——A wretched epigram writer. Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 77.

Cosingas, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 22.

Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. Plutarch, Pompey.

Cosmus, an effeminate Roman. Juvenal, satire 8.

Cossea, a part of Persia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Cossus, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii.——A Roman who killed Volumnius king of Veii, and obtained the Spolia Opima, A.U.C. 317. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 841.

Cossutii, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, Cæsar’s wife, was descended. Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 1. One of the family was distinguished as an architect about 200 B.C. He first introduced into Italy the more perfect models of Greece.

Costobœi, robbers in Galatia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 34.

Cosȳra, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 567.

Cotes and Cottes, a promontory of Mauritania.

Cothon, a small island near the citadel of Carthage, with a convenient bay which served for a dock-yard. Servius on Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 431.—Diodorus, bk. 3.

Cothonea, the mother of Triptolemus. Hyginus, fable 147.

Cŏtĭso, a king of the Daci, whose army invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Cornelius Lentulus the lieutenant of Augustus. It is said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 63.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 18.

Cotōnis, an island near the Echinades. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cotta Marcus Aurelius, a Roman who opposed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land by Mithridates. He was surnamed Ponticus, because he took Heraclea of Pontus by treachery. Plutarch, Lucullus.——An orator, greatly commended by Cicero, On Oratory.——A governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sardanapalus. Diodorus, bk. 2.——A spendthrift in the age of Nero, &c. Tacitus.——An officer of Cæsar in Gaul.——A poet mentioned by [♦]Ovid, Epistulæ ex Ponto.

[♦] added author’s name ‘Ovid’

Cottiæ Alpes, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated from Gaul. Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 37; Nero, ch. 18.

Cottus, a giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 147.——A man among the Ædui. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Cotyæum, a town of Galatia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.——Of Phrygia.

Cotyæus, a surname of Æsculapius, worshipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Cotylius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Cotyora, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cotys, the father of Asia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 45.——A son of Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the throne of Mæonia.——A king of Thrace. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates.——Another, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 54.——Another, king of Thrace, who divided the kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes from his banishment. Tacitus, bk. 2, Annals, ch. 64.—Ovid, bk. 2, Epistulæ ex Ponto, ltr. 9.——A king of the Odrysæ. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 29.——A king of Armenia Minor, who fought against Mithridates, in the age of Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bks. 11 & 13.——Another, who imagined he should marry Minerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and inconsistent. Athenæus, bk. 12.

Cotytto, the goddess of all debauchery, whose festivals, called Cotyttia, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, &c., during the night. Her priests were called Baptæ, and nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration. A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable reflection upon them. The goddess [♦]Cotytto is supposed to be the same as Proserpine or Ceres. Horace, epode 17, li. 58.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 91.

[♦] ‘Corytto’ replaced with ‘Cotytto’

Cragus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 645.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 21.

Crambūsa, a town of Lycia.

Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Cranapes, a Persian, &c. Herodotus.

Cranaus, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, B.C. 1497. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.——A city of Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Crane, a nymph. See: [♦]Cara.——A town of Arcadia.

[♦] no reference found for ‘Cara’

Craneum, a gymnastic school at Corinth. Diogenes Laërtius.

Cranii, a town of Cephallenia. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Cranon and Crannon, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Macedonia, where Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander’s death. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 64.

Crantor, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310. Diogenes Laërtius.——An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Demoleon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 361.

Crassĭpes, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Cicero’s daughter, whom he soon after divorced. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 5.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 42.

Lucius Crassitius, a man who opened a school at Rome. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians, ch. 18.

Crassus, the grandfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 19.——Publius Licinius, a Roman high priest about 131 years B.C., who went into Asia with an army against Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna.——Marcus Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed Rich, on account of his opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances; but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome; and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight months. After Cinna’s death he passed into Africa, and thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favour. When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread a universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this decisive blow he soon put an end to the war, and was honoured with an ovatio at his return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey; and in this high office he displayed his opulence, by entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed the first triumvirate with Pompey and Cæsar. As his love of riches was more predominant than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth. With hopes of enlarging his possessions, he set off from Rome, though the omens proved unfavourable, and everything seemed to threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself master of Parthia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay of Artavasdes king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night favoured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides, trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B.C. 53. His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with which Crassus received the news of his son’s death, who perished in that expedition, has been deservedly commended; and the words that he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Surena, equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no man ought to be accounted rich if he could not maintain an army. Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and extensive. Plutarch has written his life. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 11.——Publius, the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father. When he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was cut off, and shown with insolence to his father by the Parthians. Plutarch, Crassus.——Lucius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator, commended by Cicero, and introduced in his book On Oratory as the principal speaker.——A son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil wars, after Cæsar’s death.

Crastīnus, a man in Cæsar’s army, killed at the battle of Pharsalia. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 29.

Cratais, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12, li. 124.

Cratæus, conspired against Archelaus, &c. Aristotle.

Crater, a bay of Campania near Misenus.

Cratĕrus, one of Alexander’s generals. He rendered himself conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valour in the field, and wrote the history of Alexander’s life. He was greatly respected and loved by the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted him with unusual confidence. After Alexander’s death he subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed with his colleague into Asia, where he was killed in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321. He had received for his share of Alexander’s kingdoms, Greece and Epirus. Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes, ch. 2.—Justin, bks. 12 & 13.—Curtius, bk. 3.—Arrian.—Plutarch, Alexander.——A physician of Atticus, mentioned by Cicero, bk. 12, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 13.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 161.——A painter whose pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.——An Athenian, who collected into one body all the decrees which had passed in the public assemblies at Athens.——A famous sculptor.

Crates, a philosopher of Bœotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the money to his fellow-citizens. He was naturally deformed, and he rendered himself more hideous by sewing sheepskins to his mantle, and by the singularity of his manners. He clothed himself as warm as possible in the summer; but in the winter, his garments were uncommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became enamoured of him; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself as poor and deformed, he married her. He had by her two daughters, whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, after he had permitted them their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters are extant. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.——A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at Rome, where he taught grammar. Suetonius.——A native of Pergamus, who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, B.C. 165. Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 17, ch. 9.——A philosopher of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon.——An Athenian comic poet.

Cratesiclēa, the mother of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of serving her country, &c. Plutarch, Cleomenes.

Cratesipŏlis, a queen of Sicyon, who severely punished some of her subjects, who had revolted at the death of Alexander her husband, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 58.

Cratesippĭdas, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet against the Athenians, &c. Diodorus, bk. 13.

Cratēvas, a general of Cassander. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Crateus, a son of Minos.

Crathis, a river of Achaia, falling into the bay of Corinth. Strabo, bk. 8.——Another in Magna Græcia, whose waters were supposed to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those that drank them. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 315.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.—Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Cratīnus, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings, and his fondness for drinking. He died at the age of [♦]97 years, B.C. 431. Quintilian greatly commends his comedies, which the little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4.—Quintilian.——A wrestler of an uncommon beauty. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.——A river of Asia. Pliny, bk. 37, ch. 2.

[♦] ‘97, B.C. 431 years.’ replaced with ‘97 years, B.C. 431.’

Cratippus, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among others, taught Cicero’s son at Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey visited the house of Cratippus, where their discourse was chiefly turned upon Providence, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher defended. Plutarch, Pompey.—Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 1.——An historian contemporary with Thucydides. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Craty̆les, a philosopher, preceptor to Plato after Socrates.

Crausiæ, two islands on the coast of Peloponnesus.

Crausis, the father of Philopœmen.

Crauxĭdas, a man who obtained an Olympic crown at a horse-race. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.

Crĕmĕra, a small river of Tuscany, falling into the Tiber, famous for the death of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a battle against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 205.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 155.

Cremides, a place of Bithynia. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cremma, a town of Lycia.

Cremmyon and Crommyon, a town near Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of uncommon bigness. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 435.

Cremni and Cremnos, a commercial place on the Palus Mæotis. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 2.

Cremōna, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman colony, and suffered much when Annibal first passed into Italy. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 56.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, chs. 4 & 19.

Cremōnis Jugum, a part of the Alps, over which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to enter Italy. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 38.

Cremutius Cordus, an historian who wrote an account of Augustus, and of the civil wars, and starved himself for fear of the resentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 55, chs. 34, 35.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 35; Tiberius, ch. 60, Caligula, ch. 16.

Crenis, a nymph mentioned by Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 313.

Creon, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter Glauce to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a present a gown covered with poison. Glauce put it on and was seized with sudden pains. Her body took fire, and she expired in the greatest torments. The house was also consumed by the fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce’s fate. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.—Euripides, Medea.—Hyginus, fable 25.—Diodorus, bk. 4.——A son of Menœtius father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of Œdipus. At the death of Laius, who married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx [See: [Sphinx]] were intolerable, Creon offered his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could explain the enigmas which the monster proposed. Œdipus was happy in his explanations, and he ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta without knowing that she was his mother, and by her he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons mutually agreed, after their father’s death, to reign in the kingdom each alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when he was once in power, he refused to resign at the appointed time, and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his right. The war was decided by single combat between the two brothers. They both killed one another and Creon ascended the throne, till Leodamas the son of Eteocles should be of sufficient age to assume the reins of government. In his regal capacity, Creon commanded that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied. If this was in any manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. Antigone the sister of Polynices transgressed, and was accordingly punished. Hæmon the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed himself on her grave, when his father refused to grant her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him at the request of Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Argives. See: [Eteocles], [Polynices], [Adrastus], [Œdipus]. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 56, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.—Statius, Thebiad.—Sophocles, Antigone.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Hyginus, fables 67 & 76.—Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.——The first annual archon at Athens. 684 B.C. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Creontiădes, a son of Hercules by Megara daughter of Creon, killed by his father because he had slain Lycus.

Creŏphĭlus, a Samian who hospitably entertained Homer, from whom he received a poem in return. Some say that he was that poet’s master, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.——An historian. Athenæus, bk. 8.

Creperius Pollio, a Roman, who spent his all in the most extravagant debauchery. Juvenal, satire 9, li. 6.

Cres, an inhabitant of Crete.——The first king of Crete. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.

Cresa and Cressa, a town of Caria.

Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Cresphontes, a son of Aristomachus, who, with his brothers Temenus and Aristodemus, attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.

Cressius, belonging to Crete. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 70; bk. 8, li. 294.

Creston, a town of Thrace, capital of a part of the country called Crestonia. The inhabitants had each many wives; and when the husband died, she who had received the greatest share of his affection was cheerfully slain on his grave. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Cresus and Ephesus, two men who built the temple of Diana at Ephesus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Crēta, now Candia, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. It was once famous for its 100 cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established there. The inhabitants have been detested for their unnatural loves, their falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some authors report, was educated in that island by the Corybantes, and the Cretans boasted that they could show his tomb. There were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, Achaia, &c., that established themselves there. The island, after groaning under the tyranny of democratical usurpation, and feeling the scourge of frequent sedition, was made a Roman province, B.C. 66, after a war of three years, in which the inhabitants were so distressed that they were even compelled to drink the water of their cattle. Chalk was produced there and thence called Creta, and with it the Romans marked their lucky days in their calendar. Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 10; epode 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 444; Epistles, bk. 10, li. 106.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 184.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 104.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cretæus, a poet mentioned by Propertius, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 29.

Crete, the wife of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.——A daughter of Deucalion. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Cretea, a country of Arcadia, where Jupiter was educated, according to some traditions. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Cretes, inhabitants of Crete. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 146.

Creteus, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet and musician. He followed Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 774.——Another, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 538.

Cretheis, the wife of Acastus king of Iolchos, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, because he refused to comply with her wishes, &c. She is called by some Hippolyte or Astyadamia. Pindar, Nemean, ch. 4.

Cretheus, a son of [♦]Æolus father of [♥]Æson, by Tyro his brother’s daughter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.

[♦] ‘Œolus’ replaced with ‘Æolus’

[♥] ‘Œson’ replaced with ‘Æson’

Crethon, a son of Diocles, engaged in the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by [♦]Æneas. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 540.

[♦] ‘Œneas’ replaced with ‘Æneas’

Cretĭcus, a certain orator. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 67.——A surname of Marcus Antony’s father.

Cressas, a famous boxer. Pausanias, bk. 2.

Creūsa, a daughter of Creon king of Corinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment, which immediately set her body on fire, and she expired in the most excruciating torments. She had received this gown as a gift from Medea, who wished to take that revenge upon the infidelity of Jason. Some call her Glauce. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 335.——A daughter of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba. She married Æneas, by whom she had some children, among which was Ascanius. When Troy was taken, she fled in the night, with her husband; but they were separated in the midst of the confusion, and Æneas could not recover her, nor hear where she was. Cybele saved her, and carried her to her temple, of which she became priestess; according to the relation of Vigil, who makes Creusa appear to her husband in a vision, while he was seeking her in the tumult of war. She predicted to Æneas the calamities that attended him, the fame he should acquire when he came to Italy, and his consequent marriage with a princess of the country. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 562, &c.——A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was mother of Janus by Apollo.——A town of Bœotia. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Creusis, a naval station of the Thespians. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Criăsus, a son of Argos king of Peloponnesus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Crinippus, a general of Dionysius the elder.

Crinis, a stoic philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius.——A priest of Apollo.

Crinīsus and Crimīsus, now Caltabellota, a river on the western parts of [♦]Sicily near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the Carthaginian forces. Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 38. The word in the various editions of Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who exposed his daughter on the sea, rather than suffer her to be devoured by the sea monster which Neptune sent to punish the infidelity of Laomedon. See: [Laomedon]. The daughter came safe to the shores of Sicily. Crinisus some time after went in quest of his daughter, and was so disconsolate for her loss, that the gods changed him into a river in Sicily, and granted him the power of metamorphosing himself into whatever shape he pleased. He made use of this privilege to seduce the neighbouring nymphs.

[♦] ‘Cicily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

Crino, a daughter of Antenor. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 27.——One of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Crison, a man of Himera, who obtained a prize at Olympia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.

Crispīna, a Roman matron, &c. Tacitus, bk. 1, Histories, ch. 47.

Crispīnus, a pretorian, who, though originally a slave in Egypt, was, after the acquisition of riches, raised to the honours of Roman knighthood by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 26.——A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the foolish and tedious poem which he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own sect, to which Horace alludes in the last verses of bk. 1, satire 1.

Crispus Sallustius. See: [Sallustius].——Virio, a famous orator. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.——The second husband of Agrippina.——Flavius Julius, a son of the Great Constantine, made Cæsar by his father, and distinguished for valour and extensive knowledge. Fausta, his stepmother, wished to seduce him; and when he refused, she accused him before Constantine, who believed the crime, and caused his son to be poisoned, A.D. 326.

Crissæus sinus, a bay on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of Salona. It received its name from Crissa, a town of Phocis, situate on the bay and near Delphi.

Critāla, a town of Cappadocia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 26.

Crithēis, a daughter of Melanippus, who became pregnant by an unknown person, and afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and brought forth the poet Homer, according to Herodotus, Life of Homer.

Crithōte, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. Cornelius Nepos.

Critias, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to death. He was killed in a battle against those citizens whom his oppression had banished. He had been among the disciples of Socrates, and had written elegies and other compositions, of which some fragments remain. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory.——A philosopher.——A man who wrote on republics.——Another who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades.

Crito, one of the disciples of Socrates, who attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and composed some dialogues, now lost. Diogenes Laërtius.——A physician in the age of Artaxerxes Longimanus.——An historian of Naxus, who wrote an account of all that had happened during eight particular years of his life.——A Macedonian historian, who wrote an account of Pallene, of Persia, of the foundation of Syracuse, of the Getæ, &c.

Critobūlus, a general of Phocis, at the battle of Thermopylæ, between Antiochus and the Romans. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 20.——A physician in the age of Philip king of Macedonia. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.——A son of Crito, disciple to Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius, Crito.

Critodēmus, an ancient historian. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 76.

Critognātus, a celebrated warrior of Alesia, when Cæsar was in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Critolāus, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia, who, with two brothers, fought against the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put an end to the long war between their respective nations. The brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand his three bold antagonists. He conquered them; and when, at his return, his sister deplored the death of one of his antagonists to whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The offence deserved capital punishment; but he was pardoned, on account of the services he had rendered his country. He was afterwards general of the Achæans, and it is said that he poisoned himself, because he had been conquered at Thermopylæ by the Romans. Cicero, de Natura Deorum.——A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to Rome, &c., 140 B.C. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory.——An historian who wrote about Epirus.

Crius, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.——A man of Ægina, &c. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 50.——A river of Achaia, called after a giant of the same name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 27.

Crobialus, a town of Paphlagonia.

Crobyzi, a people of Thrace.

Crŏcăle, one of Diana’s attendants. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

Croceæ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Crocodilopŏ1is, a town of Egypt, near the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles were held there in the greatest veneration; and they were so tame, that they came to feed from the hand of their feeders. It was afterwards called Arsinoe. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 69.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Crocus, a beautiful youth enamoured of the nymph Smilax. He was changed into a flower of the same name, on account of the impatience of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a yew tree. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 283.

Crœsus, the fifth and last of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Alyattes, and passed for the richest of mankind. He was the first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. His court was the asylum of learning; and Æsop the famous fable-writer, among others, lived under his patronage. In a conversation with Solon, Crœsus wished to be thought the happiest of mankind; but the philosopher apprised him of his mistake, and gave the preference to poverty and domestic virtue. Crœsus undertook a war against Cyrus the king of Persia, and marched to meet him with an army of 420,000 men and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, he was defeated, B.C. 548; his capital was besieged, and he fell into the conqueror’s hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered monarch three times exclaim, “Solon!” with lamentable energy. He asked him the reason of his exclamation, and Crœsus repeated the conversation which he had once with Solon on human happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital, and at the recollection of the inconstancy of human affairs, he ordered Crœsus to be taken from the burning pile, and he became one of his most intimate friends. The kingdom of Lydia became extinct in his person, and the power was transferred to Persia. Crœsus survived Cyrus. The manner of his death is unknown. He is celebrated for the immensely rich presents which he made to the temple of Delphi, from which he received an obscure and ambiguous oracle, which he interpreted in his favour, and which was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.—Plutarch, Solon, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Cromi, a people of Arcadia.

Cromītis, a country of Arcadia.

Crommyon and Cromyon, a place of Attica, where Perseus killed a large sow that laid waste the neighbouring country. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7.—Xenophon.——A town near Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cromna, a town of Bithyna.

Cromus, a son of Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.——A son of Lycaon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Cronia, a festival at Athens in honour of Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a condemned malefactor.

Cronium, a town of Elis,——of Sicily.

Crophi, a mountain of Egypt, near which were the sources of the Nile, according to some traditions, in the city of Sais. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 28.

Crossæa, a country situate partly in Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Crotălus, a navigable river of Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Croton, a man killed by Hercules, by whom he was afterwards greatly honoured. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Crŏtōna, a town of Italy, still known by the same name, in the bay of Tarentum, founded 759 years before the Augustan age, by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent warriors, and great wrestlers. Democedes, Alcmæon, Milo, &c., were natives of this place. It was surrounded with a wall 12 miles in circumference, before the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against the attacks of Dionysius of Sicily, who took it. It suffered likewise in the wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample glory, in being the place where Pythagoras established his school. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 47.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 96.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 24, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 2.

Crotoniatæ, the inhabitants of Crotona. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Crotoniatis, a part of Italy, of which Crotona is the capital. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 35.

Crotopiădes, a patronymic of Linus, as grandson of Crotopus.

Crotōpias, the patronymic of Linus grandson of Crotopus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 480.

Crotōpus, a king of Argos, son of Agenor, and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus by Apollo. Ovid, Ibis, li. 480.

Crotus, a son of Eumene the nurse of the Muses. He devoted his life to the labours of the chase, and after death Jupiter placed him among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.

Crunos, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Crusis, a place near Olynthos.

Crustŭmĕrium and Crustumeria, a town of the Sabines. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 42, ch. 34.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 631.

Crustūmīnum, a town of Etruria, near Veii, famous for pears; whence the adjective Crustumia. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 88.

Crustŭmium, Crustunus, and Crusturnenius, now Conca, a river flowing from the Apennines by Ariminum. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

Crynis, a river of Bithynia.

Crypta, a passage through mount Pausilypus. See: [Pausilypus].

Cteătus, one of the Grecian chiefs before Troy. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 4.

Ctemene, a town of Thessaly.

Ctenos, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica.

Ctesias, a Greek historian and physician of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the king’s wounds, and was his physician for 17 years. He wrote a history of the Assyrians and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have partially preferred to that of Herodotus. Some fragments of his compositions have been preserved by Photius, and are to be found in Wesseling’s edition of Herodotus. Strabo, bk. 1.—Athenæus, bk. 12.—Plutarch, Artaxerxes.——A sycophant of Athens.——An historian of Ephesus.

Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 135 years B.C. He was the inventor of the pump and other hydraulic instruments. He also invented a clepsydra, or water clock. This invention of measuring time by water was wonderful and ingenious. Water was made to drop upon wheels, which it turned. The wheels communicated their regular motion to a small wooden image, which, by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the proper hours and months, which were engraved on a column near the machine. This artful invention gave rise to many improvements; and the modern manner of measuring time with an hour-glass is an imitation of the clepsydra of Ctesibius. Vitruvius, On Architecture, bk. 9, ch. 9.——A cynic philosopher.——An historian, who flourished 254 years B.C., and died in his 104th year. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

Ctesĭcle, a general of Zacynthos.

Ctesidēmus, a painter who had Antiphilus for pupil. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

Ctesilŏchus, a noble painter, who represented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Ctesĭphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, who advised his fellow-citizens publicly to present Demosthenes with a golden crown for his probity and virtue. This was opposed by the orator Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of seditious views. Demosthenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a celebrated oration still extant, and Æschines was banished. Demosthenes & Æschines, On the Crown.——A Greek architect, who made the plan of Diana’s temple at Ephesus.——An elegiac poet, whom king Attalus sat over his possessions in Æolia. Athenæus, bk. 13.——A Greek historian, who wrote a history of Bœotia, besides a treatise on trees and plants. [♦]Plutarch, Theseus.——A large village of Assyria, now Elmodain, on the banks of the Tigris, where the kings of Parthia generally resided on account of the mildness of the climate. Strabo, bk. 15.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

[♦] ‘Put.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

Ctesippus, a son of Chabrias. After his father’s death he was received into the house of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion attempted in vain to correct his natural foibles and extravagancies. Plutarch, Phocion.——A man who wrote a history of Scythia.——One of the descendants of Hercules.

Ctimĕne, the youngest daughter of Laertes by Anticlea. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 334.

Cularo, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, called afterwards Gratianopolis, and now Grenoble. Cicero, Letters to his Friends.

Cuma and Cumæ, a town of Æolia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the goods which entered their harbour during 300 years. They were called Cumani. Strabo, bk. 13.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 4.——A city of Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cumæ, of Æolia, before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called Cumæi and Cumani. There was one of the Sibyls that fixed her residence in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called the Cumæan Sibyl. See: [Sibyllæ].—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 712; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 158; Ex Ponto, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 41.—Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, bk. 2, ch. 26.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 441.—Livy, bk. 4.—Ptolemy, bk. 3.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Cumānum, a country house of Pompey, near Cumæ. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 10.——Another of Varro. Cicero, Academica, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from Babylon, famous for a battle fought there between Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the younger, B.C. 401. The latter entered the field of battle with 113,000 men, and the former’s forces amounted to 900,000 men. The valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated by the pen of Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and who had the principal care of the retreat. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.—Ctesias.

Cuneus, a cape of Spain, now Algarve, extending into the sea in the form of a wedge. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.

Capāvo, a son of Cycnus, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 186.

Cupentus, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 539.

Cupīdo, a celebrated deity among the ancients, god of love, and love itself. There are different traditions concerning his parents. Cicero mentions three Cupids: one, son of Mercury and Diana; another, son of Mercury and Venus; and the third, of Mars and Venus. Plato mentions two; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of one, who as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and the earth. There are, according to the more received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is a lively, ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and Venus; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a butterfly, or trying to burn with a torch; at other times he plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches triumphantly, with a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns the superiority of love. His power was generally known by his riding on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was worshipped with the same solemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influence was extended over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the empire of the dead, his divinity was universally acknowledged, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According to some accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit the earth, and even the gods themselves, were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes; and we find him in the Æneid putting on, at the request of his mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido’s court, where he inspired the queen with love. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 693, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 10.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 121, &c.—Oppian, Halieutica, bk. 4.—Cynegetica, bk. 2.—Bion, Idylls, bk. 3.—Moschus.—Euripides, Hippolytus.—Theocritus, Idylls, poems 3, 11, &c.

Cupiennius, a friend of Augustus, who made himself ridiculous for the nicety and effeminacy of his dress. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 36.

Cures, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called Quirites, were carried to Rome, of which they became citizens. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 292; bk. 8, li. 638.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Macrobius, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, lis. 477 & 480; bk. 3, li. 94.

Curētes, a people of Crete, called also Corybantes, who, according to Ovid, were produced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts was extensive, and they communicated it to many parts of ancient Greece. They were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, and to prevent his being discovered by his father, they invented a kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields and cymbals. As a reward for their attention, they were made priests and favourite ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had entrusted them with the care of Jupiter. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 151.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 282; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 210.

Curētis, a name given to Crete, as being the residence of the Curetes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 136.

Curia, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided the people into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiæ. Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices of his respective assembly. The sacrifices were called Curionia and the priest Curio. He was to be above the age of 50. His morals were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his body free from all defects. The Curiones were elected by their respective Curiæ, and above them was a superior priest called Curio maximus, chosen by all the Curiæ in a public assembly.——The word Curia was also applied to public edifices among the Romans. These were generally of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies of the priests, and of every religious order, for the regulation of religious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was appointed for the senate, where they assembled for the despatch of public business. The Curia was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, before a lawful assembly could be convened there. There were three at Rome, which more particularly claim our attention: Curia Hostilia, built by king Tullus Hostilius: Curia Pompeii, where Julius Cæsar was murdered; and Curia Augusti, the palace and court of the emperor Augustus.——A town of the Rhœti, now Coire, the capital of the Grisons.

Curia lex, de Comitiis, was enacted by Marcus Curius Dentatus the tribune. It forbade the convening of the Comitia, for the election of magistrates, without a previous permission from the senate.

Curias. See: [Curium].

Curiatii, a family of Alba, which was carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were of this family. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 24.

[♦]Caius Curio, an excellent orator, who called Cæsar in full senate, Omnium mulierum virum et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 21, ch. 7.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 49.—Cicero, Brutus.——His son Caius Scribonius, was tribune of the people, and an intimate friend of Cæsar. He saved Cæsar’s life as he returned from the senate house, after the debates concerning the punishments which ought to be inflicted on the adherents of Catiline. He killed himself in Africa. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Pompey & Cæsar, ch. 49.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 1.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 268.

[♦] ‘Q.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

Curiosolitæ, a people among the Celtæ, who inhabited the country which now forms Lower Brittany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 11.

Curium, a town of Cyprus, at a small distance from which, in the south of the island, there is a Cape, which bears the name of Curias. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 113.

Curius Dentātus Marcus Annius, a Roman celebrated for his fortitude and frugality. He was three times consul, and was twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum. The ambassadors of the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was boiling some vegetables in an earthen pot, and they attempted to bribe him by the offer of large presents. He refused their offers with contempt, and said. “I prefer my earthen pots to all your vessels of gold and silver, and it is my wish to command those who are in possession of money, while I am deprived of it, and live in poverty.” Plutarch, Marcus Cato.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 12, li. 41.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 15.——A lieutenant of Cæsar’s cavalry, to whom six cohorts of Pompey revolted, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, [♦]bk. 1, ch. 24.

[♦] Book number omitted in text.

Curtia, a patrician family, which migrated with Tatius to Rome.

Curtīllus, a celebrated epicure, &c. Horace, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 52.

Marcus Curtius, a Roman youth who devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country about 360 years B.C. A wide gap, called afterwards Curtius lacus, had suddenly opened in the forum, and the oracle had said that it never would close before Rome threw into it whatever it had most precious. Curtius immediately perceived that no less than a human sacrifice was required. He armed himself, mounted his horse, and solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which immediately closed over his head. Livy, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.——Quintus Rufus. See: [Quintus].——Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with Pompey, &c. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians.——Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4.——Atticus, a Roman knight, who accompanied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4.——Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped. See: [Marcus Curtius].——Fons, a stream which conveyed water to Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as to be distributed through all the hills of the city. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

Curūlis magistratus, a state officer at Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an ivory chair in public assemblies. The dictator, the consuls, the censors, the pretors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and therefore were called curules magistratus. The senators who had passed through the above-mentioned offices, were generally carried to the senate-house in ivory chairs, as also all generals in their triumphant procession to the Capitol. When names of distinction began to be known among the Romans, the descendants of curule magistrates were called nobiles, the first of a family who discharged that office were known by the name of notii, and those that had never been in office were called ignobiles.

Cussæi, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alexander to appease the manes of Hephæstion. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into the Danube, now the Vag.

Cutilium, a town of the Sabines, near a lake which contained a floating island, and of which the water was of an unusually cold quality. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 31, ch. 2.—Seneca, Naturales quaestiones, bk. 3, ch. 25.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 11.

Cyamosōrus, a river of Sicily.

Cyăne, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her father offered violence in a fit of drunkenness. She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a pestilence, which, from that circumstance, had already begun to afflict the country. Plutarch, Parallela minora——A nymph of Sicily, who endeavoured to assist Proserpine when she was carried away by Pluto. The god changed her into a fountain now called Pisme, a few miles from Syracuse. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 112.——A town of Lycia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.——An inn-keeper, &c. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 162.

Cyăneæ, now the Pavorane, two rugged islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea, about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side of Asia, and the other on the European coast, and, according to Strabo, there is only a space of 20 furlongs between them. The waves of the sea, which continually break against them with a violent noise, fill the air with a darkening foam, and render the passage extremely dangerous. The ancients supposed that these islands floated, and even sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces when they passed through the straits. This tradition arose from their appearing, like all other objects, to draw nearer when navigators approached them. They were sometimes called Symplegades and Planetæ. Their true situation and form was first explored and ascertained by the Argonauts. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.—Apollonius, bk. 2, lis. 317 & 600.—Lycophron, li. 1285.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 34.

Cyanee and Cyanea, a daughter of the Mæander, mother of Byblis and Caunus by Miletus, Apollo’s son. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 451.

Cyaneus, a large river of Colchis.

Cyanippe, a daughter of Adrastus.

Cyanippus, a Syracusan, who derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god so inebriated him, that he offered violence to his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the altar. Plutarch, Parallela minora.——A Thessalian, whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Cyaraxes, or Cyaxares, son of Phraortes, was king of Media and Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom, which the Scythians had invaded. He made war against Alyattes king of Lydia, and subjected to his power all Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign of 40 years, B.C. 585. Diodorus, bk. 2.—Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 73 & 103.——Another prince, supposed by some to be the same as Darius the Mede. He was the son of Astyages king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father’s dominions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. Xenophon, Cyropædia, bk. 1.

Cybēbe, a name of Cybele, from [♦]κυβηβειν, because in the celebration of her festivals men were driven to madness.

[♦] ‘κυβμβειν’ replaced with ‘κυβηβειν’

Cybĕle, a goddess, daughter of Cœlus and Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince called Menos, by his wife Dindymene, and he adds, that as soon as she was born she was exposed on a mountain. She was preserved and suckled by some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her father’s court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated, &c. All the mythologists are unanimous in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the goddess for Atys seems to arise from his having first introduced her worship in Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, and the violation of his promise was expiated by voluntary mutilation. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Galli, &c., were not admitted in the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation. In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, and filled the air with dreadful shrieks and howlings, mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of her favourite Atys. Cybele was generally represented as a robust woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned with rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears riding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions; Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with her head covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and innocence of Claudia were vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 1580 years B.C. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing every year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the shrine of this goddess in the waters of the river Almon. There prevailed many obscenities in the observation of the festivals, and the priests themselves were the most eager to use indecent expressions, and to show their unbounded licentiousness by the impurity of their actions. See: [Atys], [Eleusis], [Rhea], [Corybantes], [Galli], &c. Augustine, City of God, &c.—Lactantius.—Lucian, De Syria Dea.—Diodorus, bk. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 252.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 566.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, lis. 210 & 361.—Plutarch, de Garrulitate.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus.—Cælius, Rhodiginus, [♦]bk. 18, ch. 17, &c.

[♦] ‘8’ replaced with ‘18’

Cybĕle and Cybela, a town of Phrygia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Cybĕlus, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped.

Cy̆bĭra, a town of Phrygia, whence Cybiraticus. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.

Cybistria, a town of Cappadocia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15.

Cycesium, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pisa.

Cychreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis. After death he was honoured as a god in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children, he made Telamon his successor, because he had freed the country from a monstrous serpent. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 35.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Cyclădes, a name given to certain islands of the Ægean sea, those particularly that surround Delos as with a circle; whence the name (κυκλος, circulus). They were about 53 in number, the principal of which were Ceos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus, Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades were reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades; but during the invasion of Greece by the Persians, they revolted from their ancient and natural allies. Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Dionysius Periegeta.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 64.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 127; bk. 8, li. 692.—Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 247.

Cyclōpes, a certain race of men of gigantic stature, supposed to be the sons of Cœlus and Terra. They had but one eye, in the middle of the forehead; whence their name (κυκλος, circulus, ὠψ, oculus). They were three in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was greater according to other mythologists, and in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their king. See: [Polyphemus]. They inhabited the western parts of the island of Sicily; and because they were uncivilized in their manners, the poets speak of them as men-eaters. The tradition of their having only one eye originates from their custom of wearing small bucklers of steel which covered their faces, and had a small aperture in the middle, which corresponded exactly to the eye. From their vicinity to mount Ætna, they have been supposed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses were said, among the ancients, to be the work of the Cyclops, to render them more respectable; and we find that Jupiter was armed with what they had fabricated, and that the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were the produce of their labour. The Cyclops were reckoned among the gods, and we find a temple dedicated to their service at Corinth, where sacrifices were solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed them all, because they had made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which his son Æsculapius had been killed. From the different accounts given of the Cyclops by the ancients, it may be concluded that they were all the same people, to whom various functions have been attributed, which cannot be reconciled one to the other, without drawing the pencil of fiction or mythology. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.—Homer, Odyssey, bks. 1 & 9.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 140.—Theocritus, Idylls, poem 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 170; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 630; bk. 8, li. 418, &c.; bk. 11, li. 263.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 780; bk. 14, li. 249.——A people of Asia.

Cycnus, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed by Hercules. The manner of his death provoked Mars to such a degree that he resolved severely to punish his murderer, but he was prevented by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Hyginus, fables 31 & 261.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.——A son of Neptune, invulnerable in every part of his body. Achilles fought against him; but when he saw that his darts were of no effect, he threw him on the ground and smothered him. He stripped him of his armour, and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, fable 3.——A son of Hyrie, changed into a swan.——A son of Sthenelus king of Liguria. He was deeply afflicted at the death of his friend and relation Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations he was metamorphosed into a swan. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 367.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 189.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 30.——A horse’s name. Statius, bk. 6, Thebiad li. 524.

Cydas, a profligate Cretan, made judge at Rome by Antony. Cicero, Philippics, speeches 5 & 8.

Cydias, an Athenian of great valour, &c. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 21.——A painter who made a painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated piece was bought by the orator Hortensius, for 164 talents. Pliny, bk. 34.

Cydippe, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 165.——The mother of Cleobis and Biton. See: [Cleobis].——A girl beloved by Acontius. See: [Acontius].——One of Cyrene’s attendants. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 329.

Cydnus, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, where Alexander bathed when covered with sweat. The consequences proved almost fatal to the monarch. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 8.

Cydon, a friend of Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 335.

Cydon and Cydonia, now Canea, a town of Crete, built by a colony from Samos. It was supposed that Minos generally resided there. Hence Cydoneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 22.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 858.—Silius Italicus, bk. 2, li. 109.—Livy, bk. 37, ch. 60.—Lucan, bk. 7, li. 229.

Cydonia, an island opposite Lesbos. Pliny, bks. 2 & 4.

Cydrara, a city of Phrygia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 30.

Cydrolāus, a man who led a colony to Samos. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Cygnus. See: [Cycnus].

Cylabus, a place near Argos in Peloponnesus. [♦]Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

[♦] ‘Piut.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

Cylbiani, mountains of Phrygia where the Gayster takes its rise. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Cylices, a people among the Illyrians. There was in their country a monument in honour of Cadmus. Athenæus.

Cylindus, a son of Phryxus and Calliope.

Cyllabaris, a public place for exercises at Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. Pausanias, Corinthia.

Cyllabărus, a gallant of the wife of Diomedes, &c.

Cyllărus, the most beautiful of all the Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. They perished both at the same time. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 408.——A celebrated horse of Pollux or of Castor, according to Seneca. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 90.

Cyllen, a son of Elatus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.

Cyllēne, the mother of Lycaon by Pelasgus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.——A naval station of Elis in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 23.——A mountain of Arcadia, with a small town on its declivity, which received its name from Cyllen. Mercury was born there; hence his surname of Cylleneius, which is indiscriminately applied to anything he invented, or over which he presided. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 663.—Horace, epode 13, li. 13.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 17.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 139.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 146; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 147.

Cyllēnēius, a surname of Mercury, from his being born on the mountain of Cyllene.

Cyllyrii, certain slaves at Syracuse. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 155.

Cylon, an Athenian who aspired to tyranny. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 71.

Cyma, or Cymæ, the largest and most beautiful town of Æolia, called also Phriconis, and Phricontis, and Cumæ. See: [Cumæ]. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 11.—Cicero, Flaccus, ch. 20.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.

Cymodŏce, Cyme, and Cymo, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 255.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 388.

Cymōlus and Cimōlus, an island of the Cretan sea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 463.

Cymŏthoe, one of the Nereides, represented by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 148, as assisting the Trojans with Triton after the storm with which Æolus, at the request of Juno, had afflicted the fleet.

Cynara, one of Horace’s favourites. Bk. 4, ode 1, li. 4.

Cynægīrus, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage. He was brother to the poet Æschylus. After the battle of Marathon, he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, and when he had lost that also, he still kept his hold with his teeth. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 114.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 9.

Cynæthium, a town of Arcadia, founded by one of the companions of Æneas. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Cynāne, a daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, who married Amyntas son of Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Cynāpes, a river falling into the Euxine. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, ltr. 10, li. 49.

Cynaxa. See: [Cunaxa].

Cyneas. See: [Cineas].

Cynesii and Cynetæ, a nation on the remotest shores of Europe, towards the ocean. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 33.

Cynethussa, an island in the Ægean sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cynia, a lake of Acarcania. Strabo, bk. 16.

Cynĭci, a sect of philosophers founded by Antisthenes the Athenian. They received this name à caninâ mordacitate, from their canine propensity to criticize the lives and actions of men, or because, like dogs, they were not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires publicly. They were famous for their contempt of riches, for their negligence of their dress, and the length of their beards. Diogenes was one of their sect. They generally slept on the ground. Cicero, bk. 1, De Officiis, chs. 35 & 41.

Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus king of Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the chariot-races at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Cyno, a woman who preserved the life of Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 110.

Cynocephăle, a town of Thessaly, where the proconsul Quintius conquered Philip of Macedon, and put an end to the first Macedonian war, B.C. 197. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 7.

Cynocephăli, a nation of India, who have the head of a dog, according to some traditions. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Cynophontis, a festival of Argos, observed during the dog days. It received its name ἀπο του κυνας φονειν, killing dogs, because they used to kill all the dogs they met.

Cynortas, one of the ancient kings of Sparta, son of Amyclas and Diomede. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Cynortion, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 27.

Cynos, a town of Locris.——Another in Thessaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, was buried.

Cynosargres, a surname of Hercules.——A small village of Attica of the same name, where the Cynic philosophers had established their school. Herodotus, bks. 5 & 6.

Cynossēma (a dog’s tomb), a promontory of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba was changed into a dog, and buried. Ovid, bk. 13, Metamorphoses, li. 569.

Cynosūra, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star which bears the same name. It is the same as the Ursa Minor. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 107.

Cynthia, a beautiful woman who was mistress to Propertius.——A surname of Diana, from mount Cynthus, where she was born.

Cynthius, a surname of Apollo, from mount Cynthus.

Cynthus, a mountain of Delos, so high that it is said to overshadow the whole island. Apollo was surnamed Cynthius, and Diana Cynthia, as they were born on the mountain, which was sacred to them. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 36.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 304; Fasti, bk. 3, li. 346.

Cynūrenses, a people of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Cynus, a naval station of Opus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 1.

Cypărissi and Cyparissia, a town of Peloponnesus, near Massenia. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 31.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Cypărissus, a youth, son of Telephus of Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite stag of Apollo’s, for which he was so sorry that he pined away, and was changed by the god into a cypress tree. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 680.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 121.——A town near Delphi. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Cyphăra, a fortified place of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.

Cypriānus, a native of Carthage, who, though born of heathen parents, became a convert to christianity, and the bishop of his countrymen. To be more devoted to purity and study, he abandoned his wife; and as a proof of his charity, he distributed his goods to the poor. He wrote 81 letters, besides several treatises, De Dei gratiâ, De virginum habitu, &c., and rendered his compositions valuable by the information which he conveys of the discipline of the ancient church, and by the soundness and purity of his theology. He died a martyr, A.D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian are that of Fell, folio, Oxford, 1682, and that reprinted Amsterdam, 1700.

Cyprus, a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, who married Agrippa.——A large island in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of Cilicia, and at the west of Syria, formerly joined to the continent near Syria, according to Pliny. It has been anciently called Acamantis, Amathusia, Aspelia, Cerastis, Colonia or Colinia, Macaria, and Spechia. It has been celebrated for giving birth to Venus surnamed Cypris, who was the chief deity of the place, and to whose service many places and temples were consecrated. It was anciently divided into nine kingdoms, and was for some time under the power of Egypt, and afterwards of the Persians. The Greeks made themselves masters of it, and it was taken from them by the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. There were three celebrated temples there, two sacred to Venus, and the other to Jupiter. The inhabitants were given much to pleasure and dissipation. Strabo, bk. 16.—Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 14.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Justin, bk. 18, ch. 5.—Pliny, bk. 12, ch. 24; bk. 33, ch. 3; bk. 36, ch. 26.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Cypsĕlĭdes, the name of three princes as descendants of Cypselus, who reigned at Corinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeeded by his son Periander, who left his kingdom, after a reign of 40 years, to Cypselus II.

[♦]Cypsĕsus, a king of Arcadia, who married the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen himself against the Heraclidæ. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.——A man of Corinth, son of Eetion and father of Periander. He destroyed the Bacchiadæ, and seized upon the sovereign power, about 659 years before Christ. He reigned 30 years, and was succeeded by his son. Periander had two sons, Lycophron and Cypselus, who was insane. Cypselus received his name from the Greek word κυψελος, a coffer, because when the Bacchiadæ attempted to kill him, his mother saved his life by concealing him in a coffer. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 37.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 114; bk. 5, ch. 92, &c.—Aristotle, Politics.——The father of Miltiades. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 35.

[♦] ‘Cysĕsus’ replaced with ‘Cypsĕsus’

Cyraunis, an island of Libya. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 195.

Cyrbiāna, a province of the Elymæans.

Cyre, a fountain near Cyrene.

Cyrēnaĭca, a country of Africa, of which Cyrene is the capital. See: [Cyrene].

Cyrēnaĭci, a sect of philosophers who followed the doctrine of Aristippus. They placed their summum bonum in pleasure, and said that virtue ought to be commended because it gave pleasure. Diogenes Laërtius, Aristotle.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.

Cyrēne, the daughter of the river Peneus, of whom Apollo became enamoured. He carried her to that part of Africa which is called Cyrenaica, where she brought forth Aristæus. She is called by some daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapithæ and son of the Peneus. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 321.—Justin, bk. 13, ch. 7.—Pindar, Pythian, li. 9.——A celebrated city of Libya, to which Aristæus, who was the chief of the colonists settled there, gave his mother’s name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and fertile plain, about 11 miles from the Mediterranean sea, and it became the capital of the country, which was called Pentapolis, on account of the five cities which it contained. It gave birth to many great men, among whom were Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades, Aristippus, &c. The town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B.C. 630, and the kingdom was bequeathed to the Romans, B.C. 97, by king Ptolemy Appion. Herodotus, bks. 3 & 4.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 13.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 5.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 70.

Cyriades, one of the 30 tyrants who harassed the Roman empire in the reign of Gallienus. He died A.D. 259.

Cyrillus, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died A.D. 386. Of his writings, composed in Greek, there remain 23 catecheses, and a letter to the emperor Constantine, the best edition of which is by Milles, folio, Oxford, 1703.——A bishop of Alexandria, who died A.D. 444. The best edition of his writings, which are mostly controversial, in Greek, is that of Paris, folio, 7 vols., 1638.

Cyrne, a place of Eubœa.

Cyrnus, a driver in the games which Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c. Silius Italicus, bk. 16, li. 342.——A man of Argos, who founded a city of Chersonesus. Diodorus, bk. 5.——A river that falls into the Caspian sea. Plutarch, Pompey.——An island on the coast of Liguria, the same as Corsica; and called after Cyrnus the son of Hercules. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 9, li. 30.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.

Cyrræi, a people of Æthiopia.

Cyrrhadæ, an Indian nation.

Cyrrhes, a people of Macedonia, near Pella.

Cyrrhestĭca, a country of Syria near Cilicia, of which the capital was called Cyrrhum. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 23.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 18.

Cyrrhus and Cyrus, a river of Iberia in Asia.

Cyrsīlus, an Athenian, stoned to death by his countrymen, because he advised them to receive the army of Xerxes, and to submit to the power of Persia. Demosthenes, de Coronâ.—Cicero, bk. 3, de Officiis, ch. 11.

Cyrus, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages king of Media. His father was of an ignoble family, whose marriage with Mandane had been consummated on account of the apprehensions of Astyages. See: [Astyages]. Cyrus was exposed as soon as born; but he was preserved by a shepherdess, who educated him as her own son. As he was playing with his equals in years, he was elected king in a certain diversion, and he exercised his power with such an independent spirit, that he ordered one of his play companions to be severely whipped for disobedience. The father of the youth, who was a nobleman, complained to the king of the ill treatment which his son had received from a shepherd’s son. Astyages ordered Cyrus before him, and discovered that he was Mandane’s son, from whom he had so much to apprehend. He treated him with great coldness; and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, escaped from his confinement, and began to levy troops to dethrone his grandfather. He was assisted and encouraged by the ministers of Astyages, who were displeased with the king’s oppression. He marched against him, and Astyages was defeated in a battle, and taken prisoner, B.C. 559. From this victory the empire of Media became tributary to the Persians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of Asia, and made war against Crœsus king of Lydia, whom he conquered, B.C. 548. He invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon by drying the channels of the Euphrates, and marching his troops through the bed of the river, while the people were celebrating a grand festival. He afterwards marched against Tomyris the queen of the Massagetæ, a Scythian nation, and was defeated in a bloody battle, B.C. 530. The victorious queen, who had lost her son in a previous encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut off his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming, Satia te sanguine quem sitisti. Xenophon has written the life of Cyrus; but his history is not perfectly authentic. In the character of Cyrus he delineates a brave and virtuous prince, and often puts in his mouth many of the sayings of Socrates. The chronology is false; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given existence to persons whom no other historian ever mentioned. The Cyropædia, therefore, is not to be looked upon as an authentic history of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as showing what every good and virtuous prince ought to be. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 75, &c.—Justin, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 7.——The younger Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus, and the brother of Artaxerxes. He was sent by his father, at the age of 16, to assist the Lacedæmonians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to the throne at the death of Nothus; and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was discovered, and would have been punished with death, had not his mother Parysatis saved him from the hands of the executioner by her tears and entreaties. This circumstance did not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus; he was appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, where he secretly fomented rebellion, and levied troops under various pretences. At last he took the field with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and 13,000 Greeks under the command of Clearchus. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody, and Cyrus might have perhaps obtained the victory, had not his uncommon rashness proved his ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers met in person, and engaged with the most inveterate fury, and their engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 401 years B.C. Artaxerxes was so anxious of its being universally reported that his brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to death two of his subjects for boasting that they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were engaged in the expedition, obtained much glory in the battle; and after the death of Cyrus, they remained victorious in the field without a commander. They were not, however, discouraged, though at a great distance from their country, and surrounded on every side by a powerful enemy. They unanimously united in the election of commanders, and traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual attacks of the Persians; and nothing is more truly celebrated in ancient history than the bold retreat of the 10,000. The journey that they made from the place of their first embarkation till their return, has been calculated at 1155 leagues, performed in the space of 15 months, including all the time which was devoted to take rest and refreshment. This retreat has been celebrated by Xenophon, who was one of their leaders, and among the friends and supporters of Cyrus. It is said, that in the letter he wrote to Lacedæmon to solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boasted his philosophy, his royal blood, and his ability to drink more wine than his brother without being intoxicated. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.—Diodorus, bk. 14.—Justin, bk. 5, ch. 11.——A rival of Horace, in the affections of one of his mistresses, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 24.——A poet of Panopolis, in the age of Theodosius.

Cyrus and Cyropŏlis, a city of Syria, built by the Jews in honour of Cyrus, whose humanity in relieving them from their captivity they wished thus to commemorate.

Cyrus, a river of Persia, now Kur.

Cyta, a town of Colchis, famous for the poisonous herbs which it produced, and for the birth of Medea. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 693.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 73.

Cytæis, a surname of Medea, from her being an inhabitant of Cyta. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 7.

Cythēra, now Cesigo, an island on the coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who was from thence surnamed Cytheræa, and who rose, as some suppose, from the sea, near its coasts. It was for some time under the power of the Argives, and always considered as of the highest importance to maritime powers. The Phœnicians had built there a famous temple to Venus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 262; bk. 10, li. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 33.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 288; bk. 15, li. 386; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 15.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 29.

Cythĕræa, a surname of Venus.

Cythēris, a certain courtesan, much respected by the poet Gallus, as well as by Antony.

Cythēron. See: [Cithæron].

Cythērun, a place of Attica.

Cytherus, a river of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.

Cythnos, now Thermia, an island near Attica, famous for its cheese. It has been called Ophiousa and Dryopis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 252.

Cytineum, one of the four cities called Tetrapolis in Doris. Strabo, bk. 9.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 107.

Cytissorus, a son of Phryxus, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 197.

Cytōrus, now Kudros, a mountain and town of Galatia, built by Cytorus son of Phryxus, and abounding in box-wood. Catullus, poem 4, li. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 311.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 437.

Cyzĭcum, or Cyzicus, an island of the Propontis, about 530 stadia in circumference, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander joined it to the continent by two bridges, and from that time it was called a peninsula. It had two harbours called Panormus and Chytus, the first natural, and the other artificial. It became one of the most considerable cities of Asia. It was besieged by Mithridates, and relieved by Lucullus. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.—Diodorus, bk. 18.

Cyzĭcus, a son of Œneus and Stilba, who reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably received the Argonauts, in their expedition against Colchis. After their departure from the coast of Cyzicus, they were driven back in the night, by a storm, upon the coast; and the inhabitants seeing such an unexpected number of men, furiously attacked them, supposing them to be the Pelasgi, their ancient enemies. In this nocturnal engagement, many were killed on both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hands of Jason himself, who honoured him with a splendid funeral, and raised a stately monument over his grave. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Flaccus.—Apollonius.—Orpheus.——The chief town of the island of Cyzicum, built where the island is joined by the bridges to the continent. It has two excellent harbours, called Panormus and Chytus. The former is naturally large and beautiful, and the other owes all its conveniences to the hand of art. The town is situate partly on a mountain, and partly in a plain. The Argonauts built a temple to Cybele in the neighbourhood. It derives its name from Cyzicus, who was killed there by Jason. The Athenians defeated near this place their enemies of Lacedæmon, assisted by Pharnabazus, B.C. 410. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.—Strabo.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 22.—Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 636.

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