A classical dictionary / containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table

by John Lemprière

H

Habis, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture, &c. Justin, bk. 44, ch. 4.

Hadrianopŏlis, a town of Thrace, on the Hebrus.

Hadriānus, a Roman emperor. See: [Adrianus].——Caeso Fabius, a pretor in Africa, who was burnt by the people of Utica for conspiring with the slaves. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 27; bk. 5, ch. 26.

Hadriatĭcum mare. See: [Adriaticum].

Hædui. See: [Ædui].

Hæmon, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with the beauty of Antigone, that he killed himself on her tomb, when he heard that she had been put to death by his father’s orders. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 21.——A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 685.——A friend of Æneas against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 126.

Hæmŏnia. See: Æmonia.

Hæmus, a mountain which separates Thrace from Thessaly, so high that from its top are visible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this, however, is denied by Strabo. It receives its name from Hæmus son of Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed into this mountain for aspiring to divine honours. Strabo, bk. 7, p. 313.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 87.——A stage-player. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 99.

Hages, a brother of king Porus, who opposed Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, chs. 5 & 14.——One of Alexander’s flatterers.——A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 191.

Hagno, a nymph.——A fountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Hagnagora, a sister of Aristomenes. Pausanias.

Halæsus and Halēsus, a son of Agamemnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra. When he was driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled on mount Massicus in Campania, where he built Falisci, and afterwards assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 724; bk. 10, li. 352.——A river near Colophon in Asia Minor. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Halala, a village at the foot of mount Taurus.

Halcyŏne. See: [Alcyone].

Halentum, a town at the north of Sicily. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 23.

Halesa, a town of Sicily. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 7; Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 32.

Halesius, a mountain and river near Ætna, where Proserpine was gathering flowers when she was carried away by Pluto. Columella.

Halia, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.——A festival at Rhodes in honour of the sun.

Haliacmon, a river which separates Thessaly from Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus Thermaicus. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 36.—Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 127.

Haliartus, a town of Bœotia, founded by Haliartus the son of Thersander. The monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and of Lysander the Lacedæmonian general, were seen in that town. Livy, bk. 42, chs. 44 & 63.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.——A town of Peloponnesus.

Halicarnassus, now Bodroun, a maritime city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world, was erected. It was the residence of the sovereigns of Caria, and was celebrated for having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius, Heraclitus, &c. Maximus Tyrius, bk. 35.—Vitruvius, On Architecture.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 178.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Livy, bk. 27, chs. 10 & 16; bk. 33, ch. 20.

Halicyæ, a town of Sicily, near Lilybæum, now Saleme. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 33.—Diodorus, bk. 14.

Halieis, a town of Argolis.

Halimede, a Nereid.

Halirrhotius, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who ravished Alcippe daughter of Mars, because she slighted his addresses. This violence offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear before the tribunal of justice to answer for the murder of his son. The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has been called from thence Areopagus (ἀρης Mars, and παγος village), and the murderer was acquitted. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 21.

Halithersus, an old man, who foretold Penelope’s suitors the return of Ulysses, and their own destruction. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1.

Halius, a son of Alcinous, famous for his skill in dancing. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 8, lis. 120 & 360.——A Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 767.

Halizōnes, a people of Paphlagonia. Strabo, bk. 14.

Halmus, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chrysogone. He [♦]reigned in Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

[♦] ‘regined’ replaced with ‘reigned’

Halmydessus, a town of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Halocrătes, a son of Hercules and Olympusa. Apollodorus.

Halōne, an island of Propontis, opposite Cyzicus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Halonnēsus, an island on the coast of Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Thermiacus. It was inhabited only by women, who had slaughtered all the males, and they defended themselves against an invasion. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Halōtia, a festival in Tegea. Pausanias.

Halōtus, a eunuch, who used to taste the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the emperor’s food by order of Agrippina. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 66.

Halus, a city of Achaia,——of Thessaly,——of Parthia.

Hălyæetus, a man changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 176.

Halyattes. See: [Alyattes].

Halycus, now Platani, a river at the south of Sicily.

Halys, now Kizil-ermark, a river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. It received its name ἀπο του ἁλος from salt, because its waters are of a salt and bitter taste, from the nature of the soil over which they flow. It is famous for the defeat of Crœsus king of Lydia, who was mistaken by the ambiguous words of this oracle:

Χροισος Ἁλυν διαβας μεγαλην ἀρχην διαλυσει.

If Crœsus passes over the Halys, he shall destroy a great empire.

That empire was his own. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 56.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 12.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 272.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 28.——A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 157.

Halyzia, a town of Epirus near the Achelous, where the Athenians obtained a naval victory over the Lacedæmonians.

Hamadryădes, nymphs who lived in the country, and presided over trees, with which they were said to live and die. The word is derived from ἁμα simul, and δρυς quercus. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 647.

Hamæ, a town of Campania near Cumæ. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 25.

Hamaxia, a city of Cilicia.

Hamilcar, the name of some celebrated generals of Carthage. See: [Amilcar].

Hammon, the Jupiter of the Africans. See: [Ammon].

Hannibal. See: [Annibal].

Hanno. See: [Anno].

Harcălo, a man famous for his knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He touched the most venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving the smallest injury. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 406.

Harmatelia, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Harmatris, a town of Æolia.

Hămillus, an infamous debauchee. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 224.

Harmodius, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. See: [Aristogiton]. The Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens, made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton and Harmodius. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 35.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.—Seneca, de Ira, bk. 2.

Harmŏnia, or Hermionea [See: [Hermione]], a daughter of Mars [♦]and Venus, who married Cadmus. It is said that Vulcan, to avenge the infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a vestment dyed in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the children of Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 16, &c.

[♦] ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’

Harmŏnĭdes, a Trojan beloved by Minerva. He built the ships in which Paris carried away Helen. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.

Harpăgus, a general of Cyrus. He conquered Asia Minor after he had revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders in not putting to death the infant Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 108.—Justin, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.——A river near Colchis. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Harpălice. See: [Harpalyce].

Harpălion, a son of Pylæmenes king of Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 643.

Harpălus, a man entrusted with the treasures of Babylon by Alexander. His hopes that Alexander would perish in his expedition rendered him dissipate, negligent, and vicious. When he heard that the conqueror was returning with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, with his money, he corrupted the orators, among whom was Demosthenes. When brought to justice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, where he was at last assassinated by Thimbron, B.C. 325. Plutarch, Phocion.—Diodorus, bk. 17.——A robber who scorned the gods. Cicero, bk. 3, de Natura Deorum.——A celebrated astronomer of Greece, 480 years B.C.

Harpăly̆ce, the daughter of Harpalycus king of Thrace. Her mother died when she was but a child, and her father fed her with the milk of cows and mares, and inured her early to sustain the fatigues of hunting. When her father’s kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with manly courage. The death of her father, which happened soon after in a sedition, rendered her disconsolate; she fled the society of mankind, and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to secure her proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome by intercepting her with a net. After her death the people of the country disputed their respective right to the possessions which she acquired by rapine, and they soon after appeased her manes, by proper oblations on her tomb. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 321.—Hyginus, fables 193 & 252.——A beautiful virgin, daughter of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. Her father became enamoured of her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means of her nurse, who introduced him as a stranger. Some time after she married Alastor; but the father’s passion became more violent and uncontrollable in his daughter’s absence, and he murdered her husband to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of her husband, and ashamed of her father’s passion, which was then made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest, and served it before her father. She begged the gods to remove her from the world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed himself. Hyginus, fable 253, &c.—Parthenius, Narrationes Amatoriæ.——A mistress of Iphiclus son of Thestius. She died through despair on seeing herself despised by her lover. This mournful story was composed in poetry, in the form of a dialogue called Harpalyce. Athenæus, bk. 14.

Harpăly̆cus, one of the companions of Æneas, killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.——The father of Harpalyce, king of part of Thrace.

Harpăsa, a town of Caria.

Harpăsus, a river of Caria. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 13.

Harpŏcrătes, a divinity, supposed to be the same as Orus the son of Isis among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding one of his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of silence, and intimates that the mysteries of religion and philosophy ought never to be revealed to the people. The Romans placed his statues at the entrance of their temples. Catullus, poem 75.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Harpocration, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stobæus compiled his eclogues.——A sophist, called also Ælius.——Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a Lexicon on 10 orators.——Another, surnamed Caius.

Harpylæ, winged monsters, who had the face of a woman, with the body of a vulture, and had their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws. They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of Neptune and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands called Strophades by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled whatever they touched by their filth and excrements. They plundered Æneas during his voyage towards Italy, and predicted many of the calamities which attended him. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 212; bk. 6, li. 289.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 265.

Harudes, a people of Germany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 31.

Haruspex, a soothsayer at Rome, who drew omens by consulting the entrails of beasts that were sacrificed. He received the name of Aruspex, ab aris aspiciendis, and that of Extispex, ab extis inspiciendis. The order of Aruspices was first established at Rome by Romulus, and the first Haruspices were Tuscans by origin, as they were particularly famous in that branch of divination. They had received all their knowledge from a boy named Tages, who, as was commonly reported, sprung from a clod of earth. See: [Tages]. They were originally three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six noble youths, or, according to others, 12, to Etruria, to be instructed in all the mysteries of the art. The office of the Haruspices consisted in observing these four particulars: the beast before it was sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which consumed the sacrifice; and the flour, frankincense, &c., which was used. If the beast was led up to the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the conductor’s hands, roared when it received the blow, or died in agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on the contrary, if it followed without compulsion, received the blow without resistance, and died without groaning, and after much effusion of blood, the Haruspex foretold prosperity. When the body of the victim was opened, each part was scrupulously examined. If anything was wanting, if it had a double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate. If the entrails fell from the hands of the Haruspex, or seemed besmeared with too much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for instance it happened in the two victims which Julius Cæsar offered a little before his death, the omen was equally unlucky. When the flame was quickly kindled, and when it violently consumed the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid, without any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was favourable. But the contrary augury was drawn when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and was extinguished before the sacrifice was totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the victim with intermediate spaces between the flames. In regard to the frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there was any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour was different, or the quality was changed, or if anything was done with irregularity, it was deemed inauspicious. This custom of consulting the entrails of victims did not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, &c., and the more enlightened part of mankind well knew how to render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny. Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping spirits of his soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in his hand the word νεκη, victory, in large characters, and holding the entrails of a victim in his hand till the impression was communicated to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, and animated them by observing that the gods signified their approaching victories even by marking it in the body of the sacrificed animals. Cicero, de Divinatione.

Hasdrubal. See: [Asdrubal].

Quintus Haterius, a patrician and orator at Rome under the first emperors. He died in the 90th year of his age. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 61.——Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated by the tyrant for his independence. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 4.——Antoninus, a dissipated senator, whose extravagance was supported by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 34.

Haustanes, a man who conspired with Bessus against Darius, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.

Hebdŏle. See: [Ebdome].

Hebe, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. According to some she was the daughter of Juno only, who conceived her after eating lettuces. As she was fair, and always in the bloom of youth, she was called the goddess of youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to all the gods. She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, because she fell down in an indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to the gods at a grand festival, and Ganymedes the favourite of Jupiter succeeded her as cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother to prepare her chariot, and to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercules was raised to the rank of a god he was reconciled to Juno by marrying her daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares and Anicetus. As Hebe had the power of restoring gods and men to the vigour of youth, she, at the instance of her husband, performed that kind office to Iolas his friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon, under the name of Dia, and at Rome under the name of Juventas. She is represented as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed in a variegated garment. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 12.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 400; Fasti, bk. 9, li. 76.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 2, ch. 7.

Hēbēsus, a Rutulian, killed in the night by Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 344.

Hebrus, now Marissa, a river of Thrace, which was supposed to roll its waters upon golden sands. It falls into the Ægean sea. The head of Orpheus was thrown into it, after it had been cut off by the Ciconian women. It received its name from Hebrus son of Cassandra, a king of Thrace, who was said to have drowned himself there. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 463.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 50.——A youth of Lipara, beloved by Neobule. Horace, bk. 3, ode 12.——A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 149.——A friend of Æneas son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 696.

Hecăle, a poor old woman who kindly received Theseus as he was going against the bull of Marathon, &c. Plutarch, Theseus.——A town of Attica.

Hecalēsia, a festival in honour of Jupiter of Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in commemoration of the kindness of Hecale, which Theseus had experienced when he went against the bull of Marathon, &c.

Hecamēde, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell to the lot of Nestor after the plunder of Tenedos by the Greeks. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 623.

Hecătæ fanum, a celebrated temple sacred to Hecate at Stratonice in Caria. Strabo, bk. 14.

Hecatæus, an historian of Miletus, born 549 years before Christ, in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 143.——A Macedonian intimate with Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.——A Macedonian brought to the army against his will by Amyntas, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 1.

Hecăte, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, the same as Proserpine or Diana. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell, whence her name of Diva triformis, tergemina, triceps. She was supposed to preside over magic and enchantments, and was generally represented like a woman with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, or a boar; and sometimes she appeared with three different bodies, and three different faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, and honey were generally offered to her, especially in highways and cross-roads, whence she obtained the name of Trivia. Her power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, and hell; and to her kings and nations supposed themselves indebted for their prosperity. Ovid, bk. 7, Metamorphoses, li. 94.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 22.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 511.

Hecatēsia, a yearly festival observed by the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. The Athenians paid also particular worship to this goddess, who was deemed the patroness of families and of children. From this circumstance, the statues of the goddess were erected before the doors of the houses, and upon every new moon a public supper was always provided at the expense of the richest people, and set in the streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted to retire and feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate had devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings to supplicate the goddess to remove whatever evils might impend on the head of the public, &c.

Hecăto, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Pænætius. He wrote on the duties of man, &c. Cicero, bk. 3, De Officiis, ch. 15.

Hecatomboia, a festival celebrated in honour of Juno by the Argians and people of Ægina. It receives its name from ἑκατον, and βους, a sacrifice of 100 bulls, which were always offered to the goddess, and the flesh distributed amongst the poorest citizens. There were also public games, first instituted by Archinus, a king of Argos, in which the prize was a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle.

Hecatomphŏnia, a solemn sacrifice offered by the Messenians to Jupiter, when any of them had killed 100 enemies. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 19.

Hecatompŏlis, an epithet applied to Crete, from the 100 cities which it once contained.

Hecatompy̆los, an epithet applied to Thebes in Egypt on account of its 100 gates. Ammianus, bk. 22, ch. 16.——Also the capital of Parthia, in the reign of the Arsacidæ. Ptolemy, bk. 6, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Pliny, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 25.

Hecatonnēsi, small islands between Lesbos and Asia. Strabo, bk. 13.

Hector, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He married Andromache the daughter of Eetion, by whom he had Astyanax. He was appointed captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged by the Greeks; and the valour with which he behaved, showed how well qualified he was to discharge that important office. He engaged with the bravest of the Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less than 31 of the most valiant of the enemy perished by his hand. When Achilles had driven back the Trojans towards the city, Hector, too great to fly, waited the approach of his enemy near the Scean gates, though his father and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his rashness, and entreated him to retire. The sight of Achilles terrified him, and he fled before him in the plain. The Greek pursued, and Hector was killed, and his body was dragged in cruel triumph by the conqueror round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had killed. The body, after it had received the grossest of insults, was ransomed by old Priam, and the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce of some days to pay the last offices to the greatest of their leaders. The Thebans boasted in the age of the geographer Pausanias, that they had the ashes of Hector preserved in an urn, by order of an oracle; which promised them undisturbed felicity if they were in possession of that hero’s remains. The epithet of Hectoreus is applied by the poets to the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and intrepidity. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bks. 12 & 13.—Dictys Cretensis.—Dares Phrygius.—Hyginus, fables 90 & 112.—Pausanias, bk. 3 & bk. 9, ch. 18.—Quintus Smyrnæus, bks. 1 & 3.——A son of Parmenio drowned in the Nile. Alexander honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8; bk. 6, ch. 9.

Hecŭba, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to others, of Cisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam king of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, and the most tender and unfortunate of mothers. When she was pregnant of Paris, she dreamed that she had brought into the world a burning torch which had reduced her husband’s palace and all Troy to ashes. So alarming a dream was explained by the soothsayers, who declared that the son she should bring into the world would prove the ruin of his country. When Paris was born she exposed him on mount Ida to avert the calamities which threatened her family; but her attempts to destroy him were fruitless, and the prediction of the soothsayers was fulfilled. See: [Paris]. During the Trojan war she saw the greatest part of her children perish by the hands of the enemy, and like a mother she confessed her grief by her tears and lamentations, particularly at the death of Hector her eldest son. When Troy was taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses, a man whom she hated for his perfidy and avarice, and she embarked with the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed in the Thracian Chersonesus, to load with fresh honours the grave of Achilles. During their stay the hero’s ghost appeared to them, and demanded, to ensure the safety of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxena, Hecuba’s daughter. They complied, and Polyxena was torn from her mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief was still more increased at the sight of the body of her son Polydorus washed on the shore, who had been recommended by his father to the care and humanity of Polymnestor king of the country. See: [Polydorus]. She determined to revenge the death of her son, and with the greatest indignation went to the house of his murderer and tore his eyes, and attempted to deprive him of his life. She was hindered from executing her bloody purpose by the arrival of some Thracians, and she fled with the female companions of her captivity. She was pursued, and when she ran after the stones that were thrown at her, she found herself suddenly changed into a bitch, and when she attempted to speak, found that she could only bark. After this metamorphosis she threw herself into the sea, according to Hyginus, and that place was, from that circumstance, called Cyneum. Hecuba had a great number of children by Priam, among whom were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hipponous, Polydorus, Troilus, and among the daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 761; bk. 13, li. 515.—Hyginus, fable 111.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 44.—Juvenal, satire 10, li. 271.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Dictys Cretensis, bks. 4 & 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Hecŭbæ Sepulchrum, a promontory of Thrace.

Hedĭla, a poetess of Samos.

Hedonæum, a village of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 31.

Hedui. See: [Ædui].

Hedymēles, an admired musician in Domitian’s age. The word signifies sweet music. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 381.

Hegelŏchus, a general of 6000 Athenians sent to Mantinea to stop the progress of Epaminondas. Diodorus, bk. 15.——An Egyptian general who flourished B.C. 128.

Hegēmon, a Thrasian poet in the age of Alcibiades. He wrote a poem called Gigantomachia, besides other works. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 11.——Another poet, who wrote a poem on the battle of Leuctra, &c. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Hegesiănax, an historian of Alexandria, who wrote an account of the Trojan war.

Hegesias, a tyrant of Ephesus under the patronage of Alexander. Polyænus, bk. 6.——A philosopher who so eloquently convinced his auditors of their failings and follies, and persuaded them that there were no dangers after death, that many were guilty of suicide. Ptolemy forbade him to continue his doctrines. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 34.——An historian.——A famous orator of Magnesia, who corrupted the elegant diction of Attica by the introduction of Asiatic idioms. Cicero, Orator, chs. 67, 69; Brutus, ch. 83.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Plutarch, Alexander.

Hegesilŏchus, one of the chief magistrates of Rhodes in the reign of Alexander and his father Philip.——Another native of Rhodes, 171 years before the christian era. He engaged his countrymen to prepare a fleet of 40 ships to assist the Romans against Perseus king of Macedonia.

Hegesinous, a man who wrote a poem on Attica. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.

Hegesinus, a philosopher of Pergamus, of the second academy. He flourished B.C. 193.

Hegesippus, an historian who wrote some things upon Pallene, &c.

Hegesipy̆le, a daughter of Olorus king of Thrace, who married Miltiades and became mother of Cimon. Plutarch.

Hegesistrătus, an Ephesian who consulted the oracle to know in what particular place he should fix his residence. He was directed to settle where he found peasants dancing with crowns of olives. This was in Asia, where he founded Elea, &c.

Hegetorĭdes, a Thasian, who, upon seeing his country besieged by the Athenians, and a law forbidding any one on pain of death to speak of peace, went to the market-place with a rope about his neck, and boldly told his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, provided they saved the city from the calamities which the continuation of the war seemed to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, the law was abrogated, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. Polyænus.

Helĕna, the most beautiful woman of her age, sprung from one of the eggs which Leda the wife of king Tyndarus brought forth after her amour with Jupiter metamorphosed into a swan. See: [Leda]. According to some authors, Helen was daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda was only her nurse; and to reconcile this variety of opinions, some imagine that Nemesis and Leda are the same persons. Her beauty was so universally admired, even in her infancy, that Theseus, with his friend Pirithous, carried her away before she had attained her 10th year, and concealed her at Aphidnæ, under the care of his mother Æthra. Her brothers Castor and Pollux recovered her by force of arms, and she returned safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native country. There existed, however, a tradition recorded by Pausanius, that Helen was of nubile years when carried away by Theseus, and that she had a daughter by her ravisher, who was entrusted to the care of Clytemnestra. This violence offered to her virtue did not in the least diminish, but it rather augmented, her fame, and her hand was eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece. The most celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son of Laertes, Antilochus son of Nestor, Sthenelus son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of Phileus, Agapenor son of Ancæus, Thalpius son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, Schedius son of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agasthenes, Amphilochus son of Amphiaraus, Ascalaphus and Ialmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, Polypœtes son of Pirithous, Elphenor son of Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of Æsculapius, Leonteus son of Coronus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Protesilaus son of Iphiclus, Eurypilus son of Evemon, Ajax and Teucer sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menœtius, Menelaus son of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus, and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of such a number of illustrious princes who eagerly solicited each to become his son-in-law. He knew that he could not prefer one without displeasing all the rest, and from this perplexity he was at last drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who began to be already known in Greece by his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who clearly saw that his pretensions to Helen would not probably meet with success in opposition to so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tyndarus from all his difficulties if he would promise him his niece Penelope in marriage. Tyndarus consented, and Ulysses advised the king to bind, by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that they would approve of the uninfluenced choice which Helen should make of one among them; and engage to unite together to defend her person and character, if ever any attempts were made to ravish her from the arms of her husband. The advice of Ulysses was followed, the princes consented, and Helen fixed her choice upon Menelaus and married him. Hermione was the early fruit of this union, which continued for three years with mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came to Lacedæmon on pretence of sacrificing to Apollo. He was kindly received by Menelaus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow him to Troy, B.C. 1198. At his return Menelaus, highly sensible of the injury which he had received, assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them of their solemn promises. They resolved to make war against the Trojans, but they previously sent ambassadors to Priam to demand the restitution of Helen. The influence of Paris at his father’s court prevented the restoration, and the Greeks returned home without receiving the satisfaction they required. Soon after their return their combined forces assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour of Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly known. Some assert that she had willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly supported the cause of the Trojans; while others believe that she always sighed after her husband, and cursed the day in which she had proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents her as in the last instance, and some have added that she often betrayed the schemes and resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favoured the cause of Greece. When Paris was killed in the ninth year of the war, she voluntarily married Deiphobus, one of Priam’s sons, and when Troy was taken she made no scruple to betray him, and to introduce the Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She returned to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave the errors which she had committed. Some, however, say that she obtained her life even with difficulty from her husband, whose resentment she had kindled by her infidelity. After she had lived for some years in Sparta, Menelaus died, and she was driven from Peloponnesus by Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her husband, and she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Polyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the country. Polyxo remembered that her widowhood originated in Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus had been killed in the Trojan war, which had been caused by the debaucheries of Helen, therefore she meditated revenge. While Helen retired one day to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in the habits of furies, and sent them with orders to murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree and strangled, and her misfortunes were afterwards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo expiated by the temple which the Rhodians raised to Helen Dendritis, or tied to a tree. There is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus, which says that Paris was driven, as he returned from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt, where Proteus king of the country expelled him from his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen nor her possessions were in Troy, but in the hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this assertion the Greeks besieged the town and took it after 10 years’ siege, and Menelaus by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, recovered Helen at the court of Proteus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had been undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable grounds. Helen was honoured after death as a goddess, and the Spartans built her a temple at Therapne, which had the power of giving beauty to all the deformed women that entered it. Helen, according to some, was carried into the island of Leuce after death, where she married Achilles, who had been one of her warmest admirers. The age of Helen has been a matter of deep inquiry among the chronologists. If she was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition against Colchis about 35 years before the Trojan war, according to some, she was no less than 60 years old when Troy was reduced to ashes, supposing that her brothers were only 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. But she is represented by Homer so incomparably beautiful during the siege of Troy, that though seen at a [♦]distance she influenced the counsellors of Priam by the brightness of her charms; therefore we must suppose, with others, that her beauty remained long undiminished, and was extinguished only at her death. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.—Hyginus, fable 77.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 112.—Plutarch, Theseus, &c.—Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 3.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 3.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 1, &c.—Quintus Smyrnæus, chs. 10, 13, &c.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, & Odyssey, bks. 4 & 15.——A young woman of Sparta, often confounded with the daughter of Leda. As she was going to be sacrificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and carried away the knife of the priest, upon which she was released, and the barbarous custom of offering human victims was abolished.——An island on the coast of Attica, where Helen came after the siege of Troy. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.——A daughter of the emperor Constantine, who married Julian.——The mother of Constantine. She died in her 80th year, A.D. 328.

[♦] ‘distane’ replaced with ‘distance’

Helĕnia, a festival in Laconia, in honour of Helen, who received there divine honours. It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules, and in chariots made of reeds and bulrushes.

Hĕlēnor, a Lydian prince who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and was killed by the Rutulians. His mother’s name was Licymnia. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 444, &c.

Hĕlĕnus, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in marriage to Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to leave his country, and he retired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him prisoner by the advice of Calchas. As he was well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Trojans, and either the fear of death or gratification of resentment seduced him to disclose to the enemies of his country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it was in possession of the Palladium, nor before Philoctetes came from his retreat at Lemnos and assisted to support the siege. After the ruin of his country, he fell to the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, and saved his life by warning him to avoid the dangerous tempest which in reality proved fatal to all those who set sail. This endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his hand Andromache the widow of his brother Hector, by whom he had a son called Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his wife. Helenus was the only one of Priam’s sons who survived the ruin of his country. After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of the Epirus, which he called Chaonia, in memory of his brother Chaon, whom he had inadvertently killed. Helenus received Æneas as he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities which attended his fleet. The manner in which he received the gift of prophecy is doubtful. See: [Cassandra]. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 76; bk. 7, li. 47.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 295, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 33.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, lis. 99 & 723; bk. 15, li. 437.——A Rutulian killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 388.

Helerni Lucus, a place near Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 105.

Heles, or Hales, a river of Lucania near Velia. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 16, ltr. 7; Letters to his Friends, bk. 7, ltr. 20.

Hēliădes, the daughters of the sun and Clymene. They were three in number, Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven, according to Hyginus: Merope, Helie, Ægle, Lampetie, Phœbe, Ætheria, and Dioxippe. They were so afflicted at the death of their brother Phaeton [See: [Phaeton]], that they were changed by the gods into poplars, and their tears into precious amber, on the banks of the river Po. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 340.—Hyginus, fable 154.——The first inhabitants of Rhodes. This island being covered with mud when the world was first created, was warmed by the cherishing beams of the sun, and from thence sprang seven men, which were called Heliades, ἀπο του ἡλιου, from the sun. The eldest of these, called Ochimus, married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the island, and his brothers fled from the country for having put to death, through jealousy, one of their number. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Heliastæ, a name given to the judges of the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500, they were seldom assembled, and only upon matters of the greatest importance. Demosthenes, Against Timocrates.—Diogenes Laërtius, Solon.

Helicāon, a Trojan prince, son of Antenor. He married Laodice the daughter of Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the state of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a night engagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, who remembered the hospitality which he had received from his father Antenor. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 123.

Hĕlĭce, a star near the north pole, generally called Ursa Major. It is supposed to receive its name from the town of Helice, of which Calisto, who was changed into the Great Bear, was an inhabitant. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 237.——A town of Achaia, on the bay of Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation of the sea. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 92.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 293.——A daughter of Silenus king of Ægiale. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 24.——A daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia.

Hĕlīcon, now Zagaro-Vouni, a mountain of Bœotia, on the borders of Phocis. It was sacred to the muses, who had there a temple. The fountain Hippocrene flowed from this mountain. Strabo, bk. 8.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 219.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 28, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 641.——A river of Macedonia near Dium. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 30.

Hĕlīcŏniădes, a name given to the Muses because they lived upon mount Helicon, which was sacred to them.

Helĭcōnis, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Heliodōrus, one of the favourites of Seleucus Philopator king of Syria. He attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, about 176 years before Christ, by order of his master, &c.——A Greek mathematician of Larissa.——A famous sophist, the best editions of whose entertaining romance, called Æthiopica, are by Commelin, 8vo, 1596, and Bourdelot, 8vo, Paris, 1619.——A learned Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace.——A man who wrote a treatise on tombs.——A poet.——A geographer.——A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 372.

Heliogabālus, a deity among the Phœnicians.——Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, a Roman emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, called Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of that divinity in Phœnicia. After the death of Macrinus he was invested with the imperial purple, and the senate, however unwilling to submit to a youth only 14 years of age, approved of his election, and bestowed upon him the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grandmother Mœsa and his mother Sœmias his colleagues on the throne; and to bestow more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate of women, over which his mother presided, and prescribed all the modes and fashions which prevailed in the empire. Rome, however, soon displayed a scene of cruelty and debauchery; the imperial palace was full of prostitution, and the most infamous of the populace became the favourites of the prince. He raised his horse to the honours of the consulship, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to the god Heliogabalus, which was no other than a large black stone, whose figure resembled that of a cone. To this ridiculous deity temples were raised at Rome, and the altars of the gods plundered to deck those of the new divinity. In the midst of his extravagances Heliogabalus married four wives, and not satisfied with following the plain laws of nature, he professed himself to be a woman, and gave himself up to one of his officers, called Hierocles. In this ridiculous farce he suffered the greatest indignities from his pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and Hierocles, by stooping to infamy, became the most powerful of the favourites, and enriched himself by selling favours and offices to the people. Such licentiousness soon displeased the populace, and Heliogabalus, unable to appease the seditions of his soldiers, whom his rapacity and debaucheries had irritated, hid himself in the filth and excrements of the camp, where he was found in the arms of his mother. His head was severed from his body the 10th of March, A.D. 222, in the 18th year of his age, after a reign of three years, nine months, and four days. He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects with the most oppressive taxes; his halls were covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were made with the down of hares, and with the soft feathers which were found under the wings of partridges. He was fond of covering his shoes with precious stones, to draw the admiration of the people as he walked along the streets, and he was the first Roman who ever wore a dress of silk. He often invited the most common of the people to share his banquets, and made them sit down on large bellows full of wind, which, by suddenly emptying themselves, threw the guests on the ground, and left them a prey to wild beasts. He often tied some of his favourites on a large wheel, and was particularly delighted to see them whirled round like Ixions, and sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk beneath the water.

Heliŏpŏlis, now Matarea, a famous city of Lower Egypt, in which was a temple sacred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped a bull called Mnevis, with the same ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis. Apollo had an oracle there. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 21.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 26.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Diodorus, bk. 1.——There was a small village of the same name without the Delta, near Babylon.——A town of Syria, now Balbeck. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 22.

Helisson, a town and river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 29.

Helium, a name given to the mouth of the Maese in Germany. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 15.

Helius, a celebrated favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by order of Galba, for his cruelties.——The Greek name of the sun, or Apollo.

Helixus, a river of Cos.

Hellanĭce, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse to Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 1.

Hellanĭcus, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He wrote a history of the ancient kings of the earth, with an account of the founders of the most famous towns in every kingdom, and died B.C. 411, in the 85th year of his age. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 53.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 15, ch. 23.——A brave officer rewarded by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.——An historian of Miletus, who wrote a description of the earth.

Hellanocrătes, a man of Larissa, &c. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Hellas, an ancient name of Thessaly, more generally applied to the territories of Acarnania, Attica, Ætolia, Doris, Locris, Bœotia, and Phocis, and also to all Greece. It received this name from Deucalion, and now forms a part of Livadia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20.——A beautiful woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved by Marius: the lover killed her in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroyed himself. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 277.

Helle, a daughter of Athamas and Nephele, sister of Phryxus. She fled from her father’s house, with her brother, to avoid the cruel oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. According to some accounts she was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had received from Neptune, and in her passage she became giddy, and fell from her seat into that part of the sea which from her received the name of Hellespont. Others say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring coasts, pursued his journey and arrived safe in Colchus. See: [Phryxus]. Ovid, Heroides, poem 13, &c. Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 14.—Pindar, bk. 4, Pythian.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.

Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned in Phthiotis about 1495 years before the christian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to his subjects. He had by his wife Orseis three sons, Æolus, Dorus, and Xuthus, who gave their names to the three different nations known under the name of Æolians, Dorians, and Ionians. These last derive their name from Ion son of Xuthus, and from the difference either of expression or pronunciation in their respective languages, arose the different dialects well known in the Greek language. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 7, ch. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 5.

Hellēnes, the inhabitants of Greece. See: [Hellen].

Hellespontias, a wind blowing from the north-east. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.

Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a narrow strait between Asia and Europe, near the Propontis, which received its name from Helle, who was drowned there in her voyage to Colchis. See: [Helle]. It is about 60 miles long, and in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast is about three miles distant from the European, and only half a mile in the narrowest, according to modern investigation; so that people can converse one with the other from the opposite shores. It was celebrated for the love and death of Leander [See: [Hero]], and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he invaded Greece. The folly of this great prince is well known in beating and fettering the waves of the sea, whose impetuosity destroyed his ships, and rendered all his labours ineffectual. Strabo, bk. 13.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 32.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 34.—Polybius.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 407.—Livy, bk. 31, ch. 15; bk. 33, ch. 33.——The country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast bears the same name. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 24; Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 53.—Strabo, bk. 12.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

Hellopia, a small country of Eubœa. The people were called Hellopes. The whole island bore the same name, according to Strabo, bk. 10.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Hellōtia, two festivals, one of which was observed in Crete, in honour of Europa, whose bones were then carried in solemn procession, with a myrtle garland no less than 20 cubits in circumference, called ἑλλωτις. The other festival was celebrated at Corinth with games and races, where young men entered the lists and generally ran with burning torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour of Minerva, surnamed Hellotis, ἀπο του ἑλους, from a certain pond of Marathon, where one of her statues was erected, or ἀπο του ἑλειν τον ἱππον τον Πεγασον, because by her assistance Bellerophon took and managed the horse Pegasus, which was the original cause of the institution of the festival. Others derive the name from Hellotis, a Corinthian woman, from the following circumstance: When the Dorians and the Heraclidæ invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Corinth; the inhabitants, and particularly the women, escaped by flight, except Hellotis and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in Minerva’s temple, relying for safety upon the sanctity of the place. When this was known, the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the two sisters perished in the flames. This wanton cruelty was followed by a dreadful plague; and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes which they suffered, were directed by the oracle to appease the manes of the two sisters, and therefore they raised a new temple to the goddess Minerva, and established the festivals which bore the name of one of the unfortunate women.

Helnes, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. Polyænus, bk. 1.

Helōris, a general of the people of Rhegium, sent to besiege Messana, which Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his troops were defeated. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Helōrum and Helōrus, now Muri Ucci, a town and river of Sicily, whose swollen waters generally inundate the neighbouring country. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 698.—Silius Italicus, bk. 11, li. 270.——A river of Magna Græcia.

Helos, a place of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 36.——A town of Laconia, taken and destroyed by the Lacedæmonians under Agis III., of the race of the Heraclidæ, because they refused to pay the tribute which was imposed upon them. The Lacedæmonians carried their resentment so far, that, not satisfied with the ruin of the city, they reduced the inhabitants to the lowest and most miserable slavery, and made a law which forbade their masters either to give them their liberty, or to sell them in any other country. To complete their infamy, all the slaves of the state and the prisoners of war were called by the mean appellation of Helotæ. Not only the servile offices in which they were employed denoted their misery and slavery, but they were obliged to wear peculiar garments, which exposed them to greater contempt and ridicule. They never were instructed in the liberal arts, and their cruel masters often obliged them to drink to excess, to show the free-born citizens of Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. They once every year received a number of stripes, that by this wanton flagellation they might recollect that they were born and died slaves. The Spartans even declared war against them; but Plutarch, who, from interested motives, endeavours to palliate the guilt and cruelty of the people of Lacedæmon, declares that it was because they had assisted the Messenians in their war against Sparta, after it had been overthrown by a violent earthquake. This earthquake was supposed by all the Greeks to be a punishment from heaven for the cruelties which the Lacedæmonians had exercised against the Helots. In the Peloponnesian war, these miserable slaves behaved with uncommon bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty by the Lacedæmonians, and appeared in the temples and at public shows crowned with garlands, and with every mark of festivity and triumph. This exultation did not continue long, and the sudden disappearance of these 2000 manumitted slaves was attributed to the inhumanity of the Lacedæmonians. Thucydides, bk. 4.—Pollux, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Plutarch, Lycurgus, &c.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 2.—Pausanias, Laconia, &c.

Helōtæ and Helōtes, the public slaves of Sparta, &c. See: [Helos].

Helvetia, a vestal virgin struck dead with lightning in Trajan’s reign.

Helvetii, an ancient nation of Gaul, conquered by Julius Cæsar. Their country is the modern Switzerland. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, &c.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, chs. 67 & 69.

Helvia, the mother of Cicero.——Ricina, a town of Picenum.

Helvidia, the name of a Roman family.

Helvii, now Viviers, a people of Gaul, along the Rhone. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.

Helvillum, a town of Umbria, supposed to be the same as Sullium, now Sigillo. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.

Helvīna, a fountain of Aquinum where Ceres had a temple. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 320.

Helvius Cinna, proposed a law, which, however, was not passed, to permit Cæsar to marry whatever woman he chose. Suetonius, Cæsar, bk. 52.——A poet. See: [Cinna].

Helum, a river of Scythia.

Helymus and Panopes, two hunters at the court of Acestes in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 73, &c.

Hemathion, a son of Aurora and Cephalus, or Tithonus. Apollodorus, bk. 3.

Hemĭthea, a daughter of Cycnus and Proclea. She was so attached to her brother Tenes, that she refused to abandon him when his father Cycnus exposed him on the sea. They were carried by the wind to Tenedos, where Hemithea long enjoyed tranquillity, till Achilles, captivated by her charms, offered her violence. She was rescued from his embrace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly slaughtered by the offended hero. Hemithea could not have been rescued from the attempts of Achilles, had not the earth opened and swallowed her, after she had fervently entreated the assistance of the gods. See: [Tenes]. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 14.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Hemon. See: [Hæmon].

Hemus. See: [Hæmus].——A Roman. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 197.

Henĕti, a people of Paphlagonia, who are said to have settled in Italy near the Adriatic, where they gave the name of Venetia to their habitation. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Euripides.

Heniŏchi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, near Colchis, descended from Amphytus and Telechius, the charioteers (μνιοχοι) of Castor and Pollux, and thence called Lacedæmonii. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 21.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 40.—Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 270; bk. 6, li. 42.

Henna. See: [Enna].

Hephæstia, the capital town of Lemnos.——A festival in honour of Vulcan (Ἡφαιστος) at Athens. There was then a race with torches between three young men. Each in his turn ran a race with a lighted torch in his hand, and whoever could carry it to the end of the course before it was extinguished, obtained the prize. They delivered it one to the other after they finished their course, and from that circumstance we see many allusions in ancient authors who compare the vicissitudes of human affairs to this delivering of the torch, particularly in these lines of Lucretius bk. 2:

Inque brevi spatio mutantur sæcla animantum,

Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt.

Hephæstiădes, a name applied to the Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan.

Hephæstii, mountains in Lycia which are set on fire by the lightest touch of a burning torch. Their very stones burnt in the middle of water, according to Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 106.

Hephæstio, a Greek grammarian of Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. There remains of his compositions a treatise entitled Enchiridion de metris & poemate, the best edition of which is that of Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1726.

Hephæstion, a Macedonian famous for his intimacy with Alexander. He accompanied the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and was so faithful and attached to him, that Alexander often observed that Craterus was the friend of the king, but Hephæstion the friend of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years before the christian era, according to some from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexander was so inconsolable at the death of this faithful subject, that he shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be extinguished, which was never done but at the death of a Persian monarch. The physician who attended Hephæstion in his illness was accused of negligence, and by the king’s order inhumanly put to death, and the games were interrupted. His body was entrusted to the care of Perdiccas, and honoured with the most magnificent funeral at Babylon. He was so like the king in features and stature, that he was often saluted by the name of Alexander. Curtius.—Arrian, bk. 7, &c.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 7, ch. 8.

Heptaphōnos, a portico, which received this name, because the voice was re-echoed seven times in it. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

Heptapŏlis, a country of Egypt, which contained seven cities.

Heptapy̆los, a surname of Thebes in Bœotia, from its seven gates.

Hera, the name of Juno among the Greeks.——A daughter of Neptune and Ceres when transformed into a mare. Apollodorus, bk. 3.——A town of Æolia and of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.——A town of Sicily, called also Hybla. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 2, ltr. 1.

Herăclēa, an ancient town of Sicily, near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony there when he pursued Dædalus; and the town, anciently known by the name of Macara, was called from him Minoa. It was called Heraclea after Hercules, when he obtained a victory over Eryx.——A town of Macedonia.——Another in Pontus, celebrated for its naval power and its consequence among the Asiatic states. The inhabitants conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at their return.——Another in Crete.——Another in Parthia.——Another in Bithynia.——Another in Phthiotis, near Thermopylæ, called also Trachinea, to distinguish it from others.——Another in Lucania. Cicero, For Archias, ch. 4.——Another in Syria.——Another in Chersonesus Taurica.——Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c.——There were no less than 40 cities of that name in different parts of the world, all built in honour of Hercules, whence the name is derived.——A daughter of Hiero tyrant of Sicily, &c.

Heraclēia, a festival at Athens celebrated every fifth year, in honour of Hercules. The [♦]Thespians and Thebans in Bœotia observed a festival of the same name, in which they offered apples to the god. This custom of offering apples arose from this: It was always usual to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the river Asopus prevented the votaries of the god from observing it with the ancient ceremony; and as the word μηλον signifies both an apple and a sheep, some youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the word, offered apples to the god, with much sport and festivity. To represent the sheep, they raised an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and two more were placed at the top to represent the horns of the victim. Hercules was delighted at the ingenuity of the youths, and the festivals were ever continued with the offering of apples. Pollux, bk. 8, ch. 9. There was also a festival at Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It continued two days; the first was called ὀνοματας, the second ἡρακλεια.——At a festival of the same name at Cos, the priest officiated with a mitre on his head, and in woman’s apparel.——At Lindus, a solemnity of the same name was also observed, and at the celebration nothing was heard but execrations and profane words, and whosoever accidentally dropped any other words, was accused of having profaned the sacred rites.

[♦] ‘Thisbians’ replaced with ‘Thespians’

Heracleum, a promontory of Cappadocia.——A town of Egypt near Canopus, on the western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave its name. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 60.—Strabo, bks. 2 & 17.——The port town of Gnossus in Crete.

Heracleōtes, a surname of Dionysius the philosopher.——A philosopher of Heraclea, who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, firmly believed that pain was not an evil. A severe illness, attended with the most acute pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, and at the same time the philosophy of the Stoics, about 264 years before the christian era. He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic sect, which placed the summum bonum in pleasure. He wrote some poetry, and chiefly treatises of philosophy. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

Heraclīdæ, the descendants of Hercules, greatly celebrated in ancient history. Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllus all the rights and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, and permitted him to marry Iole, as soon as he came of age. The posterity of Hercules were not more kindly treated by Eurystheus than their father had been, and they were obliged to retire for protection to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them thither; and Ceyx, afraid of his resentment, begged the Heraclidæ to depart from his dominions. From Trachinia they came to Athens, where Theseus the king of the country, who had accompanied their father in some of his expeditions, received them with great humanity, and assisted them against their common enemy Eurystheus. Eurystheus was killed by the hand of Hyllus himself, and his children perished with him, and all the cities of the Peloponnesus became the undisputed property of the Heraclidæ. Their triumph, however, was short; their numbers were lessened by a pestilence, and the oracle informed them that they had taken possession of the Peloponnesus, before the gods permitted their return. Upon this they abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to settle in the territories of the Athenians, where Hyllus, obedient to his father’s commands, married Iole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon after he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus, and the ambiguity of the answer determined him to make a second attempt. He challenged to single combat Atreus the successor of Eurystheus on the throne of Mycenæ, and it was mutually agreed that the undisturbed possession of the Peloponnesus should be ceded to whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemus accepted the challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, and the Heraclidæ a second time departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodæus the son of Hyllus made a third attempt, and was equally unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus some time after met with the same unfavourable reception, and perished in the field of battle. Aristodemus, Temenus, and Chresphontes, the three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by the more expressive and less ambiguous word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge the death of their progenitors, assembled a numerous force, and with a fleet invaded all Peloponnesus. Their expedition was attended with success, and after some [♦]decisive battles they became masters of all the peninsula, which they divided among themselves two years after. The recovery of the Peloponnesus by the descendants of Hercules forms an interesting epoch in ancient history, which is universally believed to have happened 80 years after the Trojan war, or 1104 years before the christian era. This conquest was totally achieved about 120 years after the first attempt of Hyllus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 26.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, bk. 1.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 7, ch. 26.

[♦] ‘deicsive’ replaced with ‘decisive’

Herăclīdes, a philosopher of Heraclea in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seusippus and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed that he was carried into heaven the very day of his death, and the more firmly to render it credible, he begged one of his friends to put a serpent in his bed. The serpent disappointed him, and the noise which the number of visitors occasioned, frightened him from the bed before the philosopher had expired. He lived about 335 years before the christian era. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5; Letters to his brother Quintus, bk. 3.—Diogenes Laërtius, Pythagoras.——An historian of Pontus surnamed Lembus, who flourished B.C. 177.——A man who, after the retreat of Dionysius the younger from Sicily, raised cabals against Dion, in whose hands the sovereign power was lodged. He was put to death by Dion’s order. Cornelius Nepos, Dion.——A youth of Syracuse, in the battle in which Nicias was defeated.——A son of Agathocles.——A man placed over a garrison at Athens by Demetrius.——A sophist of Lycia, who opened a school at Smyrna in the age of the emperor Severus.——A painter of Macedonia in the reign of king Perseus.——An architect of Tarentum, intimate with Philip king of Macedonia. He fled to Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire to the Rhodian fleet. Polyænus.——A man of Alexandria.

Heraclītus, a celebrated Greek philosopher of Ephesus, who flourished about 500 years before the christian era. His father’s name was Hyson, or Heracion. Naturally of a melancholy disposition, he passed his time in a solitary and unsocial manner, and received the appellation of the obscure philosopher, and the mourner, from his unconquerable custom of weeping at the follies, frailty, and vicissitudes of human affairs. He employed his time in writing different treatises, and one particularly, in which he supported that there was a fatal necessity, and that the world was created from fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent and omniscient. His opinions about the origin of things were adopted by the Stoics, and Hippocrates entertained the same notions of a supreme power. Heraclitus deserves the appellation of man-hater, for the rusticity with which he answered the polite invitations of Darius king of Persia. To remove himself totally from the society of mankind, he retired to the mountains, where for some time he fed on grass in common with the wild inhabitants of the place. Such a diet was soon productive of a dropsical complaint, and the philosopher condescended to revisit the town. The enigmatical manner in which he consulted the physicians made his applications unintelligible, and he was left to depend for cure only upon himself. He fixed his residence on a dunghill, in hopes that the continual warmth which proceeded from it might dissipate the watery accumulation and restore him to the enjoyment of his former health. Such a remedy proved ineffectual, and the philosopher, despairing of a cure by the application of ox-dung, suffered himself to die in the 60th year of his age. Some say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, bk. 5.——A lyric poet.——A writer of Halicarnassus, intimate with Callimachus. He was remarkable for the elegance of his style.——A native of Lesbos, who wrote a history of Macedonia.——A writer of Sicyon, &c. Plutarch.

Heraclius, a river of Greece. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.——A brother of Constantine, &c.——A Roman emperor, &c.

Heræa, a town of Arcadia.——Festivals at Argos in honour of Juno, who was the patroness of that city. They were also observed by the colonies of the Argives which had been planted at Samos and Ægina. There were always two processions to the temple of the goddess without the city walls. The first was of the men in armour, the second of the women, among whom the priestess, a woman of the first quality, was drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The Argives always reckoned their years from her priesthood, as the Athenians from their archons, and the Romans from their consuls. When they came to the temple of the goddess they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hence the sacrifice is often called ἑκατομβια, and sometimes λεχερνα, from λεχος, a bed, because Juno presided over marriages, births, &c. There was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every fifth year, in which 16 matrons wove a garment for the goddess.——There were also others instituted by Hippodamia, who had received assistance from Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each attended by a maid, presided at the celebration. The contenders were young virgins, who being divided in classes, according to their age, ran races each in their order, beginning with the youngest. The habit of all was exactly the same; their hair was dishevelled, and their right shoulder bare to the breast, with coats reaching no lower than the knee. She who obtained the victory was rewarded with crowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted to dedicate her picture to the goddess.——There was also a solemn day of mourning at Corinth which bore the same name, in commemoration of Medea’s children, who were buried in Juno’s temple. They had been slain by the Corinthians; who, as it is reported, to avert the scandal which accompanied so barbarous a murder, presented Euripides with a large sum of money to write a play, in which Medea is represented as the murderer of her children.——Another festival of the same name at Pallene, with games in which the victor was rewarded with a garment.

Heræi montes, a chain of mountains at the north of Sicily. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Heræum, a temple and grove of Juno, situate between Argos and Mycenæ.——A town of Thrace.

Herbessus, a town of Sicily at the north of [♦]Agrigentum, built by a Phœnician or Carthaginian colony. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 265.

[♦] ‘Arigentum’ replaced with ‘Agrigentum’

Herbita, an inland town of Sicily. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 64; bk. 3, ch. 32.

Herceius, an epithet given to Jupiter. Ovid, Ibis, li. 286.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 979.

Herculanea via, a mound raised between the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also Herculeum iter. Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 118.

Herculāneum, a town of Campania, swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an earthquake, produced from an eruption of mount Vesuvius, August 24th, A.D. 79, in the reign of Titus. After being buried under the lava for more than 1600 years, these famous cities were discovered in the beginning of the 18th century; Herculaneum in 1713, about 24 feet underground, by labourers digging for a well, and Pompeii 40 years after, about 12 feet below the surface, and from the houses and the streets, which in a great measure remain still perfect, have been drawn busts, statues, manuscripts, paintings, and utensils, which do not a little contribute to enlarge our notions concerning the ancients, and develop many classical obscurities. The valuable antiquities, so miraculously recovered, are preserved in the museum of Portici, a small town in the neighbourhood, and the engravings, &c., ably taken from them have been munificently presented to the different learned bodies of Europe. Seneca, Quæstiones naturales, bk. 6, chs. 1 & 26.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 16.

Hercŭles, a celebrated hero, who, after death, was ranked among the gods, and received divine honours. According to the ancients there were many persons of the same name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero six, and some authors extend the number to no less than 43. Of all these the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Theban, is the most celebrated, and to him, as may easily be imagined, the actions of the others have been [♦]attributed. The birth of Hercules was attended with many miraculous and supernatural events; and it is reported that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the bed of Alcmena, was employed for three nights in forming a child whom he intended to be the greatest hero the world ever beheld. See: [Alcmena]. Hercules was brought up at Tirynthus, or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes, and before he had completed his eighth month, the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruction, sent two snakes to devour him. The child, not terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized them in both his hands and squeezed them to death, while his brother Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful shrieks. See: [Iphiclus]. He was early instructed in the liberal arts, and Castor the son of Tyndarus taught him how to fight, Eurytus how to shoot with a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, Linus to play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest of his illustrious contemporaries, soon after became the pupil of the centaur Chiron, and under him he perfected and rendered himself the most valiant and accomplished of the age. In the 18th year of his age he resolved to deliver the neighbourhood of mount Cithæron from a huge lion which preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon his supposed father, and which laid waste the adjacent country. He went to the court of Thespius king of Thespis, who shared the general calamity, and he received there a tender treatment, and was entertained during 50 days. The 50 daughters of the king became all mothers by Hercules, during his stay at Thespis, and some say that it was effected in one night. After he had destroyed the lion of mount Cithæron, he delivered his country from the annual tribute of 100 oxen which it paid to Erginus. See: [Erginus]. Such public services became universally known, and Creon, who then sat on the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patriotic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daughter in marriage, and entrusting him with the government of his kingdom. As Hercules by the will of Jupiter was subject to the power of Eurystheus [See: [Eurystheus]], and obliged to obey him in every respect, Eurystheus, acquainted with his successes and rising power, ordered him to appear at Mycenæ and perform the labours which by priority of birth he was empowered to impose upon him. Hercules refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, rendered him so delirious that he killed his own children by Megara, supposing them to be the offspring of Eurystheus. See: [Megara]. When he recovered the use of his senses, he was so struck with the misfortunes which had proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed himself and retired from the society of men for some time. He afterwards consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must be subservient for 12 years to the will of Eurystheus, in compliance with the commands of Jupiter; and that after he had achieved the most celebrated labours, he should be reckoned in the number of the gods. So plain and expressive an answer determined him to go to Mycenæ, and to bear with fortitude whatever gods or men imposed upon him. Eurystheus, seeing so great a man totally subjected to him, and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to achieve a number of enterprises the most difficult and arduous ever known, generally called the 12 labours of Hercules. The favours of the gods had completely armed him when he undertook his labours. He had received a coat of arms and helmet from Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden cuirass and brazen buskins, with a celebrated club of brass according to the opinion of some writers, but more generally supposed to be of wood, and cut by the hero himself in the forest of Nemæa. The first labour imposed upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of Nemæa, which ravaged the country near Mycenæ. The hero, unable to destroy him with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, pursued him to his den, and after a close and sharp engagement he choked him to death. He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to Mycenæ, and ever after clothed himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the sight of the beast, and at the courage of Hercules, that he ordered him never to enter the gates of the city when he returned from his expeditions, but to wait for his orders without the walls. He even made himself a brazen vessel, into which he retired whenever Hercules returned. The second labour of Hercules was to destroy the Lernæan hydra, which had seven heads according to Apollodorus, 50 according to Simonides, 100 according to Diodorus. This celebrated monster he attacked with his arrows, and soon after he came to a close engagement, and by means of his heavy club he destroyed the heads of his enemy. But this was productive of no advantage, for as soon as one head was beaten to pieces by the club, immediately two sprang up, and the labour of Hercules would have remained unfinished had he not commanded his friend Iolus to burn, with a hot iron, the root of the head which he had crushed to pieces. This succeeded [See: [Hydra]], and Hercules became victorious, opened the belly of the monster, and dipped his arrows in the gall to render the wounds which he gave fatal and incurable. He was ordered in his third labour to bring alive and unhurt into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous for its incredible swiftness, its golden horns, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequented the neighbourhood of Œnoe, and Hercules was employed for a whole year in continually pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap, or when tired, or according to others, by slightly wounding it and lessening its swiftness. As he returned victorious, Diana snatched the goat from him, and severely reprimanded him for molesting an animal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded necessity, and by representing the commands of Eurystheus, he appeased the goddess and obtained the beast. The fourth labour was to bring alive to Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition he destroyed the centaurs [See: [♣][Centauri]], and caught the boar by closely pursuing him through the deep snow. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of the boar, that, according to Diodorus, he hid himself in his brazen vessel for some days. In his fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined for many years. See: [Augias]. For his sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carnivorous birds which ravaged the country near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. See: [Stymphalis]. In his seventh labour he brought alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull which laid waste the island of Crete. In his eighth labour he was employed in obtaining the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought to Eurystheus. They were sent to mount Olympus by the king of Mycenæ, where they were devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the age of Alexander the Great. For his ninth labour, he was commanded to obtain the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. See: [Hippolyte]. In his tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon king of Gades, and brought to Argos his numerous flocks, which fed upon human flesh. See: [Geryon]. The eleventh labour was to obtain apples from the garden of the Hesperides. See: [Hesperides]. The twelfth and last, and most dangerous of his labours, was to bring upon earth the three-headed dog Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave on mount Tænarus. He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and Pirithous, who were condemned to punishment in hell: and Cerberus also was granted to his prayers, provided he made use of no arms, but only force, to drag him away. Hercules, as some report, carried him back to hell, after he had brought him before Eurystheus. Besides these arduous labours, which the jealousy of [♥]Eurystheus imposed upon him, he also achieved others of his own accord, equally great and celebrated. See: [Cacus], [Antæus], [Busiris], [Eryx], &c. He accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up to the king of Mycenæ. He assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and it was through him alone that Jupiter obtained a victory. See: [Gigantes]. He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. See: [Laomedon]. When Iole, the daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia, of whom he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his entreaties, he became the prey of a second fit of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus, the only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his addresses to Iole. See: [Iphitus]. He was some time after purified of the murder, and his insanity ceased; but the gods persecuted him more, and he was visited by a disorder which obliged him to apply to the oracle of Delphi for relief. The boldness with which the Pythia received him irritated him, and he resolved to plunder Apollo’s temple, and carry away the sacred tripod. Apollo opposed him, and a severe conflict was begun, which nothing but the interference of Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have prevented. He was upon this told by the oracle that he must be sold as a slave, and remain three years in the most abject servitude to recover from his disorder. He complied; and Mercury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here he cleared all the country from robbers; and Omphale, who was astonished at the greatness of his exploits, restored him to liberty, and married him. Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to others, by Omphale, from whom Crœsus king of Lydia was descended. He became also enamoured of one of Omphale’s female servants, by whom he had Alceus. After he had completed the years of his slavery, he returned to Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the throne of Sparta Tyndarus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He became one of Dejanira’s suitors, and married her, after he had overcome all his rivals. See: [Achelous]. He was obliged to leave Calydon, his father-in-law’s kingdom, because he had inadvertently killed a man with a blow of his fist, and it was on account of this expulsion that he was not present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar. From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. In his way he was stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where the centaur Nessus attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, under the perfidious pretence of conveying her over the river. Hercules perceived the distress of Dejanira, and killed the centaur, who, as he expired, gave her a tunic, which, as he observed, had the power of recalling a husband from unlawful love. See: [Dejanira]. Ceyx king of Trachinia received him and his wife with great marks of friendship, and purified him of the murder which he had committed at Calydon. Hercules was still mindful that he had once been refused the hand of Iole, he therefore made war against her father Eurytus, and killed him with three of his sons. Iole fell into the hands of her father’s murderer, and found that she was loved by Hercules as much as before. She accompanied him to mount Œta, where he was going to raise an altar and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had not then the tunic in which he arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice, he sent Lichas to Dejanira in order to provide himself a proper dress. Dejanira, informed of her husband’s tender attachment to Iole, sent him a philter, or more probably the tunic which she had received from Nessus, and Hercules, as soon as he had put it on, fell into a desperate distemper, and found the poison of the Lernæan hydra penetrate through his bones. He attempted to pull off the fatal dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of his pains and tortures he inveighed in the most bitter imprecations against the credulous Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was incurable, he implored the protection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes, and erected a large burning pile on the top of mount Œta. He spread on the pile the skin of the Nemæan lion, and laid himself down upon it as on a bed, leaning his head on his club. Philoctetes, or according to others, Pæan or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to the pile, and the hero saw himself on a sudden surrounded with the flames, without betraying any marks of fear or astonishment. Jupiter saw him from heaven, and told to the surrounding gods that he would raise to the skies the immortal parts of a hero who had cleared the earth from so many monsters and tyrants. The gods applauded Jupiter’s resolution; the burning pile was suddenly surrounded with a dark smoke, and after the mortal parts of Hercules were consumed, he was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses. Some loud claps of thunder accompanied his elevation, and his friends, unable to find either his bones or ashes, showed their gratitude to his memory by raising an altar where the burning pile had stood. Menœtius the son of Actor offered him the sacrifice of a bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined the people of Opus yearly to observe the same religious ceremonies. His worship soon became as universal as his fame, and Juno, who had once persecuted him with such inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage. Hercules has received many surnames and epithets, either from the place where his worship was established, or from the labours which he achieved. His temples were numerous and magnificent, and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies ever entered his temple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was always forbidden to women and pigs. The Phœnicians offered quails on his altars, and as it was supposed that he presided over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to sleep in his temples, that they might receive in their dreams the agreeable presages of their approaching recovery. The white poplar was particularly dedicated to his service. Hercules is generally represented naked, with strong and well-proportioned limbs; he is sometimes covered with the skin of the Nemæan lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, on which he often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned with the leaves of the poplar, and holding the horn of plenty under his arm. At other times he is represented standing with Cupid, who instantly breaks to pieces his arrows and his club, to intimate the passion of love in the hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by Omphale, who dressed herself in his armour while he was sitting to spin with her female servants. The children of Hercules are as numerous as the labours and difficulties which he underwent, and indeed they became so powerful soon after his death, that they alone had the courage to invade all Peloponnesus. See: [Heraclidæ]. He was father of Deicoon and Therimachus by Megara, of Ctesippus by Astydamia, of Palemon by Autonoe, of Everes by Parthenope, of Glycisonetes, Gyneus, and Odites by Dejanira, of Thessalus by Chalciope, of Thestalus by Epicaste, of Tlepolemus by Astyoche, of Agathyrsus, Gelon, and Scytha by Echidna, &c. Such are the most striking characteristics of the life of Hercules, who is said to have supported for a while the weight of the heavens upon his shoulders [See: [Atlas]], and to have separated by the force of his arm the celebrated mountains which were afterwards called the boundaries of his labours. See: [Abyla]. He is held out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue and piety, and as his whole life had been employed for the common benefit of mankind, he was deservedly rewarded with immortality. His judicious choice of virtue in preference to pleasure, as described by Xenophon, is well known. Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, &c.—Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.—Pausanias, bks. 3, 5, 9, & 10.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles, &c.—Hyginus, fables 29, 32, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 236, &c.; Heroides, poem 9; Amores; Tristia, &c.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, &c.—Theocritus, poem 24.—Euripides, Hercules furens.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 294.—Lucan, bks. 3 & 6.—Apollonius, bk. 2.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Sophocles, Trachiniæ.—[♠]Plautus, Amphitryon.—Seneca, Hercules Furens & Hercules Œtaeus.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 6; bk. 11, &c.—Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 42, &c.—Quintus Smyrnæus, bk. 6, li. 207, &c.—Callimachus, Hymn to Artemis.—Pindar, Olympian, ode 3.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 438.—Statius, bk. 2, Thebiad, li. 564.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Lucian, Dialogi Deorum.—Lactantius, De Falsa Religione.—Strabo, bk. 3, &c.—Horace, Odes, Satires, &c.——A son of Alexander the Great.——A surname of the emperor Commodus, &c.

[♦] ‘atrributed’ replaced with ‘attributed’

[♣] ‘Centaur’ replaced with ‘Centauri’

[♥] ‘Eurytheus’ replaced with ‘Eurystheus’

[♠] ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plautus’

Hercŭleum, a promontory in the country of the Brutii.——Fretum, a name given to the strait which forms a communication between the Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Hercŭleus, one of Agrippina’s murderers. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 8.

Hercŭleus Lacis, a lake of Sicily.

Hercŭlis Columnæ, two lofty mountains, situate one on the most southern extremities of Spain, and the other on the opposite part of Africa. They were called by the ancients Abyla and Calpe. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and according to ancient tradition they were joined together till they were severed by the arm of the hero, and a communication opened between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Dionysius Periegetes.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 142.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.——Monœci Portus, now Monaco, a port town of Genoa. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 52.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 405.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 830.——Labronis vel Liburni Portus, a seaport town, now Leghorn.——Promontorium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, now Spartivento.——Insulæ, two islands near Sardinia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.——Portus, a seaport of the Brutii, on the western coast.——Lucus, a wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 12.——A small island on the coast of Spain, called also Scombraria, from the tunny fish (Scombres) caught there. Strabo, bk. 3.

Hercy̆na, a nymph who accompanied Ceres as she travelled over the world. A river of Bœotia bore her name. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 39.

Hercy̆nia, a celebrated forest of Germany, which, according to Cæsar, required nine days’ journey to cross it; and which on some parts was found without any boundaries, though travelled over for 60 days successively. It contained the modern countries of Switzerland, Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a great part of Russia. In length of time the trees were rooted up, and when population increased the greatest part of it was made inhabitable. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 24.—Mela.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 54.—Tacitus, Germania, ch. 30.

Herdonia, a small town of Apulia between the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 568.

Herdonius, a man put to death by Tarquin, because he had boldly spoken against him in an assembly, &c.

Herea, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, the bottom of which was watered by the Alpheus. It was built by Hereus the son of Lycaon, and was said to produce a wine possessed of such unusual properties, as to give fecundity to women, and cause madness in men. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 6.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 18.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 16.

Herennius Senecio, a Roman historian under Domitian. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 2, &c.——An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey, &c. Plutarch.——A centurion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Antony. He cut off the orator’s head. Plutarch, Cicero.——Caius, a man to whom Cicero dedicates his book de Rhetoricâ, a work attributed by some to Cornificius.——A Samnite general, &c.——Philo, a Phœnician who wrote a book on Adrian’s reign. He also composed a treatise divided into 12 parts, concerning the choice of books, &c.

Hereus, a son of Lyacon, who founded a city in Arcadia, called Herea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.

Herillus, a philosopher of Chalcedon, disciple to Zeno. Diogenes Laërtius.

Herĭlus, a king of Præneste, son of the nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he was killed three times by Evander. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 563.

Hermăchus, a native of Mitylene, successor and disciple of Epicurus, B.C. 267.

Hermæ, statues of Mercury in the city of Athens. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltrs. 4 & 8.—Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades.——Two youths who attended those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 39.

Hermæa, a festival in Crete, when the masters waited upon the servants. It was also observed at Athens and Babylon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Hermæum, a town of Arcadia.——A promontory at the east of Carthage, the most northern point of all Africa, now cape Bon. Livy, bk. 29, ch. 27.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Hermagŏras Æolĭdes, a famous rhetorician, who came to Rome in the age of Augustus.——A philosopher of Amphipolis.——A famous orator and philosopher.

Hermandica, a town of the Vaccæi in Spain. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 5.—Polybius, bk. 3.

Hermandūri, a people of Germany, called also Hermunduri.

Hermanni, a people of Germany.

Hermaphrŏdītus, a son of Venus and Mercury, educated on mount Ida by the Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his curiosity. When he came to Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain, and Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, became enamoured of him and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to all entreaties and offers; and Salmacis, endeavouring to obtain by force what was denied by prayers, closely embraced him, and entreated the gods to make them two, but one body. Her prayers were heard, and Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still preserved the characteristics of both their sexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all who bathed in that fountain might become effeminate. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 347.—Hyginus, fable 271.

Hermas, an ancient father of the church, in or near the age of the apostles.

Hermathēna, a statue which represented Mercury and Minerva in the same body. This statue was generally placed in schools where eloquence and philosophy were taught, because these two deities presided over the arts and sciences.

Hermēas, a tyrant of Mysia who revolted from Artaxerxes Ochus, B.C. 350.——A general of Antiochus, &c.

Hermeias, a native of Methymna who wrote a history of Sicily.

Hermes, the name of Mercury among the Greeks. See: [Mercurius].——A famous gladiator. Martial, bk. 5, ltr. 25.——An Egyptian philosopher. See: [Mercurius Trismegistus].

Hermesiănax, an elegiac poet of Colophon, son of Agoneus. He was publicly honoured with a statue. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.——A native of Cyprus, who wrote a history of Phrygia. Plutarch.

Hermias, a Galatian philosopher in the second century. His irrisio philosophorum gentilium was printed with Justin Martyr’s works, folio, Paris, 1615 & 1636, and with the Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo, 1700.

Hermĭnius, a general of the Hermanni, &c.——A Roman who defended a bridge with Cocles against the army of Porsenna. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 10.——A Trojan killed by Catillus in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 642.

Hermiŏne, a daughter of Mars and Venus, who married Cadmus. The gods, except Juno, honoured her nuptials with their presence, and she received, as a present, a rich veil and a splendid necklace which had been made by Vulcan. She was changed into a serpent with her husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian fields. See: [Harmonia]. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 13.——A daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was privately promised in marriage to Orestes the son of Agamemnon; but her father, ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her hand to Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose services he had experienced in the Trojan war. Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, carried home Hermione and married her. Hermione, tenderly attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. According to others, however, Hermione received the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and even reproached Andromache his concubine with stealing his affections from her. Her jealousy for Andromache, according to some, induced her to unite herself to Orestes, and to destroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes after this murder, and received the kingdom of Sparta as a dowry. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4.—Euripides, Andromache & Orestes.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 8.—Propertius, bk. 1.——A town of Argolis, where Ceres had a famous temple. The inhabitants lived by fishing. The descent to hell from their country was considered so short that no money, according to the usual right of burial, was put into the mouth of the dead to be paid to Charon for their passage. The sea on the neighbouring coast was called Hermionicus sinus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Virgil, Ciris, li. 472.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Hermiŏniæ, a city near the Riphæan mountains. Orpheus, Argonauts.

Hermiŏnĭcus sinus, a bay on the coast of Argolis near Hermione. Strabo, bks. 1 & 8.

Hermippus, a freedman, disciple of Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon dreams.——A man who accused Aspasia the mistress of Pericles of impiety and prostitution. He was son of Lysis, and distinguished himself as a poet by 40 theatrical pieces and other compositions, some of which are quoted by Athenæus. Plutarch.——A peripatetic philosopher of Smyrna, who flourished B.C. 210.

Hermŏcrătes, a general of Syracuse, against Nicias the Athenian. His lenity towards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon as treacherous. He was banished from Sicily without even a trial, and he was murdered as he attempted to return back to his country, B.C. 408.——Plutarch, Nicias, &c.——A sophist celebrated for his rising talents. He died in the 28th year of his age, in the reign of the emperor Severus.——The father-in-law of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily.——A Rhodian employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Grecian states, &c.——A sophist, preceptor to Pausanias the murderer of Philip. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Hermodōrus, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato.——A philosopher of Ephesus, who is said to have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs in the composition of the 10 tables of laws, which had been collected in Greece. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 36.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 5.——A native of Salamis, contemporary with Philo the Athenian architect. Cicero, Orator, bk. 1, ch. 14.——A poet who wrote a book called Νομιμα on the laws of different nations.

Hermŏgĕnes, an architect of Alabanda in Caria, employed in building the temple of Diana at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon his profession.——A rhetorician in the second century, the best editions of whose rhetorica are that of Sturmius, 3 vols., 12mo, Strasbourg, 1571, and of Laurentius, Geneva, 1614. He died A.D. 161, and it is said that his body was opened, and his heart found hairy and of an extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is reported, he totally lost his memory.——A lawyer in the age of Diocletian.——A musician. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 129.——A sophist of Tarsus, of such brilliant talents, that at the age of 15 he excited the attention and gained the patronage of the emperor Marcus Antoninus.

Hermolāus, a young Macedonian among the attendants of Alexander. As he was one day hunting with the king he killed a wild boar which was coming towards him. Alexander, who followed close behind him, was so disappointed because the beast had been killed before he could dart at it, that he ordered Hermolaus to be severely whipped. This treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspired to take away the king’s life, with others who were displeased with the cruel treatment he had received. The plot was discovered by one of the conspirators, and Alexander seized them, and asked what had compelled them to conspire to take his life. Hermolaus answered for the rest, and observed that it was unworthy of Alexander to treat his most faithful and attached friends like slaves, and to shed their blood without the least mercy. Alexander ordered him to be put to death. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Hermopŏlis, two towns of Egypt, now Ashmunein and Demenhur. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9.

Hermotīmus, a famous prophet of Clazomenæ. It is said that his soul separated itself from his body and wandered in every part of the earth to explain futurity, after which it returned again and animated his frame. His wife, who was acquainted with the frequent absence of his soul, took advantage of it and burnt his body, as if totally dead, and deprived the soul of its natural receptacle. Hermotimus received divine honours in a temple at Clazomenæ, into which it was unlawful for women to enter. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 51, &c.—Lucian.

Hermundūri, a people of Germany, subdued by Aurelius. They were at the north of the Danube, and were considered by Tacitus as a tribe of the Suevi, but called, together with the Suevi, Hermiones by Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, extra.—Velleius Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 106.

Hermus, a river of Asia Minor, whose sands, according to the poets, were covered with gold. It flows near Sardes, and receives the waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus, after which it falls into the Ægean sea. It is now called Kedous or Sarabat. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 137.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 210.—Martial, bk. 8, ltr. 78.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 159.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Hernĭci, a people of Campania celebrated for their inveterate enmity to the rising power of Rome. Livy, bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44.—Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 226.—Juvenal, satire 14, li. 183.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 8, ch. 10.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 684.

Hero, a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestus, greatly enamoured of Leander, a youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so faithful to one another, that Leander in the night escaped from the vigilance of his family, and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero in Sestos directed his course by holding a burning torch on the top of a high tower. After many interviews of mutual affection and tenderness, Leander was drowned in a tempestuous night as he attempted his usual course, and Hero in despair threw herself down from her tower and perished in the sea.—Musæus Grammaticus, Leander & Hero.—Ovid, Heroides, poems 17 & 18.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 258.

Herōdes, surnamed the Great and Ascalonita, followed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and afterwards that of Antony. He was made king of Judæa by means of Antony, and after the battle of Actium he was continued in his power by his flattery and submission to Augustus. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, and as he knew that the day of his death would become a day of mirth and festivity, he ordered the most illustrious of his subjects to be confined and murdered the very moment that he expired, that every eye in the kingdom might seem to shed tears at the death of Herod. He died in the 70th year of his age, after a reign of 40 years. Josephus.——Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, governor of Galileæ, &c.——Agrippa, a Jew intimate with the emperor Caligula, &c.——This name was common to many of the Jews. Josephus.——Atticus. See: [Atticus].

Herodiānus, a Greek historian, who flourished A.D. 247. He was born at Alexander, and he was employed among the officers of the Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history in eight books, from the death of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. His style is peculiarly elegant, but it wants precision, and the work too plainly betrays that the author was not a perfect master of geography. He is accused of being too partial to Maximinus, and too severe upon Alexander Severus. His book comprehends the history of 68 or 70 years, and he asserts that he has been an eye-witness of whatever he has written. The best editions of his history are that of Politian, 4to, Dovan, 1525, who afterwards published a very valuable Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo, 1708.

Herodicus, a physician surnamed Gymnastic, who flourished B.C. 443.——A grammarian surnamed Crateleus, B.C. 123.

Hērŏdŏtus, a celebrated historian of Halicarnassus, whose father’s name was Lyxes, and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Samos when his country laboured under the oppressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He afterwards returned to Halicarnassus, and expelled the tyrant; which patriotic deed, far from gaining the esteem and admiration of the populace, displeased and irritated them, so that Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece from the public resentment. To procure a lasting fame he publicly repeated at the Olympic games the history which he had composed, in his 39th year, B.C. 445. It was received with such universal applause, that the names of the nine Muses were unanimously given to the nine books into which it is divided. This celebrated composition, which has procured its author the title of father of history, is written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is among the historians what Homer is among the poets, and Demosthenes among the orators. His style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweetness; and if there is any of the fabulous or incredible, the author candidly informs the reader that it is introduced upon the narration of others. The work is a history of the wars of the Persians against the Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, and besides this, it gives an account of the most celebrated nations in the world. Herodotus had written another history of Assyria and Arabia, which is not extant. The life of Homer, generally attributed to him, is supposed by some not to be the production of his pen. Plutarch has accused him of malevolence towards the Greeks, an imputation which can easily be refuted. The two best editions of this great historian are that of Wesseling, folio, Amsterdam, 1763; and that of Glasgow, 9 vols., 12mo, 1761. Cicero, de Legibus, ch. 1; On Oratory, ch. 2.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Plutarch, de Herodoti Malignitate.——A man who wrote a treatise concerning Epicurus. Diogenes Laërtius.——A Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of Demetrius son of Antigonus. He was six feet and a half in height, and he ate generally 20 pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion, at each of his meals. Athenæus, bk. 16.——Another, whose victories are celebrated by Pindar.

Heroes, a name which was given by the ancients to such as were born from a god, or to such as had signalized themselves by their actions, and seemed to deserve immortality by the services which they had rendered their country. The heroes which Homer describes, such as Ajax, Achilles, &c., were of such prodigious strength, that they could lift up and throw stones which the united force of four or five men of his age could not have moved. The heroes were supposed to be interested in the affairs of mankind after death, and they were invoked with much solemnity. As the altars of the gods were crowded with sacrifices and libations, so the heroes were often honoured with a funeral solemnity, in which their great exploits were enumerated. The origin of heroism might proceed from the opinions of some philosophers, who taught that the souls of great men were often raised to the stars, and introduced among the immortal gods. According to the notions of the stoics, the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and serene climate, situate above the moon.

Herōis, a festival, celebrated every ninth year by the Delphians, in honour of a heroine. There were in the celebration a great number of mysterious rites, with a representation of something like Semele’s resurrection.

Heron, two mathematicians, one of whom is called the ancient and the other the younger. The former, who lived about 100 years before Christ, was disciple to Ctesibius, and wrote a curious book translated into Latin, under the title of Spiritualium Liber; the only edition of which is that of Baldus, Aug. Vind. 1616.

Heroopŏlis, a town of Egypt on the Arabic gulf.

Herŏphĭla, a Sibyl, who, as some suppose, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. See: [Sibyllæ]. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

Herophĭlus, an impostor in the reign of Julius Cæsar, who pretended to be the grandson of Marius. He was banished from Rome by Cæsar for his seditions, and was afterwards strangled in prison.——A Greek physician, about 570 years before the christian era. He was one of the first who dissected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch have greatly commended him.

Herostrătus. See: [Erostratus].

Herpa, a town of Cappadocia.

Herse, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god disclosed his love to Aglauros, Herse’s sister, in hopes of procuring an easy admission to Herse; but Aglauros, through jealousy, discovered the amour. Mercury was so offended at her behaviour, that he struck her with his caduceus and changed her into a stone. Herse became mother of Cephalus by Mercury, and after death she received divine honours at Athens. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 559, &c.——A wife of Danaus. Apollodorus.

Hersephoria, festivals of Athens in honour of Minerva, or more probably of Herse.

Hersĭlia, one of the Sabines, carried away by the Romans at the celebration of the Consualia. She was given and married to Romulus, though, according to some, she married Hostus, a youth of Latium, by whom she had Hostus Hostilius. After death she was presented with immortality by Juno, and received divine honours under the name of Ora. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 832.

Hertha and Herta, a goddess among the Germans, supposed to be the same as the earth. She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her service in a remote island, and was supposed to visit the earth at stated times, when her coming was celebrated with the greatest rejoicings and festivity. Tacitus, Germania.

Herŭli, a savage nation in the northern parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman power in its decline.

Hesænus, a mountain near Pæonia.

Hēsiŏdus, a celebrated poet, born at Ascra in Bœotia. His father’s name was Dius, and his mother’s Pycimede. He lived in the age of Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in competition with him, according to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and others maintain that Hesiod lived before the age of Homer; but Velleius Paterculus and others support that he flourished about 100 years after him. Hesiod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture. This composition is called The Works and the Days; and besides the instructions which are given to the cultivator of the field, the reader is pleased to find many moral reflections worthy of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His Theogony is a miscellaneous narration executed without art, precision, choice, judgment, or connection, yet it is the more valuable for the faithful account it gives of the gods of antiquity. His Shield of Hercules is but a fragment of a larger poem, in which it is supposed he gave an account of the most celebrated heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without being master of the fire and sublimity of Homer, is admired for the elegance of his diction, and the sweetness of his poetry. Besides these poems he wrote others, now lost. Pausanias says that, in his age, Hesiod’s verses were still written on tablets in the temple of the Muses, of which the poet was a priest. If we believe Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6, Stromateis, the poet borrowed much from Musæus. One of Lucian’s dialogues bears the name of Hesiod, and in it the poet is introduced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics, has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for model, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly commends him, and the Greeks were so partial to his poetry and moral instructions, that they ordered their children to learn all by heart. Hesiod was murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Naupactum, and his body was thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought back the body to the shore, which was immediately known, and the murderers were discovered by the poet’s dogs, and thrown into the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age of Homer, he lived 907 B.C. The best editions of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to, Oxford, 1737; that of Loesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1778; and that of Parma, 4to, 1785. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 6, ltr. 18.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 3, &c.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Paterculus.—Varro.—Plutarch, Septem Sapientium Convivium, & De Sollertia Animalium.

Hēsiŏne, a daughter of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter of Scamander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a sea monster, to whom the Trojans yearly presented a marriageable virgin, to appease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom [♦]Laomedon had offended; but Hercules promised to deliver her, provided he received as a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon consented, and Hercules attacked the monster just as he was going to devour Hesione, and he killed him with his club. Laomedon, however, refused to reward the hero’s services; and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king and all his family to the sword, except Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his father to give the promised horses to his sister’s deliverer. The conqueror gave Hesione in marriage to his friend Telamon, who had assisted him during the war, and he established Priam upon his father’s throne. The removal of Hesione to Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans; and Priam, remembering with indignation that his sister had been forcibly given to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to reclaim the possessions of Hesione, or more probably to revenge his injuries upon the Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, soon after, to the Trojan war. Lycophron mentions that Hercules threw himself, armed from head to foot, into the mouth of the monster to which Hesione was exposed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, and came out safe only with the loss of his hair, after a confinement of three days. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 638.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 212.——The wife of Nauplius.

[♦] ‘Lamedon’ replaced with ‘Laomedon’

Hespĕria, a large island of Africa, once the residence of the Amazons. Diodorus, bk. 3.——A name common to both Italy and Spain. It is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks called Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at the setting sun, or in the west. The same name, for similar reasons, was applied to Spain by the Latins. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 634, &c.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 34, li. 4; bk. 1, ode 27, li. 28.—Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 15.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 258.——A daughter of the Cebrenus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 759.

Hespĕrĭdes, three celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus mentions four, Ægle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethusa; and Diodorus confounds them with the Atlantides, and supposes that they were the same number. They were appointed to guard the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials; and the place of their residence, placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more universally believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodorus. This celebrated place or garden abounded with fruits of the most delicious kind, and was carefully guarded by a dreadful dragon, which never slept. It was one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero, ignorant of the situation of this celebrated garden, applied to the nymphs in the neighbourhood of the Po for information, and was told that Nereus the god of the sea, if properly managed [See: [Nereus]], would direct him in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was asleep, and the sea god, unable to escape from his grasp, answered all the questions which he proposed. Some say that Nereus sent Hercules to Prometheus, and that from him he received all his information. When Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas, and demanded of him three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded himself and placed the burden of the heavens on the shoulders of Hercules, while he went in quest of the apples. At his return Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden by putting something on his head, and when Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience, Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized the apples, which Atlas had thrown on the ground. According to other accounts, Hercules gathered the apples himself, without the assistance of Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful dragon which kept the tree. These apples were brought to Eurystheus, and afterwards carried back by Minerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as they could be preserved in no other place. Hercules is sometimes represented gathering the apples, and the dragon which guarded the tree appears bowing down his head, as having received a mortal wound. This monster, as it is supposed, was the offspring of Typhon, and it had 100 heads and as many voices. This number, however, is reduced by some to only one head. Those that attempt to explain mythology, observe that the Hesperides were certain persons who had an immense number of flocks, and that the ambiguous word μηλον, which signifies an apple and a sheep, gave rise to the fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 637, &c.; bk. 9, li. 90.—Hyginus, fable 30.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 215, &c.

Hespĕris. See: [Hesperus].——A town of Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengazi, where most authors have placed the garden of the Hesperides.

Hesperītis, a country of Africa. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Hespĕrus, a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country received the name of Hesperia from him, according to some accounts. He had a daughter called Hesperis, who married Atlas, and became mother of seven daughters, called Atlantides or Hesperides. Diodorus, bk. 4.——The name of Hesperus was also applied to the planet Venus, when it appeared after the setting of the sun. It was called Phosphorus or Lucifer when it preceded the sun. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Seneca, de Hippolytus, li. 749; Medea, li. 71.

Hestia, one of the Hesperides. Apollodorus.

Hestiæa, a town of Eubœa.

Hesus, a deity among the Gauls, the same as the Mars of the Romans. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 445.

Hesychia, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Hesychius, the author of a Greek lexicon in the beginning of the third century, a valuable work which has been learnedly edited by Albert, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1746.

Hetricŭlum, now Latarico, a town in the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 19.

Hetrūria and Etruria, a celebrated country of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. It originally contained 12 different nations, which had each their respective monarch, called Lucumon. Their names were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Rusellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Cæretani. The inhabitants were particularly famous for their superstition, and great confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all proved powerful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of the Romans, and were conquered only after much effusion of blood. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Heurippa, a surname of Diana.

Hexapy̆lum, a gate at Syracuse. The adjoining place of the city, or the wall, bore the same name. Diodorus, bks. 11 & 14.—Livy, bk. 24, ch. 21; bk. 25, ch. 24; bk. 32, ch. 39.

Hiarbas, or Iarbas, a king of Gætulia. See: [Iarbas].

Hiber, a name applied to a Spaniard, as living near the river Hiberus or Iberus. See: [Iberus].

Hibernia and Hybernia, a large island at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Some of the ancients have called it Ibernia, Juverna, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, Ivernia. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 160.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Orpheus.—Aristotle.

Hibrildes, an Athenian general. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 7.

Hicetāon, a son of Laomedon, brother to Priam and father of Menalippus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 3.——The father of Thymœtes, who came to Italy with Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 133.

Hicētas, a philosopher of Syracuse, who believed that the earth moved, and that all the heavenly bodies were stationary. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.——A tyrant of Syracuse. See: [Icetas].

Hiempsal, a king of Numidia, &c. See: [Hyempsal]. Plutarch.

Hiera, a woman who married Telephus king of Mysia, and who was said to surpass Helen in beauty.——The mother of Pandarus and Bitias by Alcanor. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 673.——One of the Lipari islands, called also Theresia, now Vulcano. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 11.

Hierapŏlis, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates.——Another of Phrygia, famous for hot baths, now Bambukkalasi.——Another of Crete.

Hiĕrax, a youth who awoke Argus, to inform him that Mercury was stealing Io. Mercury killed him, and changed him into a bird of prey. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.——Antiochus, king of Syria and brother to Seleucus, received the surname of Hierax. Justin, bk. 37, ch. 3.——An Egyptian philosopher in the third century.

Hierĭchus (untis), the name of Jericho in the Holy Land, called the city of palm trees, from its abounding in dates. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 6.

Hiĕro I., a king of Syracuse, after his brother Gelon, who rendered himself odious in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and avarice. He made war against Theron the tyrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He obtained three different crowns at the Olympic games, two in horse-races, and one at a chariot-race. Pindar has celebrated him as being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part of his reign the conversation of Simonides, Epicharmus, Pindar, &c., softened in some measure the roughness of his morals and the severity of his government, and rendered him the patron of learning, genius, and merit. He died, after a reign of 18 years, B.C. 467, leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny. Diodorus, bk. 11.——The second of that name, king of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He was unanimously elected king by all the states of the island of Sicily, and appointed to carry on the war against the Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in besieging Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, but he was beaten by Appius Claudius the Roman consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, and proved so faithful to his engagements during the 59 years of his reign, that the Romans never had a more firm or more attached ally. He died in the 94th year of his age, about 225 years B.C. He was universally regretted, and all the Sicilians showed by their lamentations that they had lost a common father and a friend. He liberally patronized the learned, and employed the talents of Archimedes for the good of his country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded by Hieronymus. Ælian, Varia Historia, bks. 4, 8.—Justin, bk. 23, ch. 4.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 16.——An Athenian, intimate with Nicias the general. Plutarch, Nicias.——A Parthian, &c. Tacitus.

Hierocæsarea, a town of Lydia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 47; bk. 3, ch. 62.

Hierocepia, an island near Paphos in Cyprus.

Hierŏcles, a persecutor of the christians under Diocletian, who pretended to find inconsistencies in Scripture, and preferred the miracles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius.——A Platonic philosopher, who taught at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, fragments of which are preserved by Photius; a commentary on the golden verses of Pythagoras; and facetious moral verses. He flourished A.D. 485. The best edition is that of Asheton and Warren, 8vo, London, 1742.——A general in the interest of Demetrius. Polyænus, bk. 5.——A governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under Diocletian.——An officer. See: [Heliogabalus].

Hierodūlum, a town of Libya.

Hieronĭca lex, by Hiero tyrant of Sicily, to settle the quantity of corn, the price and time of receiving it, between the farmers of Sicily and the collector of the corn tax at Rome. This law, on account of its justice and candour, was continued by the Romans when they became masters of Sicily.

Hierony̆mus, a tyrant of Sicily, who succeeded his father or grandfather Hiero, when only 15 years old. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. He abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero had observed with so much honour and advantage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extirpated, B.C. 214.——An historian of Rhodes, who wrote an account of the actions of Demetrius Poliorcetes, by whom he was appointed over Bœotia, B.C. 254. Plutarch, Demetrius.——An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon went to the king of Persia.——A christian writer commonly called St. Jerome, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against heretics. He wrote commentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew’s gospel, &c., a Latin version known by the name of Vulgate, polemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiastical writers before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation, sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallersius, folio, Veronæ, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A.D. 420, in his 91st year.

Hierophĭlus, a Greek physician. He instructed his daughter Agnodice in the art of midwifery, &c. See: [Agnodice].

Hierosoly̆ma, a celebrated city of Palestine, the capital of Judæa, taken by Pompey, who, on that account, is surnamed Hierosolymarius. Titus also took it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, A.D. 70, according to Josephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the siege by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have perished, and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, or wantonly exposed, for the sport of their insolent victors, to the fury of wild beasts. Josephus, War of the Jews, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 2, ltr. 2.—Flaccus, bk. 28.

Hignatia via, a large road, which led from the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Macedonia, about 530 miles. Strabo, bk. 7.

Hilaria, a daughter of Leucippus and Philodice. As she and her sister Phœbe were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well as her sister, obtained after death the honours which were generally paid to heroes. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 16.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 19.——Festivals at Rome in honour of the mother of the gods.

Hilarius, a bishop of Poictiers in France, who wrote several treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, folio, Paris, 1693. Hilary died A.D. 372, in his 80th year.

Hilleviōnes, a people of Scandinavia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Himella, now Aia, a small river in the country of the Sabines. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 714.

Himĕra, a city of Sicily built by the people of Zancle, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. Strabo, bk. 6.——There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now Fiumi de Termini, falling at the east of Panormus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the same name at its mouth, and also celebrated baths. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 33. The other, now Fiume Salso, running in a southern direction, and dividing the island in almost two parts. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 6; bk. 25, ch. 49.——The ancient name of the Eurotas. Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Polybius.

Himilco, a Carthaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe. Festus Avienius.——A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died with his army by a plague, B.C. 398. Justin, bk. 19, ch. 2.

Hippagŏras, a man who wrote an account of the republic of Carthage. Athenæus, bk. 14.

Hippalcimus, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, who was among the Argonauts.

Hippalus, the first who sailed in open sea from Arabia to India. Arrian, Periplus Ponti Euxini.

Hipparchia, a woman in Alexander’s age, who became enamoured of Crates the Cynic philosopher, because she heard him discourse. She married him, though he at first disdained her addresses, and represented his poverty and meanness. She was so attached to him that she was his constant companion, and was not ashamed publicly to gratify his impurest desires. She wrote some things, now lost. See: [Crates]. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 6.—Suidas.

Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus, who succeeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his brother Hippias. He patronized some of the learned men of the age, and distinguished himself by his fondness for literature. The seduction of a sister of Harmodius raised him many enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a desperate band of conspirators, with Harmodius and Aristogiton at their head, 513 years before Christ. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 2.——One of Antony’s freedmen.——The first person who was banished by ostracism at Athens.——The father of Asclepiades.——A mathematician and astronomer of Nicæa. He first discovered that the interval between the vernal and the autumnal equinox is 186 days, seven days longer than between the autumnal and vernal, occasioned by the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit. He divided the heavens into 49 constellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the northern, and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and gave names to all the stars. He makes no mention of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain from different situations, which changed its apparent position, he was led to the discovery of the parallax of the planets, or the distance between their real or apparent position, viewed from the centre and from the surface of the earth. He determined the longitude and latitude, and fixed the first degree of longitude at the Canaries. He likewise laid the first foundations of trigonometry, so essential to facilitate astronomical studies. He was the first who, after Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the exact time of eclipses, of which he made a calculation for 600 years. After a life of labour in the service of science and astronomy, and after publishing several treatises and valuable observations on the appearance of the heavens, he died 125 years before the christian era. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 26, &c.——An Athenian who conspired against Heraclides, who kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Hipparīnus, a son of Dionysius, who ejected Calippus from Syracuse, and seized the sovereign power for 27 years. Polyænus, bk. 5.——The father of Dion.

Hippărion, one of Dion’s sons.

Hippăsus, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Hercules against Eurytus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.——A pupil of Pythagoras, born at Metapontum. He supposed that everything was produced from fire. Diogenes Laërtius.——A centaur killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 352.——An illegitimate son of Priam. Hyginus, fable 90.

Hippeus, a son of Hercules by Procis, eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Hippi, four small islands near Erythræ.

Hippia, a lascivious woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 82.——A surname of Minerva, and also of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 15.

Hippias, a philosopher of Elis, who maintained that virtue consisted in not being in want of the assistance of men. At the Olympic games, he boasted that he was master of all the liberal and mechanical arts; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, and shoes, which he then wore, were all the work of his own hands. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 32.——A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant of Athens after the death of his father, with his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge the death of his brother, who had been assassinated, and for this violent measure he was driven from his country. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and was killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians, B.C. 490. He had five children by Myrrhine the daughter of Callias. Herodotus, bk. 6.—Thucydides, bk. 7.

Hippis, an historian and poet of Rhegium, in the reign of Xerxes. Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 8, ch. 33.

Hippius, a surname of Neptune, from his having raised a horse (ἱππος) from the earth in his contest with Minerva concerning the giving a name to Athens.

Hippo, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon being ravished by the ambassadors of Sparta, killed herself, cursing the city that gave birth to such men. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.——A celebrated town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 252.——Strabo, bk. 17, says that there are two of the same name in Africa, one of which, by way of distinction, is called Regius. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Livy, bk. 29, chs. 3 & 32.——Also a town of Spain. Livy, bk. 39, ch. 30.——Of the Brutii.

Hippobotes, a large meadow near the Caspian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze.

Hippobotus, a Greek historian, who composed a treatise on philosophers. Diogenes Laërtius, Pythagoras.

Hippocentauri, a race of monsters who dwelt in Thessaly. See: [Centauri].

Hippocoon, a son of Œbalus, brother to Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercules, because he had driven his brother from the kingdom of Lacedæmon. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 10.—Pausanias, Laconia.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 314.——A friend of Æneas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished himself in the funeral games of Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 492, &c.

Hippocorystes, a son of Ægyptus,——of Hippocoon. Apollodorus.

Hippocrăte, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Hippŏcrătes, a celebrated physician of Cos, one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently distinguished; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in the temples of the gods, where each individual had written down the diseases under which he had laboured, and the means by which he had recovered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly rewarded with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful and diligent in his profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken to cure a disease, and candidly confesses, that of 42 patients which were entrusted to his care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical applications. He devoted all his time for the service of his country; and when Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly answered, that he was born to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards which his well-directed labours claimed, and while he lived in the greatest popularity, he was carefully employed in observing the symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and from his judicious remarks, succeeding physicians have received the most valuable advantages. The experiments which he had tried upon the human frame increased his knowledge, and from his consummate observations, he knew how to moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all disorders of the mind and body; and after death he received, with the name of Great, the same honours which were paid to Hercules. His writings, few of which remain, have procured him the epithet of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession. According to Galen, his opinion is as respectable as the voice of an oracle. He wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus, though he was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and the present inhabitants of the island show a small house, which Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions of his works are that of Fæsius, Geneva, folio, 1657; of Linden, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1665; and that of Mackius, 2 vols., folio, Viennæ, 1743. His treatises, especially the Aphorisms, have been published separately. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3.——An Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war. Plutarch.——A mathematician.——An officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alcibiades. Plutarch, Alcibiades.——A Syracusan defeated by Marcellus.——The father of Pisistratus.——A tyrant of Gela.

Hippocratia, a festival in honour of Neptune, in Arcadia.

Hippocrēne, a fountain of Bœotia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the horse Pegasus, whence the name ἱππου κρηνη, the horse’s fountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 256.

Hippŏdămas, a son of the Achelous,——of Priam. Apollodorus.

Hippŏdăme and Hippodamīa, a daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, in Elis, who married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who was either enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of his daughter’s children, according to an oracle, refused to marry her, except to him who could overcome him in a chariot-race. As the beauty of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and accepted her father’s conditions, though death attended a defeat. Thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited their lives, when Pelops came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pelops previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus, and ensured himself the victory. In the race, Œnomaus mounted on a broken chariot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provided for him, was easily overcome, and was killed in the course; and Pelops married Hippodamia, and avenged the death of Œnomaus, by throwing into the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his treachery the favour which Hippodamia could grant only to her husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 7.—Hyginus, fables 84 & 253.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 14, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Heroides, poems 8 & 17.——A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Pirithous king of the Lapithæ. The festivity which prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the attempts of Eurytus to offer her violence. See: [Pirithous]. She is called Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by others. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.—Plutarch, Theseus.——A daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus.——A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Brises.——A daughter of Anchises, who married Alcathous. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 429.

Hippŏdămus, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any previous knowledge of government. Aristotle, bk. 2, Politics.——A Pythagorean philosopher.——An Athenian who gave his house to his country, when he knew such a concession would improve the port of the Piræus.——An Athenian archon.——A man famous for his voracious appetite.

Hippŏdĭce, one of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Hippodrŏmus, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.——A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school at Athens, in the age of Marcus Antony. Philostratus.——A place where horse-races were exhibited. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 50.

Hippŏla, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 25.

Hippŏlŏchus, a son of Bellerophon, father to Glaucus, who commanded the Lycians during the Trojan war.——A son of Glaucus also bore the same name. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 119.——A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 122.

Hippŏly̆te, a queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, who had conquered her, and taken away her girdle by order of Eurystheus. See: [Hercules]. She had a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus. Plutarch, Theseus.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 3.——The wife of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in exile at her husband’s court. She accused him of incontinence, and of attempts upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because he refused to gratify her desires. She is also called Astyochia. See: [Acastus].——A daughter of Cretheus. Apollodorus.

Hippŏly̆tus, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, famous for his virtues and his misfortunes. His stepmother Phædra fell in love with him, and when he refused to pollute his father’s bed, she accused him of offering violence to her person before Theseus. Her accusation was readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune severely to punish the incontinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment of his father, and as he pursued his way along the sea-shore, his horses were so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely sent there, that they ran among the rocks till his chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Trœzene, where he received divine honours. According to some accounts, Diana restored him to life. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 268; Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 469.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.——A son of Ropalus king of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apollo. Plutarch, Numa.——A giant killed by Mercury.——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.——A christian writer in the third century, whose works have been edited by Fabricius, Hamburg, folio, 1716.

Hippŏmăchus, a musician, who severely rebuked one of his pupils because he was praised by the multitude, and observed that it was the greatest proof of his ignorance. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Hippŏmĕdon, a son of Nisimachus and Mythidice, who was one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. He was killed by Ismarus son of Acastus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Hippomedūsa, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus.

Hippŏmĕnes, an Athenian archon, who exposed his daughter Limone to be devoured by horses, because guilty of adultery. Ovid, Ibis, li. 459.——A son of Macareus and Merope, who married Atalanta [See: [Atalanta]], with the assistance of Venus. These two fond lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they had profaned in their impatience to consummate their nuptials. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 585, &c.——The father of Megareus.

Hippomolgi, a people of Scythia, who, as the name implies, lived upon the milk of horses. Hippocrates has given an account of their manner of living, De Aere Aquis et Locis, [♦]ch. 18.—Dionysius Periegetes.

[♦] ‘44’ replaced with ‘18’

Hĭppon and Hippo, a town of Africa.

Hippōna, a goddess who presided over horses. Her statues were placed in horses’ stables. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 157.

Hippōnax, a Greek poet born at Ephesus, 540 years before the christian era. He cultivated the same satirical poetry as Archilochus, and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vigour of his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus. As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus, made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features, exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to avenge the injury, and he wrote such bitter invectives and satirical lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 7, ltr. 24.

Hipponiates, a bay in the country of the Brutii.

Hipponīum, a city in the country of the Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strabo.

Hipponous, the father of Peribœa and Capaneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 1.——The first name of Bellerophon.——A son of Priam.

Hippopŏdes, a people of Scythia, who have horses’ feet. Dionysius Periegetes.

Hippostrătus, a favourite of Lais.

Hippŏtădes, the patronymic of Æolus, grandson to Hippotas by Segesta, as also of Amastrus his son, who was killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 674.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 431.

Hippŏtas, or Hippŏtes, a Trojan prince, changed into a river. See: [Crinisus].——The father of Æolus, who from thence is called Hippotades. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 2.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 18, li. 46; Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 224.

Hippothoe, a daughter of Mestor and Lysidice, carried away to the islands called Echinades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named Taphius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.——One of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.——A daughter of Pelias. Apollodorus.

Hippŏthoon, a son of Neptune and Alope daughter of Cercyon, exposed in the woods by his mother, that her amours with the god might be concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her father ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain, and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name, and when grown up, placed on his grandfather’s throne by the friendship of Theseus. Hyginus, fable 187.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.

Hippothoontis, one of the 12 Athenian tribes, which received its name from Hippothoon.

Hippŏthous, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bks. 2 & 17.——A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.——One of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 307.

Hippŏtion, a prince who assisted the Trojans, and was killed by Merion. Homer, Iliad, bks. 13 & 14.

Hippūris, one of the Cyclades. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Hippus, a river falling into the Phasis.

Hipsides, a Macedonian, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 7.

Hira, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12.

Hirpīni, a people of the Samnites. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 560.

Quinctius Hirpīnus, a Roman, to whom Horace dedicated his bk. 2, ode 11, and also bk. 1, ltr. 16.

Hirtus, a debauched fellow, &c. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 222.

Hirtia lex, de magistratibus, by Aulus Hirtius. It required that none of Pompey’s adherents should be raised to any office or dignity in the state.

Hirtius Aulus, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were both killed in battle B.C. 43. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 10.——An historian to whom the eighth book of Cæsar’s history of the Gallic wars, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attributed. The style is inferior to that of Cæsar’s Commentaries. The author, who was Cæsar’s friend, and Cicero’s pupil, is supposed to be no other than the consul of that name.

Hisbon, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 384.

Hispălis, an ancient town of Spain, now called Seville. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 32.

Hispānia, or Hispāniæ, called by the poets Iberia, Hesperia, and Hesperia Ultima, a large country of Europe, separated from Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Phœnicia, and from them passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it long continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into citerior and ulterior, which last was afterwards separated into Bætica and Lusitania by Augustus. The Hispania citerior was also called Tarraconensis. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they often destroyed a life which was become useless, and even burdensome, by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver, which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though, in the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold, silver, brass, and iron than the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quintilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. Justin, bk. 44.—Strabo, bk. 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 20.

Hispānus, a native of Spain. The word Hispaniensis was also used, but generally applied to a person living in Spain and not born there. Martial, bk. 12, preface.

Hispellum, a town of Umbria.

Hispo, a noted debauchee, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 50.

Hispulla, a lascivious woman. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 74.

Histaspes, a relation of Darius III., killed in a battle, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 4.

Hister, a river. See: [Ister].

Hister Pacuvius, a man distinguished as much by his vices as his immense riches. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 58.

Histiæa, a city of Eubœa, anciently called Talantia. It was near the promontory called Ceneum. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Histiæōtis, a country of Thessaly, situate below mount Olympus and mount Ossa, anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the country by the Cadmeans, and these last were also dispossessed by the Perrhæbeans, who gave to their newly acquired possessions the name of Histiæotis, or Estiæotis, from Estiæa, or Histiæa, a town of Eubœa, which they had then lately destroyed, and whose inhabitants they had carried to Thessaly with them. Strabo.—Herodotus, bk. 4.——A small country of Eubœa, of which Histiæa, or Estiæa, was the capital.

Histiæus, a tyrant of Miletus, who excited the Greeks to take up arms against Persia. Herodotus, bk. 5, &c.——An historian of Miletus.

Histria. See: [Istria].

Hodius, a herald in the Trojan war.

Holŏcron, a mountain of Macedon.

Homeromastix, a surname given to Zoilus the critic.

Hŏmērus, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though some suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome. According to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, who supposes him to be contemporary with Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his era 907 years before Christ, and make him also contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer; and the uncertainty prevails also concerning the place of his nativity. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right of having given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well expressed in these lines:

Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenæ,

Orbis de patriâ certat, Homere, tuâ.

He was called Melesigenes, because supposed to be born on the borders of the river Meles. There prevailed a report that he had established a school at Chios in the latter part of his life; and, indeed, this opinion is favoured by the present inhabitants of the island, who still glory in showing to travellers the seats where the venerable master and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock, at the distance of about four miles from the modern capital of the island. These difficulties and doubts have not been removed, though Aristotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and others have employed their pen in writing his life. In his two celebrated poems, called the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the most consummate knowledge of human nature, and rendered himself immortal by the sublimity, the fire, sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. He deserves a greater share of admiration when we consider that he wrote without a model, and that none of his poetical imitators have been able to surpass, or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If there are any faults found in his poetry, they are to be attributed to the age in which he lived, and not to him; and we must observe that the world is indebted to Homer for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal consequences in the Grecian army, before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, the poet has chosen for his subject the return of Ulysses into his country, with the many misfortunes which attended his voyage after the fall of Troy. These two poems are each divided into 24 books, the same number as the letters of the Greek alphabet, and though the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority over the Odyssey, yet the same force, the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though divested of its most powerful fire; and Longinus, the most refined of critics, beautifully compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter still preserves its original splendour and majesty, though deprived of its meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was so universally admired, that, in ancient times, every man of learning could repeat with facility any passage in the Iliad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it was a sufficient authority to settle disputed boundaries, or to support any argument. The poems of Homer are the compositions of a man who travelled and examined with the most critical accuracy whatever deserved notice and claimed attention. Modern travellers are astonished to see the different scenes which the pen of Homer described about 3000 years ago still existing in the same unvaried form, and the sailor who steers his course along the Ægean, sees all the promontories and rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus, when they returned victorious from the Trojan war. The ancients had such veneration for Homer, that they not only raised temples and altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in his honour, and medals were struck, which represented him sitting on a throne, holding his Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who erected a magnificent temple, within which was placed a statue of the poet, beautifully surrounded with a representation of the seven cities which contended for the honour of his birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the Sporades, boasted that Homer was buried in their island; and the Cyprians claimed the same honour, and said that he was born of Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he generally placed his compositions under his pillow, with his sword; and he carefully deposited the Iliad in one of the richest and most valuable caskets of Darius, observing that the most perfect work of human genius ought to be preserved in a box the most valuable and precious in the world. It is said that Pisistratus tyrant of Athens was the first who collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey in the manner in which they now appear to us; and that it is to the well-directed pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their preservation. Many of the ancients have written the life of Homer, yet their inquiries and labours have not much contributed to prove the native place, the patronage and connections, of a man whom some have represented as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to the opinion of some authors, a poem upon Amphiaraus’s expedition against Thebes, besides the Phoceis, the Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the Batrachomyomachia, and many hymns to some of the gods. The merit of originality is taken, very improperly perhaps, from Homer, by those who suppose, with Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6 Stromateis, that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, according to Suidas [voce Corinnus], he took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet, who wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time the Greeks besieged that famed city. Agathon, an ancient painter, according to Ælian, represented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as it was indelicate. Homer was represented as vomiting, and all other poets as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries published on Homer, that of Eustathius bishop of Thessalonica is by far the most extensive and erudite. The best editions of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey may, perhaps, be found to be by Barnes, 2 vols., 4to, Cambridge, 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols., folio, 1758; that of Berglerus, 2 vols., 12mo, Amsterdam, 1707; that of Dr. Clarke of the Iliad, 2 vols., 4to, 1729, and that of the Odyssey, 1740; and that of Oxford, 5 vols., 8vo, 1780, containing the scholia, hymns, and an index. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 53.—Theocritus, poem 16.—Aristotle, Poetics.—Strabo.— Dio Chrysostom, bk. 33, Orationes.—Pausanias, bks. 2, 9, 10.—Heliodorus, bk. 3.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 8.—Quintilian, bks. 1, 8, 10, 12.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Plutarch, Alexander, &c.——One of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at Hierapolis, B.C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedies, all lost.——There were seven other poets, of inferior note, who bore the name of Homer.

Homŏle, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 675.

Homŏlea, a mountain of Magnesia.

Homolippus, a son of Hercules and Xanthis. Apollodorus.

Homoloides, one of the seven gates of Thebes. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 252.

Homonadenses, a people of Cilicia.

Honōrius, an emperor of the western empire of Rome, who succeeded his father Theodosius the Great, with his brother Arcadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, but he was of a modest and timid disposition, unfit for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He conquered his enemies by means of his generals, and suffered himself and his people to be governed by ministers who took advantage of their imperial master’s indolence and inactivity. He died of a dropsy in the 39th year of his age, 15th of August, A.D. 423. He left no issue, though he married two wives. Under him and his brother the Roman power was divided into two different empires. The successors of Honorius, who fixed their residence at Rome, were called the emperors of the west, and the successors of Arcadius, who sat on the throne of Constantinople, were distinguished by the name of emperors of the eastern Roman empire. This division of power proved fatal to both empires, and they soon looked upon one another with indifference, contempt, and jealousy.

Honour, a virtue worshipped at Rome. Her first temple was erected by Scipio Africanus, and another was afterwards built by Claudius Marcellus. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Hora, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be Hersilia, who married Romulus. She was said to preside over beauty. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 851.

Horacitæ, a people near Illyricum.

Horapollo, a Greek writer, whose age is unknown. His Hieroglyphica, a curious and entertaining book, has been edited by Cornelius de Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1727.

Horæ, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, according to Hesiod called Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the same as the seasons who presided over the spring, summer, and winter, and were represented by the poets as opening the gates of heaven and of Olympus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 749.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 11.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 902.

Horātia, the sister of Horatii, killed by her brother for mourning the death of the Curiatii. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 20.

Hŏrātius Cocles. See: [Cocles].——Quintus Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venusia. His father was a freedman, and though poor in his circumstances, he liberally educated his son, and sent him to learn philosophy at Athens, after he had received the lessons of the best masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from Athens, and the timidity which he betrayed at the battle of Philippi so effectually discouraged him, that he for ever abandoned the profession of arms, and at his return to Rome he applied himself to cultivate poetry. His rising talents claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius, who recommended him to the care of Mecænas and Augustus, the most celebrated patrons of literature. Under the fostering patronage of the emperor and of his minister, Horace gave himself up to indolence and refined pleasure. He was a follower of Epicurus, and while he liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected the calls of ambition, and never suffered himself to be carried away by the tide of popularity or public employments. He even refused to become the secretary of Augustus, and the emperor was not offended at his refusal. He lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as if he were in his own house; and Augustus, while sitting at his meals with Virgil at his right hand, and Horace at his left, often ridiculed the short breath of the former, and the watery eyes of the latter, by observing that he sat between tears and sighs, Ego sum inter suspiria et lacrymas. Horace was warm in his friendship, and if ever any ill-judged reflection had caused offence, the poet immediately made every concession which could effect a reconciliation, and not destroy the good purposes of friendly society. Horace died in the 57th year of his age, B.C. 8. His gaiety was suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a court; and his familiar intimacy with Mecænas has induced some to believe that the death of Horace was violent, and that he hastened himself out of the world to accompany his friend. The 17th ode of his second book, which was written during the last illness of Mecænas, is too serious to be considered as a poetical rhapsody or unmeaning effusion, and indeed, the poet survived the patron only three weeks, and ordered his bones to be buried near those of his friend. He left all his possessions to Augustus. The poetry of Horace, so much commended for its elegance and sweetness, is deservedly censured for the licentious expressions and indelicate thoughts which he too frequently introduces. In his odes he has imitated Pindar and Anacreon; and if he has confessed himself to be inferior to the former, he has shown that he bears the palm over the latter by his more ingenious and refined sentiments, by the ease and melody of his expressions, and by the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his satires and epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much satirical humour, without much poetry, and his style, simple and unadorned, differs little from prosaical composition. In his art of poetry he has shown much taste and judgment, and has rendered in Latin hexameters what Aristotle had, some ages before delivered to his pupils in Greek prose. The poet gives judicious rules and useful precepts to the most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome, who, in the midst of peace and enjoyment, wished to cultivate poetry and court the muses. The best editions of Horace will be found to be that of Basil, folio, 1580, illustrated by 80 commentators; that of Baxter’s, edited by Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1752; and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1744. Suetonius, Augustus.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 49.——Three brave Romans, born at the same birth, who fought against the three Curiatii, about 667 years before Christ. This celebrated fight was fought between the hostile camps of the people of Alba and Rome, and on their success depended the victory. In the first attack two of the Horatii were killed, and the only surviving brother, by joining artifice to valour, obtained an honourable trophy. By [♦]pretending to fly from the field of battle, he easily separated his antagonists, and, in attacking them one by one, he was enabled to conquer them all. As he returned victorious to Rome, his sister reproached him with the murder of one of the Curiatii, to whom she was promised in marriage. He was incensed at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This violence raised the indignation of the people; he was tried and capitally condemned. His eminent services, however, pleaded in his favour; the sentence of death was exchanged for a more moderate, but more ignominious punishment, and he was only compelled to pass under the yoke. A trophy was raised in the Roman forum, on which he suspended the spoils of the conquered Curiatii. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 26.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 24, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3, ch. 3.——A Roman consul, who defeated the Sabines.——A consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. During the ceremony he was informed of the death of his son, but he did not forget the sacred character he then bore for the feelings of a parent, and continued the dedication after ordering the body to be buried. Livy, bk. 2.

[♦] ‘pretenting’ replaced with ‘pretending’

Horcias, the general of 3000 Macedonians, who revolted from Antigonus in Cappadocia. Polyænus, bk. 4.

Hormisdas, a name which some of the Persian kings bore in the reign of the Roman emperors.

Horesti, a people of Britain, supposed to be the inhabitants of Eskdale, now in Scotland. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 38.

Horratus, a Macedonian soldier, who fought with another private soldier in the sight of the whole army of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 7.

Hortensia, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose eloquence she had inherited in the most eminent degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women to give upon oath an account of their possessions, to defray the expenses of the state, [♦]Hortensia undertook to plead their cause, and was so successful in her attempt, that 1000 of her female fellow-sufferers escaped from the avarice of the triumvirate. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 3.

[♦] ‘Hortensa’ replaced with ‘Hortensia’

Hortensia lex, by Quintus Hortensius the dictator, A.U.C. 697. It ordered the whole body of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience to whatever was enacted by the commons. The nobility, before this law was enacted, had claimed an absolute exemption.

Horta, a divinity among the Romans, who presided over youth, and patronized all exhortations to virtue and honourable deeds. She is the same as Hersilia.

Horta, or Hortinum, a town of the Sabines, on the confluence of the Nar and the Tiber. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 716.

Quintus Hortensius, a celebrated orator, who began to distinguish himself by his eloquence, in the Roman forum, at the age of 19. His friend and successor Cicero speaks with great eulogium of his oratorical powers, and mentions the uncommon extent of his memory. The affected actions of Hortensius at the bar procured him the ridiculous surname of Dionysia, a celebrated stage-dancer at the time. He was pretor and consul, and died 50 years before Christ, in his 63rd year. His orations are not extant. Quintilian mentions them as undeserving the great commendations which Cicero had so liberally bestowed upon them. Hortensius was very rich, and not less than 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after his death. He had written pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost. Cicero, Brutus; Letters to Atticus; On Oratory, &c.—Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 3, ch. 5.——Corbio, a grandson of the orator of the same name, famous for his lasciviousness.——A rich Roman, who asked the elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. Cato gave his wife to his friend, and took her again after his death. This behaviour of Cato was highly censured at Rome, and it was observed, that Cato’s wife had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but that she returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence. Plutarch, Cato.——A Roman, slain by Antony on his brother’s tomb. Plutarch.——A pretor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus. Plutarch.——One of Sylla’s lieutenants. Plutarch.——A Roman, the first who introduced the eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at the feast which he gave when he was created augur.

Hortōna, a town of Italy, on the confines of the Æqui. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 30.

Horus, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the Egyptians.——A king of Assyria.

Hospitālis, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans as the god of hospitality.

Hostilia lex, was enacted A.U.C. 583. By it such as were among the enemies of the republic, or absent when the state required their assistance, were guilty of rapine.

Hostilia, a large town on the Po. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 40.—Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 12.

Hostius Hostilius, a warlike Roman, presented with a crown of boughs by Romulus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.——A consul.——A Latin poet in the age of Julius Cæsar, who composed a poem on the wars of Istria. Macrobius, satire 6, chs. 3 & 5.

Hunni, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded the empire of Rome in the fifth century, and settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the name of Hungary.

Hyacinthia, an annual solemnity at Amyclæ, in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus and Apollo. It continued for three days, during which time the grief of the people was so great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair with garlands during their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon sweetmeats. They did not even sing pæans in honour of Apollo, or observe any of the solemnities which were usual at other sacrifices. On the second day of the festival there were a number of different exhibitions. Youths, with their garments girt about them, entertained the spectators, by playing sometimes upon the flute, or upon the harp, and by singing anapestic songs, in loud, echoing voices, in honour of Apollo. Others passed across the theatre mounted upon horses richly adorned, and, at the same time, choirs of young men came upon the stage singing their uncouth rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who danced at the sound of vocal and instrumental music, according to the ancient custom. Some virgins were also introduced in chariots of wood, covered at the top and magnificently adorned. Others appeared in race chariots. The city began then to be filled with joy, and immense numbers of victims were offered on the altars of Apollo, and the votaries liberally entertained their friends and slaves. During this latter part of the festivity, all were eager to be present at the games, and the city was almost left without inhabitants. Athenæus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 219.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 19.

Hyacinthus, a son of Amyclas and Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephyrus. He returned the former’s love, and Zephyrus, incensed at his coldness and indifference, resolved to punish his rival. As Apollo, who was entrusted with the education of Hyacinthus, once played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon as it was thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was killed with the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at the death of Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood into a flower, which bore his name, and placed his body among the constellations. The Spartans also established yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of their king. See: [Hyacinthia]. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 185, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, &c.

Hyădes, five daughters of Atlas king of Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, who had been killed by a wild boar, that they pined away and died. They became stars after death, and were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 signs of the Zodiac. They received the name of Hyades from their brother Hyas. Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, and Polyxo. To these some have added Thione and Prodice, and they maintained that they were daughters of Hyas and Æthra, one of the Oceanides. Euripides calls them daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients supposed that the rising and setting of the Hyades were always attended with much rain, whence the name (ὑω pluo). Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 165.—Hyginus, fable 182.—Euripides, Ion.

Hyăgnis, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. He invented the flute. Plutarch, de Musica.

Hyăla, a city at the mouth of the Indus, where the government is the same as at Sparta.——One of Diana’s attendant nymphs. Ovid.

Hyampŏlis, a city of Phocis, on the Cephisus, founded by the Hyanthes. Herodotus, bk. 8.

Hyanthes, the ancient name of the inhabitants of Bœotia, from king Hyas. Cadmus is sometimes called Hyanthius, because he was king of Bœotia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 147.

Hyantis, an ancient name of Bœotia.

Hyarbita, a man who endeavoured to imitate Timogenes, &c. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.

Hyas, a son of Atlas of Mauritania by Æthra. His extreme fondness for shooting proved fatal to him, and in his attempts to rob a lioness of her whelps, he was killed by the enraged animal. Some say that he died by the bite of a serpent, and others that he was killed by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his death with such constant lamentations, that Jupiter, in compassion for their sorrow, changed them into stars. See: [Hyades]. Hyginus, fable 192.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 170.

Hybla, a mountain in Sicily, called afterwards Megara, where thyme and odoriferous flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is famous for its honey. There is at the foot of the mountain a town of the same name. There is also another near mount Ætna, close to Catana. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 5, ch. 25.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 26.—Statius, bk. 14, li. 201.——A city of Attica bears also the name of Hybla.

Hybrēas, an orator of Caria, &c. Strabo, bk. 13.

Hybrianes, a people near Thrace.

Hyccaron (plural, a), a town of Sicily, the native place of Lais.

Hyda and Hyde, a town of Lydia, under mount Tmolus, which some suppose to be the same as Sardes.

Hydara, a town of Armenia. Strabo, bk. 12.

Hydarnes, one of the seven noble Persians who conspired to destroy the usurper Smerdis, &c. Herodotus, bks. 3 & 6.—Strabo, bk. 11.

Hydaspes, a river of Asia, flowing by Susa. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 211.——Another in India, now Behut or Chelum, the boundaries of Alexander’s conquests in the east. It falls into the Indus. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Lucan, bk. 8, li. 227.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 22, li. 7.—Strabo, bk. 15.——A friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 747.

Hydra, a celebrated monster, which infested the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon. It had 100 heads, according to Diodorus; 50, according to Simonides; and nine, according to the more received opinion of Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as one of these heads was cut off, two immediately grew up if the wound was not stopped by fire. It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and this he easily effected with the assistance of Iolas, who applied a burning iron to the wounds as soon as one head was cut off. While Hercules was destroying the hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea-crab to bite his foot. This new enemy was soon despatched; and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, placed the crab among the constellations, where it is now called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of the hydra, and, from that circumstance, all the wounds which he gave proved incurable and mortal. Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 69.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 61.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 276; bk. 7, li. 658.

Hydraotes, a river of India, crossed by Alexander.

Hydrophŏria, a festival observed at Athens, called ἀπο του φορειν ὑδωρ, from carrying water. It was celebrated in commemoration of those who perished in the deluge of Deucalion and Ogyges.

Hydruntum and Hydrus, a city of Calabria, 50 miles south of Brundusium. As the distance from thence to Greece was only 60 miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pompey’s lieutenant, meditated the building here a bridge across the Adriatic. Though so favourably situated, Hydrus, now called Otranto, is but an insignificant town, scarce containing 3000 inhabitants. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.—Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 21; bk. 16, ltr. 5.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 375.

Hydrūsa, a town of Attica. Strabo, bk. 9.

Hyĕla, a town of Lucania. Strabo, bk. 6.

Hyempsal, a son of Micipsa, brother to Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the death of his father. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Hyettus, a town of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

Hygeia, or Hygiea, the goddess of health, daughter of Æsculapius, held in great veneration among the ancients. Her statues represented her with a veil, and the matrons usually consecrated their locks to her. She was also represented on monuments as a young woman holding a serpent in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes drank. According to some authors, Hygeia is the same as Minerva, who received that name from Pericles, who erected her a statue, because in a dream she had told him the means of curing an architect, whose assistance he wanted to build a temple. Plutarch, Pericles.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 23.

Hygiana, a town of Peloponnesus.

Caius Julius Hygīnus, a grammarian, one of the freedmen of Augustus. He was a native of Alexandria; or, according to some, he was a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was appointed librarian to the library of mount Palatine, and he was able to maintain himself by the liberality of Caius Licinius. He wrote a mythological history, which he called fables, and Poeticon Astronomicon, besides treatises on the cities of Italy, on such Roman families as were descended from the Trojans, a book on agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives of great men, &c., now lost. The best edition of Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1681. These compositions have been greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness and their bad Latinity have induced some to suppose that they are spurious. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians.

Hyla and Hylas, a river of Mysia, where Hylas was drowned. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 6.——A colony of Phocis.

Hylactor, one of Actæon’s dogs, from his barking (ὐλακτω, latro). Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

Hylæ, a small town of Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Hylæus, a name given to some centaurs, one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount Pholoe. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 294.——Another, by Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 267.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 378.——Another, killed by Bacchus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 6, li. 530.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 457.——A fourth, killed by Atalanta. Apollodorus, bk. 3.——One of Actæon’s dogs.

Hylas, a son of Thiodamas king of Mysia and Menedice, stolen away by Hercules, and carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On the Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take a supply of fresh water, and Hylas, following the example of his companions, went to the fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water and was drowned. The poets have embellished this tragical story, by saying that the nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried him away; and that Hercules, disconsolate at the loss of his favourite youth, filled the woods and mountains with his complaints, and at last abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go and seek him. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Hyginus, fables 14, 271.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 20.——A river of Bithynia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.

Hylax, a dog mentioned in Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8.

Hylias, a river of Magna Græcia.

Hyllaicus, a part of Peloponnesus, near Messenia.

Hyllus, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, soon after his father’s death, married Iole. He, as well as his father, was persecuted by the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus. The Athenians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest of the Heraclidæ, and marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory over his enemies, and killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent his head to Alcmena his grandmother. Some time after he attempted to recover the Peloponnesus with the Heraclidæ, and was killed in single combat by Echemus king of Arcadia. See: [Heraclidæ], [Hercules]. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204, &c.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 279.——A river of Lydia, flowing into the Hernus. It is called also Phryx. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 38.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 180.

Hylonŏme, the wife of Cyllarus, who killed herself the moment her husband was murdered by the Lapithæ. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 405.

Hylophăgi, a people of Æthiopia. Diodorus, bk. 3.

Hymĕnæus and Hymen, the god of marriage among the Greeks, was son of Bacchus and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo and one of the muses. Hymenæus, according to the more received opinions, was a young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He became enamoured of the daughter of one of the richest and noblest of his countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of his mistress removed him from her presence and conversation, he contented himself to follow her wherever she went. In a certain procession, in which all the matrons of Athens went to Eleusis, Hymenæus, to accompany his mistress, disguised himself in woman’s clothes, and joined the religious troop. His youth, and the fairness of his features, favoured his disguise. A great part of the procession was seized by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hymenæus, who shared the captivity of his mistress, encouraged his female companions, and assassinated their ravishers while they were asleep. Immediately after this, Hymenæus repaired to Athens, and promised to restore to liberty the matrons who had been enslaved, provided he was allowed to marry one among them who was the object of his passion. The Athenians consented, and Hymenæus experienced so much felicity in his marriage state, that the people of Athens instituted festivals in his honour, and solemnly invoked him at their nuptials, as the Latins did their Thalassius. Hymen was generally represented as crowned with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and holding a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a vest of a purple colour. It was supposed that he always attended at nuptials; for, if not, matrimonial connections were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful calamities; and hence people ran about calling aloud, “Hymen! Hymen!” &c. Ovid, Medeâ; Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 215.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Catullus, poem 62.

Hymettus, a mountain of Attica, about 22 miles in circumference, and about two miles from Athens, still famous for its bees and excellent honey. There was also a quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there a temple; whence he is called Hymettius. Strabo, bk. 9.—Silius Italicus, bk. 2, li. 228; bk. 14, li. 200.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 3.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 18, li. 3; bk. 2, satire 2, li. 15.—Cicero, bk. 2, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, ch. 34.

Hypæpa, or Ipepæ, now Berki, a town of Lydia, sacred to Venus, between mount Tmolus and the Caystrus. Strabo, bk. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 152.

Hypæsia, a country of Peloponnesus.

Hypănis, a river of European Scythia, now called Bog, which falls into the Borysthenes, and with it into the Euxine. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 52, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 285.——A river of India.——Another of Pontus. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 2, ch. 39.——A Trojan who joined himself to Æneas, and was killed by his own people, who took him for one of the enemy in the night that Troy was burned by the Greeks. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 428.

Hyparīnus, a son of Dion, who reigned at Syracuse for two years after his father.——The father of Dion.

Hypătes, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 231.

Hypătha, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 25.

Hypatia, a native of Alexandria celebrated for her beauty, her virtues, and her great erudition. She was assassinated 415 A.D.

Hypēnor, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 144.

Hyperbatus, a pretor of the Achæans, B.C. 224.

Hyperbius, a son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Hy̆perbŏrei, a nation in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, who were said to live to an incredible age, even to 1000 years, and in the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The sun was said to rise and set to them but once a year, and therefore, perhaps, they are placed by Virgil under the north pole. The word signifies people who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas. Thrace was the residence of Boreas, according to the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans made offerings they always sent them towards the south, and the people of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who received them. The word Hyperboreans is applied, in general, to all those who inhabit any cold climate. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 17.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 3, lis. 169 & 381.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 13, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 4, ch. 12.

Hyperea and Hyperīa, a fountain of Thessaly, with a town of the same name. Strabo, bk. 9.——Another in Messenia, in Peloponnesus. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 375.

Hyperesia, a town of Achaia. Strabo, bk. 8.

Hypĕrĭdes, an Athenian orator, disciple to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival of Demosthenes. His father’s name was Glaucippus. He distinguished himself by his eloquence and the active part which he took in the management of the Athenian republic. After the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was taken alive, and, that he might not be compelled to betray the secrets of his country, he cut off his tongue. He was put to death by order of Antipater, B.C. 322. Only one of his numerous orations remains, admired for the sweetness and elegance of his style. It is said that Hyperides once defended the courtesan Phryne who was accused of impiety, and that when he saw his eloquence ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his client, upon which the judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty, acquitted her. Plutarch, Demosthenes.—Cicero, Orator, ch. 1, &c.—Quintilian, bk. 10, &c.

Hypĕrīon, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun, and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets for the sun itself. Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.—Homer, Hymn 3 to Apollo.——A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Hypermnestra, one of the 50 daughters of Danaus, who married Lynceus son of Ægyptus. She disobeyed her father’s bloody commands, who had ordered her to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials, and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the bridal bed. Her father summoned her to appear before a tribunal for her disobedience, but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and her husband, to whom he left his kingdom at his death. Some say that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, and that he conquered and put to death his father-in-law, and usurped his crown. See: [Danaides]. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 19.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 14.——A daughter of Thestius. Apollodorus.

Hyperŏchus, a man who wrote a poetical history of Cuma. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

Hyphæus, a mountain of Campania. Plutarch, Sulla.

Hypsa, now Belici, a river of Sicily, falling into the Crinisus, and then into the Mediterranean near Selinus. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 228.

Hypsea, a Roman matron, of the family of the Plautii. She was blind, according to Horace; or, perhaps, was partial to some lover, who was recommended neither by personal nor mental excellence. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 91.

Hypsēnor, a priest of the Scamander, killed during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.

Hypseus, a son of the river Peneus.——A pleader at the Roman bar before the age of Cicero. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 36.

Hypsicrătēa, the wife of Mithridates, who accompanied her husband in man’s clothes, when he fled before Pompey. Plutarch, Pompey.

Hypsicrătes, a Phœnician who wrote a history of his country, in the Phœnician language. This history was saved from the flames of Carthage, when that city was taken by Scipio, and translated into Greek.

Hypsipĭdes, a Macedonian in Alexander’s army, famous for his friendship for Menedemus, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 7.

Hypsĭpy̆le, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of Thoas and Myrine. During her reign, Venus, whose altars had been universally slighted, punished the Lemnian women, and rendered their mouths and breath so extremely offensive to the smell, that their husbands abandoned them, and gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom they had taken in a war against Thrace. This contempt was highly resented by all the women of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and all unanimously put to death their male relations, Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder, the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their expedition to Colchis, and remained for some time in the island. During their stay the Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women mothers, and Jason, the chief of the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hypsipyle brought twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the unfortunate queen was soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the Lemnian women, who conspired against her life, still mindful that Thoas had been preserved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to Lycurgus king of Nemæa. She was entrusted with the care of Archemorus the son of Lycurgus; and, when the Argives marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and obliged her to show them a fountain, where they might quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she laid down the child on the grass, and in her absence he was killed by a serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screened from his resentment by Adrastus the leader of the Argives. Ovid, Heroides, poem 6.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Statius, bk. 5, Thebiad.—Flaccus, bk. 2.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.—Hyginus, fables 15, 74, &c. See: [Archemorus].

Hyrcānia, a large country of Asia, at the north of Parthia, and at the west of Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. It is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a cavalry in order of battle. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 367.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 45.—Strabo, bks. 2 & 11.——A town of Lydia, destroyed by a violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 38.

Hyrcănum mare, a large sea, called also Caspian. See: [Caspium mare].

Hyrcānus, a name common to some of the high priests of Judea. Josephus.

Hyria, a country of Bœotia, near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town of the same name. It is more probably situate near Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie, a woman who wept so much for the loss of her son, that she was changed into a fountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 372.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 170.——A town of Isauria, on the Calycadnus.

Hyrieus, or Hyreus, a peasant, or, as some say, a prince of Tanagra, son of Neptune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when travelling over Bœotia. Being childless, he asked of the gods to give him a son without his marrying, as he promised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom he tenderly loved, that he never would marry again. The gods, to reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which had been sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and they ordered him to wrap it up and bury it in the ground for nine months. At the expiration of the nine mouths, Hyreus opened the earth, and found a beautiful child in the bull’s hide, whom he called Orion. See: [Orion].

Hyrmina, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus. Strabo, bk. 8.

Hyrneto and Hyrnetho, a daughter of Temenus king of Argos, who married Deyphon son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her father, who greatly enriched her husband. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 19.

Hyrnĭthium, a plain of Argos, near Epidaurus, fertile in olives. Strabo, bk. 6.

Hyrtăcus, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to Nisus, one of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, lis. 177 & 406. Hence the patronymic of Hyrtacides is applied to Nisus. It is also applied to Hippocoon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 492.

Hysia, a town of Bœotia, built by Nycteus, Antiope’s father.——A village of Argos.——A city of Arcadia.——The royal residence of the king of Parthia.

Hyspa, a river of Sicily. Silius Italicus, [♦]bk. 14, li. 228.

[♦] ‘24’ replaced with ‘14’

Hyssus and Hyssi, a port and river of Cappadocia on the Euxine sea.

Hystaspes, a noble Persian, of the family of the Achæmenides. His father’s name was Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia after the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It is said by Ctesias that he wished to be carried to see the royal monument which his son had built between two mountains. The priests who carried him, as reported, slipped the cord with which he was suspended in ascending the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hystaspes was the first who introduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans into Persia, and to his researches in India the sciences were greatly indebted, particularly in Persia. Darius is called Hystaspes, or son of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal successors of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 209; bk. 5, ch. 83.—Ctesias, Fragments.

Hystieus. See: [Histiæus].

---

I [& J]

Ia, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, &c.

Iacchus, a surname of Bacchus, ab ἰαχειν, from the noise and shouts which the bacchanals raised at the festivals of this deity. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6; Georgics, bk. 1, li. 166.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, ch. 15.——Some suppose him to be a son of Ceres; because in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, the word Iacchus was frequently repeated. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 65.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Iader, a river of Dalmatia.

Ialēmus, a wretched singer, son of the muse Calliope. Athenæus, bk. 14.

Ialmĕnus, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who went to the Trojan war with his brother Ascalaphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the inhabitants of Orchomenes and Aspledon, in Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 37.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 19.

Iāly̆sus, a town of Rhodes, built by Ialysus, of whom Protogenes was making a beautiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took Rhodes. The Telchines were born there. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9.—Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 6.—Cicero, bk. 2, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 21.—Plutarch, Demetrius.—Ælian, bk. 12, ch. 5.

Iambe, a servant-maid of Metanira, wife of Celeus king of Eleusis, who tried to exhilarate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes and stories which she made use of, free and satirical verses have been called Iambics. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5.

Iamblĭcus, a Greek author who wrote the life of Pythagoras, and the history of his followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise against Porphyry’s letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians, &c. He was a great favourite with the emperor Julian, and died A.D. 363.

Iamenus, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 193.

Iamĭdæ, certain prophets among the Greeks, descended from Iamus, a son of Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy from his father, which remained among his posterity. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 2.

Janĭcŭlum and Janicularius mons, one of the seven hills at Rome joined to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel, to protect the place against an invasion. This hill [See: [Janus]], which was on the opposite shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city by the bridge Sublicius, the first ever built across the river, and perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than the other parts of the city, on account of the grossness of the air, though from its top the eye could have a commanding view of the whole city. It is famous for the burial of king Numa and of the poet Italicus. Porsenna king of Etruria pitched his camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators took refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the resentment of Octavius. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33, &c.—Dio Cassius, bk. 47.—Ovid, bk. 1, Fasti, li. 246.—Virgil, [Aeneid], bk. 8, li. 358.—Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 64; bk. 7, ltr. 16.

Ianīra, one of the Nereides.

Ianthe, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. See: [Iphis]. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 714, &c.

Ianthea, one of the Oceanides.——One of the Nereides. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, li. 47.

Jānus, the most ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native of Thessaly, and son of Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy, where he planted a colony and built a small town on the river Tiber, which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him son of Cœlus and Hecate; and others make him a native of Athens. During his reign, Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, came to Italy, where Janus received him with much hospitality, and made him his colleague on the throne. Janus is represented with two faces, because he was acquainted with the past and the future; or, according to others, because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising, and shuts it at his setting. Some statues represented Janus with four heads. He sometimes appeared with a beard, and sometimes without. In religious ceremonies, his name was always invoked the first, because he presides over all gates and avenues, and it is through him only that prayers can reach the immortal gods. From that circumstance he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the number of 300 in one hand, and in the other 65, to show that he presides over the year, of which the first month bears his name. Some suppose that he is the same as the world, or Cœlus; and from that circumstance they call him Eanus, ab eundo, because of the revolution of the heavens. He was called by different names, such as Consivius, a conserendo, because he presided over generation; Quirinus or Martialis, because he presided over war. He is also called Patuleius and Clausius, because the gates of his temples were open during the time of war, and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly worshipped among the Romans, where he had many temples, some erected to Janus Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadrifrons were built with four equal sides, with a door and three windows on each side. The four doors were the emblems of the four seasons of the year, and the three windows in each of the sides the three months in each season, and, all together, the 12 months of the year. Janus was generally represented in statues as a young man. After death Janus was ranked among the gods, for his popularity and the civilization which he had introduced among the wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which was always open in times of war, was shut only three times during above 700 years, under Numa, 234 B.C., and under Augustus; and during that long period of time, the Romans were continually employed in war. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 65, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 607.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 1.—Macrobius, Saturnalia, bk. 1.——A street at Rome near the temple of Janus. It was generally frequented by usurers and money-brokers, and booksellers also kept their shops there. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1.

Japetĭdes, a musician at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 111.

Japĕtus, a son of Cœlus or Titan by Terra, who married Asia, or, according to others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Menœtius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked upon him as the father of all mankind, and therefore from his antiquity old men were frequently called Japeti. His sons received the patronymic of Iapetionides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 631.—Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 136 & 508.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Iāpis, an Ætolian, who founded a city upon the banks of the Timavus. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 475.——A Trojan, favourite of Apollo, from whom he received the knowledge of the power of medicinal herbs. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 391.

Iapy̆dia, a district of Illyricum, now Carniola. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 5.—Tibullus, bk. 4, li. 109.—Cicero, Cornelius Balbus, ch. 14.

Iāpy̆gia, a country on the confines of Italy, situated in the peninsula, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is called by some Messapia, Peucetia, and Salentinum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 6.

Iapyx, a son of Dædalus, who conquered a part of Italy, which he called Iapygia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 458.——A wind which blows from Apulia, and is favourable to such as sail from Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the same as the Caurus of the Greeks. Horace, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 4; bk. 3, ode 7, li. 20.

Iarbas, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, king of Gætulia, from whom Dido bought land to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the arrival of Æneas prevented his success, and the queen, rather than marry Iarbas, destroyed herself. See: [Dido]. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 36, &c.—Justin, bk. 18, ch. 6.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 552.

Iarchas and Jarchas, a celebrated Indian philosopher. His seven rings are famous for their power of restoring old men to the bloom and vigour of youth, according to the tradition of Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana.

Iardānus, a Lydian, father of Omphale the mistress of Hercules. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7.——A river of Arcadia.——Another in Crete. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.

Iasĭdes, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person of the name of Jasius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 843.——Also of Jasus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 392.

Iăsion and Iăsius, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned over part of Arcadia, where he diligently applied himself to agriculture. He married the goddess Cybele or Ceres, and all the gods were present at the celebration of his nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom some have added a third, Corybas, who introduced the worship and mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, whom he exposed as soon as born, saying that he would raise only male children. The child, who was suckled by a she-bear and preserved, rendered herself famous afterwards under the name of Atalanta. Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among the gods after death by the inhabitants of Arcadia. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 973.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 168.—Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Iăsis, a name given to Atalanta daughter of Jasius.

Iasius, a son of Abas king of Argos.——A son of Jupiter. See: [Iasion].

Jāson, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede daughter of Phylacus, by Æson the son of Cretheus and Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. Tyro, before her connection with Cretheus the son of Æolus, had two sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. Æson was king of Iolchis, and at his death the throne was usurped by Pelias, and Æson the lawful successor was driven to retirement and obscurity. The education of young Jason was entrusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and he was removed from the presence of the usurper, who had been informed by an oracle that one of the descendants of Æolus would dethrone him. After he had made the most rapid progress in every branch of science, Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went to consult the oracle. He was ordered to go to Iolchos his native country, covered with the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments of a Magnesian. In his journey he was stopped by the inundation of the river Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself into an old woman. In crossing the stream he lost one of his sandals, and at his arrival at Iolchos, the singularity of his dress and the fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people, and drew a crowd around him in the market-place. Pelias came to see him with the rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to beware of a man who should appear at Iolchos with one foot bare and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, who had lost one of his sandals, alarmed him. His terrors were soon after augmented. Jason, accompanied by his friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the kingdom which he had unjustly usurped. The boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pelias; he was unwilling to abdicate the crown, and yet he feared the resentment of his adversary. As Jason was young and ambitious of glory, Pelias, at once to remove his immediate claims to the crown, reminded him that Ætes king of Colchis had severely treated and inhumanly murdered their common relation Phryxus. He observed that such a treatment called aloud for punishment, and that the undertaking would be accompanied with much glory and fame. He further added, that his old age had prevented him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and that if Jason would undertake the expedition, he would resign to him the crown of Iolchos, when he returned victorious from Colchis. Jason readily accepted a proposal which seemed to promise such military fame. His intended expedition was made known in every part of Greece, and the youngest and the bravest of the Greeks assembled to accompany him, and share his toils and glory. They embarked on board a ship called Argo, and after a series of adventures they arrived at Colchis. See: [Argonautæ]. Ætes promised to restore the golden fleece, which was the cause of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls which breathed flames, and which had feet and horns of brass, and to plough with them a field sacred to Mars. After this he was to sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent, from which armed men would arise, whose fury would be converted against him who ploughed the field. He was also to kill a monstrous dragon which watched night and day at the foot of the tree on which the golden fleece was suspended. All were concerned for the fate of the Argonauts; but Juno, who watched with an anxious eye over the safety of Jason, extricated them from all these difficulties. Medea, the king’s daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as her knowledge of herbs, enchantments, and incantations was uncommon, she pledged herself to deliver her lover from all his dangers if he promised her eternal fidelity. Jason, not insensible to her charms and to her promise, vowed eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and received from Medea whatever instruments and herbs could protect him against the approaching dangers. He appeared in the field of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, and sowed the dragon’s teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang from the field, and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone among them, and they fell one upon the other till all were totally destroyed. The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, and Jason took from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was the sole object of his voyage. These actions were all performed in the presence of Æetes and his people, who were all equally astonished at the boldness and success of Jason. After this celebrated conquest, Jason immediately set sail for Europe with Medea, who had been so instrumental in his preservation. Upon this Æetes, desirous to revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus to pursue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, and strewed his limbs in her father’s way, that she might more easily escape, while he was employed in collecting the mangled body of his son. See: [Absyrtus]. The return of the Argonauts in Thessaly was celebrated with universal festivity; but Æson, Jason’s father, was unable to attend on account of the infirmities of old age. This obstruction was removed, and Medea, at the request of her husband, restored Æson to the vigour and sprightliness of youth. See: [Æson]. Pelias the usurper of the crown of Iolchos wished also to see himself restored to the flower of youth, and his daughters, persuaded by Medea, who wished to avenge her husband’s wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and placed his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. Their credulity was severely punished. Medea suffered the flesh to be consumed to the bones, and Pelias was never restored to life. This inhuman action drew the resentment of the populace upon Medea, and she fled to Corinth with her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect union and love during 10 successive years. Jason’s partiality for Glauce the daughter of the king of the country afterwards disturbed their matrimonial happiness, and Medea was divorced, that Jason might more freely indulge his amorous propensities. This infidelity was severely revenged by Medea [See: [Glauce]], who destroyed her children in the presence of their father. See: [Medea]. After this separation from Medea, Jason lived an unsettled and melancholy life. As he was one day reposing himself by the side of the ship which had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he was crushed to death. This tragical event had been predicted to him before by Medea, according to the relation of some authors. Some say that he afterwards returned to Colchis, where he seized the kingdom, and reigned in great security. Euripides, Medea.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fables 2, 3, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Pausanias, bks. 2 & 3.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 9.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Apollonius.—Flaccus.—Hyginus, fable 5, &c.—Pindar, bk. 3, Nemean.—Justin, bk. 42, ch. 2, &c.—Seneca, Medea.—Tzetzes, On Lycophron, li. 195, &c.—Athenæus, bk. 13.——A native of Argos, who wrote a history of Greece in four books, which ended at the death of Alexander. He lived in the age of Adrian.——A tyrant of Thessaly, who made an alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of Timotheus.——Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and gained the esteem of the kings of Parthia. Polyænus, bk. 7.

Jasonĭdæ, a patronymic of Thoas and Euneus, sons of Jason and Hypsipyle.

Iasus, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father Triopas. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16.——A son of Argus, father of Agenor.——A son of Argus and Ismena.——A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia.——An island, with a town of the same name, on the coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was called Iasius sinus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 28.—Livy, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 37, ch. 17.

Iaxartes, now Sir or Sihon, a river of Sogdiana, mistaken by Alexander for the Tanais. It falls into the east of the Caspian sea. Curtius, bks. 6 & 7.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 16.—Arrian, bk. 4, ch. 15.

Iazĭges, a people on the borders of the Palus Mæotis. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 29.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 191; ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 9.

Ibēria, a country of Asia, between Colchis on the west, and Albania on the east, governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them to surrender by setting fire to the woods where they had fled for safety. It is now called Georgia. Plutarch, Lycurgus, Antonius, &c.—Dio Cassius, bk. 36.—Florus, bk. 3.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 166.—Appian, Wars in Spain.——An ancient name of Spain, derived from the river Iberus. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 258.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.

Ibērus, a river of Spain, now called Ebro, which, after the conclusion of the first Punic war, separated the Roman from the Carthaginian possessions in that country. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 335.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.——A river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. Strabo, bk. 3.——A fabulous king of Spain.

Ibi, an Indian nation.

Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satirizes the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid had also written a poem which bears the same name, and which, in the same satirical language, seems, according to the opinion of some, to inveigh bitterly against Hyginus the supposed hero of the composition. Suidas.

Iby̆cus, a lyric poet of Rhegium, about 540 years before Christ. He was murdered by robbers, and at the moment of death he implored the assistance of some cranes which at that moment flew over his head. Some time after, as the murderers were in the market-place, one of them observed some cranes in the air, and said to his companions, αἰ Ἰβυκου ἐκδικοι παρεισιν, there are the birds that are conscious of the death of Ibycus. These words and the recent murder of Ibycus raised suspicions in the people; the assassins were seized and tortured, and they confessed their guilt. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 4, ch. 43.—Ælian, Varia Historia.——The husband of Chloris, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 3, ode 15.

Icadius, a robber killed by a stone, &c. Cicero, De Fato, ch. 3.

Icăria, a small island in the Ægean sea, between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, and buried by Hercules. Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bks. 10 & 14.

Icăris and Icariotis, a name given to Penelope as daughter of Icarius.

Icărium mare, a part of the Ægean sea near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. See: [Icarus].

Icărius, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He gave wine to some peasants, who drank it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intoxicating nature. They were soon deprived of their reason, and the fury and resentment of their friends and neighbours were immediately turned upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. After death he was honoured with public festivals, and his daughter was led to discover the place of his burial by means of his faithful dog Mœra. Erigone hung herself in despair, and was changed into a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the star Bootes, and the dog Mœra into the star Canis. Hyginus, fable 130.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.——A son of Œbalus of Lacedæmon. He gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly attached to her, that he wished her husband to settle at Lacedæmon. Ulysses refused, and when he saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he told Penelope as they were going to embark, that she might choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca, or to remain with her father. Penelope blushed in the deepest silence, and covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon this permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately erected a temple to the goddess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her blushes with her veil. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 16, li. 435.

Icărus, a son of Dædalus, who, with his father, flew with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high, proved fatal to him; the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings, and he fell into that part of the Ægean sea which was called after his name. See: [Dædalus]. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 178, &c.——A mountain of Attica.

Iccius, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. Horace writes to him, bk. 1, ode 29, and ridicules him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy and the muses for military employments.——One of the Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Icĕlos, one of the sons of Somnus, who changed himself into all sorts of animals, whence the name (εἰκελος, similis). Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 640.

Icēni, a people of Britain who submitted to the Roman power. They inhabited the modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 31.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Icĕtas, a man who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse after the death of Dion. He attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which he was conquered, &c., B.C. 340. Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.

Ichnæ, a town of Macedonia, whence Themis and Nemesis are called Ichnæa. Homer, Hymn 3 to Apollo.

Ichnūsa, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its likeness to a human foot. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.—Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 358.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Ichonūphys, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt with Plato. Diogenes Laërtius.

Ichthyophăgi, a people of Æthiopia, who received this name from their eating fishes. There was also an Indian nation of the same name, who made their houses with the bones of fishes. Diodorus, bk. 3.—Strabo, bks. 2 & 12.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 15, ch. 7.

Ichthys, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. Strabo, bk. 11.

Lucius Icilius, a tribune of the people who made a law, A.U.C. 397, by which mount Aventine was given to the Roman people to build houses upon. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 54.——A tribune who made a law, A.U.C. 261, that forbade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune while he was speaking in an assembly. Livy bk. 2, ch. 58.——A tribune who signalized himself by his inveterate enmity against the Roman senate. He took an active part in the management of affairs after the murder of Virginia, &c.

Icius, a harbour in Gaul, on the modern straits of Dover, from which Cæsar crossed into Britain.

Iconium, the capital of Lycaonia, now Koniech. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Icos, a small island near Eubœa. Strabo, bk. 9.

Ictinus, a celebrated architect, 430 years B.C. He built a famous temple to Minerva at Athens, &c.

Ictumulōrum vicus, a place at the foot of the Alps, abounding in gold mines.

Iculisma, a town of Gaul, now Angoulesme, on the Charente.

Ida, a nymph of Crete, who went into Phrygia, where she gave her name to a mountain of that country. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 177.——The mother of Minos II.——A celebrated mountain, or more properly a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood of Troy. The abundance of its waters became the source of many rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Scamander, Æsepus, Granicus, &c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was covered with green woods, and the elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from which reason the poets say that it was frequented by the gods during the Trojan war. Strabo, bk. 13.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 14, li. 283.—Virgil, Æneid, bks. 3, 5, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 79.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 11.——A mountain of Crete, the highest in the island, where it was reported that Jupiter was educated by the Corybantes, who, on that account, were called Idæi. Strabo, bk. 10.

Idæa, the surname of Cybele, because she was worshipped on mount Ida. Lucretius, bk. 2, li. 611.

Idæus, a surname of Jupiter. An arm-bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed during the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 487.——One of the attendants of Ascanius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 500.

Idalis, the country round mount Ida. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 204.

Idălus, a mountain of Cyprus, at the foot of which is Idalium, a town with a grove sacred to Venus, who was called Idalæa. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 685.—Catullus, poems 37 & 62.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 13.

Idanthyrsus, a powerful king of Scythia, who refused to give his daughter in marriage to Darius I. king of Persia. This refusal was the cause of a war between the two nations, and Darius marched against Idanthyrsus, at the head of 700,000 men. He was defeated, and retired to Persia, after an inglorious campaign. Strabo, bk. 13.

Idarnes, an officer of Darius, by whose negligence the Macedonians took Miletus. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Idas, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous for his valour and military glory. He was among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. Marpessa was carried away by Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife’s ravisher with bows and arrows, and obliged him to restore her. See: [Marpessa]. According to Apollodorus, Idas, with his brother Lynceus, associated with Pollux and Castor to carry away some flocks; but when they had obtained a sufficient quantity of plunder, they refused to divide it into equal shares. This provoked the sons of Leda. Lynceus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to revenge his brother’s death, immediately killed Castor, and in his turn perished by the hand of Pollux. According to Ovid and Pausanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and those of Aphareus arose from a more tender cause. Idas and Lynceus, as they say, were going to celebrate their nuptials with Phœbe and Hilaira the two daughters of Leucippus; but Castor and Pollux, who had been invited to partake the common festivity, offered violence to the brides, and carried them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the attempt to recover their wives. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.—Hyginus, fables 14, 100, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 700.—Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 3.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.——A son of Ægyptus.——A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 575.

Idea, or Idæa, a daughter of Dardanus, who became the second wife of Phineus king of Bithynia, and abused the confidence reposed in her by her husband. See: [Phineus].——The mother of Teucer by Scamander. Apollodorus.

Idessa, a town of Iberia on the confines of Colchis. Strabo, bk. 11.

Idex, a small river of Italy, now Idice, near Bononia.

Idistavisus, a plain, now Hastenbach, where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near Oldendorp, on the Weser, in Westphalia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 16.

Idmon, son of Apollo and Asteria, or, as some say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the Argonauts. He was killed in hunting a wild boar in Bithynia, where his body received a magnificent funeral. He had predicted the time and manner of his own death. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Orpheus.——A dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 8.——A man of Cyzicus, killed by Hercules, &c. Flaccus, bk. 3.——A son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife. See: [Danaides].

Idŏmĕne, a daughter of Pheres, who married Amythaon.

Idŏmĕneus, succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete, and accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 90 ships. During this celebrated war he rendered himself famous by his valour, and slaughtered many of the enemy. At his return he made a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if he escaped from the fury of the seas and storms, he would offer to the god whatever living creature first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan shore. This was no other than his own son, who came to congratulate his father upon his safe return. Idomeneus performed his promise to the god, and the inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice rendered him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, and migrated in quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, and founded a city on the coast of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He died in an extreme old age, after he had had the satisfaction of seeing his new kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 1217, Idomeneus, during his absence in the Trojan war, entrusted the management of his kingdom to Leucos, to whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in marriage at his return. Leucos at first governed with moderation; but he was persuaded by Nauplius king of Eubœa to put to death Meda the wife of his master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom. After these violent measures, he strengthened himself on the throne of Crete; and Idomeneus, at his return, found it impossible to expel the usurper. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 358.—Hyginus, fable 92.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, &c.; Odyssey, bk. 19.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 25.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 122.——A son of Priam.——A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus. He wrote a history of Samothrace, the life of Socrates, &c.

Idŏthea, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos. She was restored to her senses with her sisters, by Melampus. See: [Prœtides]. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.——A daughter of Proteus, the god who told Menelaus how he could return to his country in safety. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 363.——One of the nymphs who educated Jupiter.

Idrieus, the son of Euromus of Caria, brother to Artimisia, who succeeded to Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Polyænus, bk. 7.

Idubeda, a river and mountain of Spain. Strabo, bk. 3.

Idūme and Idūmēa, a country of Syria, famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital, where Cambyses deposited his riches, as he was going to Egypt. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 216.—Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 600.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 12.

Idya, one of the Oceanides, who married Æetes king of Colchis, by whom she had Medea, &c. Hyginus.—Hesiod.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.

Jenisus, a town of Syria. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Jera, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18.

Jerĭcho, a city of Palestine, besieged and taken by the Romans, under Vespasian and Titus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.—Strabo.

Jerne, a name of Ireland. Strabo, bk. 1.

Jerŏmus and Jerony̆mus, a Greek of Cardia, who wrote a history of Alexander.——A native of Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, of whose compositions some few historical fragments remain. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Jerusalem, the capital of Judæa. See: [Hierosolyma].

Jetæ, a place of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 272.

Igēni, a people of Britain. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, &c.

Igilium, now Giglio, an island of the Mediterranean, on the coast of Tuscany. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 34.

Ignatius, an officer of Crassus in his Parthian expedition.——A bishop of Antioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, by lions, during a persecution, A.D. 107. His writings were letters to the Ephesians, Romans, &c., and he supported the divinity of Christ, and the propriety of the episcopal order, as superior to priests and deacons. The best edition of his work is that of Oxford, in 8vo, 1708.

Iguvium, a town of Umbria, on the Via Flaminia, now Gubio. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 13.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 460.

Ilaīra, or Hilaira, a daughter of Leucippus, carried away with her sister Phœbe, by the sons of Leda, as she was going to be married, &c.

Ilba, more properly Ilva, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, two miles from the continent. See: [Ilua]. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 173.

Ilecaones and Ilecaonenses, a people of Spain. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 21.

Ilerda, now Lerida, a town of Spain, the capital of the Ilergetes, on an eminence on the right bank of the river Sicoris in Catalonia. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 23; bk. 22, ch. 21.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 13.

Ilergetes. See: [Ilerda].

Ilia, or Rhea, a daughter of Numitor king of Alba, consecrated by her uncle Amulius to the service of Vesta, which required perpetual chastity, that she might not become a mother to dispossess him of his crown. He was, however, disappointed; violence was offered to Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the usurper from his throne, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor, its lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive by Amulius for violating the laws of Vesta; and because her tomb was near the Tiber, some supposed that she married the god of that river. Horace, bk. 1, ode 2.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 277.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 598.——A wife of Sylla.

Iliăci ludi, games instituted by Augustus, in commemoration of the victory which he had obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. They are supposed to be the same as the Trojani ludi and the Actia; and Virgil says they were celebrated by Æneas, and not because they were instituted at the time when he wrote his poem, but because he wished to compliment Augustus by making the founder of Lavinium solemnize games on the very spot which was, many centuries after, to be immortalized by the trophies of his patron. During these games were exhibited horse-races, and gymnastic exercises. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 280.

Iliăcus, an epithet applied to such as belong to Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 101.

Iliădes, a surname given to Romulus, as son of Ilia. Ovid.——A name given to the Trojan women. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 484.

Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities which befel the Greeks, from the refusal of that hero to appear in the field of battle. It finished at the death of Hector, whom Achilles had sacrificed to the shades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. See: [Homerus].——A surname of Minerva, from a temple which she had at Daulis in Phocis.

Ilienses, a people of Sardinia. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 19; bk. 41, chs. 6 & 12.

Ilion, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 27. See: [Ilium].

Ilĭone, the eldest daughter of Priam, who married Polymnestor king of Thrace. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 657.

Iliŏneus, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came into Italy with Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 525.——A son of Artabanus, made prisoner by Parmenio, near Damascus. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.——One of Niobe’s sons. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 6.

Ilipa, a town of Bætica. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 1.

Ilissus, a small river of Attica, falling into the sea near the Piræus. There was a temple on its banks sacred to the muses. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 52.

Ilĭthyīa, a goddess, called also Juno Lucina. Some suppose her to be the same as Diana. She presided over the travails of women; and in her temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small piece of money as an offering. This custom was first established by Servius Tullius, who, by enforcing it, was enabled to know the exact number of the Roman people. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 450.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, ode 19.—Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.—Horace, Carmen Sæculare.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 283.

Ilium, or Ilion, a citadel of Troy, built by Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it received its name. It is generally taken for Troy itself; and some have supposed that the town was called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troja. See: [Troja]. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 43; bk. 37, chs. 9 & 37.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 505.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 3.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 8.

Illiberis, a town of Gaul, through which Hannibal passed as he marched into Italy.

Illice, now Elche, a town of Spain, with a harbour and bay, Sinus et Portus Illicitanus, now Alicant. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Illipŭla, two towns of Spain, one of which is called Major, and the other Minor.

Illiturgis, Iliturgus, or Ilirgia, a city of Spain, near the modern Andujar, on the river Bætis, destroyed by Scipio, for having revolted to the Carthaginians. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 49; bk. 24, ch. 41; bk. 26, ch. 17.

Ilorcis, now Lorca, a town of Spain. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Illy̆rĭcum, Illy̆ris, and Illy̆ria, a country bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite Italy, whose boundaries have been different at different times. It became a Roman province, after Gentius its king had been conquered by the pretor Anicius; and it now forms part of Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. Strabo, bks. 2 & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 35.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.—Florus, bks. 1, 2, &c.

Illy̆rīcus sinus, that part of the Adriatic which is on the coast of Illyricum.

Illy̆rius, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, from whom Illyricum received its name. Apollodorus.

Ilua, now Elba, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, between Italy and Corsica, celebrated for its iron mines. The people are called Iluates. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 39.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 173.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 34, ch. 14.

Iluro, now Oleron, a town of Gascony in France.

Ilus, the fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis, who married Capys, and Laomedon the father of Priam. He built, or rather embellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy, from his father Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a celebrated statue of Minerva, and promised that as long as it remained in Troy, so long would the town remain impregnable. When the temple of Minerva was in flames, Ilus rushed into the middle of the fire to save the Palladium, for which action he was deprived of his sight by the goddess; though he recovered it some time after. Homer, Iliad.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 33; bk. 6, li. 419.——A name of Ascanius, while he was at Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 272.——A friend of Turnus, killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 400.

Ilyrgis, a town of Hispania Bætica, now Ilora. Polybius.

Imanuentius, a king of part of Britain, killed by Cassivelaunus, &c.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5.

Imaus, a large mountain of Scythia, which is part of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, which is generally called Intra Imaum, and Extra Imaum. It extends, according to some, as far as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 17.—Strabo, bk. 1.

Imbărus, a part of mount Taurus in Armenia.

Imbrăsĭdes, a patronymic given to Asius, as son of Imbracus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 123.

Imbrăsĭdes, a patronymic given to Glaucus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 343.

Imbrăsus, or Parthenius, a river of Samos. Juno, who was worshipped on its banks, received the surname of Imbrasia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.——The father of Pirus, the leader of the Thracians during the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 10 & 12.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 520.

Imbreus, one of the Centaurs, killed by Dryas at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 310.

Imbrex Caius Licinius, a poet. See: [Licinius].

Imbrius, a Trojan, killed by Teucer son of Mentor. He had married Medesicaste, Priam’s daughter. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13.

Imbrivium, a place of Samnium.

Imbros, now Embro, an island of the Ægean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samothrace, with a small river and town of the same name. Imbros was governed for some time by its own laws, but afterwards subjected to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, and the kings of Pergamus. It afterwards became a Roman province. The divinities particularly worshipped there were Ceres and Mercury. Thucydides, bk. 8.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 13.—Strabo, bk. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 18.

Inăchi, a name given to the Greeks, particularly the Argives, from king Inachus.

Inachia, a name given to Peloponnesus, from the river Inachus.——A festival in Crete in honour of Inachus; or, according to others, of Ino’s misfortunes.——A courtesan in the age of Horace, Epode 12.

Inăchĭdæ, the name of the eight first successors of Inachus, on the throne of Argos.

Inăchĭles, a patronymic of Epaphus, as grandson of Inachus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 704.——Also of Perseus, descended from Inachus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 11.

Inăchis, a patronymic of Io, as daughter of Inachus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 454.

Inăchium, a town of Peloponnesus.

Inăchus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, father of Io, and also of Phoroneus and Ægialeus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and was succeeded by Phoroneus, B.C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of Argos, of which he became the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 151.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15.——A river of Argos.——Another in Epirus.

Inamămes, a river in the east of Asia, as far as which Semiramis extended her empire. Polyænus.

Inarĭme, an island near Campania, with a mountain under which Jupiter confined the giant Typhœus. It is now called Ischia, and is remarkable for its fertility and population. There was formerly a volcano in the middle of the island. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 716.

Inărus, a town of Egypt, in whose neighbourhood the town of Naucratis was built by the Milesians.——A tyrant of Egypt, who died B.C. 456.

Incitātus, a horse of the emperor Caligula, made high priest.

Indathyrsus. See: [Idanthyrsus].

India, the most celebrated and opulent of all the countries of Asia, bounded on one side by the Indus, from which it derives its name. It is situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia, &c., along the maritime coasts. It has always been reckoned famous for the riches it contains; and so persuaded were the ancients of its wealth, that they supposed that its very sands were gold. It contained 9000 different nations, and 5000 remarkable cities, according to geographers. Bacchus was the first who conquered it. In more recent ages, part of it was tributary to the power of Persia. Alexander invaded it; but his conquest was checked by the valour of Porus, one of the kings of the country, and the Macedonian warrior was unwilling or afraid to engage another. Semiramis also extended her empire far in India. The Romans knew little of the country, yet their power was so universally dreaded, that the Indians paid homage by their ambassadors to the emperors Antoninus, Trajan, &c. India is divided into several provinces. There is an India extra Gangem, an India intra Gangem, and an India propria; but these divisions are not particularly noticed by the ancients, who, even in the age of Augustus, gave the name of Indians to the Æthiopian nations. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 28.—Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 10.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 12, ch. 7.

Indibĭlis, a princess of Spain betrothed to Albutius.

Indĭgĕtes, a name given to those deities who were worshipped only in some particular places, or who were become gods from men, as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from Inde et geniti, born at the same place where they received their worship. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 498.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 608.

Indĭgĕti, a people of Spain.

Indus, now Sinde, a large river of Asia, from which the adjacent country has received the name of India. It falls into the Indian ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, it was larger than the Nile; and Pliny says that 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before it falls into the sea. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 52.—Strabo, bk. 15.—Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 720.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 20.——A river of Caria. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 14.

Indutiomarus, a Gaul, conquered by Cæsar, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Inferum mare, the Tuscan sea.

Ino, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta and Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable hatred against the children of Nephele, because they were to ascend the throne in preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle were informed of Ino’s machinations, and they escaped to Colchis on a golden ram. See: [Phryxus]. Juno, jealous of Ino’s prosperity, resolved to disturb her peace; and more particularly because she was of the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisiphone was sent, by order of the goddess, to the house of Athamas; and she filled the whole palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her husband, and from a high rock she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea deity, which was afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a sea god, known by the name of Palæmon. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 5.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes; de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 48.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 13, &c.—Pausanias, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Hyginus, fables 12, 14, & 15.

Inōa, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to Ino at Megara, where she was first worshipped, under the name of Leucothoe.——Another in Laconia, in honour of the same. It was usual at the celebration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were presages of prosperity; but if they swam on the surface of the waters, they were inauspicious and very unlucky.

Inous, a patronymic given to the god Palæmon, as son of Ino. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 823.

Inōpus, a river of Delos, which the inhabitants suppose to be the Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks that Apollo and Diana were born. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 105.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Insŭbres, the inhabitants of Insubria, a country near the Po, supposed to be of Gallic origin. They were conquered by the Romans, and their country became a province, where the modern towns of Milan and Pavia were built. Strabo, bk. 5.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 23.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 34.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Intaphernes, one of the seven Persian noblemen who conspired against Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia. He was so disappointed for not obtaining the crown, that he fomented seditions against Darius, who had been raised to the throne after the death of the usurper. When the king had ordered him and all his family to be put to death, his wife, by frequently visiting the palace, excited the compassion of Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted her to redeem from death any one of her relations whom she pleased. She obtained her brother; and when the king expressed his astonishment, because she preferred him to her husband and children, she replied that she could procure another husband, and children likewise; out that she could never have another brother, as her father and mother were dead. Intaphernes was put to death. Herodotus, bk. 3.

Intemelium, a town at the west of Liguria, on the sea-shore. Cicero, [♦]Letters to his Friends, bk. 8, ch. 14.

[♦] ‘Div.’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends’

Interamna, an ancient city of Umbria, the birthplace of the historian Tacitus, and of the emperor of the same name. It is situate between two branches of the Nar (interamnes), whence its name. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 64.——A colony on the confines of Samnium, on the Liris.

Intercatia, a town of Spain.

Interrex, a supreme magistrate at Rome, who was intrusted with the care of the government after the death of a king, till the election of another. This office was exercised by the senators alone, and none continued in power longer than five days, or, according to Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex mentioned in Roman history, is after the death of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled with the Sabines concerning the choice of a king. There was sometimes an interrex during the consular government; but this happened only to hold assemblies in the absence of the magistrates, or when the election of any of the acting officers was disputed. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2, ch. 15.

Inui castrum. See: [Castrum Inui]. It received its name from Inuus, a divinity supposed to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and worshipped in this city.

Inȳcus, a city of Sicily. Herodotus.

Io, daughter of Inachus, or, according to others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discovered the object of his affections, and surprised him in the company of Io, though he had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of clouds and thick mists. Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful heifer; and the goddess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from her husband the animal whose beauty she had condescended to commend. Juno commanded the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for the situation of Io, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to restore her to liberty. See: [Argus]. Io, freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now persecuted by Juno; who sent one of the furies, or rather a malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered over the greatest part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno’s insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore her to her ancient form; and when the god had changed her from a heifer into a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she married Telegonus king of Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and she treated her subjects with such mildness and humanity, that after death she received divine honours, and was worshipped under the name of Isis. According to Herodotus, Io was carried away by Phœnician merchants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, who had been stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose that Io never came to Egypt. She is sometimes called Phoronis, from her brother Phoroneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 748.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 18.—Moschus.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 789.—Hyginus, fable 145.

Iobates and Jobates, a king of Lycia, father of Stenobœa, the wife of Prœtus king of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne by Bellerophon, to whom he had given one of his daughters, called Philonoe, in marriage. See: [Bellerophon]. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Hyginus, fable 57.

Iobes, a son of Hercules by a daughter of Thespius. He died in his youth. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Jocasta, a daughter of Menœceus, who married Laius king of Thebes, by whom she had Œdipus. She afterwards married her son Œdipus, without knowing who he was, and had by him Eteocles, Polynices, &c. See: [Laius], [Œdipus]. When she discovered that she had married her own son, and had been guilty of incest, she hanged herself in despair. She is called Epicasta by some mythologists. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 42.—Seneca & Sophocles, Œdipus.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Hyginus, fable 66, &c.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.

Iolaia, a festival at Thebes, the same as that called Heracleia. It was instituted in honour of Hercules and his friend Iolas, who assisted him in conquering the hydra. It continued during several days, on the first of which were offered solemn sacrifices. The next day horse-races and athletic exercises were exhibited. The following day was set apart for wrestling; the victors were crowned with garlands of myrtle, generally used at funeral solemnities. They were sometimes rewarded with tripods of brass. The place where the exercises were exhibited was called Iolaion, where there were to be seen the monument of Amphitryon, and the cenotaph of Iolas, who was buried in Sardinia. These monuments were strewed with garlands and flowers on the day of the festival.

Iŏlas, or Iolāus, a son of Iphiclus king of Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in conquering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron the place where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the growth of others. See: [Hydra]. He was restored to his youth and vigour by Hebe, at the request of his friend Hercules. Some time afterwards, Iolas assisted the Heraclidæ against Eurystheus, and killed the tyrant with his own hand. According to Plutarch, Iolas had a monument in Bœotia and Phocis, where lovers used to go and bind themselves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity, considering the place as sacred to love and friendship. According to Diodorus and Pausanias, Iolas died and was buried in Sardinia, where he had gone to make a settlement at the head of the sons of Hercules by the 50 daughters of Thespius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 399.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.——A compiler of a Phœnician history.——A friend of Æneas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian wars. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 640.——A son of Antipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. Plutarch.

Iolchos, a town of Magnesia, above Demetrias, where Jason was born. It was founded by Cretheus son of Æolus and Enaretta. Mela mentions it as at some distance from the sea, though all the other ancient geographers place it on the sea-shore. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 192.

Iŏle, a daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia. Her father promised her in marriage to Hercules, but he refused to perform his engagements, and Iole was carried away by force. See: [Eurytus]. It was to extinguish the love of Hercules for Iole that Dejanira sent him the poisoned tunic, which caused his death. See: [Hercules] and [Dejanira]. After the death of Hercules, Iole married his son Hyllus by Dejanira. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 279.

Ion, a son of Xuthus and Creusa daughter of Erechtheus, who married Helice, the daughter of Selinus king of Ægiale. He succeeded on the throne of his father-in-law, and built a city, which he called Helice, on account of his wife. His subjects from him received the name of Ionians, and the country that of Ionia. See: [Iones] and [Ionia]. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 94; bk. 8, ch. 44.——A tragic poet of Chios, whose tragedies, when represented at Athens, met with universal applause. He is mentioned and greatly commended by Aristophanes and Athenæus, &c. Athenæus, bk. 10, &c.——A native of Ephesus, introduced in Plato’s dialogues as reasoning with Socrates.

Iōne, one of the Nereides.

Iōnes, a name originally given to the subjects of Ion, who dwelt at Helice. In the age of Ion the Athenians made a war against the people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against their enemies. Ion conquered the Eleusinians and Eumolpus, who was at their head; and the Athenians, sensible of his services, invited him to come and settle among them; and the more strongly to show their affection, they assumed the name of Ionians. Some suppose that, after this victory, Ion passed into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. When the Achæans were driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan war, they came to settle among the Ionians, who were then masters of Ægialus. They were soon dispossessed of their territories by the Achæans, and went to Attica, where they met with a cordial reception. Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor was about 60 years after the return of the Heraclidæ, B.C. 1044, and 80 years after the departure of the Æolians; and they therefore finally settled themselves, after a wandering life of about 30 years.

Iōnia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Æolia, on the west by the Ægean and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was founded by colonies from Greece, and particularly Attica, by the Ionians, or subjects of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, which formed a celebrated confederacy, often mentioned by the ancients. These 12 states were Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomenæ, Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, Phocæa, Erythræ, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, which they called Pan Ionium, from the concourse of people that flocked there from every part of Ionia. After they had enjoyed for some time their freedom and independence, they were made tributary to the power of Lydia by Crœsus. The Athenians assisted them to shake off the slavery of the Asiatic monarchs; but they soon forgot their duty and relation to their mother country, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece. They were delivered from the Persian yoke by Alexander, and restored to their original independence. They were reduced by the Romans under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has been always celebrated for the salubrity of the climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and the genius of its inhabitants. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 6 & 28.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1.——An ancient name given to Hellas, or Achaia, because it was for some time the residence of the Ionians.

Iōnium mare, a part of the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, lying between Sicily and Greece. That part of the Ægean sea which lies on the coast of Ionia, in Asia, is called the sea of Ionia, and not the Ionian sea. According to some authors, the Ionian sea receives its name from Io, who swam across there, after she had been metamorphosed into a heifer. Strabo, bk. 7, &c.—Dionysius Periegetes.

Iōpas, a king of Africa, among the suitors of Dido. He was an excellent musician, poet, and philosopher, and he exhibited his superior abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave to Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 744.

Iōpe and Joppa, now Jafa, a famous town of Phœnicia, more ancient than the deluge, according to some traditions. It was about 40 miles from the capital of Judæa, and was remarkable for a seaport much frequented, though very dangerous on account of the great rocks that lie before it. Strabo, bk. 16, &c.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 28, li. 51.——A daughter of Iphicles, who married Theseus. Plutarch.

Iŏphon, a son of Sophocles, who accused his father of imprudence in the management of his affairs, &c. Lucian, de Macrobii.——A poet of Gnossus, in Crete. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 34.

Jordānes, a river of Judæa, illustrious in sacred history. It rises near mount Libanus, and after running through the lake Samachonitis, and that of Tiberias, it falls, after a course of 150 miles, into the Dead sea. Strabo, bk. 16.

Jornandes, an historian who wrote a book on the Goths. He died A.D. 552.

Ios, now Nio, an island in the Myrtoan sea, at the south of Naxos, celebrated, as some say, for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of his mother. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Josēphus Flavius, a celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, who signalized his military abilities in supporting a siege of 47 days against Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of Judæa. When the city surrendered, there were not found less than 40,000 Jews slain, and the number of captives amounted to 1200. Josephus saved his life by flying into a cave, where 40 of his countrymen had also taken refuge. He dissuaded them from committing suicide, and when they had all drawn lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately remained the last, and surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gained the conqueror’s esteem, by foretelling that he would become one day the master of the Roman empire. Josephus was present at the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, and received all the sacred books which it contained from the conqueror’s hands. He came to Rome with Titus, where he was honoured with the name and privileges of a Roman citizen. Here he made himself esteemed by the emperors Vespasian and Titus, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote the history of the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac, and afterwards translated it into Greek. This composition so pleased Titus, that he authenticated it by placing his signature upon it, and preserving it in one of the public libraries. He finished another work, which he divided into 20 books, containing the history of the Jewish antiquities, in some places subversive of the authority and miracles mentioned in the scriptures. He also wrote two books to defend the Jews against Apion their greatest enemy; besides an account of his own life, &c. Josephus has been admired for his lively and animated style, the bold propriety of his expressions, the exactness of his descriptions, and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. He has been called the Livy of the Greeks. Though in some cases inimical to the christians, yet he has commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. Jerome calls him a christian writer. Josephus died A.D. 93, in the 56th year of his age. The best editions of his works are Hudson’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1720, and Havercamp’s, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1726. Suetonius, Vespasian, &c.

Joviānus Flavius Claudius, a native of Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first refused to be invested with the imperial purple, because his subjects followed the religious principles of the late emperor; but they removed his groundless apprehensions, and when they assured him that they were warm for christianity, he accepted the crown. He made a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, against whom Julian was marching with a victorious army. Jovian died seven months and 20 days after his ascension, and was found in his bed suffocated by the vapour of charcoal, which had been lighted in the room, A.D. 364. Some attribute his death to intemperance, and say that he was the son of a baker. He burned a celebrated library at Antioch. Marcellinus.

Iphianassa, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe and Lysippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. See: [Prœtides].——The wife of Endymion.

Iphĭclus, or Iphicles, a son of Amphitryon and Alcmena, born at the same birth with Hercules. As these two children were together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two large serpents to destroy him. At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the house; but Hercules, though not a year old, boldly seized them, one in each hand, and squeezed them to death. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Theocritus.——A king of Phylace, in Phthiotis, son of Phylacus and Clymene. He had bulls famous for their bigness, and the monster which kept them. Melampus, at the request of his brother [See: [Melampus]], attempted to steal them away, but he was caught in the act, and imprisoned. Iphicles soon received some advantages from the prophetical knowledge of his prisoner, and not only restored him to liberty, but also presented him with the oxen. Iphicles, who was childless, learned from the soothsayer how to become a father. He had married Automedusa, and afterwards a daughter of Creon king of Thebes. He was father to Podarce and Protesilaus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11; Iliad, bk. 13.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36.——A son of Thestius king of Pleuron. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Iphicrătes, a celebrated general of Athens, who, though son of a shoemaker, rose from the lowest station to the highest offices in the state. He made war against the Thracians, obtained some victories over the Spartans, and assisted the Persian king against Egypt. He changed the dress and arms of his soldiers, and rendered them more alert and expeditious in using their weapons. He married a daughter of Cotys king of Thrace, by whom he had a son called Mnesteus, and died 380 B.C. When he was once reproached for the meanness of his origin, he observed that he would be the first of his family, but that his detractor would be the last of his own. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates.——A sculptor of Athens.——An Athenian sent to Darius III. king of Persia, &c. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Iphĭdămus, a son of Antenor and Theano, killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.

Iphĭdĕmīa, a Thessalian woman, ravished by the Naxians, &c.

Iphĭgēnĭa, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, going to the Trojan war, were detained by contrary winds at Aulis, they were informed by one of the soothsayers, that to appease the gods, they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon’s daughter, to Diana. See: [Agamemnon]. The father, who had provoked the goddess by killing her favourite stag, heard this with the greatest horror and indignation, and rather than to shed the blood of his daughter, he commanded one of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces, to order all the assembly to depart each to his respective home. Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and Agamemnon consented to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks sent for her on pretence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to Aulis: here she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice; she implored the forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and entreaties were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his hand, and as he was going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for the sacrifice. This supernatural change animated the Greeks, the wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined fleet set sail from Aulis. Iphigenia’s innocence had raised the compassion of the goddess on whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she carried her to Taurica, where she entrusted her with the care of her temple. In this sacred office Iphigenia was obliged, by the command of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers who came into that country. Many had already been offered as victims on the bloody altar, when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled friendship [See: [Pylades] and [Orestes]] disclosed to Iphigenia that one of the strangers whom she was going to sacrifice was her brother; and, upon this, she conspired with the two friends to fly from the barbarous country, and carry away the statue of the goddess. They successfully effected their enterprise, and murdered Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifices. According to some authors, the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter of Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by [♦]Theseus. Homer does not speak of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the description of the Grecian forces, adventures, &c. The statue of Diana, which Iphigenia brought away, was afterwards placed in the grove of Aricia in Italy. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 16.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 31.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, ch. 116.—Aeschylus.—Euripides.

[♦] ‘Thesus’ replaced with ‘Theseus’

Iphĭmĕdīa, a daughter of Tropias, who married the giant Alœus. She fled from her husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephialtes, by Neptune, her father’s father. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 124.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Iphimedon, a son of Eurystheus, killed in a war against the Athenians and Heraclidæ. Apollodorus.

Iphĭmĕdūsa, one of the daughters of Danaus, who married Euchenor. See: [Danaides].

Iphinoe, one of the principal women of Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all the males of the island after their return from a Thracian expedition. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 163.——One of the daughters of Prœtus. She died of a disease while under the care of Melampus. See: [Prœtides].

Iphinous, one of the centaurs. Ovid.

Iphis, son of Alector, succeeded his father on the throne of Argos. He advised Polynices, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the Theban war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar of Harmonia. This succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Flaccus, bks. 1, 3, & 7.——A beautiful youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He became enamoured of Anaxarete, and the coldness and contempt he met with rendered him so desperate that he hung himself. Anaxarete saw him carried to his grave without emotion, and was instantly changed into a stone. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 703.——A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.——A mistress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.——A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of Crete. When Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy her child, if it proved a daughter, because his poverty could not afford to maintain a useless charge. The severe orders of her husband alarmed Telethusa, and she would have obeyed, had not Isis commanded her in a dream to spare the life of her child. Telethusa brought forth a daughter, which was given to a nurse, and passed for a boy under the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant of the deceit, and when Iphis was come to the years of puberty, her father resolved to give her in marriage to Ianthe, the beautiful daughter of Telestes. A day to celebrate the nuptials was appointed, but Telethusa and her daughter were equally anxious to put off the marriage; and, when all was unavailing, they implored the assistance of Isis, by whose advice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The goddess was moved; she changed the sex of Iphis, and, on the morrow, the nuptials were consummated with the greatest rejoicings. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 666, &c.

Iphition, an ally of the Trojans, son of Otryntheus and Nais, killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 382.

Iphĭtus, a son of Eurytus king of Œchalia. When his father had promised his daughter Iole to him who could overcome him or his sons in drawing the bow, Hercules accepted the challenge, and came off victorious. Eurytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, observing that Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, and that Iole might perhaps share the same fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was suspected of the theft. Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and in his search he met with Hercules, whose good favours he had gained by advising Eurytus to give Iole to the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in seeking the lost animals; but when he recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus, he killed Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls of Tirynthus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 21.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.——A Trojan, who survived the ruin of his country, and fled with Æneas to Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 340, &c.——A king of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re-established the olympic games 338 years after their institution by Hercules, or about 884 years before the christian era. This epoch is famous in chronological history, as everything previous to it seems involved in fabulous obscurity. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 4.

Iphthime, a sister of Penelope, who married Eumelus. She appeared, by the power of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to comfort her in the absence of her son Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 795.

Ipsea, the mother of Medea. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 232.

Ipsus, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a battle which was fought there, about 301 years before the christian era, between Antigonus and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. The former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse, with 75 elephants. The latter’s forces consisted of above 64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed chariots. Antigonus and his son were defeated. Plutarch, Demetrius.

Ira, a city of Messenia, which Agamemnon promised to Achilles, if he would resume his arms to fight against the Trojans. This place is famous in history, as having supported a siege of 11 years against the Lacedæmonians. Its capture, B.C. 671, put an end to the second Messenian war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, lis. 150 & 292.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Irenæus, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. He wrote on different subjects; but, as what remains is in Latin, some suppose that he composed in that language, and not in the Greek. Fragments of his works in Greek are, however, preserved, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and often animated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He suffered martyrdom, A.D. 202. The best edition of his works is that of Grabe, Oxford, folio, 1702.

Irēne, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.——One of the seasons among the Greeks, called by the moderns Horæ. Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daughters of Jupiter and Themis. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Iresus, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cyrene, where Battus fixed his residence. The Egyptians were once defeated there by the inhabitants of Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 158, &c.

Iris, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods, and more particularly of Juno. Her office was to cut the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body of those that were expiring. She is the same as the rainbow, and, from that circumstance, she is represented with wings, with all the variegated and beautiful colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting behind Juno ready to execute her commands. She is likewise described as supplying the clouds with water to deluge the world. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 266.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 271 et seq.; bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 10, li. 585.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 694.——A river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 121.——A river of Pontus.

Irus, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the commissions of Penelope’s suitors. When Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar’s dress, Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and even challenged him. Ulysses brought him to the ground with a blow, and dragged him out of the house. From his poverty originates the proverb, Iro pauperior. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 8, lis. 1 & 35.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 42.——A mountain of India.

Is, a small river falling into the Euphrates. Its waters abound with bitumen. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 179.——A small town on the river of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 179.

Isădas, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the Thebans entering the city, stripped himself naked, and with a spear and sword engaged the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown for his valour. Plutarch.

Isæa, one of the Nereides.

Isæus, an orator of Chalcis, in Eubœa, who came to Athens, and became there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demosthenes. Some suppose that he reformed the dissipation and imprudence of his early years by frugality and temperance. Demosthenes imitated him in preference to Isocrates, because he studied force and energy of expression rather than floridness of style. Ten of his 64 orations are extant. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 74.—Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators.—Demosthenes.——Another Greek orator, who came to Rome, A.D. 17. He is greatly recommended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke extempore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great correctness.

Isamus, a river of India.

Isander, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the war which his father made against the Solymi. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.

Isāpis, a river of Umbria. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

Isar and Isara, the Isore, a river of Gaul, where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rises at the east of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone near Valence. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 399.——Another called the Oyse, which falls into the Seine below Paris.

Isar and Isæus, a river of Vindelicia. Strabo, bk. 4.

Isarchus, an Athenian archon, B.C. 424.

Isaura (a, or orum), the chief town of Isauria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Isauria, a country of Asia Minor, near mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold and warlike. The Roman emperors, particularly Probus and Gallus, made war against them and conquered them. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Strabo.—Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 2.

Isaurĭcus, a surname of Publius Servilius, from his conquests over the Isaurians. Ovid, bk. 1, Fasti, li. 594.—Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 21.

Isaurus, a river of Umbria, falling into the Adriatic.——Another in Magna Græcia. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

Ischenia, an annual festival at Olympia, in honour of Ischenus the grandson of Mercury and Hiera, who, in a time of famine, devoted himself for his country, and was honoured with a monument near Olympia.

Ischolaus, a brave and prudent general of Sparta, &c. Polyænus.

Ischomăchus, a noble athlete of Crotona, about the consulship of Marcus Valerius and Publius Posthumius.

Ischopŏlis, a town of Pontus.

Iscia. See: [Œnotrides].

Isdegerdes, a king of Persia, appointed by the will of Arcadius, guardian to Theodosius II. He died in his 31st year, A.D. 408.

Isia, certain festivals observed in honour of Isis, which continued nine days. It was usual to carry vessels full of wheat and barley, as the goddess was supposed to be the first who taught mankind the use of corn. These festivals were adopted by the Romans, among whom they soon degenerated into licentiousness. They were abolished by a decree of the senate, A.U.C. 696. They were introduced again, about 200 years after, by Commodus.

Isiacōrum portus, a harbour on the shore of the Euxine, near Dacia.

Isidōrus, a native of Charax, in the age of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical treatises, besides a description of Parthia.——A disciple of Chrysostom, called Pelusiota, from his living in Egypt. Of his epistles 2012 remain written in Greek, with conciseness and elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1638.——A christian Greek writer, who flourished in the seventh century. He is surnamed Hispalensis. His works have been edited, folio, de Breul, Paris, 1601.

Isis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human form in Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people with mildness and equity, for which reason she received divine honours after death. According to some traditions mentioned by Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was pregnant by him even before she had left her mother’s womb. These two ancient deities, as some authors observe, comprehended all nature, and all the gods of the heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans, &c. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion of Typhon the brother of Osiris proved fatal to this sovereign. See: [Osiris] and [Typhon]. The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had diligently applied themselves in cultivating the earth. See: [Apis]. As Isis was supposed to be the moon, and Osiris the sun, she was represented as holding a globe in her hand, with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyptians believed that the yearly and regular inundations of the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, whom Typhon had basely murdered. The word Isis, according to some, signifies ancient, and, on that account, the inscriptions on the statues of the goddess were often in these words: I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among mortals has hitherto taken off my veil. The worship of Isis was universal in Egypt; the priests were obliged to observe perpetual chastity, their head was closely shaved, and they always walked barefooted, and clothed themselves in linen garments. They never ate onions, they abstained from salt with their meat, and were forbidden to eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night they were employed in continual devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopatra the beautiful queen of Egypt was wont to dress herself like this goddess, and affected to be called a second Isis. Cicero, De Divinatione, bk. 1.—Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 59.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 831.

Ismărus (Ismăra, plural), a rugged mountain of Thrace, covered with vines and olives, near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. Its wines are excellent. The word Ismarius is indiscriminately used for Thracian. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 9.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 37; Æneid, bk. 10, li. 351.——A Theban, son of Astacus.——A son of Eumolpus. Apollodorus.——A Lydian who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and fought with great vigour against the Rutuli. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 139.

Ismēne, a daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta, who, when her sister Antigone had been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving burial to her brother Polynices against the tyrant’s positive orders, declared herself as guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being equally punished with her. This instance of generosity was strongly opposed by Antigone, who wished not to see her sister involved in her calamities. Sophocles, Antigone.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.——A daughter of the river Asopus, who married the hundred-eyed Argus, by whom she had Jasus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Ismēnias, a celebrated musician of Thebes. When he was taken prisoner by the Scythians, Atheas the king of the country observed that he liked the music of Ismenias better than the braying of an ass. Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica.——A Theban, bribed by Timocrates of Rhodes, that he might use his influence to prevent the Athenians and some other Grecian states from assisting Lacedæmon, against which Xerxes was engaged in war. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 9.——A Theban general, sent to Persia with an embassy by his countrymen. As none were admitted into the king’s presence without prostrating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had recourse to artifice to avoid doing an action which would have proved disgraceful to his country. When he was introduced he dropped his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground was mistaken for the most submissive homage, and Ismenias had a satisfactory audience of the monarch.——A river of Bœotia, falling into the Euripus, where Apollo had a temple, from which he was called Ismenius. A youth was yearly chosen by the Bœotians to be the priest of the god, an office to which Hercules was once appointed. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses bk. 2.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Ismenĭdes, an epithet applied to the Theban women, as being near the Ismenus, a river of Bœotia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 31.

Ismenius, a surname of Apollo at Thebes, where he had a temple on the borders of the Ismenus.

Ismēnus, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave his name to the Ladon, a river of Bœotia, near Thebes, falling into the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.——A son of Asopus and Metope. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.——A son of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 6.

Isŏcrătes, a celebrated orator, son of Theodorus, a rich musical instrument maker at Athens. He was taught in the schools of Georgias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities were never displayed in public, and Isocrates was prevented by an unconquerable timidity from speaking in the popular assemblies. He opened a school of eloquence at Athens, where he distinguished himself by the number, character, and fame of his pupils, and by the immense riches which he amassed. He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly corresponded with him; and to his familiarity with that monarch the Athenians were indebted for some of the few peaceful years which they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, however, displeased Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronæa had such an effect upon his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace of his country, but died, after he had been four days without taking any aliment, in the 99th year of his age, about 338 years before Christ. Isocrates has always been much admired for the sweetness and graceful simplicity of his style, for the harmony of his expressions, and the dignity of his language. The remains of his orations extant inspire the world with the highest veneration for his abilities as a moralist, an orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, however, is lessened by those who accuse him of plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his panegyric. He was so studious of correctness, that his lines are sometimes poetry. The severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates highly displeased him, and, in spite of all the undeserved unpopularity of that great philosopher, he put on mourning the day of his death. About 31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was honoured after death with a brazen serpent by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and Aphareus his adopted son. The best editions of Isocrates are that of Battie, 2 vols., 8vo, Cambridge, 1729, and that of Auger, 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1782. Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators, &c.—Cicero, Orator, ch. 20 ; De Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 126; Brutus, ch. 15; On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Quintilian, bk. 2, &c.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 16.——One of the officers of the Peloponnesian fleet, &c. Thucydides.——One of the disciples of Isocrates.——A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to the Romans, &c.

Issa, now Lissa, an island in the Adriatic sea, on the coast of Dalmatia.——A town of Illyricum. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.—Marcellinus, bk. 26, ch. 25.

Isse, a daughter of Macareus the son of Lycaon. She was beloved by Apollo, who, to obtain her confidence, changed himself into the form of a shepherd, to whom she was attached. This metamorphosis of Apollo was represented on the web of Arachne. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 124.

Issus, now Aisse, a town of Cilicia, on the confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought there between Alexander the Great and the Persians under Darius their king, in October, B.C. 333, in consequence of which it was called Nicopolis. In this battle the Persians lost, in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to Diodorus Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former and 10,000 of the latter were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken prisoners. The loss of the Macedonians, as he further adds, was no more than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to Curtius, the Persians slain amounted to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse; and those of Alexander to 32 foot and 150 horse killed, and 504 wounded. This spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A.D. 194. Plutarch, Alexander.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 9.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Arrian.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 20; Letters to his Friends, bk. 2, ltr. 10.

Ister and Istrus, an historian, disciple to Callimachus. Diogenes Laërtius.——A large river of Europe, falling into the Euxine sea, called also the Danube. See: [Danubius].——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Isthmia, sacred games among the Greeks, which received their names from the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were observed. They were celebrated in commemoration of Melicerta, who was changed into a sea deity, when his mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with him in her arms. The body of Melicerta, according to some traditions, when cast upon the sea-shore, received an honourable burial, in memory of which the Isthmian games were instituted, B.C. 1326. They were interrupted after they had been celebrated with great regularity during some years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly called his father. These games were observed every third, or rather fifth, year, and held so sacred and inviolable that even a public calamity could not prevent the celebration. When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general, they were observed with the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were entrusted with the superintendence, which had been before one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind were exhibited, and the victors were rewarded with garlands of pine leaves. Some time after the custom was changed, and the victor received a crown of dry and withered parsley. The years were reckoned by the celebration of the Isthmian games, as among the Romans from the consular government. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2, chs. 1 & 2.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Plutarch, Theseus.

Isthmius, a king of Messenia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Isthmus, a small neck of land which joins one country to another, and prevents the sea from making them separate, such as that of Corinth, called often the Isthmus by way of eminence, which joins Peloponnesus to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across and make a communication between the two seas, but in vain. It is now called Hexamili. Strabo, bk. 1.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 4.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 101.

Istiæotis, a country of Greece, near Ossa. See: [Histiæotis].

Istria, a province at the west of Illyricum, at the top of the Adriatic sea, whose inhabitants were originally pirates, and lived on plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till six centuries after the foundation of that city. Strabo, bk. 1.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Livy, bk. 10, &c.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 19.—Justin, bk. 9, ch. 2.

Istropŏlis, a city of Thrace near the mouth of the Ister, founded by a Milesian colony. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Isus and Antĭphus, sons of Priam, the latter by Hecuba, and the former by a concubine. They were seized by Achilles, as they fed their father’s flocks on mount Ida; but they were redeemed by Priam, and fought against the Greeks. They were both killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.——A city of Bœotia. Strabo, bk. 9.

Itălia, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene seas, and by the Alpine mountains. It has been compared, and with some similitude, to a man’s leg. It has borne, at different periods, the different names of Saturnia, Œnotria, Hesperia, Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received the name of Italy either from Italus, a king of the country, or from Italos, a Greek word which signifies an ox, an animal very common in that part of Europe. The boundaries of Italy appear to have been formed by nature itself, which seems to have been particularly careful in supplying this country with whatever may contribute not only to the support, but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. It has been called the garden of Europe; and the panegyric which Pliny bestows upon it seems not in any degree exaggerated. The ancient inhabitants called themselves Aborigines, offspring of the soil, and the country was soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pelasgi and the Arcadians made settlements there, and the whole country was divided into as many different governments as there were towns, till the rapid increase of the Roman power [See: [Roma]] changed the face of Italy, and united all its states in support of one common cause. Italy has been the mother of arts as well as of arms, and the immortal monuments which remain of the eloquence and poetical abilities of its inhabitants are universally known. It was divided into 11 small provinces or regions by Augustus, though sometimes known under the three greater divisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy properly so called, and Magna Græcia. The sea above was called Superum, and that at the south Inferum. Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Justin, bk. 4, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Dion, Alcibiades, &c.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.—Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Polybius, bk. 2.—Florus, bk. 2.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 16.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 397, &c.—Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.

Italĭca, a town of Italy, called also Corfinium.——A town of Spain, now Sevilla la Vieja, built by Scipio for the accommodation of his wounded soldiers. Aulus Gellius, bk. 16, ch. 13.—Appian, Wars in Spain.

Italĭcus, a poet. See: [Silius Italicus].

Itălus, a son of Telegonus. Hyginus, fable 127.——An Arcadian prince, who came to Italy, where he established a kingdom, called after him. It is supposed that he received divine honours after death, as Æneas calls upon him among the deities to whom he paid his adoration when he entered Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 178.——A prince, whose daughter Roma by his wife Leucaria is said to have married Æneas or Ascanius. Plutarch, Romulus.——A king of the Cherusci, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 16.

Itargris, a river of Germany.

Itea, a daughter of Danaus. Hyginus, fable 170.

Itemales, an old man who exposed Œdipus on mount Cithæron, &c. Hyginus, fable 65.

Ithăca, a celebrated island in the Ionian sea, on the western parts of Greece, with a city of the same name, famous for being part of the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and mountainous, measures about 25 miles in circumference, and is now known by the name of Isola del Compare, or Thiachi. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 139; Odyssey, bk. 1, li. 186; bk. 4, li. 601; bk. 9, li. 20.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Ithacesiæ, three islands opposite Vibo, on the coast of the Brutii.——Baiæ was called also Ithacesiæ, because built by Bajus the pilot of Ulysses. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 113.

Ithobălus, a king of Tyre, who died B.C. 595. Josephus.

Ithōme, a town of Phthiotis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.——Another of Messenia, which surrendered, after 10 years’ siege, to Lacedæmon, 724 years before the christian era. Jupiter was call Ithomates, from a temple which he had there, where games were also celebrated, and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 32.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 179.—Strabo, bk. 8.

Ithomaia, a festival in which musicians contended, observed at Ithome, in honour of Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave her name to a city, and the latter to a river.

Ithyphallus, an obscene name of Priapus. Columella, bk. 10.—Diodorus, bk. 1.

Itius Portus, a town of Gaul, now Wetsand, or Boulogne, in Picardy. Cæsar set sail from thence on his passage into Britain. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 21; bk. 5, chs. 2 & 5.

Itōnia, a surname of Minerva, from a place in Bœotia, where she was worshipped.

Itōnus, a king of Thessaly, son of Deucalion, who first invented the manner of polishing metals. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 402.

Ituna, a river of Britain, now Eden, in Cumberland.

Itūræa, a country of Palestine, whose inhabitants were very skilful in drawing the bow. Lucan, bk. 7, lis. 230 & 514.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 448.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Itūrum, a town of Umbria.

Ity̆lus, a son of Zetheus and Ædon, killed by his mother. See: [Ædon]. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19, li. 462.

Ityræi, a people of Palestine. See: [Ituræa].

Itys, a son of Tereus king of Thrace by Procne, daughter of Pandion king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six years old, and served up as meat before his father. He was changed into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into an owl. See: [Philomela]. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 620; Amores, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 29.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 12.——A Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 574.

Juba, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, who succeeded his father Hiempsal, and favoured the cause of Pompey against Julius Cæsar. He defeated Curio, whom Cæsar had sent to Africa, and after the battle of Pharsalia, he joined his forces to those of Scipio. He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his subjects. He killed himself with Petreius, who had shared his good fortune and his adversity. His kingdom became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the first governor. Plutarch, Pompey & Cæsar.—Florus, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 35.—Dio Cassius, bk. 41.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 6.—Lucan, bk. 3, &c.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 54.——The second of that name was the son of Juba I. He was led among the captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of Cæsar. His captivity was the source of the greatest honours, and his application to study procured him more glory than he could have obtained from the inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the courteousness of his manners, and Augustus rewarded his fidelity by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, and conferring upon him the title of king, and making him master of all the territories which his father once possessed. His popularity was so great, that the Mauritanians rewarded his benevolence by making him one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a statue, and the Æthiopians worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the ancients, but of which only a few fragments remain. He also wrote on the history of Arabia and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from Berosus. Besides these he composed some treatises upon the drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c., now lost. Strabo, bk. 17.—Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 26.—Pliny, bk. 5, chs. 25 & 32.—Dio Cassius, bk. 51, &c.

Judacilius, a native of Asculum celebrated for his patriotism, in the age of Pompey, &c.

Judæa, a famous country of Assyria, bounded by Arabia, Egypt, Phœnicia, the Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabitants, whose history is best collected from the Holy Scriptures, were chiefly governed after their Babylonish captivity by the high priests, who raised themselves to the rank of princes, B.C. 153, and continued in the enjoyment of regal power till the age of Augustus. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.—Strabo, bk. 16.—Dio Cassius, bk. 36.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 6.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 593.

Jugālis, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage. Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

Jugantes, a people of Britain. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 32.

Jugarius, a street in Rome, below the Capitol.

Jugurtha, the illegitimate son of Manastabal the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa king of Numidia. Micipsa, who had inherited his father’s kingdom, educated his nephew with his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he was of an aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of troops to the assistance of Scipio, who was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of his children. His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed himself brave and active, and endeared himself to the Roman general. Micipsa appointed him successor to his kingdom with his two sons, but the kindness of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adherbal of his possessions, and obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. The Romans listened to the well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but Jugurtha’s gold prevailed among the senators, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in his distress, perished by the snares of his enemy. Cæcilius Metellus was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his firmness and success soon reduced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to fly among his savage neighbours for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at last betrayed by his father-in-law Bocchus, from whom he claimed assistance, and he was delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a war of five years. He was exposed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put in a prison, where he died six days after of hunger, B.C. 106. The name and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the pen of Sallust. Sallust, Jugurthine War.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.—Plutarch, Caius Marius & Sulla.—Eutropius, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Julia lex, prima de provinciis, by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691. It confirmed the freedom of all Greece; it ordained that the Roman magistrates should act there as judges, and that the towns and villages through which the Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed should maintain them during their stay; that the governors, at the expiration of their office, should leave a scheme of their accounts in two cities of their province, and deliver a copy of it at the public treasury; that the provincial governors should not accept of a golden crown unless they were honoured with a triumph by the senate; that no supreme commander should go out of his province, enter any dominions, lead an army, or engage in a war, without the previous approbation and command of the Roman senate and people.——Another, de sumptibus, in the age of Augustus. It limited the expense of provisions on the dies profesti, or days appointed for the transaction of business, to 200 sesterces; on common calendar festivals to 300; and on all extraordinary occasions, such as marriages, births, &c., to 1000.——Another, de provinciis, by Julius Cæsar Dictator. It ordained that no pretorian province should be held more than one year, and a consular province more than two years.——Another, called also Campana agraria, by the same, A.U.C. 691. It required that all the lands of Campania, formerly rented according to the estimation of the state, should be divided among the plebeians, and that all the members of the senate should bind themselves by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect that law.——Another, de civitate, by Lucius Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 664. It rewarded with the name and privileges of citizens of Rome all such as, during the civil wars, had remained the constant friends of the republican liberty. When that civil war was at an end, all the Italians were admitted as free denizens, and composed eight new tribes.——Another, de judicibus, by Julius Cæsar. It confirmed the Pompeian law in a certain manner, requiring the judges to be chosen from the richest people in every century, allowing the senators and knights in the number, and excluding the tribuni ærarii.——Another, de ambitu, by Augustus. It restrained the illicit measures used at elections, and restored to the comitia their ancient privileges, which had been destroyed by the ambition and bribery of Julius Cæsar.——Another, by Augustus, de adulterio & pudicitiâ. It punished adultery with death. It was afterwards confirmed and enforced by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 30, alludes to it.——Another, called also Papia, or Papia Poppæa, which was the same as the following, only enlarged by the consuls Papius and Poppæus, A.U.C. 762.——Another, de maritandis ordinibus, by Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as engaged in matrimony, of a particular description. It inflicted punishment on celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the senators and sons of senators excepted, to intermarry with the libertini, or children of those that had been liberti, or servants manumitted. Horace alludes to it when he speaks of lex marita.——Another, de majestate, by Julius Cæsar. It punished with aquæ & ignis interdictio all such as were found guilty of the crimen majestatis, or treason against the state.

Julia, a daughter of Julius Cæsar, by Cornelia, famous for her personal charms and for her virtues. She married Cornelius Cæpio, whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable disposition more strongly cemented the friendship of the father and of the son-in-law; but her sudden death in child-bed, B.C. 53, broke all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon produced a civil war. Plutarch.——The mother of Marcus Antony, whose humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her brother-in-law Julius Cæsar from the cruel prosecutions of her son.——An aunt of Julius Cæsar, who married Caius Marius. Her funeral oration was publicly pronounced by her nephew.——The only daughter of the emperor Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in marriage to Marcellus; after whose death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she had five children. She became a second time a widow, and was married to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted her husband, that he retired from the court of the emperor; and Augustus, informed of her lustful propensities and infamy, banished her from his sight, and confined her in a small island on the coast of Campania. She was starved to death, A.D. 14, by order of Tiberius, who had succeeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. Plutarch.——A daughter of the emperor Titus, who prostituted herself to her brother Domitian.——A daughter of Julia the wife of Agrippa, who married Lepidas, and was banished for her licentiousness.——A daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos, A.D. 17. She married a senator called Marcus Vinucius, at the age of 16, and enjoyed the most unbounded favours in the court of her brother Caligula, who is accused of being her first seducer. She was banished by Caligula on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled her; but she was soon after banished by the powerful intrigues of Messalina, and put to death about the 24th year of her age. She was no stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she prostituted herself as freely to the meanest of the people as to the nobler companions of her brother’s extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose, was banished to Corsica for having seduced her.——A celebrated woman, born in Phœnicia. She is also called Domna. She applied herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, &c., and rendered herself conspicuous, as much by her mental as by her personal charms. She came to Rome, where her learning recommended her to all the literati of the age. She married Septimius Severus, who, 20 years after this matrimonial connection, was invested with the imperial purple. Severus was guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, but he was blind to her foibles, and often punished with the greatest severity those vices which were enormous in the empress. She is even said to have conspired against the emperor, but she resolved to blot out, by patronizing literature, the spots which her debauchery and extravagance had rendered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her influence, after the death of Severus, was for some time productive of tranquillity and cordial union between his two sons and successors. Geta at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the arm while she attempted to screen her favourite son from his brother’s dagger. According to some, Julia committed incest with her son Caracalla, and publicly married him. She starved herself when her ambitious views were defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to the empire in preference to her, after the death of Caracalla.——A town of Gallia Togata.

Juliacum, a town of Germany, now Juliers.

Juliānus, a son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine the Great, born at Constantinople. The massacre which attended the elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to the throne, nearly proved fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two brothers were privately educated together, and taught the doctrines of the christian religion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate, and to despise the gratification of all sensual pleasures. Gallus received the instructions of his pious teachers with deference and submission, but Julian showed his dislike for christianity by secretly cherishing a desire to become one of the votaries of paganism. He gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when he went to Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he applied himself to the study of magic and astrology. He was some time after appointed over Gaul, with the title of Cæsar, by Constans, and there he showed himself worthy of the imperial dignity by his prudence, valour, and the numerous victories which he obtained over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Germany. His mildness, as well as his condescension, gained him the hearts of his soldiers; and when Constans, to whom Julian was become suspected, ordered him to send him part of his forces to go into the east, the army immediately mutinied, and promised immortal fidelity to their leader, by refusing to obey the order of Constans. They even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, to accept of the title of independent emperor and of Augustus; and the death of Constans, which soon after happened, left him sole master of the Roman empire, A.D. 261. Julian then disclosed his religious sentiments, and publicly disavowed the doctrines of christianity, and offered solemn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This change of religious opinion was attributed to the austerity with which he received the precepts of christianity, or, according to others, to the literary conversation and persuasive eloquence of some of the Athenian philosophers. From this circumstance, therefore, Julian has been called Apostate. After he had made his public entry at Constantinople, he determined to continue the Persian war, and check those barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the indolence of the Roman emperors. When he had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet, and advanced with boldness into the enemy’s country. His march was that of a conqueror; he met with no opposition from a weak and indigent enemy; but the country of Assyria had been left desolate by the Persians, and Julian, without corn or provisions, was obliged to retire. As he could not convey his fleet again over the streams of the Tigris, he took the resolution of marching up the source of the river, and imitating the bold return of the 10,000 Greeks. As he advanced through the country he defeated the officers of Sapor the king of Persia; but an engagement proved fatal to him, and he received a deadly wound as he animated his soldiers to battle. He expired the following night, the 27th of June, A.D. 363 in the 32nd year of his age. His last moments were spent in a conversation with a philosopher about the immortality of the soul, and he breathed his last without expressing the least sorrow for his fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian’s character has been admired by some and censured by others, but the malevolence of his enemies arises from his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he demands our warmest commendations; but we must blame his idolatry, and despise his bigoted principles. He was moderate in his successes, merciful to his enemies, and amiable in his character. He abolished the luxuries which reigned in the court of Constantinople, and dismissed with contempt the numerous officers who waited upon Constantius, to anoint his head or perfume his body. He was frugal in his meals and slept little, reposing himself on a skin spread on the ground. He awoke at midnight, and spent the rest of the night in reading or writing, and issued early from his tent to pay his daily visit to the guards around the camp. He was not fond of public amusements, but rather dedicated his time to study and solitude. When he passed through Antioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabitants of the place, offended at his religious sentiments, ridiculed his person and lampooned him in satirical verses. The emperor made use of the same arms for his defence, and rather than destroy his enemies by the sword, he condescended to expose them to derision, and unveil their follies and debaucheries in a humerous work, which he called Misopogon, or beard-hater. He imitated the virtuous example of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no temptation for his virtue by visiting some female captives that had fallen into his hands. In his matrimonial connections, Julian rather consulted policy than inclination, and his marriage with the sister of Constantius arose from his unwillingness to offend his benefactor, rather than to obey the laws of nature. He was buried at Tarsus, and afterwards his body was conveyed to Constantinople. He distinguished himself by his writings, as well as by his military character. Besides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also wrote two letters to the Athenians; and, besides, there are now extant 64 of his letters on various subjects. His Cæsars is the most famous of all his compositions, being a satire upon all the Roman emperors from Julius Cæsar to Constantine. It is written in the form of a dialogue, in which the author severely attacks the venerable character of Marcus Aurelius, whom he had proposed to himself as a pattern, and speaks in scurrilous and abusive language of his relation Constantine. It has been observed of Julian that, like Cæsar, he could employ at the same time his hand to write, his ear to listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate. The best edition of his works is that of Spanheim, folio, Leipsic, 1696; and of the Cæsars, that of Heusinger, 8vo, Gothæ, 1741. Julian.—Socrates.—Eutropius.—Ammianus Marcellinus.—Libanius, &c.——A son of Constantine.——A maternal uncle of the emperor Julian.——A Roman emperor. See: [Didius].——A Roman, who proclaimed himself emperor in Italy during the reign of Diocletian, &c.——A governor of Africa.——A counsellor of the emperor Adrian.——A general in Dacia, in Domitian’s reign.

Julii, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by Romulus, where they soon rose to the greatest honours of the state. Julius Cæsar and Augustus were of this family; and it was said, perhaps through flattery, that they were lineally descended from Æneas the founder of Lavinium.

Jūliomăgus, a city of Gaul, now Angers, in Anjou.

Juliopŏlis, a town of Bithynia, supposed by some to be the same as Tarsus of Cilicia.

Jūlis, a town of the island of Cos, which gave birth to Simonides, &c. The walls of this city were all marble, and there are now some pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in height, as the monuments of its ancient splendour. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Jūlius Cæsar. See: [Cæsar].——Agricola, a governor of Britain, A.C. 80, who first discovered that Britain was an island by sailing round it. His son-in-law, the historian Tacitus, has written an account of his life. Tacitus, Agricola.——Obsequens, a Latin writer who flourished A.D. 214. The best edition of his book de prodigiis is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1720.——Sextus, a pretor, &c. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 2, ch. 13.——Agrippa, banished from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.——Solinus, a writer. See: [Solinus].——Titianus, a writer in the age of Diocletian. His son became famous for his oratorical powers, and was made preceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius wrote a history of all the provinces of the Roman empire, greatly commended by the ancients. He also wrote some letters, in which he happily imitated the style and elegance of Cicero, for which he was called the ape of his age.——Africanus, a chronologer, who flourished A.D. 220.——Constantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was killed at the accession of the sons of Constantine to the throne, and his son nearly shared his fate.——Pollux, a grammarian of Naupactus, in Egypt. See: [Pollux].——Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death by order of Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punishment inflicted on him with the greatest resignation, and even pleasure.——Proculus, a Roman, who solemnly declared to his countrymen, after Romulus had disappeared, that he had seen him above a human shape, and that he had ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as a god. Julius was believed. Plutarch, Romulus.—Ovid.——Florus. See: [Florus].——Lucius Cæsar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony the triumvir the father of Cæsar the dictator. He died as he was putting on his shoes.——Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for conspiring against Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 14.——Maximinus, a Thracian, who, from a shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. See: [Maximinus].

Iūlus, the name of Ascanius the son of Æneas. See: [Ascanius].——A son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the kingdom of Alba, Æneas Sylvius the son of Æneas and Lavinia was preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 271.——A son of Antony the triumvir and Fulvi. See: [Antonius Julius].

Jūnia lex, Sacrata, by Lucius Junius Brutus the first tribune of the people, A.U.C. 260. It ordained that the person of the tribune should be held sacred and inviolable; that an appeal might be made from the consuls to the tribunes; and that no senator should be able to exercise the office of a tribune.——Another, A.U.C. 627, which excluded all foreigners from enjoying the privileges or names of Roman citizens.

Junia, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married Cassius, and died 64 years after her husband had killed himself at the battle of Philippi.——Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of incest with her brother Silanus. She was descended from Augustus. She was banished by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Junius Blæsus, a proconsul of Africa under the emperors. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 35.——Lupus, a senator who accused Vitellius of aspiring to the sovereignty, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 42.——Decimus Silanus, a Roman who committed adultery with Julia the granddaughter of Augustus, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 24.——Brutus. See: [Brutus].

Jūno, a celebrated deity among the ancients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c. She was born at Argos, or, according to others, in Samos, and was entrusted to the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tethys. Some of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed that she had been brought up by the three daughters of the river Asterion; and the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained that she had been educated under the care of Temenus the son of Pelasgus. Juno was devoured by Saturn, according to some mythologists; and according to Apollodorus she was again restored to the world by means of a potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him throw up the stone which his wife had given him to swallow instead of Jupiter. See: [Saturnus]. Jupiter was not insensible to the charms of his sister; and the more powerfully to gain her confidence he changed himself into a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and made the air unusually chill and cold. Under this form he went to the goddess, all shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, and took him into her bosom. When Jupiter had gained these advantages, he resumed his original form, and obtained the gratification of his desires, after he had made a solemn promise of marriage to his sister. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno were celebrated with the greatest solemnity: the gods, all mankind, and all the brute creation, attended. Chelone, a young woman, was the only one who refused to come, and who derided the ceremony. For this impiety Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and condemned her to perpetual silence; from which circumstance the tortoise has always been used as a symbol of silence among the ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became the queen of all the gods, and mistress of heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness, however, was frequently disturbed by the numerous amours of her husband, and she showed herself jealous and inexorable in the highest degree. Her severity to the mistresses and illegitimate children of her husband was unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules and his descendants with the most inveterate fury; and her resentment against Paris, who had given the golden apple to Venus in preference to herself, was the cause of the Trojan war and of all the miseries which happened to the unfortunate house of Priam. Her severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c., are also well known. Juno had some children by Jupiter. According to Hesiod she was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithyia, or Lucina; and besides these, she brought forth Vulcan, without having any commerce with the other sex, but only by smelling a certain plant. This was in imitation of Jupiter, who had produced Minerva from his brain. According to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought forth in this manner, and this was after eating some lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last provoked Juno to such a degree, that she retired to Eubœa, and resolved for ever to forsake his bed. Jupiter produced a reconciliation, after he had applied to Cithæron for advice, and after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and artifice. See: [Dædala]. This reconciliation, however cordial [♦]it might appear, was soon dissolved by new offences; and, to stop the complaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and blows. He even punished the cruelties which she had exercised upon his son Hercules, by suspending her from the heavens by a golden chain, and tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was punished for assisting his mother in this degrading situation, and he was kicked down from heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the fall. This punishment rather irritated than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge it, and she engaged some of the gods to conspire against Jupiter and to imprison him, but Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. Apollo and Neptune were banished from heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though some attribute their exile to different causes. The worship of Juno was universal, and even more than that of Jupiter, according to some authors. Her sacrifices were offered with the greatest solemnity. She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally offered on her altars a ewe lamb and a sow the first day of every month. No cows were ever immolated to her, because she assumed the nature of that animal when the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the giants. Among the birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly the peacock, often called Junonia avis [See: [Argus]], were sacred to her. The dittany, the poppy, and the lily were her favourite flowers. The latter flower was originally of the colour of the crocus; but, when Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of her milk fell down upon earth, and changed the colour of the lilies from purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk also dropped in that part of the heavens which, from its whiteness, still retains the name of the milky way, lactea via. As Juno’s power was extended over all the gods, she often made use of the goddess Minerva as her messenger, and even had the privilege of hurling the thunder of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples were numerous, the most famous of which were at Argos, Olympia, &c. At Rome, no woman of debauched character was permitted to enter her temple, or even to touch it. The surnames of Juno are various; they are derived either from the function or things over which she presided, or from the places where her worship was established. She was the queen of the heavens; she protected cleanliness, and presided over marriage and child-birth, and particularly patronized the most faithful and virtuous of the sex, and severely punished incontinence and lewdness in matrons. She was the goddess of all power and empire, and she was also the patroness of riches. She is represented sitting on a throne with a diadem on her head and a golden sceptre in her right hand. Some peacocks generally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched on her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed the thousand colours of her beautiful rainbow. She is sometimes carried through the air in a rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman consuls, when they entered upon office, were always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice. The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or Romana. She was generally represented as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman matrons always imitated this manner of dressing themselves, and deemed it indecent in any married woman to leave any part of her body but her face uncovered. She has received the surnames of Olympia, Sarnia, Lacedæmonia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithæroneia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos, Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis, Domiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &c. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 2, &c.—Apollodorus, bks. 1, 2, 3.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Argon.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Herodotus, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Livy, bks. 23, 24, 27, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, &c.; Fasti, bk. 5.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 13.—Athenæus, bk. 15.—Pliny, bk. 34.

[♦] ‘in’ replaced with ‘it’

Junonālia and Junonia, festivals at Rome in honour of Juno, the same as the Heræa of the Greeks. See: [Heræa]. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 37.

Junōnes, a name of the protecting genii of the women among the Romans. They generally swore by them, as the men by their genii. There were altars often erected to their honour. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Seneca, ltr. 110.

Junōnia, two islands, supposed to be among the Fortunate Islands.——A name which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with 6000 Romans to rebuild it.

Junonigĕna, a surname of Vulcan, as son of Juno. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 173.

Junōnis promontorium, a promontory of Peloponnesus.——Laciniæ templum, a temple of Juno in Italy, between Crotona and the Lacinian promontory.

Jūpĭter, the most powerful of all the gods of the ancients. According to Varro, there were no less than 300 persons of that name; Diodorus mentions two; and Cicero three, two of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To that of Crete, who passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the actions of the rest have been attributed. According to the opinion of the mythologists, Jupiter was saved from destruction by his mother, and entrusted to the care of the Corybantes. Saturn, who had received the kingdom of the world from his brother Titan, on condition of not raising male children, devoured all his sons as soon as born; but Ops, offended at her husband’s cruelty, secreted Jupiter, and gave a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the supposition that it was a male child. Jupiter was educated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete, and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthæa, or upon honey, according to others. He received the name of Jupiter, quasi juvans pater. His cries were drowned by the noise of cymbals and drums, which the Corybantes beat at the express command of Ops. See: [Corybantes]. As soon as he was a year old, Jupiter found him sufficiently strong to make war against the Titans, who had imprisoned his father because he had brought up male children. The Titans were conquered, and Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his son. Saturn, however, soon after, apprehensive of the power of Jupiter, conspired against his life, and was, for this treachery, driven from his kingdom, and obliged to fly for safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole master of the empire of the world, divided it with his brothers. He reserved for himself the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire of the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal regions to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of his reign was soon interrupted by the rebellion of the giants, who were sons of the earth, and who wished to revenge the death of their relations the Titans. They were so powerful that they hurled rocks, and heaped up mountains upon mountains, to scale heaven, so that all the gods, to avoid their fury, fled to Egypt, where they escaped from the danger by assuming the form of different animals. Jupiter, however, animated them, and by the assistance of Hercules, he totally overpowered the gigantic race, which had proved such tremendous enemies. See: [Gigantes]. Jupiter, now freed from every apprehension, gave himself up to the pursuit of pleasures. He married Metis, Themis, Eurynome, Ceres, Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. See: [Juno]. He became a Proteus to gratify his passions. He introduced himself to Danae in a shower of gold; he corrupted Antiope in the form of a satyr, and Leda in the form of a swan; he became a bull to seduce Europa, and he enjoyed the company of Ægina in the form of a flame of fire. He assumed the habit of Diana to corrupt Callisto, and became Amphitryon to gain the affections of Alcmena. His children were also numerous as well as his mistresses. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3, he was father of the Seasons, Irene, Eunomia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos by Themis; of Venus by Dione; of the Graces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome the daughter of Oceanus; of Proserpine by Styx; of the nine muses by Mnemosyne, &c. See: [Niobe], [Laodamia], [Pyrrha], [Protogenia], [Electra], [Maia], [Semele], &c. The worship of Jupiter was universal; he was the Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His surnames were numerous, many of which he received from the place or function over which he presided. He was severally called Jupiter Feretrius, Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, Latialis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus, Anxurus, Victor, Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &c. The worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the other gods in solemnity. His altars were not, like those of Saturn and Diana, stained with the blood of human victims, but he was delighted with the sacrifice of goats, sheep, and white bulls. The oak was sacred to him because he first taught mankind to live upon acorns. He is generally represented as sitting upon a golden or ivory throne, holding in one hand thunderbolts just ready to be hurled, and in the other, a sceptre of cypress. His looks express majesty, his beard flows long and neglected, and the eagle stands with expanded wings at his feet. He is sometimes represented with the upper parts of his body naked, and those below the waist carefully covered, as if to show that he is visible to the gods above, but that he is concealed from the sight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had several oracles, the most celebrated of which were at Dodona, and Ammon, in Libya. As Jupiter was the king and father of gods and men, his power was extended over the deities, and everything was subservient to his will, except the Fates. From him mankind received their blessings and their miseries, and they looked upon him as acquainted with everything past, present, and future. He was represented at Olympia with a crown like olive branches; his mantle was variegated with different flowers, particularly by the lily, and the eagle perched on the top of the sceptre which he held in his hand. The Cretans represented Jupiter without ears, to signify that the sovereign master of the world ought not to give a partial ear to any particular person, but be equally candid and propitious to all. At Lacedæmon he appeared with four heads, that he might seem to hear with greater readiness the different prayers and solicitations which were daily poured to him from every part of the earth. It is said that Minerva came all armed from his brains when he ordered Vulcan to open his head. Pausanias, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Livy, bks. 1, 4, 5, &c.—Diodorus, bks. 1 & 3.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 1, 5, &c.; Odyssey, bks. 1, 4, &c.; Hymn 23 to Zeus.—Orpheus.—Callimachus, Hymn to Zeus.—Pindar, Olympian, bks. 1, 3, 5.—Apollonius, bk. 1, &c.—Hesiod, Theogony; Shield of Heracles; Works and Days.—Lycophron, Cassandra.—Virgil, Æneid, bks. 1, 2, &c.; Georgics, bk. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 1, &c.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 1, &c.

Jura, a high ridge of mountains separating the Helvetii from the Sequani, or Switzerland from Burgundy. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Justīnus Marcus Junianus, a Latin historian in the age of Antoninus, who epitomized the history of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome, according to some traditions, was the cause that the comprehensive work of Trogus was lost. It comprehends the history of the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, Macedonia, and Roman empires, &c., in a neat and elegant style. It is replete with many judicious reflections and animated harangues, but the author is often too credulous, and sometimes examines events too minutely, while others are related only in a few words too often obscure. The indecency of many of his expressions is deservedly censured. The best editions of Justin are that of Abraham Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo, Oxford, 1703, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1770.——Martyr, a Greek father, formerly a Platonic philosopher, born at Palestine. He died in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the christians, besides his dialogue with a Jew; two treatises, &c., in a plain, unadorned style. The best editions of Justin Martyr are that of Paris, folio, 1636; that of his apologies, 2 vols., 8vo, 1700 & 1703; and Jebb’s dialogue with Trypho, published in London, 1722.——An emperor of the east, who reigned nine years, and died A.D. 526.——Another, who died A.D. 564, after a reign of 38 years.——Another, who died 577 A.D., after a reign of 13 years.

Juturna, a sister of Turnus king of the Rutuli. She heard with contempt the addresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, she was not unfavourable to his passion, so that the god rewarded her love with immortality. She was afterwards changed into a fountain of the same name near the Numicus, falling into the Tiber. The waters of that fountain were used in sacrifices, and particularly in those of Vesta. They had the power to heal diseases. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 708; bk. 2, li. 585.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 139.—Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, ch. 36.

Juvenālis Decius Junius, a poet born at Aquinum in Italy. He came early to Rome, and passed some time in declaiming; after which he applied himself to write satires, 16 of which are extant. He spoke with virulence against the partiality of Nero for the pantomime Paris, and though all his satire and declamation were pointed against this ruling favourite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived in security during the reign of Nero. After the death of Nero, the effects of the resentment of Paris were severely felt, and the satirist was sent by Domitian as governor on the frontiers of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the 80th year of his age, and he suffered much from the trouble which attended his office, or rather his exile. He returned, however, to Rome, after the death of Paris, and died in the reign of Trajan, A.D. 128. His writings are fiery and animated, and they abound with humour. He is particularly severe upon the vice and dissipation of the age he lived in; but the gross and indecent manner in which he exposed to ridicule the follies of mankind, rather encourages than disarms the debauched and licentious. He wrote with acrimony against all his adversaries, and whatever displeased or offended him was exposed to his severest censure. It is to be acknowledged that Juvenal is far more correct than his contemporaries, a circumstance which some have attributed to his judgment and experience, which were uncommonly mature, as his satires were the productions of old age. He may be called, and with reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. After him poetry decayed, and nothing more claims our attention as a perfect poetical composition. The best editions are those of Casaubon, 4to, Leiden, 1695, with Persius, and of Hawkey, Dublin, 12mo, 1746, and of Grævius, cum notis variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1684.

Juventas, or Juventus, a goddess at Rome who presided over youth and vigour. She is the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and represented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in variegated garments. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 54; bk. 21, ch. 62; bk. 36, ch. 36.—Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 1, ltr. 9, li. 12.

Juverna, or Hibernia, an island at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 160.

Ixibatæ, a people of Pontus.

Ixīon, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas, or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or, according to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and promised his father-in-law a valuable present for the choice he had made of him to be his daughter’s husband. His unwillingness, however, to fulfil his promises obliged Deioneus to have recourse to violence to obtain it, and he stole away some of his horses. Ixion concealed his resentment under the mask of friendship; he invited his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the capital of his kingdom, and when Deioneus was come, according to the appointment, he threw him into a pit, which he had previously filled with wood and burning coals. This premeditated treachery so irritated the neighbouring princes, that all of them refused to perform the usual ceremony, by which a man was then purified of murder, and Ixion was shunned and despised by all mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon him, and he carried him to heaven, and introduced him at the table of the gods. Such a favour, which ought to have awakened gratitude in Ixion, served only to inflame his lust; he became enamoured of Juno, and attempted to seduce her. Juno was willing to gratify the passion of Ixion, though according to others she informed Jupiter of the attempts which had been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to the place where Ixion had appointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare and from his embrace with the cloud, he had the Centaurs, or, according to others, Centaurus. See: [Centauri]. Jupiter, displeased with the insolence of Ixion, banished him from heaven; but when he heard that he had seduced Juno, the god struck him with his thunder, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell which continually whirls round. The wheel was perpetually in motion, therefore the punishment of Ixion was eternal. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Hyginus, fable 62.—Pindar, bk. 2, Pythian, poem 2.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 484; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 601.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, lis. 210 & 338.—Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Lactantius [Placidus] on [Statius’] Thebaid, bk. 2.——One of the Heraclidæ, who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. He was son of Alethes.

Ixīŏnĭdes, the patronymic of Pirithous son of Ixion. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 38.

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