A classical dictionary / containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table

by John Lemprière

L

Laander, a youth, brother to Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene &c.—Polyænus, bk. 8.

Laarchus, the guardian of Battus of Cyrene. He usurped the sovereign power for some time, and endeavoured to marry the mother of Battus, the better to establish his tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly invitation, and caused him to be assassinated, and restored the power to Battus. Polyænus.

Labaris, a king of Egypt after Sesostris.

Labda, a daughter of Amphion, one of the Bacchiadæ, born lame. She married Ection, by whom she had a son whom she called Cypselus because she saved his life in a coffer. See: [Cypselus]. This coffer was preserved at Olympia. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 92.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5.

Labdacĭdes, a name given to Œdipus, as descended from Labdacus.

Labdăcus, a son of Polydorus by Nycteis, the daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes. His father and mother died during his childhood, and he was left to the care of Nycteus, who at his death left his kingdom in the hands of Lycus, with orders to restore it to Labdacus as soon as of age. He was father to Laius. It is unknown whether he ever sat on the throne of Thebes. According to Statius his father’s name was Phœnix. His descendants were called Labdacides. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 6, li. 451.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 5.

Labdalon, a promontory of Sicily, near Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 13.

Labeālis, a lake in Dalmatia, now Scutari, of which the neighbouring inhabitants were called Labeates. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 31; bk. 45, ch. 26.

Lăbeo Antistius, a celebrated lawyer in the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, and whose offers of the consulship he refused. His works are lost. He was wont to enjoy the company and conversation of the learned for six months, and the rest of the year was spent in writing and composing. His father, of the same name, was one of Cæsar’s murderers. He killed himself at the battle of Philippi. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82, has unjustly taxed him with insanity because, no doubt, he inveighed against his patrons. Appian, The Civil Wars, bk. 4.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 45.——A tribune of the people at Rome, who condemned the censor Metellus to be thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, because he had expelled him from the senate. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the interference of another of the tribunes.——Quintus Fabius, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 571, who obtained a naval victory over the fleet of the Cretans. He assisted Terence in composing his comedies, according to some.——Actius, an obscure poet who recommended himself to the favour of Nero by an incorrect translation of Homer into Latin. The work is lost, and only this curious line is preserved by an old scholiast, Persius, bk. 1, li. 4, Crudum manducus Priamum, Priamique Pisinnos.

Lăbĕrius J. Decimus, a Roman knight famous for his poetical talents in writing pantomimes. Julius Cæsar compelled him to act one of his characters on the stage. The poet consented with great reluctance, but he showed his resentment during the acting of the piece by throwing severe aspersions upon Julius Cæsar, by warning the audience against his tyranny, and by drawing upon him the eyes of the whole theatre. Cæsar, however, restored him to the rank of knight which he had lost by appearing on the stage; but to his mortification, when he went to take his seat among the knights, no one offered to make room for him, and even his friend Cicero said, Recepissem te nisi angustè sederem. Laberius was offended at the affectation and insolence of Cicero, and reflected upon his unsettled and pusillanimous behaviour during the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, by the reply of Mirum si angustè sedes, qui soles duabas sellis sedere. Laberius died 10 months after the murder of Julius Cæsar. Some fragments remain of his poetry. Macrobius, Saturnalia, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 10.—Seneca, de Controversiæ, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 39.——Quintus Durus, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s legions, killed in Britain. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Labīcum, now Colonna, a town of Italy, called also Lavicum, between Gabii and Tusculum, which became a Roman colony about four centuries B.C. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 796.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 39; bk. 4, ch. 47.

Lăbiēnus, an officer of Cæsar in the wars of Gaul. He deserted to Pompey, and was killed at the battle of Munda. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, &c.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 346.——A Roman who followed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and became general of the Parthians against Rome. He was conquered by the officers of Augustus. Strabo, bks. 12 & 14.—Dio Cassius, bk. 48.——Titus, an historian and orator at Rome in the age of Augustus, who admired his own compositions with all the pride of superior genius and incomparable excellence. The senate ordered his papers to be burnt on account of their seditious contents; and Labienus, unable to survive the loss of his writings, destroyed himself. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 16.—Seneca.

Labinētus, or Labynētus, a king of Babylon, &c. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 74.

Labotas, a river near Antioch in Syria. Strabo, bk. 16.——A son of Echestratus, who made war against Argos, &c.

Labradeus, a surname of Jupiter in Caria. The word is derived from labrys which in the language of the country signifies a hatchet, which Jupiter’s statue held in its hand. Plutarch.

Labron, a part of Italy on the Mediterranean, supposed to be Leghorn. Cicero bk. 2, Letters to his brother Quintus, ltr. 6.

Lăby̆rinthus, a building whose numerous passages and perplexing windings render the escape from it difficult, and almost impracticable. There were four very famous among the ancients; one near the city of Crocodiles or Arsinoe, another in Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a fourth in Italy, built by Porsenna. That of Egypt was the most ancient, and Herodotus, who saw it, declares that the beauty and art of the building were almost beyond belief. It was built by 12 kings, who at one time reigned in Egypt, and it was intended for the place of their burial, and to commemorate the actions of their reign. It was divided into 12 halls, or, according to Pliny, into 16, or, as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls were vaulted, according to the relation of Herodotus. They had each six doors, opening to the north, and the same number to the south, all surrounded by one wall. The edifice contained 3000 chambers, 1500 in the upper part, and the same number below. The chambers above were seen by Herodotus, and astonished him beyond conception, but he was not permitted to see those below, where were buried the holy crocodiles and the monarchs whose munificence had raised the edifice. The roofs and walls were encrusted with marble, and adorned with sculptured figures. The halls were surrounded with stately and polished pillars of white stone, and, according to some authors, the opening of the doors was artfully attended with a terrible noise like peals of thunder. The labyrinth of Crete was built by Dædalus, in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the most famous of all in classical history. It was the place of confinement for Dædalus himself, and the prison of the Minotaur. According to Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed the others in grandeur and magnificence. It was supported by 40 columns of uncommon height and thickness, and equally admirable for their beauty and splendour. Modern travellers are still astonished at the noble and magnificent ruins which appear of the Egyptian labyrinth, at the south of the lake Mœris, about 30 miles from the ruins of Arsinoe. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 13.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 148.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 588.

Lăcæna, an epithet applied to a female native of Laconia, and, among others, to Helen. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 511.

Lăcĕdæemon, a son of Jupiter and Taygeta the daughter of Atlas, who married Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he had Amyclas and Eurydice the wife of Acrisius. He was the first who introduced the worship of the Graces in Laconia, and who first built them a temple. From Lacedæmon and his wife, the capital of Laconia was called Lacedæmon and Sparta. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Hyginus, fable 155.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.——A noble city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia called also Sparta, and now known by the name of Misitra. It has been severally known by the name of Lelegia, from the Leleges the first inhabitants of the country, or from Lelex one of their kings; and Œbalia, from Œbalus the sixth king from Eurotas. It was also called Hecatompolis from the 100 cities which the whole province once contained. Lelex is supposed to have been the first king. His descendants, 13 in number, reigned successively after him, till the reign of the sons of Orestes, when the Heraclidæ recovered the Peloponnesus, about 80 years after the Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the descendants of the Heraclidæ, enjoyed the crown together, and after them it was decreed that the two families should always sit on the throne together. See: [Eurysthenes]. These two brothers began to reign B.C. 1102. Their successors in the family of Procles were called Proclidæ, and afterwards Eurypontidæ, and those of Eurysthenes, Eurysthenidæ, and afterwards Agidæ. The successors of Procles on the throne began to reign in the following order: Sous 1060 B.C., after his father had reigned 42 years; Eurypon, 1028; Prytanis, 1021; Eunomus, 986; Polydectes, 907; Lycurgus, 898; Charilaus, 873; Nicander, 809; Theopompus, 770; Zeuxidamus, 723; Anaxidamus, 690; Archidamus, 651; Agasicles, 605; Ariston, 564; Demaratus, 526; Leotychides, 491; Archidamus, 469; Agis, 427; Agesilaus, 397; Archidamus, 361; Agis II., 338; Eudamidas, 330; Archidamus, 295; Eudamidas II., 268; Agis, 244; Archidamus, 230; Euclidus, 225; Lycurgus, 219. The successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059; Echestratus, 1058; Labotas, 1023; Doryssus, 986; Agesilaus, 957; Archelaus, 913; Teleclus, 853; Alcamenes, 813; Polydorus, 776; Eurycrates, 724; Anaxander, 687; Eurycrates II., 644; Leon, 607; Anaxandrides, 563; Cleomenes, 530; Leonidas, 491; Plistarchus, under guardianship of Pausanius, 480; Plistoanax, 466; Pausanius, 408; Agesipolis, 397; Cleombrotus, 380; Agesipolis II., 371; Cleomenes II., 370; Aretus or Areus, 309; Acrotatus, 265; Areus II., 264; Leonidas, 257; Cleombrotus, 243; Leonidas restored, 241; Cleomenes, 235; Agesipolis, 219. Under the two last kings, Lycurgus and Agesipolis, the monarchical power was abolished, though Machanidas the tyrant made himself absolute, B.C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In the year 191 B.C. Lacedæmon joined the Achæan league, and about three years after the walls were demolished by order of Philopœmen. The territories of Laconia shared the fate of the Achæn confederacy, and the whole was conquered by Mummius, 147 B.C., and converted into a Roman province. The inhabitants of Lacedæmon have rendered themselves illustrious for their courage and intrepidity, for their love of honour and liberty, and for their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were inured from their youth to labour, and their laws commanded them to make war their profession. They never applied themselves to any trade, but their only employment was arms, and they left everything else to the care of their slaves. See: [Helotæ]. They hardened their body by stripes and other manly exercises, and accustomed themselves to undergo hardships, and even to die, without fear or regret. From their valour in the field, and their moderation and temperance at home, they were courted and revered by all the neighbouring princes, and their assistance was severally implored to protect the Sicilians, Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. They were forbidden by the laws of their country [See: [Lycurgus]] to visit foreign states, lest their morals should be corrupted by an intercourse with effeminate nations. The austere manner in which their children were educated, rendered them undaunted in the field of battle, and from this circumstance, Leonidas, with a small band, was enabled to resist the millions of the army of Xerxes at Thermopylæ. The women were as courageous as the men, and many a mother has celebrated with festivals the death of her son who had fallen in battle, or has coolly put him to death, if, by a shameful flight or loss of his arms, he brought disgrace upon his country. As to domestic manners, the Lacedæmonians as widely differed from their neighbours as in political concerns, and their noblest women were not ashamed to appear on the stage hired for money. In the affairs of Greece, the interest of the Lacedæmonians was often powerful, and obtained the superiority for 500 years. Their jealousy of the power and greatness of the Athenians is well known. The authority of their monarchs was checked by the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the power of imprisoning the kings themselves if guilty of misdemeanours. See: [Ephori]. The Lacedæmonians are remarkable for the honour and reverence which they paid to old age. The names of Lacedæmon and Sparta are promiscuously applied to the capital of Laconia, and often confounded together. The latter was applied to the metropolis, and the former was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs, or rather of the country contiguous to the walls of the city. This propriety of distinction was originally observed, but in process of time it was totally lost, and both appellatives were soon synonymous, and indiscriminately applied to the city and country. See: [Sparta], [Laconia]. The place where the city stood is now called Paleo Chori (the old town), and the new one erected on its ruins at some distance on the west is called Misatra. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 33; bk. 45, ch. 28.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Thucydides, bk. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 3.—Justin, bks. 2, 3, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 1, &c.—Plutarch, Lycurgus, &c.—Diodorus.—Mela, bk. 2. There were some festivals celebrated at Lacedæmon, the names of which are not known. It was customary for the women to drag all the old bachelors round the altars, and beat them with their fists, that the shame and ignominy to which they were exposed might induce them to marry, &c. Athenæus, bk. 13.

Lăcĕdæmŏnii and Lăcĕdæmŏnes, the inhabitants of Lacedæmon. See: [Lacedæmon].

Lăcĕdæmŏnius, a son of Cimon by Clitoria. He received this name from his father’s regard for the Lacedæmonians. Plutarch.

Lăcerta, a soothsayer in Domitian’s age, who acquired immense riches by his art. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 114.

Lacetania, a district at the north of Spain. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 23.

Lachăres, a man who seized the supreme power at Athens when the city was in discord, and was banished B.C. 296. Polyænus, bk. 4.——An Athenian three times taken prisoner. He deceived his keepers, and escaped, &c. Polyænus, bk. 3.——A son of Mithridates king of Bosphorus. He was received into alliance by Lucullus.——A robber condemned by Marcus Antony.——An Egyptian, buried in the labyrinth near Arsinoe.

Laches, an Athenian general in the age of Epaminondas. Diodorus, bk. 12.——An Athenian sent with Carias at the head of a fleet in the first expedition undertaken against Sicily in the Peloponnesian war. Justin, bk. 4, ch. 3.——An artist who finished the Colossus of Rhodes.

Lăchĕsis, one of the Parcæ, whose name is derived from λαχειν, to measure out by lot. She presided over futurity, and was represented as spinning the thread of life, or, according to others, holding the spindle. She generally appeared covered with a garment variegated with stars, and holding spindles in her hand. See: [Parcæ]. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 2, li. 249.—Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 54.

Lacidas, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, who flourished B.C. 241. His father’s name was Alexander. He was disciple of Arcesilaus, whom he succeeded in the government of the second academy. He was greatly esteemed by king Attalus, who gave him a garden where he spent his hours in study. He taught his disciples to suspend their judgment, and never speak decisively. He disgraced himself by the magnificent funeral with which he honoured a favourite goose. He died through excess of drinking. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 4.

Lacīdes, a village near Athens, which derived its name from Lacius, an Athenian hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here Zephyrus had an altar sacred to him, and likewise Ceres and Proserpine a temple. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 37.

Lăcīnia, a surname of Juno from her temple at Lacinium in Italy, which the Crotonians held in great veneration, and where there was a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis. See: [Zeuxis]. On an altar near the door were ashes which the wind could not blow away. Fulvius Flaccus took away a marble piece from this sacred place, to finish a temple that he was building at Rome to Fortuna Equestris; and it is said that, for this sacrilege, he afterwards led a miserable life, and died in the greatest agonies. Strabo, bk. 6.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, lis. 12 & 702.—Livy, bk. 42, ch. 3.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Lacīnienses, a people of Liburnia.

Lacīnium, a promontory of Magna Græcia, now cape Colonna, the southern boundary of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia had a temple held in great veneration. It received its name from Lacinius, a famous robber killed there by Hercules. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 3; bk. 27, ch. 5; bk. 30, ch. 20.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 522.

Lacmon, a part of mount Pindus where the Inachus flows. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 93.

Laco, a favourite of Galba, mean and cowardly in his character. He was put to death.——An inhabitant of Laconia or Lacedæmon.

Lacobriga, a city of Spain, where [♦]Sertorius was besieged by Metellus.

[♦] ‘Sertorious’ replaced with ‘Sertorius’

Lacōnia, Lacōnĭca, and Lacedæmon, a country in the southern parts of Peloponnesus, having Argos and Arcadia on the north, Messenia on the west, the Mediterranean on the south, and the bay of Argos at the east. Its extent from north to south was about 50 miles. It is watered by the river Eurotas. The capital is called Sparta, or Lacedæmon. The inhabitants never went on an expedition or engaged an enemy but at the full moon. See: [Lacedæmon]. The brevity with which they always expressed themselves is now become proverbial, and by the epithet of Laconic we understand whatever is concise and not loaded with unnecessary words. The word Laconicum is applied to some hot baths used among the ancients, and first invented at Lacedæmon. Cicero, bk. 4, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 10.—Strabo, bk. 1.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Lacrătes, a Theban, general of a detachment sent by Artaxerxes to the assistance of the Egyptians. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Lacrĭnes, a Lacedæmonian ambassador to Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 152.

Lactantius, a celebrated christian writer, whose principal works are de irâ divinâ, de Dei operibus, and his divine institutions, in seven books, in which he proves the truth of the christian religion, refutes objections, and attacks the illusions and absurdities of paganism. The expressive purity, elegance, and energy of his style have gained him the name of the christian Cicero. He died A.D. 325.——The best editions of his works are that of Sparke, 8vo, Oxford, 1684; that of Bimeman, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1739; and that of Du Fresnoy, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1748.

Lacter, a promontory of the island of Cos.

Lacydes, a philosopher. See: [Lacidas].

Lacȳdus, an effeminate king of Argos.

Ladas, a celebrated courier of Alexander, born at Sicyon. He was honoured with a brazen statue, and obtained a crown of Olympia. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 10.—Juvenal, satire 13, li. 97.

Lade, an island of the Ægean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, where was a naval battle between the Persians and Ionians. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 35.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Lades, a son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 343.

Ladocea, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias.

Ladon, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. The metamorphosis of Daphne into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed, happened near its banks. Strabo, bk. 1.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.— Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 659.——An Arcadian who followed Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 413.——One of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 216.

Lælaps, one of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.——The dog of Cephalus, given him by Procis. See: [Lelaps], &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7.

Lælia, a vestal virgin.

Læliānus, a general, proclaimed emperor in Gaul by his soldiers, A.D. 268, after the death of Gallienus. His triumph was short; he was conquered and put to death after a few months’ reign by another general called Posthumus, who aspired to the imperial purple as well as himself.

Caius Lælius, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 614, surnamed Sapiens, so intimate with Africanus the younger, that Cicero represents him in his treatise De Amicitiâ, as explaining the real nature of friendship, with its attendant pleasures. He made war with success against Viriathus. It is said that he assisted Terence in the composition of his comedies. His modesty, humanity, and the manner in which he patronized letters, are as celebrated as his greatness of mind and integrity in the character of a statesman. Cicero, On Oratory.——Another consul, who accompanied Scipio Africanus the elder in his campaigns in Spain and Africa.——Archelaus, a famous grammarian. Suetonius.

Læna and Leæna, the mistress of Harmodius and Aristogiton. Being tortured because she refused to discover the conspirators, she bit off her tongue, totally to frustrate the violent efforts of her executioners.——A man who was acquainted with the conspiracy formed against Cæsar.

Lænas, a surname of the Popilii at Rome.

Læneus, a river of Crete, where Jupiter brought the ravished Europa. Strabo.

Læpa Magna, a town of Spain. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Laertes, a king of Ithaca, son of Arcesius and Chalcomedusa, who married Anticlea the daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea was pregnant by Sisyphus when she married Laertes, and eight months after her union with the king of Ithaca, she brought forth a son called Ulysses. See: [Anticlea]. Ulysses was treated with paternal care by Laertes, though not really his son, and Laertes ceded to him his crown and retired into the country where he spent his time in gardening. He was found in this mean employment by his son at his return from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and Ulysses, at the sight of his father, whose dress and old age declared his sorrow, long hesitated whether he should suddenly introduce himself as his son, or whether he should, as a stranger, gradually awaken the paternal feelings of Laertes, who had believed that his son was no more. This last measure was preferred, and when Laertes had burst into tears at the mention which was made of his son, Ulysses threw himself on his neck, exclaiming, “O father, I am he for whom you weep.” This welcome declaration was followed by a recital of all the hardships which Ulysses had suffered, and immediately after the father and son repaired to the palace of Penelope the wife of Ulysses, whence all the suitors who daily importuned the princess were forcibly removed. Laertes was one of the Argonauts, according to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 11 & 24.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 32; Heroides, poem 1, li. 98.——A city of Cilicia, which gave birth to Diogenes, surnamed Laërtius from the place of his birth.

Laërtius Diogenes, a writer born at Laertes. See: [Diogenes].

Læstry̆gŏnes, the most ancient inhabitants of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the same as the people of Leontium, and to have been neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on human flesh, and when Ulysses came on their coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured his companions. See: [Antiphates]. They were of a gigantic stature, according to Homer, who, however, does not mention their country, but only speaks of Lamus as their capital. A colony of them, as some suppose, passed over into Italy, with Lamus at their head, where they built the town of Formiæ, whence the epithet of Læstrygonia is often used for that of Formiana. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 233, &c.; Fasti, bk. 4; ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 10.—Tzetzes, On Lycophron, lis. 662 & 818.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 81.—Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 276.

Læta, the wife of the emperor Gratian, celebrated for her humanity and generous sentiments.

Lætoria lex, ordered that proper persons should be appointed to provide for the security and the possession of such as were insane, or squandered away their estates. It made it a high crime to abuse the weakness of persons under such circumstances. Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 3.

Lætus, a Roman whom Commodus condemned to be put to death. This violence raised Lætus against Commodus; he conspired against him, and raised Pertinax to the throne.——A general of the emperor Severus, put to death for his treachery to the emperor; or, according to others, on account of his popularity.

Lævi, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia Transpadana.

Lævīnus, a Roman consul sent against Pyrrhus, A.U.C. 474. He informed the monarch that the Romans would not accept him as an arbitrator in the war with Tarentum, and feared him not as an enemy. He was defeated by Pyrrhus.——Publius Valerius, a man despised at Rome, because he was distinguished by no good quality. Horace, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 12.

Lagaria, a town of Lucania.

Lagia, a name of the island Delos. See: [Delos].

Lagĭdes. See: [Lagus].

Laginia, a town of Caria.

Lagus, a Macedonian of mean extraction. He received in marriage Arsinoe the daughter of Meleager, who was then pregnant by king Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace of his wife, he exposed the child in the woods. An eagle preserved the life of the infant, fed him with her prey, and sheltered him with her wings against the inclemency of the air. This uncommon preservation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, and called him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his life had been so miraculously preserved, his days would be spent in grandeur and affluence. This Ptolemy became king of Egypt after the death of Alexander. According to other accounts Arsinoe was nearly related to Philip king of Macedonia, and her marriage with Lagus was not considered as dishonourable, because he was opulent and powerful. The first of the Ptolemies is called Lagus, to distinguish him from his successors of the same name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedonian kings of Egypt, wished it to be believed that he was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he preferred the name of Lagides to all other appellations. It is even said that he established a military order in Alexandria, which was called Lageion. The surname of Lagides was transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyptian throne till the reign of Cleopatra, Antony’s mistress. Plutarch mentions an anecdote which serves to show how far the legitimacy of Ptolemy was believed in his age. A pedantic grammarian, says the historian, once displaying his great knowledge of antiquity in the presence of Ptolemy, the king suddenly interrupted him with the question of, “Pray tell me, sir, who was the father of Peleus?” “Tell me,” replied the grammarian, without hesitation, “tell me, if you can, O king! who the father of Lagus was.” This reflection on the meanness of the monarch’s birth did not in the least irritate his resentment, though the courtiers all glowed with indignation. Ptolemy praised the humour of the grammarian, and showed his moderation and the mildness of his temper by taking him under his patronage. Pausanias, Attica.—Justin, bk. 13.—Curtius, bk. 4.—Plutarch, De Cohibenda Ira.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 684.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 196.——A Rutulian, killed by Pallas son of Evander. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 381.

Lagūsa, an island in the Pamphylian sea.——Another near Crete. Strabo, bk. 10.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Lagȳra, a city of Taurica Chersonesus.

Laiădes, a patronymic of Œdipus son of Laius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 18.

Laias, a king of Arcadia, who succeeded his father Cypselus, &c. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.——A king of Elis, &c.

Lais, a celebrated courtesan, daughter of Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, born at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away from her native country into Greece, when Nicias the Athenian general invaded Sicily. She first began to sell her favours at Corinth, for 10,000 drachmas, and the immense number of princes, noblemen, philosophers, orators, and plebeians who courted her embraces, show how much commendation is owed to her personal charms. The expenses which attended her pleasures gave rise to the proverb of Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum. Even Demosthenes himself visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but when he was informed by the courtesans that admittance to her bed was to be bought at the enormous sum of about 300l. English money, the orator departed, and observed that he would not buy repentance at so dear a price. The charms which had attracted Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the philosopher unmoved by her beauty, she visited his house herself; but there she had no reason to boast of the licentiousness or easy submission of Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic was one of her warmest admirers, and though filthy in his dress and manners, yet he gained her heart and enjoyed her most unbounded favours. The sculptor Mycon also solicited the favours of Lais, but he met with coldness; he, however, attributed the cause of his ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, and dyed it of a brown colour, but to no purpose. “Fool that thou art,” said the courtesan, “to ask what I refused yesterday to thy father.” Lais ridiculed the austerity of philosophers, and laughed at the weakness of those who pretend to have gained a superiority over their passions, by observing that the sages and philosophers of the age were not above the rest of mankind, for she found them at her door as often as the rest of the Athenians. The success which her debaucheries met at Corinth encouraged Lais to pass into Thessaly, and more particularly to enjoy the company of a favourite youth called Hippostratus. She was, however, disappointed: the women of the place, jealous of her charms, and apprehensive of her corrupting the fidelity of their husbands, assassinated her in the temple of Venus, about 340 years before the christian era. Some suppose that there were two persons of this name, a mother and her daughter. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 9, ltr. 26.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 5.—Plutarch, Alcibiades.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Lāius, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather Nycteus had left to the care of his brother Lycus, till his grandson came of age. He was driven from his kingdom by Amphion and Zethus, who were incensed against Lycus for the indignities which Antiope had suffered. He was afterwards restored, and married Jocasta the daughter of Creon. An oracle informed him that he should perish by the hand of his son, and in consequence of this dreadful intelligence he resolved never to approach his wife. A day spent in debauch and intoxication made him violate his vow, and Jocasta brought forth a son. The child as soon as born was given to a servant, with orders to put him to death. The servant was moved with compassion, and only exposed him on mount Cithæron, where his life was preserved by a shepherd. The child, called Œdipus, was educated in the court of Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting with his father in a narrow road proved his ruin. Œdipus ordered his father to make way for him without knowing who he was. Laius refused, and was instantly murdered by his irritated son. His armour-bearer or charioteer shared his fate. See: [Œdipus]. Sophocles, Œdipus.—Hyginus, fables 9 & 66.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 5 & 26.—Plutarch, de Curiositate.

Lalăge, one of Horace’s favourite mistresses. Horace, bk. 1, ode 22, &c.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 7.——A woman censured for her cruelty. Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 66.

Lalassis, a river of Isauria.

Lamăchus, a son of Xenophanes, sent into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed B.C. 414, before Syracuse, where he had displayed much courage and intrepidity. Plutarch, Alcibiades.——A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, who betrayed his trust to Mithridates, after he had invited all the inhabitants to a sumptuous feast.

Lamalmon, a large mountain of Æthiopia.

Lambrāni, a people of Italy near the Lambrus. Suetonius, Cæsar.

Lambrus, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po.

Lămia, a town of Thessaly at the bottom of the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, and north of the river Sperchius, famous for a siege which it supported after Alexander’s death. See: [Lamiacum]. Diodorus, bk. 16, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.——A river of Greece opposite mount Œta.——A daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile, an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.——A famous courtesan, mistress to Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plutarch, Demetrius.—Athenæus, bk. 13.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 9.

Lamia and Auxesia, two deities of Crete, whose worship was the same as at Eleusis. The Epidaurians made them two statues of an olive tree given them by the Athenians, provided they came to offer a sacrifice to Minerva at Athens. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30, &c.

Lamiăcum bellum, happened after the death of Alexander, when the Greeks, and particularly the Athenians, incited by their orators, resolved to free Greece from the garrisons of the Macedonians. Leosthenes was appointed commander of a numerous force, and marched against Antipater, who then presided over Macedonia. Antipater entered Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600 horse, and was beaten by the superior force of the Athenians and of their Greek confederates. Antipater after this blow fled to Lamia, B.C. 323, where he resolved, with all the courage and sagacity of a careful general, to maintain a siege with about the 8000 or 9000 men that had escaped from the field of battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the city by storm, began to make a regular siege. His operations were delayed by the frequent sallies of Antipater; and Leosthenes being killed by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his escape out of Lamia, and soon after, with the assistance of the army of Craterus brought from Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near Cranon, and though only 500 of their men were slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they sued for peace from the conqueror. Antipater at last with difficulty consented, provided they raised taxes in the usual manner, received a Macedonian garrison, defrayed the expenses of the war, and lastly, delivered into his hands Demosthenes and Hyperides, the two orators, whose prevailing eloquence had excited their countrymen against him. These disadvantageous terms were accepted by the Athenians, yet Demosthenes had time to escape and poison himself. Hyperides was carried before Antipater, who ordered his tongue to be cut off, and afterwards put him to death. Plutarch, Demosthenes.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Justin, bk. 11, &c.

Lămiæ, small islands in the Ægean, opposite Troas. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.——A celebrated family at Rome, descended from Lamus.——Certain monsters of Africa, who had the face and breast of a woman, and the rest of their body like that of a serpent. They allured strangers to come to them, that they might devour them; and though they were not endowed with the faculty of speech, yet their hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some believed them to be witches, or rather evil spirits, who, under the form of a beautiful woman, enticed young children and devoured them. According to some, the fable of the Lamiæ is derived from the amours of Jupiter with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, whom the jealousy of Juno rendered deformed, and whose children she destroyed; upon which Lamia became insane, and so desperate that she ate up all the children that came in her way. They are also called Lemures. See: [Lemures]. Philostratus, Life of Apollonius.—Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 340.—Plutarch, de Curiositate.—Dion.

Lămias Ælius, a governor of Syria under Tiberius. He was honoured with a public funeral by the senate; and as having been a respectable and useful citizen, Horace has dedicated his ode 26, bk. 1, to his praises, as also bk. 3, ode 17.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 27.——Another during the reign of Domitian, put to death, &c.

Lamīrus, a son of Hercules by Iole.

Lampĕdo, a woman of Lacedæmon, who was daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. Agrippina the mother of Claudius could boast the same honours. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, chs. 22 & 37.—Plutarch, Agesilaus.—Plato, bk. 1, Alcibiades.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 41.

Lampĕtia, a daughter of Apollo and Neæra. She, with her sister Phaetusa, guarded her father’s flocks in Sicily when Ulysses arrived on the coasts of that island. These flocks were 14 in number, seven herds of oxen, and seven flocks of sheep, consisting each of 50. They fed by night as well as by day, and it was deemed unlawful and sacrilegious to touch them. The companions of Ulysses, impelled by hunger, paid no regard to their sanctity, or to the threats and entreaties of their chief; but they carried away and killed some of the oxen. The watchful keepers complained to their father, and Jupiter, at the request of Apollo, punished the offence of the Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to walk, and the flesh, which was roasting by the fire, began to bellow, and nothing was heard but dreadful noises and loud lowings. The companions of Ulysses embarked on board their ships, but here the resentment of Jupiter followed them. A storm arose, and they all perished except Ulysses, who saved himself on the broken piece of a mast. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12, ch. 119.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 12.——According to Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 349, Lampetia is one of the Heliades, who was changed into a poplar tree at the death of her brother Phaeton.

Lampeto and Lampedo, a queen of the Amazons, who boasted herself to be the daughter of Mars. She gained many conquests in Asia, where she founded several cities. She was surprised afterwards by a band of barbarians, and destroyed with her female attendants. Justin, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Lampeus and Lampia, a mountain of Arcadia. Statius, bk. 8.

Lampon, Lampos, or Lampus, one of the horses of Diomedes,——of Hector,——of Aurora. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8; Odyssey, bk. 23.——A son of Laomedon, father of Dolops.——A soothsayer of Athens in the age of Socrates. Plutarch, Pericles.

Lampōnia and Lampōnium, a city of Troas. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 26.——An island on the coast of Thrace. Strabo, bk. 13.

Lamponius, an Athenian general, sent by his countrymen to attempt the conquest of Sicily. Justin, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Lampridius Ælius, a Latin historian in the fourth century, who wrote the lives of some of the Roman emperors. His style is inelegant, and his arrangements injudicious. His life of Commodus, Heliogabalus, Alexander Severus, &c., is still extant, and to be found in the works of the Historiæ Augustæ Scriptores.

Lamprus, a celebrated musician, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.

Lampsăcus and Lampsăcum, now Lamsaki, a town of Asia Minor on the borders of the Propontis, at the north of Abydos. Priapus was the chief deity of the place, of which he was reckoned by some the founder. His temple there was the asylum of lewdness and debauchery, and exhibited scenes of the most unnatural lust, and hence the epithet Lampsacius is usual to express immodesty and wantonness. Alexander resolved to destroy the city on account of the vices of its inhabitants, and more probably for its firm adherence to the interest of Persia. It was, however, saved from ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes. See: [Anaximenes]. It was formerly called Pityusa, and received the name of Lampsacus, from Lampsace, a daughter of Mandron, a king of Phrygia, who gave information to some Phoceans who dwelt there, that the rest of the inhabitants had conspired against their life. This timely information saved them from destruction. The city afterwards bore the name of their preserver. The wine of Lampsacus was famous and therefore a tribute of wine was granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain the table of Themistocles. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 31.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 117.—Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles, ch. 10.—Ovid, bk. 1, Tristia, poem 9, li. 26; Fasti, bk. 8, li. 345.—Livy, bk. 33, ch. 38; bk. 35, ch. 42.—Martial, bk. 11, poems 17, 52.

Lamptera, a town of Phocæa in Ionia. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 31.

Lamptĕria, a festival at Pellene, in Achaia, in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed Lampter, from λαμπειν, to shine, because, during this solemnity, which was observed in the night, the worshippers went to the temple of Bacchus, with lighted torches in their hands. It was also customary to place vessels full of wine in several parts of every street in the city. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 21.

Lampus, a son of Ægyptus.——A man of Elis.——A son of Prolaus.

Lămus, a king of the Læstrygones, who is supposed by some to have founded Formiæ in Italy. The family of the Lamiæ at Rome was, according to the opinion of some, descended from him. Horace, bk. 3, ode 17.——A son of Hercules and Omphale, who succeeded his mother on the throne of Lydia. Ovid, Heroides, poem 9, li. 54.——A Latin chief killed by Nisus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 334.——A river of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 31.——A Spartan general hired by Nectanebus king of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 16.——A city of Cilicia.——A town near Formiæ built by the Læstrygones.

Lămy̆rus, buffoon, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.——One of the auxiliaries of Turnus, killed by Nisus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 334.

Lanassa, a daughter of Cleodæus, who married Pyrrhus the son of Achilles by whom she had eight children. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Justin, bk. 17, ch. 3.——A daughter of Agathocles, who married Pyrrhus, whom she soon after forsook for Demetrius. Plutarch.

Lancēa, a fountain, &c. Pausanias.

Lancia, a town of Lusitania. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Landi, a people of Germany conquered by Cæsar.

Langia, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the bay of Corinth.

Langobardi, a warlike nation of Germany, along the Sprhe, called improperly Lombards by some. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 45; Germania, ch. 40.

Langrobriga, a town of Lusitania.

Lanŭvium, a town of Latium, about 16 miles from Rome on the Appian road. Juno had there a celebrated temple, which was frequented by the inhabitants of Italy, and particularly by the Romans, whose consuls on first entering upon office offered sacrifices to the goddess. The statue of the goddess was covered with a goat’s skin, and armed with a buckler and spear, and wore shoes which were turned upwards in the form of a cone. Cicero, For Lucius Murena; de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 29; For Milo, ch. 10.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 14.—Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 364.

Laobōtas, or Lābotas, a Spartan king, of the family of the Agidæ, who succeeded his father Echestratus, B.C. 1023. During his reign war was declared against Argos, by Sparta. He sat on the throne for 37 years, and was succeeded by Doryssus his son. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Lāŏcoon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, according to others, of Antenor, or of Capys. As being priest of Apollo, he was commissioned by the Trojans to offer a bullock to Neptune to render him propitious. During the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued from the sea, and attacked Laocoon’s two sons, who stood next to the altar. The father immediately attempted to defend his sons, but the serpents, falling upon him, squeezed him in their complicated wreaths, so that he died in the greatest agonies. This punishment was inflicted upon him for his temerity in dissuading the Trojans to bring into the city the fatal wooden horse which the Greeks had consecrated to Minerva, as also for his impiety in hurling a javelin against the sides of the horse as it entered within the walls. Hyginus attributes this to his marriage against the consent of Apollo, or, according to others, for his polluting the temple by his commerce with his wife Antiope before the statue of the god. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, lis. 41 & 201.—Hyginus, fable 135.

Laodămas, a son of Alcinous king of the Phæacians, who offered to wrestle with Ulysses, while at his father’s court. Ulysses, mindful of the hospitality of Alcinous, refused the challenge of Laodamas. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7, li. 170.——A son of Eteocles king of Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 15.

Lāŏdămīa, a daughter of Acastus and Astydamia, who married Protesilaus, the son of Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. The departure of her husband for the Trojan war was the source of grief to her, but when she heard that he had fallen by the hand of Hector, her sorrow was increased. To keep alive the memory of her husband whom she had tenderly loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be made and regularly placed in her bed. This was seen by one of her servants, who informed Iphiclus that his daughter’s bed was daily defiled by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched his daughter, and when he found that the intelligence was false, he ordered the wooden image to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daughter’s grief. He did not succeed. Laodamia threw herself into the flames with the image and perished. This circumstance has given occasion to fabulous traditions related by the poets, which mention that Protesilaus was restored to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, and that when he was obliged to return to the infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to accompany him. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 447.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 13.—Hyginus, fable 104.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 19.——A daughter of Bellerophon, by Achemone the daughter of king Iobates. She had a son by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedicated herself to the service of Diana, and hunted with her; but her haughtiness proved fatal to her, and she perished by the arrows of the goddess. Homer, Iliad, bks. 6, 12 & 16.——A daughter of Alexander king of Epirus, by Olympia the daughter of Pyrrhus. She was assassinated in the temple of Diana, where she had fled for safety during a sedition. Her murderer, called Milo, soon after turned his dagger against his own breast and killed himself. Justin, bk. 28, ch. 3.

Lāŏdĭce, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, who became enamoured of Acamas son of Theseus, when he came with Diomedes from the Greeks to Troy with an embassy to demand the restoration of Helen. She obtained an interview and the gratification of her desires at the house of Philebia, the wife of a governor of a small town of Troas, which the Greek ambassador had visited. She had a son by Acamas, whom she called Munitus. She afterwards married Helicaon, son of Antenor and Telephus king of Mysia. Some call her Astyoche. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, Laodice threw herself down from the top of a tower and was killed, when Troy was sacked by the Greeks. Dictys Cretensis, bk. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 13, ch. 26.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 3 & 6.——One of the Oceanides.——A daughter of Cinyras, by whom Elatus had some children. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.——A daughter of Agamemnon, called also Electra. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.——A sister of Mithridates, who married Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and afterwards her own brother Mithridates. During the secret absence of Mithridates, she prostituted herself to her servants, in hopes that her husband was dead; but when she saw her expectations frustrated, she attempted to poison Mithridates, for which she was put to death.——A queen of Cappadocia, put to death by her subjects for poisoning five of her children.——A sister and wife of Antiochus II. She put to death Berenice, whom her husband had married. See: [Antiochus II.] She was murdered by order of Ptolemy Evergetes, B.C. 246.——A daughter of Demetrius, shamefully put to death by Ammonius, the tyrannical minister of the vicious Alexander Bala king of Syria.——A daughter of Seleucus.——The mother of Seleucus. Nine months before she brought forth she dreamt that Apollo had introduced himself into her bed, and had presented her with a precious stone, on which was engraved the figure of an anchor, commanding her to deliver it to her son as soon as born. This dream appeared the more wonderful, when in the morning she discovered in her bed a ring answering the same description. Not only the son that she brought forth, called Seleucus, but also all his successors of the house of the Seleucidæ, had the mark of an anchor upon their thigh. Justin. Appian, Syrian Wars mentions this anchor, though in a different manner.

Lāŏdĭcēa, now Ladik, a city of Asia, on the borders of Caria, Phrygia, and Lydia, celebrated for its commerce, and the fine soft and black wool of its sheep. It was originally called Diospolis, and afterwards Rhoas; and received the name of Laodicea, in honour of Laodice the wife of Antiochus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 12.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 12.—Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 15, For Flaccus.——Another in Media, destroyed by an earthquake in the age of Nero.——Another in Syria, called by way of distinction Laodicea Cabiosa, or ad Libanum.——Another on the borders of Cœlosyria. Strabo.

Lāŏdĭcēne, a province of Syria, which receives its name from Laodicea, its capital.

Laodŏchus, a son of Antenor, whose form Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to break the treaty which subsisted between the Greeks and Trojans. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4.——An attendant of Antilochus.——A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.——A son of Apollo and Phthia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Laogōnus, a son of Bias, brother to Dardanus, killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 461.——A priest of Jupiter, killed by Merion in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 604.

Laogŏras, a king of the Dryopes, who accustomed his subjects to become robbers. He plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and was killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Laogŏre, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme daughter of Pygmalion. She died in Egypt. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.

Lāŏmĕdon, son of Ilus king of Troy, married Strymon, called by some Placia, or Leucippe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards known by the name of Priam, and Hesione. He built the walls of Troy, and was assisted by Apollo and Neptune, whom Jupiter had banished from heaven, and condemned to be subservient to the will of Laomedon for one year. When the walls were finished, Laomedon refused to reward the labours of the gods, and soon after his territories were laid waste by the god of the sea, and his subjects were visited by a pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacrifices were offered to the offended divinities, but the calamities of the Trojans increased; and nothing could appease the gods, according to the words of the oracle, but annually to expose to a sea monster a Trojan virgin. Whenever the monster appeared, the marriageable maidens were assembled, and the lot decided which of them was doomed to death for the good of her country. When this calamity had continued for five or six years, the lot fell upon Hesione, Laomedon’s daughter. The king was unwilling to part with a daughter whom he loved with uncommon tenderness, but his refusal would irritate more strongly the wrath of the gods. In the midst of his fears and hesitations, Hercules came and offered to deliver the Trojans from this public calamity, if Laomedon promised to reward him with a number of fine horses. The king consented, but when the monster was destroyed, he refused to fulfil his engagements, and Hercules was obliged to besiege Troy and take it by force of arms. Laomedon was put to death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, one of the conqueror’s attendants, and Podarces was ransomed by the Trojans, and placed upon his father’s throne. According to Hyginus, the wrath of Neptune and Apollo was kindled against Laomedon, because he refused to offer on their altars, as a sacrifice, all the first-born of his cattle, according to a vow which he had made. Homer, Iliad, bk. 21.—Virgil, Æneid, bks. 2 & 9.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 6.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 20.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 3.—Hyginus, fable 89.——A demagogue of Messina in Sicily.——A satrap of Phœnicia, &c. Curtius, bk. 10, ch. 10.——An Athenian, &c. Plutarch.——An Orchomenian. Plutarch.

Laŏmĕdonteus, an epithet applied to the Trojans from their king Laomedon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 542; bk. 7, li. 105; bk. 8, li. 18.

Laŏmĕdontiădæ, a patronymic given to the Trojans from Laomedon their king. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 248.

Laonŏme, the wife of Polyphemus, one of the Argonauts.

Laonŏmēne, a daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons, Teles and Menippides, and two daughters, Lysidice and Stendedice. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Laŏthoe, a daughter of Altes, a king of the Leleges, who married Priam and became mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 21, li. 85.——One of the daughters of Thespius, mother of Antidus by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Laous, a river of Lacedæmon.

Lapăthus, a city of Cyprus.

Laphria, a surname of Diana at Patræ in Achaia, where she had a temple with a statue of gold and ivory, which represented her in the habit of a huntress. The statue was made by Menechmus and Soidas, two artists of celebrity. This name was given the goddess from Laphrius the son of Delphus, who consecrated the statue to her. There was a festival of the goddess there, called also Laphria, of which Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18, gives an account.

Laphystium, a mountain in Bœotia, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called Laphystius. It was here that Athamas prepared to immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom Jupiter saved by sending them a golden ram; whence the surname, and the homage paid to the god. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.

Lapideus, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans.

Lăpĭthæ, a people of Thessaly. See: [Lapithus].

Lapĭtho, a city of Cyprus.

Lăpĭthus, a son of Apollo by Stilbe. He was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsinome daughter of Euronymus, by whom he had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of Lapithæ was given to the numerous children of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the inhabitants of the country, of which they had obtained the sovereignty. The chief of the Lapithæ assembled to celebrate the nuptials of Pirithous, one of their number, and among them were Theseus, Dryas, Hopleus, Mopsus, Phalerus, Exadius, Prolochus, Titaresius, &c. The Centaurs were also invited to partake the common festivity, and the amusements would have been harmless and innocent, had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs offered violence to Hippodamia the wife of Pirithous. The Lapithæ resented the injury, and the Centaurs supported their companions, upon which the quarrel became universal, and ended in blows and slaughter. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and they at last were obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapithæ showed himself brave and intrepid in supporting the cause of his friends, and Nestor also was not less active in the protection of chastity and innocence. This quarrel arose from the resentment of Mars, whom Pirithous forgot or neglected to invite among the other gods at the celebration of his nuptials, and therefore the divinity punished the insult by sowing dissension among the festive assembly. See: [Centauri]. Hesiod has described the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithæ, as also Ovid in a more copious manner. The invention of bits and bridles for horses is attributed to the Lapithæ. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 115; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 601; bk. 7, li. 305.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 530; bk. 14, li. 670.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Pindar, bk. 2, Pythian.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 304.

Lapithæum, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Lara, or Laranda, one of the Naiads, daughter of the river Almon in Latium, famous for her beauty and her loquacity, which her parents long endeavoured to correct, but in vain. She revealed to Juno the amours of her husband Jupiter with Juturna, for which the god cut off her tongue, and ordered Mercury to conduct her to the infernal regions. The messenger of the gods fell in love with her by the way, and gratified his passion. Lara became mother of two children, to whom the Romans have paid divine honours, according to the opinion of some, under the name of Lares. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 599.

Larentia and Laurentia, a courtesan in the first ages of Rome. See: [Acca].

Lăres, gods of inferior power at Rome, who presided over houses and families. They were two in number, sons of Mercury by Lara. See: [Lara]. In process of time their power was extended not only over houses, but also over the country and the sea, and we find Lares Urbani to preside over the cities, Familiares over houses, Rustici over the country, Compitales over cross-roads, Marini over the sea, Viales over the roads, Patellarii, &c. According to the opinion of some, the worship of the gods Lares, who are supposed to be the same as the manes, arises from the ancient custom among the Romans and other nations of burying their dead in their houses, and from their belief that their spirits continually hovered over their houses, for the protection of the inhabitants. The statues of the Lares resembling monkeys, and covered with the skin of a dog, were placed in a niche behind the doors of the houses, or around the hearths. At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a dog barking, to intimate their care and vigilance. Incense was burnt on their altars, and a sow was also offered on particular days. Their festivals were observed at Rome in the month of May, when their statues were crowned with garlands of flowers, and offerings of fruit presented. The word Lares seems to be derived from the Etruscan word Lars, which signifies conductor, or leader. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 129.—Juvenal, satire 8, li. 8.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 23.—Plautus, Aulularia & Cistellaria.

Largra, a well-known prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 25.

Largus, a Latin poet, who wrote a poem on the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he built the town of Padua. He composed with ease and elegance. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 17.

Larīdes, a son of Daucus or Daunus, who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and had his hand cut off with one blow by Pallas the son of Evander. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 391.

Lārīna, a virgin of Italy, who accompanied Camilla in her war against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 655.

Larīnum, or Lārīna, now Larino, a town of the Frentani on the Tifernus, before it falls into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were called Larinates. Silius Italicus, bk. 15, li. 565.—Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, chs. 63, 64; Letters to Atticus, ltr. 12; bk. 7, ltr. 13.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 18; bk. 27, ch. 40.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 23.

Larissa, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave her name to some cities in Greece. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 23.——A city between Palestine and Egypt, where Pompey was murdered and buried, according to some accounts.——A large city on the banks of the Tigris. It had a small pyramid near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt.——A city of Asia Minor, on the southern confines of Troas. Strabo, bk. 13.——Another in Æolia, 70 stadia from Cyme. It is surnamed Phriconis by Strabo, by way of distinction. Strabo, bk. 13.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 640.——Another near Ephesus.——Another on the borders of the Peneus in Thessaly, also called Cremaste from its situation (Pensilis), the most famous of all the cities of that name. It was here that Acrisius was inadvertently killed by his grandson Perseus. Jupiter had there a famous temple, on account of which he is called Larissæus. The same epithet is also applied to Achilles, who reigned there. It is still extant, and bears the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 542.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 197.—Lucan, bk. 6.—Livy, bk. 31, ch. 46; bk. 42, ch. 56.——A citadel of Argos, built by Danaus.

Larissæus. See: [Larissa].

Larissus, a river of Peloponnesus flowing between Elis and Achaia. Strabo, bk. 8.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 31.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 43.

Larius, a large lake of Cisalpine Gaul, through which the Addua runs in its way into the Po, above Cremona. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 159.

Larnos, a small desolate island on the coast of Thrace.

Laronia, a shameless courtesan in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 86.

Lars Tolumnius, a king of the Veientes, conquered by the Romans, and put to death, A.U.C. 329. Livy, bk. 4, chs. 17 & 19.

Titus Lartius Flavius, a consul who appeased a sedition raised by the poorer citizens, and was the first dictator ever chosen at Rome, B.C. 498. He made Spurius Cassius his master of horse. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 18.——Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone withstood the fury of Porsenna’s army at the head of a bridge, while the communication was cutting down behind them. His companions were Cocles and Herminius. See: [Cocles]. Livy, bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2.——The name of Lartius has been common to many Romans.

Lartolætani, a people of Spain.

Larvæ, a name given to the wicked spirits and apparitions which, according to the notions of the Romans, issued from their graves in the night and came to terrify the world. As the word larva signifies a mask, whose horrid and uncouth appearance often serves to frighten children, that name has been given to the ghosts or spectres which superstition believes to hover around the graves of the dead. Some call them Lemures. Servius, Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil, bk. 5, li. 64; bk. 6, li. 152.

Larymna, a town of Bœotia, where Bacchus had a temple and a statue.——Another in Caria. Strabo, bks. 9 & 16.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 2, ch. 3.

Larysium, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 22.

Lassia, an ancient name of Andros.

Lassus, or Lasus, a dithyrambic poet, born at Hermione, in Peloponnesus, about 500 years before Christ, and reckoned among the wise men of Greece by some. He is particularly known by the answer he gave to a man who asked him what could best render life pleasant and comfortable? “Experience.” He was acquainted with music. Some fragments of his poetry are to be found in Athenæus. He wrote an ode upon the Centaurs, and a hymn to Ceres, without inserting the letter S in the composition. Athenæus, bk. 10.

Lasthĕnes, a governor of Olynthus, corrupted by Philip king of Macedonia.——A Cretan demagogue, conquered by Metellus the Roman general.——A cruel minister at the court of the Seleucidæ, kings of Syria.

Lasthĕnīa, a woman who disguised herself to come and hear Plato’s lectures. Diogenes Laërtius.

Latăgus, a king of Pontus, who assisted Æetes against the Argonauts, and was killed by Darapes. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 584.——One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 697.

Laterānus Plautus, a Roman consul elect, A.D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso against the emperor Nero proved fatal to him. He was led to execution, where he refused to confess the associates of the conspiracy, and did not even frown at the executioner who was as guilty as himself; but when a first blow could not sever his head from his body, he looked at the executioner, and shaking his head, he returned it to the hatchet with the greatest composure, and it was cut off. There exists now a celebrated palace at Rome, which derives its name from its ancient possessors the Laterani.

Latĕrium, the villa of Quintus Cicero at Arpinum, near the Liris. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 10, ltr. 1; bk. 4, ltr. 7; Letters to his Friends, bk. 3, ltr. 1.—Pliny, bk. 15, ch. 15.

Latiālis, a surname of Jupiter, who was worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals, which were first instituted by Tarquin the Proud, lasted 15 days. Livy, bk. 21. See: [Feriæ Latinæ].

Latīni, the inhabitants of Latium. See: [Latium].

Latīnus Latiaris, a celebrated informer, &c. Tacitus.

Latīnus, a son of Faunus by Marica, king of the Aborigines in Italy, who from him were called Latini. He married Amata, by whom he had a son and a daughter. The son died in his infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia, was secretly promised in marriage by her mother to Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of her most powerful admirers. The gods opposed this union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia must become the wife of a foreign prince. The arrival of Æneas in Italy seemed favourable to this prediction, and Latinus, by offering his daughter to the foreign prince, and making him his friend and ally, seemed to have fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Turnus, however, disapproved of the conduct of Latinus; he claimed Lavinia as his lawful wife, and prepared to support his cause by arms. Æneas took up arms in his own defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. After mutual losses it was agreed that the quarrel should be decided by the two rivals, and Latinus promised his daughter to the conqueror. Æneas obtained the victory and married Lavinia. Latinus soon after died, and was succeeded by his son-in-law. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, &c.; Fasti, bk. 2, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.—Justin, bk. 43, ch. 1.——A son of Sylvius Æneas, surnamed also Sylvius. He was the fifth king of the Latins, and succeeded his father. He was father to Alba his successor. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 3.——A son of Ulysses and Circe also bore this name.

Lătium, a country of Italy near the river Tiber. It was originally very circumscribed, extending only from the Tiber to Circeii, but afterwards it comprehended the territories of the Volsci, Æqui, Hernici, Ausones, Umbri, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants were called Aborigines, and received the name of Latini, from Latinus their king. According to others the word is derived from lateo, to conceal, because Saturn concealed himself there when flying the resentment of his son Jupiter. Laurentum was the capital of the country in the reign of Latinus, Lavinium under Æneas, and Alba under Ascanius. See: [Alba]. The Latins, though originally known only among their neighbours, soon rose in consequence when Romulus had founded the city of Rome in their country. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 38; bk. 8, li. 322.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Tacitus, bk. 4, Annals, ch. 5.

Latius, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. Statius, bk. 5, Sylvæ, poem 2, li. 392.

Latmus, a mountain of Caria near Miletus. It is famous for the residence of Endymion, whom Diana regularly visited in the night, whence he is often called Latmius Heros. See: [Endymion]. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 299; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 83.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Cicero, bk. 1, Tusculanæ Disputationes, ch. 28.

Latobius, the god of health among the Corinthians.

Latobrigri, a people of Belgic Gaul.

Latōis, a name of Diana, as being the daughter of Latona.——A country house near Ephesus.

Latomiæ. See: [♦][Lautumiæ].

[♦] ‘Latumiæ’ replaced with ‘Lautumiæ’

Latōna, a daughter of Cœus the Titan and Phœbe, or, according to Homer, of Saturn. She was admired for her beauty, and celebrated for the favours which she granted to Jupiter. Juno, always jealous of her husband’s amours, made Latona the object of her vengeance, and sent the serpent Python to disturb her peace and persecute her. Latona wandered from place to place in the time of her pregnancy, continually alarmed for fear of Python. She was driven from heaven, and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to give her a place where she might find rest and bring forth. Neptune, moved with compassion, struck with his trident, and made immovable the island of Delos, which before wandered in the Ægean, and appeared sometimes above, and sometimes below, the surface of the sea. Latona, changed into a quail by Jupiter, came to Delos, where she resumed her original shape, and gave birth to Apollo and Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an olive. Her repose was of short duration. Juno discovered the place of her retreat, and obliged her to fly from Delos. She wandered over the greatest part of the world, and in Caria, where her fatigue compelled her to stop, she was insulted and ridiculed by peasants of whom she asked for water, while they were weeding a marsh. Their refusal and insolence provoked her, and she intreated Jupiter to punish their barbarity. They were all changed into frogs. She was exposed to repeated insults by Niobe, who boasted herself greater than the mother of Apollo and Diana, and ridiculed the presents which the piety of her neighbours had offered to Latona. See: [Niobe]. Her beauty proved fatal to the giant Tityus, whom Apollo and Diana put to death. See: [Tityus]. At last Latona, though persecuted and exposed to the resentment of Juno, became a powerful deity, and saw her children receive divine honours. Her worship was generally established where her children received adoration, particularly at Argos, Delos, &c., where she had temples. She had an oracle in Egypt, celebrated for the true, decisive answers which it gave. Diodorus, bk. 5.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 155.—Pausanias, bks. 2 & 3.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 21; Hymns to Aphrodite & Artemis.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 160.—Hyginus, fable 140.

Latopŏlis, a city of Egypt. Strabo.

Latous, a name [♦]given to Apollo, as son of Latona. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 9.

[♦] ‘give’ replaced with ‘given’

Latreus, one of the Centaurs, who, after killing Halesus, was himself slain by Cæneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 463.

Laudămia, a daughter of Alexander king of Epirus, and Olympias daughter of Pyrrhus, killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged populace. Justin, bk. 28, ch. 3.——The wife of Protesilaus. See: [Laodamia].

Laudice. See: [Laodice].

Laverna, the goddess of thieves and dishonest persons at Rome. She did not only preside over robbers, called from her Laverniones, but she protected such as deceived others, or performed their secret machinations in obscurity and silence. Her worship was very popular, and the Romans raised her an altar near one of the gates of the city, which from that circumstance was called the gate of Laverna. She was generally represented by a head without a body. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 16, li. 60.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4.——A place mentioned by Plutarch, &c.

Lavernium, a temple of Laverna, near Formiæ. Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 8.

Laufella, a wanton woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 319.

Laviana, a province of Armenia Minor.

Lăvīnia, a daughter of king Latinus and Amata. She was betrothed to her relation king Turnus, but because the oracle ordered her father to marry her to a foreign prince, she was given to Æneas after the death of Turnus. See: [Latinus]. At her husband’s death she was left pregnant, and being fearful of the tyranny of Ascanius her son-in-law, she fled into the woods, where she brought forth a son called Æneas Sylvius. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bks. 6 & 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 507.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Lavīnium, or Lavīnum, a town of Italy, built by Æneas, and called by that name in honour of Lavinia, the founder’s wife. It was the capital of Latium during the reign of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 262.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Justin, bk. 43, ch. 2.

Laura, a place near Alexandria in Egypt.

Laureacum, a town at the confluence of the Ens and the Danube, now Lorch.

Laurentālia, certain festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Laurentia, on the last day of April and the 23rd of December. They were, in process of time, part of the Saturnalia. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 57.

Laurentes agri, the country in the neighbourhood of Laurentum. Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 41.

Laurentia. See: [Acca].

Laurentīni, the inhabitants of Latium. They received this name from the great number of laurels which grew in the country. King Latinus found one of uncommon largeness and beauty, when he was going to build a temple to Apollo, and the tree was consecrated to the god, and preserved with the most religious ceremonies. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 59.

Laurentius, belonging to Laurentum or Latium. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 709.

Laurentum, now Paterno, the capital of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of Latinus. It is on the sea coast, east of the Tiber. See: [Laurentini]. Strabo, bk. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 171.

Laurion, a place of Attica, where were gold mines, from which the Athenians drew considerable revenues, and with which they built their fleets by the advice of Themistocles. These mines failed before the age of Strabo. Thucydides, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Lauron, a town of Spain, where Pompey’s son was conquered by Cæsar’s army.

Laus, now Laino, a town on the river of the same name, which forms the southern boundary of Lucania. Strabo, bk. 6.

Laus Pompeia, a town of Italy, founded by a colony sent thither by Pompey.

Lausus, a son of Numitor and brother of Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle Amulius, who usurped his father’s throne. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 54.——A son of Mezentius king of the Tyrrhenians, killed by Æneas in the war which his father and Turnus made against the Trojans. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 649; bk. 10, li. 426, &c.

Lautium, a city of Latium.

Lautumiæ, or Latomiæ, a prison at Syracuse, cut out of the solid rock by Dionysius, and now converted into a subterraneous garden filled with numerous shrubs, flourishing in luxuriant variety. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 27; bk. 32, ch. 26.

Leades, a son of Astacus, who killed Eteoclus. Apollodorus.

Lēæi, a nation of Pæonia, near Macedonia.

Leæna, an Athenian harlot. See: [Læna].

Leander, a youth of Abydos, famous for his amours with Hero. See: [Hero].——A Milesian who wrote an historical commentary upon his country.

Leandre, a daughter of Amyclas, who married Arcas. Apollodorus.

Leandrias, a Lacedæmonian refugee of Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient oracle, that Sparta would lose the superiority over Greece when conquered by the Thebans at Leuctra. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Leanira, a daughter of Amyclas. See: [Leandre].

Learchus, a son of Athamas and Ino, crushed to death against a wall by his father, in a fit of madness. See: [Athamas]. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 490.

Lebădēa, now Lioadias, a town of Bœotia, near mount Helicon. It received this name from the mother of Aspledon, and became famous for the oracle and cave of Trophonius. No moles could live there, according to Pliny. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pliny, bk. 16, ch. 36.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 59.

Lebĕdus, or Lebĕdos, a town of Ionia, at the north of Colophon, where festivals were yearly observed in honour of Bacchus, and where Trophonius had a cave and a temple. Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried part of the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been founded by an Athenian colony, under one of the sons of Codrus. Strabo, bk. 14.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 11, li. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 142.—Cicero, bk. 1, Divination, ch. 33.

Lebēna, a commercial town of Crete, with a temple sacred to Æsculapius. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.

Lĕbinthos and Lebynthos, an island in the Ægean sea, near Patmos. Strabo, bk. 10.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 222.

Lechæum, now Pelago, a port of Corinth in the bay of Corinth. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 2, li. 381.—Livy, bk. 32, ch. 23.

Lectum, a promontory, now cape Baba, separating Troas from Æolia. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 37.

Lecythus, a town of Eubœa.

Leda, a daughter of king Thespius and Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus king of Sparta. She was seen bathing in the river Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was some few days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god, struck with her beauty, resolved to deceive her. He persuaded Venus to change herself into an eagle, while he assumed the form of a swan, and, after this metamorphosis, Jupiter, as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of the bird of prey, fled through the air into the arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the trembling swan from the assaults of his superior enemy. The caresses with which the naked Leda received the swan, enabled Jupiter to avail himself of his situation, and nine months after this adventure, the wife of Tyndarus brought forth two eggs, of one of which sprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were deemed the offspring of Jupiter, and the others claimed Tyndarus for their father. Some mythologists attributed this amour to Nemesis, and not to Leda; and they further mention, that Leda was entrusted with the education of the children which sprang from the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. See: [Helena]. To reconcile this diversity of opinions, others maintain that Leda received the name of Nemesis after death. Homer and Hesiod make no mention of the metamorphosis of Jupiter into a swan, whence some have imagined that the fable was unknown to these two ancient poets, and probably invented since their age. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 109.—Hesiod, bk. 17, li. 55.—Hyginus, fable 77.—Isocrates, Helen.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Euripides, Helen.——A famous dancer in the age of Juvenal, satire 6, li. 63.

Ledæa, an epithet given to Hermione, &c., as related to Leda. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 328.

Ledus, now Lez, a river of Gaul, near the modern Montpelier. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Lĕgio, a corps of soldiers in the Roman armies, whose numbers have been different at different times. The legion under Romulus consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse, and was soon after augmented to 4000, after the admission of the Sabines into the city. When Annibal was in Italy it consisted of 5000 soldiers, and afterwards it decreased to 4000, or 4500. Marius made it consist of 6200, besides 700 horse. This was the period of its greatness in numbers. Livy speaks of 10, and even 18, legions kept at Rome. During the consular government it was usual to levy and fit up four legions, which were divided between the two consuls. This number was, however, often increased, as time and occasion required. Augustus maintained a standing army of 23 or 25 legions, and this number was seldom diminished. In the reign of Tiberius there were 27 legions, and the peace establishment of Adrian maintained no less than 30 of these formidable brigades. They were distributed over the Roman empire, and their stations were settled and permanent. The peace of Britain was protected by three legions; 16 were stationed on the banks of the Rhine and Danube, viz. two in Lower, and three in Upper Germany; one in Noricum, one in Rhætia, three in Mœsia, four in Pannonia, and two in Dacia. Eight were stationed on the Euphrates, six of which remained in Syria, and two in Cappadocia; while the remote provinces of Egypt, Africa, and Spain were guarded each by a single legion. Besides these the tranquillity of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, under the titles of city cohorts and of pretorian guards, watched over the safety of the monarch and of the capital. The legions were distinguished by different appellations, and generally borrowed their name from the order in which they were first raised, as prima, secunda, tertia, quarta, &c. Besides this distinction, another more expressive was generally added, as from the name of the emperor who embodied them, as Augusta, Claudiana, Galbiana, Flavia, Ulpia, Trajana, Antoniana, &c.; from the provinces or quarters where they were stationed, as Britannica, Cyreniaca, Gallica, &c.; from the provinces which had been subdued by their valour, as Parthica, Scythica, Arabica, Africana, &c.; from the names of the deities whom their generals particularly worshipped, as Minervia, Apollinaris, &c.; or from more trifling accidents, as Martia, Fulminatrix, Rapax, Adjutrix, &c. Each legion was divided into 10 cohorts, each cohort into three manipuli, and every manipulus into two centuries or ordines. The chief commander of the legion was called legatus, lieutenant. The standards borne by the legions were various. In the first ages of Rome a wolf was the standard, in honour of Romulus; after that a hog, because that animal was generally sacrificed at the conclusion of a treaty, and therefore it indicated that war is undertaken for the obtaining of peace. A minotaur was sometimes the standard, to intimate the secrecy with which the general was to act, in commemoration of the labyrinth. Sometimes a horse or boar was used, till the age of Marius, who changed all these for the eagle, being a representation of that bird in silver, holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. The Roman eagle ever after remained in use, though Trajan made use of the dragon.

Leitus, or Letus, a commander of the Bœotians at the siege of Troy. He was saved from the victorious hand of Hector and from death by Idomeneus. Homer, Iliad, bks. 2, 6 & 17.——One of the Argonauts, son of Alector. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 9.

Lelaps, a dog that never failed to seize and conquer whatever animal he was ordered to pursue. It was given to Procris by Diana, and Procris reconciled herself to her husband by presenting him with that valuable present. According to some, Procris had received it from Minos, as a reward for the dangerous wounds of which she had cured him. Hyginus, fable 128.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 771.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 19.——One of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 211.

Lĕlĕges (a λεγω, to gather), a wandering people, composed of different unconnected nations. They were originally inhabitants of Caria, and went to the Trojan war with Altes their king. Achilles plundered their country, and obliged them to retire to the neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, where they fixed their habitation. The inhabitants of Laconia and Megara bore this name for some time, from Lelex, one of their kings. Strabo, bks. 7 & 8.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 21, li. 85.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 30.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 725.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Lelegeis, a name applied to Miletus, because once possessed by the Leleges. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Lelex, an Egyptian, who came with a colony to Megara, where he reigned about 200 years before the Trojan war. His subjects were called from him Leleges, and the place Lelegeia mœnia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.——A Greek, who was the first king of Laconia in Peloponnesus. His subjects were also called Leleges, and the country where he reigned Lelegia. Pausanias.

Lemanis, a place in Britain, where Cæsar is supposed to have first landed, and therefore placed by some at Lime in Kent.

Lemannus, a lake in the country of the Allobroges, through which the Rhone flows by Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva or Lausanne. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 396.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Lemnos, an island in the Ægean sea between Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It was sacred to Vulcan, called Lemnius pater, who fell there when kicked down from heaven by Jupiter. See: [Vulcanus]. It was celebrated for two horrible massacres; that of the Lemnian women murdering their husbands [See: [♦][Hypsipyle]], and that of the Lemnians, or Pelasgi, in killing all the children they had had by some Athenian women, whom they had carried away to become their wives. These two acts of cruelty have given rise to the proverb of Lemnian actions, which is applied to all barbarous and inhuman deeds. The first inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pelasgi, or rather the Thracians, who were murdered by their wives. After them came the children of the Lemnian widows by the Argonauts, whose descendants were at last expelled by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years before the christian era. Lemnos is about 112 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, who says that it is often shadowed by mount Athos, though at the distance of 87 miles. It has been called [♦]Hypsipyle, from queen [♦]Hypsipyle. It is famous for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called terra Lemnia or terra sigillata, from the seal or impression which it can bear. As the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets have taken occasion to fix the forges of Vulcan in that island, and to consecrate the whole country to his divinity. Lemnos is also celebrated for a labyrinth, which, according to some traditions, surpassed those of Crete and Egypt. Some remains of it were still visible in the age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, now called Stalimene, was reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades, and the Carians, who then inhabited it, were obliged to emigrate. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 454.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 593.—Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades.—Strabo, bks. 1, 2, & 7.—Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 140.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Apollonius, bk. 1, Argonautica.—Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 78.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 672.—Statius, bk. 3, Thebiad, li. 274.

[♦] ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency

Lemovices, a people of Gaul, now Limousin and Limoges. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7; ch. 4.

Lemovii, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania.

Lĕmŭres, the manes of the dead. The ancients supposed that the souls after death wandered all over the world, and disturbed the peace of its inhabitants. The good spirits were called Lares familiares, and the evil ones were known by the name of Larvæ, or Lemures. They terrified the good, and continually haunted the wicked and impious; and the Romans had the superstition to celebrate festivals in their honour, called Lemuria, or [♦]Lemuralia, in the month of May. They were first instituted by Romulus to appease the manes of his brother Remus, from whom they were called Remuria, and, by corruption, Lemuria. These solemnities continued three nights, during which the temples of the gods were shut and marriages prohibited. It was usual for the people to throw black beans on the graves of the deceased, or to burn them, as the smell was supposed to be insupportable to them. They also muttered magical words, and, by beating kettles and drums, they believed that the ghosts would depart and no longer come to terrify their relations upon earth. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 421, &c.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 209.—Persius, bk. 5, li. 185.

[♦] ‘Lemurialia’ replaced with ‘Lemuralia’

Lĕmūria and Lĕmŭrālia. See: [Lemures].

Lenæus, a surname of Bacchus, from ληνος, a wine-press. There was a festival called Lenæa, celebrated in his honour, in which the ceremonies observed at the other festivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There were, besides, poetical contentions, &c. Pausanias.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 4; Æneid, bk. 4, li. 207.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 14.——A learned grammarian, ordered by Pompey to translate into Latin some of the physical manuscripts of Mithridates king of Pontus.

Lentŭlus, a celebrated family at Rome, which produced many great men in the commonwealth. The most illustrious were Lucius Cornelius Lentulus, a consul, A.U.C. 427, who dispersed some robbers who infested Umbria.——Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained up some gladiators at Capua, which escaped from his school.——Cornelius Lentulus, surnamed Sura. He joined in Catiline’s conspiracy, and assisted in corrupting the Allobroges. He was convicted in full senate by Cicero, and put in prison and afterwards executed.——A consul who triumphed over the Samnites.——Cnæus Lentulus, surnamed Gætulicus, was made consul A.D. 26, and was some time after put to death by Tiberius, who was jealous of his great popularity. He wrote a history mentioned by Suetonius, and attempted also poetry.——Lucius Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, put to death in Africa.——Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a pretor, defeated by the rebellious slaves in Sicily.——Lentulus Spinther, a senator, kindly used by Julius Cæsar, &c.——A tribune at the battle of Cannæ.——Publius Lentulus, a friend of Brutus, mentioned by Cicero (On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 48) as a great and consummate statesman.——Besides these, there are a few others, whose name is only mentioned in history, and whose life was not marked by any uncommon event. The consulship was in the family of the Lentuli in the years of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518, 553, 555, 598, &c. Tacitus, Annals.—Livy.—Florus.—Pliny.—Plutarch.—Eutropius.

Leo, a native of Byzantium, who flourished 350 years before the christian era. His philosophical and political talents endeared him to his countrymen, and he was always sent upon every important occasion as ambassador to Athens, or to the court of Philip king of Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainted with the abilities of Leo, was sensible that his views and claims to Byzantium would never succeed while it was protected by the vigilance of such a patriotic citizen. To remove him he had recourse to artifice and perfidy. A letter was forged, in which Leo made solemn promises of betraying his country to the king of Macedonia for money. This was no sooner known than the people ran enraged to the house of Leo, and the philosopher, to avoid their fury, and without attempting his justification, strangled himself. He had written some treatises upon physic, and also the history of his country, and the wars of Philip in seven books, which have been lost. Plutarch.——A Corinthian at Syracuse, &c.——A king of Sparta.——A son of Eurycrates. Athenæus, bk. 12.—Philostratus.——An emperor of the east, surnamed the Thracian. He reigned 17 years, and died A.D. 474, being succeeded by Leo II. for 10 months, and afterwards by Zeno.

Leocorion, a monument and temple erected by the Athenians to Pasithea, Theope, and Eubele, daughters of Leos, who immolated themselves when an oracle had ordered that, to stop the raging pestilence, some of the blood of the citizens must be shed. Ælian, bk. 12, ch. 28.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Leocrătes, an Athenian general, who flourished B.C. 460, &c. Diodorus, bk. 11.

Leodămas, a son of Eteocles, one of the seven Theban chiefs who defended the city against the Argives. He killed Ægialeus, and was himself killed by Alcmæon.——A son of Hector and Andromache. Dictys Cretensis.

Leodŏcus, one of the Argonauts. Flaccus.

Leogŏras, an Athenian debauchee, who maintained the courtesan Myrrhina.

Leon, a king of Sparta. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.——A town of Sicily, near Syracuse. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 25.

Leona, a courtesan, called also Læna. See: [Læna].

Leonătus, one of Alexander’s generals. His father’s name was Eunus. He distinguished himself in Alexander’s conquest of Asia, and once saved the king’s life in a dangerous battle. After the death of Alexander, at the general division of the provinces, he received for his portion that part of Phrygia which borders on the Hellespont. He was empowered by Perdiccas to assist Eumenes in making himself master of the province of Cappadocia, which had been allotted to him. Like the rest of the generals of Alexander, he was ambitious of power and dominion. He aspired to the sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly communicated to Eumenes the different plans he meant to pursue to execute his designs. He passed from Asia into Europe to assist Antipater against the Athenians, and was killed in a battle which was fought soon after his arrival. Historians have mentioned, as an instance of the luxury of Leonatus, that he employed a number of camels to procure some earth from Egypt to wrestle upon, as, in his opinion, it seemed better calculated for that purpose. Plutarch, Alexander.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 8.—Justin, bk. 13, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 18.—Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes.——A Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy against the Romans.

Leonĭdas, a celebrated king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Eurysthenidæ, sent by his countrymen to oppose Xerxes king of Persia, who had invaded Greece with about five millions of souls. He was offered the kingdom of Greece by the enemy, if he would not oppose his views; but Leonidas heard the proposal with indignation, and observed, that he preferred death for his country, to an unjust though extensive dominion over it. Before the engagement Leonidas exhorted his soldiers, and told them all to dine heartily, as they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The battle was fought at Thermopylæ, and the 300 Spartans who alone had refused to abandon the scene of action, withstood the enemy with such vigour, that they were obliged to retire wearied and conquered during three successive days, till Ephialtes, a Trachinian, had the perfidy to conduct a detachment of Persians by a secret path up the mountains, whence they suddenly fell upon the rear of the Spartans, and crushed them to pieces. Only one escaped of the 300; he returned home, where he was treated with insult and reproaches, for flying ingloriously from a battle in which his brave companions, with their royal leader, had perished. This celebrated battle, which happened 480 years before the christian era, taught the Greeks to despise the number of the Persians, and to rely upon their own strength, and intrepidity. Temples were raised to the fallen hero, and festivals, called Leonidea, yearly celebrated at Sparta, in which free-born youths contended. Leonidas, as he departed for the battle from Lacedæmon, gave no other injunction to his wife but, after his death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, to raise from her children deserving of the name and greatness of her first husband. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 120, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles.—Justin, bk. 2.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Plutarch, Lycurgus & Cleomenes.——A king of Sparta after Areus II., [♦]257 years before Christ. He was driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus his son-in-law, and afterwards re-established.——A preceptor to Alexander the Great.——A friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, by Alexander, of the soldiers who lamented the death of Parmenio, and who formed a separate cohort. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 2.——A learned man of Rhodes, greatly commended by Strabo, &c.

[♦] omitted word ‘years’ added

Leontium and Leontīni, a town of Sicily, about five miles distant from the sea-shore. It was built by a colony from Chalcis in Eubæa, and was, according to some accounts, once the habitation of the Lætrygones, for which reason the neighbouring fields are often called Læstrygonii campi. The country was extremely fruitful, whence Cicero calls it the grand magazine of Sicily. The wine which it produced was the best of the island. The people of Leontium implored the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, B.C. 427. Thucydides, bk. 6.—Polybius, bk. 7.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 467.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 126.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5.

Leontium, a celebrated courtesan of Athens, who studied philosophy under Epicurus, and became one of his most renowned pupils. She prostituted herself to the philosopher’s scholars, and even to Epicurus himself, if we believe the reports which were raised by some of his enemies. See: [Epicurus]. Metrodorus shared her favours in the most unbounded manner, and by him she had a son, to whom Epicurus was so partial, that he recommended him to his executors on his dying bed. Leontium not only professed herself a warm admirer and follower of the doctrines of Epicurus, but she even wrote a book in support of them against Theophrastus. This book was valuable, if we believe the testimony and criticism of Cicero, who praised the purity and elegance of its style, and the truly Attic turn of the expressions. Leontium had also a daughter called Danae, who married Sophron. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 33.

Leontocephălus, a strongly fortified city of Phrygia. Plutarch.

Leonton, or Leontopŏlis, a town of Egypt where lions were worshipped. Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 12, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Leontychides. See: [Leotychides].

Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated his three daughters for the good of Athens. See: [Leocorion].

Leosthĕnes, an Athenian general, who, after Alexander’s death, drove Antipater to Thessaly, where he besieged him in the town of Lamia. The success which for a while attended his arms was soon changed by a fatal blow, which he received from a stone thrown by the besieged, B.C. 323. The death of Leosthenes was followed by the total defeat of the Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his body was pronounced at Athens by Hyperides, in the absence of Demosthenes, who had been lately banished for taking a bribe from Harpalus. See: [Lamiacum]. Diodorus, bks. 17 & 18.—Strabo, bk. 9.——Another general of Athens, condemned on account of the bad success which attended his arms against Peparethos.

Leotychĭdes, a king of Sparta, son of Menares, of the family of the Proclidæ. He was set over the Grecian fleet, and, by his courage and valour, he put an end to the Persian war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said that he cheered the spirits of his fellow-soldiers at Mycale, who were anxious for their countrymen in Greece, by raising a report that a battle had been fought at Platæa, in which the barbarians had been defeated. This succeeded, and though the information was premature, yet a battle was fought at Platæa, in which the Greeks obtained the victory the same day that the Persian fleet was destroyed at Mycale. Leotychides was accused of a capital crime by the Ephori, and, to avoid the punishment which his guilt seemed to deserve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at Tegea, where he perished, B.C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by his grandson Archidamus. Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.—Diodorus, bk. 11.——A son of Agis king of Sparta by Timæa. The legitimacy of his birth was disputed by some, and it was generally believed that he was the son of Alcibiades. He was prevented from ascending the throne of Sparta by Lysander, though Agis had declared him upon his death-bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus was appointed in his place. Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.—Plutarch.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Lephyrium, a city of Cilicia.

Lepĭda, a noble woman, accused of attempts to poison her husband, from whom she had been separated for 20 years. She was condemned under Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 22.——A woman who married Scipio.——Domitia, a daughter of Drusus and Antonia, great niece to Augustus, and aunt to the emperor Nero. She is described by Tacitus as a common prostitute, infamous in her manners, violent in her temper, and yet celebrated for her beauty. She was put to death by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero’s mother. Tacitus.——A wife of Galba the emperor.——A wife of Cassius, &c.

Lepĭdus Marcus Æmĭlius, a Roman, celebrated as being one of the triumvirs with Augustus and Antony. He was of an illustrious family, and, like the rest of his contemporaries, he was remarkable for his ambition, to which were added a narrowness of mind, and a great deficiency of military abilities. He was sent against Cæsar’s murderers, and some time after, he leagued with Marcus Antony, who had gained the heart of his soldiers by artifice, and that of their commander by his address. When his influence and power among the soldiers had made him one of the triumvirs, he showed his cruelty, like his colleagues, by his proscriptions, and even suffered his own brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the triumvirate. He received Africa as his portion in the division of the empire; but his indolence soon rendered him despicable in the eyes of his soldiers and of his colleagues; and Augustus, who was well acquainted with the unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his camp and obliged him to resign the power to which he was entitled as being a triumvir. After this degrading event, he sunk into obscurity, and retired, by order of Augustus, to Cerceii, a small town on the coast of Latium, where he ended his days in peace, B.C. 13, and where he was forgotten as soon as out of power. Appian.—Plutarch, Life of Augustus.—Florus, bk. 4, chs. 6 & 7.——A Roman consul, sent to be the guardian of young Ptolemy Epiphanes, whom his father had left to the care of the Roman people. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 67.—Justin, bk. 30, ch. 3.——A son of Julia the granddaughter of Augustus. He was intended by Caius as his successor in the Roman empire. He committed adultery with Agrippina when young. Dio Cassius, bk. 59.——An orator mentioned by Cicero, Brutus.——A censor, A.U.C. 734.

Lepīnus, a mountain of Italy. Columella, bk. 10.

Lepontii, a people at the source of the Rhine. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Lepreos, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a town in Elis, which he called after his own name. He laid a wager that he would eat as much as Hercules; upon which he killed an ox and ate it up. He afterwards challenged Hercules to a trial of strength, and was killed. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Leprium, or Lepreos, a town of Elis. Cicero, bk. 6, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 2.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Leptĭnes, a general of Demetrius, who ordered Cnæus Octavius, one of the Roman ambassadors, to be put to death.——A son of Hermocrates of Syracuse, brother to Dionysius. He was sent by his brother against the Carthaginians, and experienced so much success, that he sunk 50 of their ships. He was afterwards defeated by Mago, and banished by Dionysius. He always continued a faithful friend to the interests of his brother, though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny and oppression. He was killed in a battle with the Carthaginians. Diodorus, bk. 15.——A famous orator at Athens, who endeavoured to set the people free from oppressive taxes. He was opposed by Demosthenes.——A tyrant of Appollonia in Sicily, who surrendered to Timoleon. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Leptis, the name of two cities of Africa, one of which, called Major, now Lebida, was near the Syrtes, and had been built by a Tyrian or Sidonian colony. The other, called Minor, now Lemta, was about 18 Roman miles from Adrumentum. It paid every day a talent to the republic of Carthage, by way of tribute. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 251.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 19.—Sallust, Jugurthine War, ch. 77.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 3, li. 256.—Cæsar. Civil Wars, bk. 2, ch. 38.—Cicero, bk. 5, Against Verres, ch. 59.

Leria, an island in the Ægean sea, on the coast of Caria, about 18 miles in circumference, peopled by a Milesian colony. Its inhabitants were very dishonest. Strabo, bk. 10.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 125.

Lerĭna, or Planasia, a small island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, at the east of the Rhone. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Lerna, a country of Argolis, celebrated for a grove and a lake, where, according to the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of their murdered husbands. It was there also that Hercules killed the famous hydra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 803; bk. 12, li. 517.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 597.—Lucretius, bk. 5.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 638.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 15.——There was a festival, called Lernæa, celebrated there in honour of Bacchus, Proserpine, and Ceres. The Argives used to carry fire to this solemnity from a temple upon mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. Pausanias.

Lero, a small island on the coast of Gaul, called also Lerina.

Leros. See: [Leria].

Lesbos, a large island in the Ægean sea, now known by the name of Metelin, 168 miles in circumference. It has been severally called Ægira, Lasia, Æthiope, and Pelasgia, from the Pelasgi, by whom it was first peopled, Macaria, from Macareus who settled in it, and Lesbos, from the son-in-law and successor of Macareus, who bore the same name. The chief towns of Lesbos were Methymna and Mitylene. Lesbos was originally governed by kings, but they were afterwards subjected to the neighbouring powers. The wine which it produced was greatly esteemed by the ancients, and still is in the same repute among the moderns. The Lesbians were celebrated among the ancients for their skill in music, and their women for their beauty; but the general character of the people was so debauched and dissipated, that the epithet of Lesbian was often used to signify debauchery and extravagance. Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious persons, such as Arion, Terpander, &c. The best verses were by way of eminence often called Lesboum carmen, from Alcæus and Sappho, who distinguished themselves for their poetical compositions, and were also natives of the place. Diodorus, bk. 5.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 90.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 11.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 160.

Lesbus, or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas, grandson of Æolus, who married Methymna daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his father-in-law, and gave his name to the island over which he reigned.

Lesches, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flourished B.C. 600. Some suppose him to be the author of the little Iliad, of which only few verses remain, quoted by Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 25.

Lestrȳgŏnes. See: [Læstrygones].

Letānum, a town of Propontis, built by the Athenians.

Lethæus, a river of Lydia, flowing by Magnesia into the Mæander. Strabo, bk. 10, &c.——Another of Macedonia,——of Crete.

Lēthe, one of the rivers of hell, whose waters the souls of the dead drank after they had been confined for a certain space of time in Tartarus. It had the power of making them forget whatever they had done, seen, or heard before, as the name implies, ληθη, oblivion.——Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which runs under the ground, and some time after rises again, whence the origin of the fable of the Lethean streams of oblivion.——There is also a river of that name in Spain.——Another in Bœotia, whose waters were drunk by those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. Lucan, bk. 9, li. 355.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 47.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 545; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 714.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 235; bk. 10, li. 555.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 39.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 7, li. 27.

Letus, a mountain of Liguria. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 18.

Levāna, a goddess of Rome, who presided over the action of the person who took up from the ground a newly born child, after it had been placed there by the midwife. This was generally done by the father, and so religiously observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy of a child could be disputed without it.

Leuca, a town of the Salentines, near a cape of the same name in Italy. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 376.——A town of Ionia,——of Crete,——of Argolis. Strabo, bk. 6, &c.

Leucas, or Leucadia, an island of the Ionian sea, now called St. Maura, near the coast of Epirus, famous for a promontory called Leucate, Leucas, or Leucates, where desponding lovers threw themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap to free herself from the violent passion which she entertained for Phaon. The word is derived from λευκος, white, on account of the whiteness of its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the promontory, whence he is often called Leucadius. The island was formerly joined to the continent by a narrow isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through after the Peloponnesian war. Ovid, Heroides, poem 15, li. 171.—Strabo, bk. 6, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 15, li. 302.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 274; bk. 8, li. 677.——A town of Phœnicia.

Leucasion, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Leucaspis, a Lycian, one of the companions of Æneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 334.

Leucate. See: [Leucas].

Leuce, a small island in the Euxine sea, of a triangular form, between the mouths of the Danube and the Borysthenes. According to the poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were placed there as in the Elysian fields, where they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the repose to which their benevolence to mankind, and their exploits during life, seemed to entitle them. From that circumstance it has often been called the island of the blessed, &c. According to some accounts Achilles celebrated there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place with the manes of Ajax, &c. Strabo, bk. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ammianus, bk. 22.—Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus], bk. 2, li. 773.——One of the Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his kingdom.

Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the Moselle and the Maese. Their capital is now called Toul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 40.——Mountains on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance like white clouds, whence the name.

Leucippe, one of the Oceanides.

Leucippĭdes, the daughters of Leucippus. See: [Leucippus].

Leucippus, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, about 428 years before Christ, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who invented the famous system of atoms and of a vacuum, which was afterwards more fully explained by Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses have been adopted by the moderns, with advantage. Diogenes Laërtius has written his life.——A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who married Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and Phœbe, known by the patronymic of Leucippides. They were carried away by their cousins Castor and Pollux, as they were going to celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 701.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 17 & 26.——A son of Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon. He became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, and when he was unable to restrain his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify it. He acquainted his mother with it, and threatened to murder himself if she attempted to oppose his views or remove the object of his affection. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she tenderly loved, cherished his passion, and by her consent her daughter yielded herself to the arms of her brother. Some time after the father resolved to give his daughter in marriage to a Lycian prince. The future husband was informed that the daughter of Xanthus secretly entertained a lover, and he communicated the intelligence to the father. Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daughter, and when Leucippus had introduced himself to her bed, the father, in his eagerness to discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise in the room. The daughter was alarmed, and as she attempted to escape she received a mortal wound from her father, who took her to be the lover. Leucippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his father in the dark, without knowing who he was. This accidental parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from his country. He came to Crete, where the inhabitants refused to give him an asylum, when acquainted with the atrociousness of his crime, and he at last came to Ephesus, where he died in the greatest misery and remorse. Hermesianax referenced by Parthenius, ch. 5.——A son of Œnomaus, who became enamoured of Daphne, and to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a female dress, and attended his mistress as a companion. He gained the affections of Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, but his artifice at last proved fatal through the influence and jealousy of his rival Apollo; for when Daphne and her attendants were bathing in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was discovered, and he perished by the darts of the females. Parthenius, Narrationes Amatoriæ, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 20.——A son of Hercules by Marse, one of the daughters of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Leucŏla, a part of Cyprus.

Leucon, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in great intimacy with the Athenians. He was a firm patron of the useful arts, and greatly encouraged commerce. Strabo.—Dio Cassius, bk. 14.——A son of Athamas and Themisto. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.——A king of Pontus killed by his brother, whose bed he had defiled. Ovid, Ibis, li. 3.——A town of Africa near Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 160.

Leucōne, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Leucōnes, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.

Leuconoe, a daughter of Lycambes. The Leuconoe to whom Horace addressed his bk. 1, ode 11, seems to be a fictitious name.

Leucopĕtra, a place on the isthmus of Corinth, where the Achæans were defeated by the consul Mummius.——A promontory six miles east from Rhegium in Italy, where the Apennines terminate and sink into the sea.

Leucŏphrys, a temple of Diana, with a city of the same name, near the Mæander. The goddess was represented under the figure of a woman with many breasts, and crowned with victory.——An ancient name of Tenedos. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 14.—Strabo, bks. 13 & 14.

Leucopŏlis, a town of Caria.

Leucos, a river of Macedonia near Pydna.——A man, &c. See: [Idomeneus].

Leucosia, a small island in the Tyrrhene sea. It received its name from one of the companions of Æneas, who was drowned there, or from one of the Sirens, who was thrown there by the sea. Strabo, bk. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 708.

Leucosy̆rii, a people of Asia Minor, called afterwards Cappadocians. Strabo, bk. 12.——The same name is given to the inhabitants of Cilicia, where it borders on Cappadocia. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 14, ch. 1.

Leucŏthoe, or Leucothea, the wife of Athamas, changed into a sea deity. See: [Ino]. She was called Matuta by the Romans, who raised her a temple, where all the people, particularly women, offered vows to their brother’s children. They did not entreat the deity to protect their own children, because Ino had been unfortunate in hers. No female slaves were permitted to enter the temple; or if their curiosity tempted them to transgress this rule, they were beaten away with the greatest severity. To this supplicating for other people’s children, Ovid alludes in these lines, Fasti, bk. 6:

Non tamen hanc pro stirpe suâ pia mater adorat,

Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens.

——A daughter of king Orchamus by Eurynome. Apollo became enamoured of her, and to introduce himself to her with greater facility, he assumed the shape and features of her mother. Their happiness was complete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was jealous of his amours with Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue to her father, who ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The lover, unable to save her from death, sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which, penetrating as far as the body, changed it into a beautiful tree, which bears frankincense. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 196.——An island in the Tyrrhene sea, near Capreæ.——A fountain of Samos.——A town of Egypt,——of Arabia. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.——A part of Asia which produces frankincense.

Leuctra, a village of Bœotia, between Platæa and Thespia, famous for the victory which Epaminondas the Theban general obtained over the superior force of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, on the 8th of July, B.C. 371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed with their king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 Thebans. From that time the Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which they had obtained for nearly 500 years. Plutarch, Pelopidas & Agesilaus.—Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.—Justin, bk. 6, ch. 6.—Xenophon, Hellenica.—Diodorus, bk. 15.—Pausanias, Laconia.—Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 1, ch. 18; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 46; Letters to Atticus, bk. 6, ltr. 1.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Leuctrum, a town of Laconia. Strabo, bk. 8.

Leucus, one of the companions of Ulysses, killed before Troy by Antiphus son of Priam. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 491.

Leucyanias, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.

Levinus. See: [Lævinus].

Leutychĭdes, a Lacedæmonian, made king of Sparta on the expulsion of Demaratus. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 65, &c. See: [Leotychides].

Lexovii, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of the Seine, conquered with great slaughter by a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Libānius, a celebrated sophist of Antioch in the age of the emperor Julian. He was educated at Athens, and opened a school at Antioch, which produced some of the best and most learned of the literary characters of the age. Libanius was naturally vain and arrogant, and he contemptuously refused the offers of the emperor Julian, who wished to purchase his friendship and intimacy by raising him to offices of the highest splendour and affluence in the empire. When Julian had imprisoned the senators of Antioch for their impertinence, Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a visit to the emperor, in which he astonished him by the boldness and independence of his expressions, and the firmness and resolution of his mind. Some of his orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are extant; they discover much affectation and obscurity of style, and we cannot perhaps much regret the loss of writings which afforded nothing but a display of pedantry, and quotations from Homer. Julian submitted his writings to the judgment of Libanius with the greatest confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or approved, and showed that he was more attached to the person than the fortune and greatness of his prince. The time of his death is unknown. The best edition of Libanius seems to be that of Paris, folio, 1606, with a second volume published by Morell, 1627. His epistles have been edited by Wolf, folio, 1738.

Libănus, a high mountain of Syria, famous for its cedars. Strabo, bk. 6.

Libentīna, a surname of Venus, who had a temple at Rome, where the young women used to dedicate the toys and childish amusements of their youth, when arrived at nubile years. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 6.

Līber, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies free. He received this name from his delivering some cities of Bœotia from slavery, or, according to others, because wine, of which he was the patron, delivered mankind from their cares, and made them speak with freedom and unconcern. The word is often used for wine itself. Seneca, de Tranquilitate Animi.

Libĕra, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 48.——A name given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had married her. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 513.

Libĕrālia, festivals yearly celebrated in honour of Bacchus, the 17th of March. Slaves were then permitted to speak with freedom, and everything bore the appearance of independence. They were much the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. Varro.

Libertas, a goddess of Rome who had a temple on mount Aventine, raised by Tiberius Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pollio with many elegant statues and brazen columns, and a gallery in which were deposited the public acts of the state. She was represented as a woman in a light dress, holding a rod in one hand and a cap in the other, both signs of independence, as the former was used by the magistrates in the manumission of slaves, and the latter was worn by slaves, who were soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond of liberty, and impatient when confined. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 16; bk. 25, ch. 7.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 72.—Plutarch, Gracchus.—Dio Cassius, bk. 44.

Lībēthra, a fountain of Magnesia in Thessaly, or of Bœotia, according to some, sacred to the muses, who from thence are called Libethrides. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 7, li. 21.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bks. 9 & 10.

Lībethrĭdes, a name given to the Muses from the fountain Libethra, or from mount Libethrus in Thrace.

Libici, Libecii, or Libri, a people of Gaul who passed into Italy, A.U.C. 364. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 21, ch. 38.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17.—Polybius, bk. 2.

Libĭtīna, a goddess at Rome, who presided over funerals. According to some, she is the same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius Tullius first raised her a temple at Rome, where everything necessary for funerals was exposed to sale, and where the registers of the dead were usually kept. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.—Livy, bk. 40, ch. 19.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.

Libo, a friend of Pompey, who watched over the fleet, &c. Plutarch.——A Roman citizen, &c. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19.——A friend of the first triumvirate, who killed himself and was condemned after death.

Libon, a Greek architect who built the famous temple of Jupiter Olympius. He flourished about 450 years before the christian era.

Libophœnīces, the inhabitants of the country near Carthage.

Liburna, a town of Dalmatia.

Liburnia, now Croatia, a country of Illyricum, between Istria and Dalmatia, whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. There were at Rome a number of men whom the magistrates employed as public heralds, who were called Liburni, probably from being originally of Liburnian extraction. Some ships of a light construction but with strong beaks were also called Liburnian. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 11, li. 44.—Juvenal, satire 4, li. 75.—Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 33.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 30; Epode 1, li. 1.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 534.—Pliny the Younger, bk. 6, ltr. 16.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Liburnĭdes, an island on the coast of Liburnia, in the Adriatic. Strabo, bk. 5.

Liburnum mare, the sea which borders on the coasts of Liburnia.

Liburnus, a mountain of Campania.

Lĭbya, a daughter of Epaphus and [♦]Cassiope, who became mother of Agenor and Belus by Neptune. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.——A name given to Africa, one of the three grand divisions of the ancient globe. Libya, properly speaking, is only a part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, and on the west by that part called by the moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. The ancients, according to some traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others, sailed round Africa, by steering westward from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, after a perilous navigation of three years. From the word Libya, are derived the epithets of Libys, Libyssa, Libysis, Libystis, Libycus, Libysticus, Libystinus, Libystæus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 106; bk. 5, li. 37.—Lucan, bk. 4.—Sallust, &c.

[♦] ‘Cassiopea’ replaced with ‘Cassiope’ for consistency

Liby̆cum mare, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Cyrene. Strabo, bk. 2.

Libycus and Libystis. See: [Libya].

Libys, a sailor, &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

Libyssa, a river of Bithynia, with a town of the same name, where was the tomb of Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny.

Licates, a people of Vindelicia.

Licha, a city near Lycia.

Lichades, small islands near Cæneum, a promontory of Eubœa, called from Lichas. See: [Lichas]. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, lis. 155, 218.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Lichas, a servant of Hercules who brought him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He was thrown by his master into the sea with great violence, and changed into a rock in the Eubœan sea, by the compassion of the gods. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 211.

Liches, an Arcadian who found the bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, &c. Herodotus.

Licĭnia lex, was enacted by Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mutius, consuls, A.U.C. 659. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their respective cities.——Another, by Caius Licinius Crassus the tribune, A.U.C. 608. It transferred the right of choosing priests from the college to the people. It was proposed, but did not pass.——Another, by Caius Licinius Stolo the tribune. It forbade any person to possess 500 acres of land, or keep more than 100 head of large cattle, or 500 of small.——Another, by Publius Licinius Varus, A.U.C. 545, to settle the day for the celebration of the Ludi Apollinares, which was before uncertain.——Another, by Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, B.C. 110. It was the same as the Fannian law, and further required that no more than 30 asses should be spent at any table on the Calends, nones, or nundinæ, and only three pounds of fresh and one of salt meat, on ordinary days. None of the fruits of the earth were forbidden.——Another, de sodalitiis, by Marcus Licinius the consul, 692. It imposed a severe penalty on party clubs, or societies assembled or frequented for election purposes, as coming under the definition of ambitus, and of offering violence in some degree to the freedom and independence of the people.——Another, called also Æbutia, by Licinius and Æbutius the tribunes. It enacted, that when any law was proffered with respect to any office or power, the person who proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues in office, his friends and relations, should be declared incapable of being invested with the said office or power.

Licĭnia, the wife of Caius Gracchus, who attempted to dissuade her husband from his seditious measures by a pathetic speech. She was deprived of her dowry after the death of Caius.——A vestal virgin accused of incontinence, but acquitted, A.U.C. 636.——Another vestal, put to death for her lasciviousness under Trajan.——The wife of Mæcenas, distinguished for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to Proculeius, and bore also the name of Terentia. Horace, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 13.

Caius Licĭnius, a tribune of the people, celebrated for the consequence of his family, for his intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, and was the first of that body who was raised to the office of a master of horse to the dictator. He was surnamed Stolo, or useless sprout, on account of the law which he had enacted during his tribuneship. See: [Licinia lex], by Stolo. He afterwards made a law which permitted the plebeians to share the consular dignity with the patricians, A.U.C. 388. He reaped the benefit of this law, and was one of the first plebeian consuls. This law was proposed and passed by Licinius, as it is reported, at the instigation of his ambitious wife, who was jealous of her sister, who had married a patrician, and who seemed to be of a higher dignity in being the wife of a consul. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 34.—Plutarch.——Caius Calvus, a celebrated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He distinguished himself by his eloquence in the forum, and his poetry, which some of the ancients have compared to Catullus. His orations are greatly commended by Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote annals quoted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 30th year of his age. Quintilian.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 81.——Macer, a Roman accused by Cicero when pretor. He derided the power of his accuser, but when he saw himself condemned he grew so desperate that he killed himself. Plutarch.——Publius Crassus, a Roman sent against Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at first defeated, but afterwards repaired his losses and obtained a complete victory, &c.——A consul sent against Annibal.——Another, who defeated the robbers that infested the Alps.——A high priest.——Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in the age of Africanus, preferred by some in merit to Ennius and Terence. His Nævia and Neæra are quoted by ancient authors, but of all his poetry only two verses are preserved. Aulus Gellius.——A consul, &c.——Lucullus. See: [Lucullus].——Crassus. See: [Crassus].——Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the history and geography of the eastern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign of Vespasian.——Publius Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about 200 years before Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the best comic poets which Rome produced. Few lines of his compositions are extant. He wrote an ode, which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine virgins during the Macedonian war. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 12.——Varro Muræna, a brother of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with Fannius Cæpio, and suffered for his crime. Horace addressed his bk. 2, ode 10 to him, and recommended equanimity in every situation. Dio Cassius, bk. 54.——Caius Flavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman emperor. His father was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and himself a common soldier in the Roman armies. His valour recommended him to the notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once shared with him the inferior and subordinate offices of the army, and had lately been invested with the imperial purple by Diocletian. Galerius loved him for his friendly services, particularly during the Persian war, and he showed his regard for his merit by taking him as a colleague in the empire, and appointing him over the province of Pannonia and Rhœtia. Constantine, who was also one of the emperors, courted the favour of Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable by giving him his sister Constantia in marriage, A.D. 313. The continual successes of Licinius, particularly against Maximinus, increased his pride, and rendered him jealous of the greatness of his brother-in-law. The persecutions of the christians, whose doctrines Constantine followed, soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the mortification to lose two battles, one in Pannonia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Treaties of peace were made between the contending powers, but the restless ambition of Licinius soon broke them; and after many engagements a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. Ill fortune again attended Licinius, who was conquered, and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to resign the imperial purple. The tears of Constantia obtained forgiveness for her husband, yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and active enemy had fallen into his hands therefore he ordered him to be strangled at Thessalonica, A.D. 324. His family was involved in his ruin. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of Licinius are as conspicuous as his misfortunes. He was an enemy to learning, and this aversion totally proceeded from his ignorance of letters, and the rusticity of his education. His son by Constantia bore also the same name. He was honoured with the title of Cæsar when scarce 20 months old. He was involved in his father’s ruin, and put to death by order of Constantine.

Licīnus, a barber and freedman of Augustus, raised by his master to the rank and dignity of a senator, merely because he hated Pompey’s family. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 301.

Licymnius, a son of Electryon and brother of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age, that when he walked, he was always supported by a slave. Triptolemus son of Hercules, seeing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a stick at him, which unfortunately killed Licymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Pindar, Olympian, poem 7.

Lide, a mountain of Caria. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 105.

Quintus Ligarius, a Roman proconsul of Africa, after Confidius. In the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, and was pardoned when Cæsar had conquered his enemies. Cæsar, however, and his adherents were determined upon the ruin of Ligarius; but Cicero, by an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, and he was pardoned. He became afterwards one of Cæsar’s murderers. Cicero, For Ligarius.—Plutarch, Cæsar.

Ligea, one of the Nereides. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4.

Liger, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 576.

Liger, or Ligĕris, now La Loire, a large river of Gaul, falling into the Atlantic ocean near Nantes. Strabo, bk. 4.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 18.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, chs. 55 & 75.

Ligŏras, an officer of Antiochus king of Syria, who took the town of Sardis by stratagem, &c.

Ligŭres, the inhabitants of Liguria. See: [Liguria].

Ligŭria, a country on the west of Italy, bounded on the east by the river Macra, on the south by part of the Mediterranean called the Ligustic sea, on the west by the Varus, and on the north by the Po. The commercial town of Genoa was anciently and is now the capital of the country. The origin of the inhabitants is not known, though in their character they are represented as vain, unpolished, and addicted to falsehood. According to some they were descended from the ancient Gauls and Germans, or, as others support, they were of Greek origin, perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus. Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and its chief harbour now bears the name of Leghorn. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 442.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Strabo, bk. 4, &c.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 22, ch. 33; bk. 39, ch. 6, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 8.

Ligurīnus, a poet. Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 50.——A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 33.

Ligus, a woman who inhabited the Alps. She concealed her son from the pursuit of Otho’s soldiers, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 13.

Ligustĭcæ Alpes, a part of the Alps which borders on Liguria, sometimes called Maritimi.

Ligusticum mare, the north part of the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of Genoa. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.

Ligyes, a people of Asia who inhabited the country between Caucasus and the river Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the Ligyes of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 72.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Ligyrgum, a mountain of Arcadia.

Lilæa, a town of Achaia near the Cephisus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 348.

Lĭly̆bæum, now Boco, a promontory of Sicily, with a town of the same name near the Ægates, now Marsalla. The town was strong and very considerable, and it maintained long sieges against the Carthaginians, Romans, &c., particularly one of 10 years against Rome in the first Punic war. It had a port large and capacious, which the Romans, in the wars with Carthage, endeavoured in vain to stop and fill up with stones, on account of its convenience and vicinity to the coast of Africa. Nothing now remains of this once powerful city but the ruins of temples and aqueducts. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 706.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5.—Cæsar, African War.—Diodorus, bk. 22.

Limæa, a river of Lusitania. Strabo, bk. 3.

Limenia, a town of Cyprus. Strabo, bk. 14.

Limnæ, a fortified place on the borders of Laconia and Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14.——A town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

Limnæum, a temple of Diana at Limnæ, from which the goddess was called Limnæa, and worshipped under that appellation at Sparta and in Achaia. The Spartans wished to seize the temple in the age of Tiberius, but the emperor interfered, and gave it to its lawful possessors the Messenians. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 7, ch. 20.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 43.

Limnatidia, a festival in honour of Diana, surnamed Limnatis, from Limnæ, a school of exercise at Trœzene, where she was worshipped, or from λιμναι, ponds, because she presided over fishermen.

Limniăce, the daughter of the Ganges, mother of Atys. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 48.

Limnonia, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18.

Limon, a place of Campania between Neapolis and Puteoli. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1.

Limonum, a town of Gaul, afterwards Pictavi, Poictiers. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 26.

Limyra, a town of Lycia at the mouth of the Limyrus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 645.—Velleius, bk. 2, ch. 102.

Lincasii, a people of Gaul Narbonensis.

Lindum, a colony of Britain, now Lincoln.

Lindus, a city on the south-east part of Rhodes, built by Cercaphus son of Sol and Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple to Minerva, and one of its colonies founded Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men, and to Chares and Laches, who were employed in making and finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Strabo, bk. 14.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 34.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 153.——A grandson of Apollo. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.

Lingrŏnes, now Langres, a people of Gallia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by Julius Cæsar. They passed into Italy, where they made some settlements near the Alps at the head of the Adriatic. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 55.—Martial, bk. 11, ltr. 57, li. 9; bk. 14, ltr. 159.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 398.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 26.

Linterna palus, a lake of Campania. Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 278.

Linternum, a town of Campania at the mouth of the river Clanis, where Scipio Africanus died and was buried. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 45.—Silius Italicus, bk. 6, li. 654; bk. 7, li. 278.—Cicero, bk. 10, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 713.

Linus. This name is common to different persons whose history is confused, and who are often taken one for the other. One was son of Urania and Amphimarus the son of Neptune. Another was son of Apollo by Psammathe, daughter of Crotopus king of Argos. Martial mentions him in his ltr. 78, bk. 9. The third, son of Ismenius, and born at Thebes in Bœotia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit of anger struck him on the head with his lyre and killed him. He was son of Mercury and Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions some of his philosophical compositions, in which he asserted that the world had been created in an instant. He was killed by Apollo for presuming to compare himself to him. Apollodorus, however, and Pausanius mention that his ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in holding the lyre was fatal to him. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 1.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 4.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15; bk. 9, ch. 20.——A fountain in Arcadia, whose waters were said to prevent abortion. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Liodes, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, 22, &c.

Lipăra, the largest of the Æolian islands, on the coast of Sicily, now called the Lipari. It had a city of the same name, which, according to Diodorus, it received from Liparus the son of Auson, king of these islands, whose daughter Cyane was married by his successor Æolus, according to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island were powerful by sea, and from the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very opulent. The island was celebrated for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still in general repute. It had some convenient harbours, and a fountain whose waters were much frequented on account of their medicinal powers. According to Diodorus, Æolus reigned at Lipara before Liparus. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 28.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 57.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 8, li. 417.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 6.——A town of Etruria.

Lipăris, a river of Cilicia, whose waters were like oil. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Vitruvius, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Liphlum, a town of the Æqui, taken by the Romans.

Lipodorus, one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, &c.

Liquentia, now Livenza, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Lircæus, a fountain near Nemæa. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 711.

Liriŏpe, one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 311.——A fountain of Bœotia on the borders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned, according to some accounts.

Liris, now Garigliano, a river of Campania, which it separates from Latium. It falls into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 17.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 424.——A warrior killed by Camilla, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 670.

Lisinias, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 14.

Lissa, the name of a fury which Euripides introduces on the stage, as conducted by Iris at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercules with that fatal rage which ended in his death.

Lisson, a river of Sicily.

Lissus, now Alesso, a town of Macedonia, on the confines of Illyricum. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 44, ch. 10.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 719.——A river of Thrace, falling into the Ægean sea, between Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. Strabo, bk. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

Lista, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabitants are called Listini.

Litabrum, now Buitrago, a town of Spain Tarraconensis. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 14; bk. 35, ch. 22.

Litana, a wood in Gallia Togata. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 24.

Litavĭcus, one of the Ædui, who assisted Cæsar with 10,000 men. Cæsar, Gallic Wars, bk. 7, ch. 37.

Liternum, a town of Campania.

Lithobŏlia, a festival celebrated at Trœzene in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the solemnity, λιθοβολια, lapidation.

Lithrus, a town of Armenia Minor. Strabo.

Lithubium, a town of Liguria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.

Lityersas, an illegitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He was at last killed by Hercules. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 10.

Līvia Drusilla, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucius Drusus Calidianus. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of her husband to the cause of Antony was the beginning of her greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia, and with the approbation of the augurs, he celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage of the passion of Augustus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the complying emperor; and, that she might make the succession of her son Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly involving in one common ruin the heirs and nearest relations of Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly marked, when she is charged with having murdered her own husband to hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the aggrandizement of her son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to whom he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th year of her age, A.D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as undutiful after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral, and expressly commanded that no honours, either private or public, should be paid to her memory. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Suetonius, Augustus and Tiberias.—Dio Cassius.——Another. See: [Drusilla].——Another, called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 25.——Another, called also Ocellina. She was Galba’s stepmother, and committed adultery with him. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 3.

Līvia lex, de sociis, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome. Marcus Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found murdered in his house before it passed.——Another by Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, A.U.C. 662, which required that the judicial power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and senators.

Livineius, a friend of Pompey, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 11, &c.

Livilla, a daughter of Drusus.——A sister of Caligula, &c. See: [Julia].

Līvius Andronīcus, a dramatic poet, who flourished at Rome about 240 years before the christian era. He was the first who turned the personal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue and regular play. Though the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, was reckoned vile and despicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a part in his dramatic compositions and engaged the attention of his audience, by repeating what he had laboriously formed after the manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freedman of Marcus Livius Salinator, whose children he educated. His poetry was grown obsolete in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would not even recommend the reading of it. Some few of his verses are preserved in the Corpus Poetarum.——Marcus Salinator, a Roman consul, sent against the Illyrians. The success with which he finished the campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement for his brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the Roman armies. Livy.——Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians in opposing the ambitious views of Caius Gracchus. Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus.——An uncle of Cato of Utica. Plutarch.——Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronized the learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. Few particulars of his life are known, yet his fame was so universally spread even in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day Rome was also deprived of another of its brightest ornaments, by the death of the poet Ovid, A.D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death prevented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman empire. Besides this, he wrote some philosophical treatises and dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is greatly commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great warmth on the judgment and candour of the author. His Roman history was comprehended in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began with the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high rank which Livy holds among historians will never be disputed. He is always great; his style is clear and intelligible, laboured without affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his narrations and descriptions he claims a decided superiority. He is always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words with the name of Patavinity, yet the expressions, or rather the orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted with the one as with the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history with vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he candidly confesses that he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon the minds of a credulous age. His candour has also been called in question, and he has sometimes shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but everywhere he is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of justice and virtue. The works of Livy have been divided by some of the moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of 10 books. The first decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war, which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years. For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A.D. 1431. These are the books that remain of Livy’s history, and the loss which the celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some measure been compensated by the labours of Johann Freinshemius, who with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy. The third decade seems to be superior to the others, yet the author has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and predecessors, and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy will be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1722; of Drakenborch, 7 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1731; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols., 12mo, Edinburgh, 1751.——A governor of Tarentum, who delivered his trust to Annibal, &c.——A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii Manes.——A commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the Hellespont.

Lixus, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Antæus had a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 258.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 2.——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Lobon, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets. Diogenes Laërtius.

Lŏceus, a man who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus, &c. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Locha, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio’s soldiers.

Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria.

Locri, a town of Magna Græcia in Italy on the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before the christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called Locri or Locrenses. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 399—Strabo.—Pliny.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 6; bk. 23, ch. 30.——A town of Locris in [♦]Greece.

[♦] ‘Greeee’ replaced with ‘Greece’

Locris, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are known by the name of Ozolæ, Epicnemidii, and Opuntii. The country of the Ozolæ, called also Epizephyrii from their westerly situation, was at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles northward. On the west it was separated from Ætolia by the Evenus, and it had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozolæ, and had the bay of Malia at the east, and Œta on the north. They received their name from the situation of their residence, near a mountain called Cnemis. They alone, of all the Locrians, had the privilege of sending members to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received their name from their chief city called Opus, were situated on the borders of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Eubœa. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 6, &c.—Ptolemy.—Mela.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 26; bk. 28, ch. 6.—Pausanias, Achaia & Phocis.

Locusta, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy Nero himself, for which she was executed. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 66, &c.—Suetonius, Nero, ch. 33.

Locutius. See: [Aius].

Lollia Paulīna, a beautiful woman, daughter of Marcus Lollius, who married Caius Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was divorced and put to death by means of Agrippina. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.

Lolliānus Spurius, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon after murdered, &c.——A consul, &c.

Marcus Lollius, a companion and tutor of Caius Cæsar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3.

Londīnum, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between the age of Julius Cæsar and Nero. It has been severally called Londinium, Lundinum, &c. Ammianus calls it vetustum oppidum. It is represented as a considerable, opulent, and commercial town, in the age of Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 33.—Ammianus.

Longārēnus, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla’s daughter. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 67.

Longimănus, a surname of Artaxerxes, from his having one hand longer than the other. The Greeks called him Macrochir. Cornelius Nepos, Kings.

Longīnus Dionysius Cassius, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards minister, to Zenobia the famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and spirited activity in her cause proved at last fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious the gates of Palmyra, Longinus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D. 273. At the moment of death he showed himself great and resolute, and with a philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable end. Longinus has rendered his name immortal by his critical remarks on ancient authors. His treatise on the sublime gives the world reason to lament the loss of his other valuable compositions. The best editions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to, Traja. ad Rhen. 1694, and that of Toup, 8vo, Oxford, 1778.——Cassius, a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of Julius Cæsar. He was made governor of Spain by Cæsar, &c.——A governor of Judæa.——A proconsul.——A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero ordered to be put to death, because he had in his possession a picture of Cassius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 6.

Longobardi, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania.

Longŭla, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci. Livy, bk. 2, chs. 33 & 39; bk. 9, ch. 39.

Longuntĭca, a maritime city of Spain Tarraconensis. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 20.

Longus, a Roman consul, &c.——A Greek author who wrote a novel called the amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are that of Paris, 4to, 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo, Paris, 1778.

Lordi, a people of Illyricum.

Lory̆ma, a town of Doris. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 17.

Lotis, or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities she implored the gods, who changed her into a tree called Lotus, consecrated to Venus and Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 348.

Lotŏphăgi, a people on the coast of Africa near the Syrtes. They received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited their country, at his return from the Trojan war. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 177.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 13, ch. 17.

Lōus, or Aous, a river of Macedonia near Apollonia.

Lua, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which were purified by lustrations, whence the name (à luendo). She is supposed to be the same as Ops or Rhea.

Luca, now Lucca, a city of Etruria on the river Arnus. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 41, ch. 13.—Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 13.

Lucăgus, one of the friends of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 575.

Lūcāni, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the Brutii.

Lūcānia, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini, and the country of the Brutii. The country was famous for its grapes. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 17; bk. 9, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 11.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 178.

Quintus Lucanius, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5.

Lūcānus Marcus Annæus, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early removed to Rome, where his rising talents, and more particularly his lavished praises and panegyrics, recommended him to the emperor Nero. This intimacy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an augur and questor before he had attained the proper age. The poet had the imprudence to enter the lists against his imperial patron; he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero took the tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor. The whole was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath, and as he expired he pronounced with great energy the lines which, in his Pharsalia, bk. 3, lis. 639–642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, and say that, to free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused his own mother, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty. This circumstance, which throws an indelible blot upon the character of Lucan, is not mentioned by some writers, who observe that he expired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He died in his 26th year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions none but his Pharsalia remains. This poem, which is an account of the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to the merit of the poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment and genius would have matured, and he might have claimed a more exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan age. His expressions, however, are bold and animated, his poetry entertaining, though his irregularities are numerous, and, to use the words of Quintilian, he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning of Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife Polla Argentaria not only assisted him in the composition of his poem, but even corrected it after his death. Scaliger says that Lucan rather barks than sings. The best editions of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to, Leiden, 1728; of Bentley, 4to, printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760; and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1767. Quintilian, bk. 10.—Suetonius.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, &c.—Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 20.——Ocellus, or Ucellus, an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe, which he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Judæus. This work was first translated into Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, written in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a fragment of which has been preserved by Stobæus, of which, however, Ocellus is disputed to be the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. Vizzanius, Bononiæ, 1646, in 4to.

Lŭcăria, or Lŭcĕria, festivals at Rome, celebrated in a large grove between the Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid themselves when besieged by the Gauls. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 77.

Lucius Lucceius, a celebrated historian, asked by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was afterwards pardoned by Julius Cæsar. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 5, ltr. 12, &c.

Lucceius Albīnus, a governor of Mauritania after Galba’s death, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 58.

Lucentum (or ia), a town of Spain, now Alicant.

Lŭcĕres, a body of horse, composed of Roman knights, first established by Romulus and Tatius. It received its name either from Lucumo, an Etrurian who assisted the Romans against the Sabines, or from lucus, a grove where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a place of refuge for all fugitives, slaves, homicides, &c., that he might people his city. The Luceres were some of these men, and they were incorporated with the legions. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 31.

Lucĕria, a town of Apulia, famous for wool. Livy, bk. 9, chs. 2 & 12; bk. 10, ch. 35.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 15, li. 14.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 473.

Lucerius, a surname of Jupiter, as the father of light.

Lucetius, a Rutulian killed by Ilioneus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 570.

Luciānus, a celebrated writer of Samosata. His father was poor in his circumstances, and Lucian was early bound to one of his uncles, who was a sculptor. This employment highly displeased him; he made no proficiency in the art, and resolved to seek his livelihood by better means. A dream in which Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to promise fame and immortality, confirmed his resolutions, and he began to write. The artifices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life which he had embraced, disgusted him, and he began to study philosophy and eloquence. He visited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly Athens, became successively acquainted with the depth of his learning and the power of his eloquence. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was sensible of his merit, and appointed him registrar to the Roman governor of Egypt. He died A.D. 180, in his 90th year, and some of the moderns have asserted that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The works of Lucian, which are numerous, and written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of dialogues, in which he introduces different characters with much dramatic propriety. His style is easy, simple, elegant, and animated, and he has stored his compositions with many lively sentiments, and much of the true Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his manner of exposing to ridicule, not only the religion of his country, but also that of every nation, have deservedly drawn upon him the censure of every age, and branded him with the appellation of atheist and blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostrates, a philosopher of Bœotia, as also that of the philosopher Demonax. Some have also attributed to him, with great impropriety, the life of Apollonius Thyaneus. The best editions of Lucian are that of Grævius, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1743.

Lūcĭfer, the name of the planet Venus, or morning star. It is called Lucifer, when appearing in the morning before the sun; but when it follows it, and appears some time after its setting, it is called Hesperus. According to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Jupiter and Aurora.——A christian writer, whose work was edited by the Coleti, folio, Venice, 1778.

Lucifĕri fanum, a town of Spain.

Caius Lūcīlius, a Roman knight born at Aurunca, illustrious not only for the respectability of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the uprightness and the innocence of his own immaculate character. He lived in the greatest intimacy with Scipio the first Africanus, and even attended him in his war against Numantia. He is looked upon as the founder of satire, and as the first great satirical writer among the Romans. He was superior to his poetical predecessors at Rome; and though he wrote with great roughness and inelegance, but with much facility, he gained many admirers, whose praises have been often lavished with too liberal a hand. Horace compares him to a river which rolls upon its waters precious sand, accompanied with mire and dirt. Of the 30 satires which he wrote, nothing but a few verses remain. He died at Naples, in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 103. His fragments have been collected and published with notes by Franciscus Dousa, 4to, Leiden, 1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, 8vo, Patavium, 1735. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2.—Horace.——Lucilius, a famous Roman, who fled with Brutus after the battle of Philippi. They were soon after overtaken by a party of horse, and Lucilius suffered himself to be severely wounded by the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was Brutus. He was taken and carried to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his life. Plutarch.——A tribune who attempted in vain to elect Pompey to the dictatorship.——A centurion, &c.——A governor of Asia under Tiberius.——A friend of Tiberius.

Lucilla, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, celebrated for the virtues of her youth, her beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the age of 16 her father sent her to Syria to marry the emperor Verus, who was then employed in a war with the Parthians and [♦]Armenians. The conjugal virtues of Lucilla were great at first, but when she saw Verus plunge himself into debauchery and dissipation, she followed his example and prostituted herself. At her return to Rome she saw the incestuous commerce of her husband with her mother, &c., and at last poisoned him. She afterwards married an old but virtuous senator, by order of her father, and was not ashamed soon to gratify the criminal sensualities of her brother Commodus. The coldness and indifference with which Commodus treated her afterwards determined her on revenge, and she with many illustrious senators conspired against his life A.D. 185. The plot was discovered, Lucilla was banished, and soon after put to death by her brother, in the 38th year of her age.

[♦] ‘Arminians’ replaced with ‘Armenians’

Lūcīna, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to others, of Latona. As her mother brought her into the world without pain, she became the goddess whom women in labour invoked, and she presided over the birth of children. She receives this name either from lucus, or from lux, as Ovid explains it:

Gratia Lucinæ, dedit hæc tibi nomina lucus;

Aut quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes.

Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and Juno, because these two goddesses were also sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the labours of women. She is called Ilythia by the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Rome, raised A.U.C. 396. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 27.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 449.—Horace, Carmen Sæculare.

Lucius, a Roman soldier killed at the siege of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms a man who jumped down from one of the walls. Josephus.——A brother of Marcus Antony. See: [Lucius Antonius].——A Roman general, who defeated the Etrurians, &c.——A relation of Julius Cæsar. A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Illyrians.——A consul, &c.——A writer, called by some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He studied poetry, music, geometry, &c., at Athens, and warmly embraced the tenets of the Platonists. He cultivated magic, and some miracles are attributed to his knowledge of enchantments. He wrote in Greek and Latin with great ease and simplicity; his style, however, is sometimes affected, though his eloquence was greatly celebrated in his age. Some fragments of his compositions are still extant. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.——A brother of Vitellius, &c.——A son of Agrippa, adopted by Augustus.——A man put to death for his incontinence, &c.——The word Lucius is a prænomen common to many Romans, of whom an account is given under their family names.

Lūcrētia, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucretius and wife of Tarquinius Collatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal to her, and the praises which a number of young nobles at Ardea, among whom were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the domestic virtues of their wives at home, were productive of a revolution in the state. While every one was warm with the idea, it was universally agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the veracity of their respective assertions. Collatinus had the pleasure to see his expectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and while the wives of the other Romans were involved in the riot and dissipation of a feast, Lucretia was found at home, employed in the midst of her female servants, and easing their labour by sharing it herself. The beauty and innocence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus the son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her virtues and industry. He cherished his flame, and he secretly retired from the camp, and came to the house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind reception. He showed himself unworthy of such a treatment, and in the dead of night he introduced himself to Lucretia, who refused to his intreaties what her fear of shame granted to his threats. She yielded to her ravisher when he threatened to murder her, and to slay one of her slaves, and put him in her bed, that this apparent adultery might seem to have met with the punishment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morning, sent for her husband and her father, and, after she had revealed to them the indignities she had suffered from the son of Tarquin, and entreated them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed herself with a dagger which she had previously concealed under her clothes. This fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The body of the virtuous Lucretia was exposed to the eyes of the senate, and the violence and barbarity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity and oppression of his father, so irritated the Roman populace, that that moment they expelled the Tarquins for ever from Rome. Brutus, who was present at the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, and the republican or consular government was established at Rome A.U.C. 244. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 57, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4, ch. 15.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 741.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 1.—Plutarch.—Augustine, City of God, bk. 1, ch. 19.——The wife of Numa. Plutarch.

Lŭcrētĭlis, now Libretti, a mountain in the country of the Sabines, hanging over a pleasant valley, near which the house and farm of Horace were situated. Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 1.—Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 11.

Titius Lŭcrētius Carus, a celebrated Roman poet and philosopher, who was early sent to Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Phædrus. The tenets of Epicurus and Empedocles, which then prevailed at Athens, were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and when united with the infinite of Anaximander and the atoms of Democritus, they were explained and elucidated in a poem, in six books, which is called De rerum naturâ. In this poem the masterly genius and unaffected elegance of the poet are everywhere conspicuous; but the opinions of the philosopher are justly censured, who gives no existence of power to a supreme Being, but is the devoted advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly endeavours to establish the mortality of the soul. This composition, which has little claim to be called an heroic poem, was written and finished while the poet laboured under a violent delirium, occasioned by a philter, which the jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia had administered. It is said that he destroyed himself in the 44th year of his age, about 54 years before Christ. Cicero, after his death, revised and corrected his poems, which had been partly written in the lucid intervals of reason and of sense. Lucretius, whose poem shows that he wrote Latin better than any other man ever did, would have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he lived in the polished age of Augustus. The best editions of his works are that of Creech, 8vo, Oxford, 1695; that of Havercamp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1725; and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1759. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.—Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 10, ch. 1.——Quintus, a Roman who killed himself because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which he was appointed with a garrison, seemed to favour the cause of Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 18. He is also called Vespillo.——Spurius Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia wife of Collatinus, was made consul after the death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. Horatius Pulvillus succeeded him. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 58.—Plutarch, Publicola.——An interrex at Rome.——A consul.——Osella, a Roman, put to death by Sylla because he had applied for the consulship without his permission. Plutarch.

Lucrīnum, a town of Apulia.

Lūcrīnus, a small lake of Campania, opposite Puteoli. Some believe that it was made by Hercules when he passed through Italy with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded with excellent oysters, and was united by Augustus to the Avernus, and a communication formed with the sea, near a harbour called Julius Portus. The Lucrine lake disappeared on the 30th of September, 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised on the spot a mountain four miles in circumference, and about 1000 feet high, with a crater in the middle. Cicero, bk. 4, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 10.—Strabo, bks. 5 & 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 11, li. 10.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 161.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 15.

Caius Luctātius Catŭlus, a Roman consul with Marius. He assisted his colleague in conquering the Cimbrians. See: [Cimbricum bellum]. He was eloquent as well as valiant, and his history of his consulship, which he wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his literary talents. That history is lost. Cicero, On Oratory.—Varro, de Lingua Latina.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 2.——Caius Catulus, a Roman consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. See: [Catulus].

Lucullea, a festival established by the Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had behaved with great prudence and propriety in his province. Plutarch, Lucullus.

Luculli horti, gardens of Lucullus, situate near Neapolis, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 1.——Villa, a country seat near mount Misenus, where Tiberius died. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 50.

Lucullus Lucius Licinius, a Roman celebrated for his fondness of luxury and for his military talents. He was born about 115 years before the christian era, and soon distinguished himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence and philosophy. His first military campaign was in the Marsian war, where his valour and cool intrepidity recommended him to public notice. His mildness and constancy gained him the admiration and confidence of Sylla, and from this connection he derived honour, and during his questorship in Asia and pretorship in Africa, he rendered himself more conspicuous by his justice, moderation, and humanity. He was raised to the consulship A.U.C. 680, and entrusted with the care of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his military talents in rescuing his colleague Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a celebrated victory over the forces of Mithridates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by the conquest of the Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great as those by land, and Mithridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos. Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired with precipitation towards Armenia to the court of king Tigranes his father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the Euphrates with great expedition, and gave battle to the numerous forces which Tigranes had already assembled to support the cause of his son-in-law. According to the exaggerated account of Plutarch, no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 horse of the Armenians lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was made by a Roman army amounting to no more than 18,000 men, of whom only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking of Tigranocerta the capital of Armenia was the consequence of this immortal victory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of the royal treasures. This continual success, however, was attended with serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the haughtiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to continue the Mithridatic war, and the interview which he had with Lucullus began with acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most inveterate reproaches and open enmity. Lucullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared his fortune and his glories were suffered to accompany him. He was received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a triumph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and his victories. In this ended the days of his glory; he retired to the enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and no longer interested himself in the commotions which disturbed the tranquillity of Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to literary conversation. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which was opened for the service of the curious, and of the learned. Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The people showed their respect for his merit by their wish to give him an honourable burial in the Campus Martius; but their offers were rejected, and he was privately buried, by his brother, on his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus has been admired for his many accomplishments, but he has been censured for his severity and extravagance. The expenses of his meals were immoderate; his halls were distinguished by the different names of the gods; and, when Cicero and Pompey attempted to surprise him, they were astonished at the costliness of a supper which had been prepared upon the word of Lucullus, who had merely said to his servant that he would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus was fond of artificial variety; subterraneous caves and passages were dug under the hills on the coast of Campania, and the sea water was conveyed round the house and pleasure grounds, where the fishes flocked in such abundance, that not less than 25,000 pounds worth were sold at his death. In his public character Lucullus was humane and compassionate, and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one of the cities of Armenia, which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master of the Greek and Latin languages, and he employed himself for some time to write a concise history of the Marsic war in Greek hexameters. Such are the striking characteristics of a man who meditated the conquest of Parthia, and for a while gained the admiration of all the inhabitants of the east by his justice and moderation, and who might have disputed the empire of the world with a Cæsar or Pompey, had not, at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn him from the reach of ambition. Cicero, For Archias, ch. 4; Quæstiones Academicæ, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Lives.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo.—Appian, Mithridatic Wars, &c.—Orosius, bk. 6, &c.——A consul who went to Spain, &c.——A Roman put to death by Domitian.——A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant under Sylla.——A pretor of Macedonia.

Lŭcŭmo, the first name of Tarquinius Priscus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief. Plutarch, Romulus.

Lucus, a king of ancient Gaul.——A town of Gaul at the foot of the Alps.

Lugdunensis Gallia, a part of Gaul, which received its name from Lugdunum, the capital city of the province. It was anciently called Celtica. See: [Gallia].

Lugdūnum, a town of Gallia Celtica, built at the confluence of the Rhone and the Arar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was governor of the province. This town, now called Lyons, is the second city of France in point of population. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 44.—Strabo, bk. 4.——Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as it falls into the ocean. It is now called Leyden, and is famous for its university.——Convenarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees, now St. Bertrand in Gascony.

Lūna (the moon), was the daughter of Hyperion and Terra, and was the same, according to some mythologists, as Diana. She was worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth with many superstitious forms and ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians and enchanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable power over the moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven at pleasure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses, according to their opinion, proceeded from thence; and on that account it was usual to beat drums and cymbals to ease her labours, and to render the power of magic less effectual. The Arcadians believed that they were older than the moon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 263, &c.—Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 21.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8, li. 69.——A maritime town of Etruria, famous for the white marble which it produced, and called also Lunensis portus. It contained a fine, capacious harbour, and abounded in wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were naturally given to augury, and the observation of uncommon phenomena. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 586.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 6.—Livy, bk. 34, ch. 8.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 481.

Lupa (a she-wolf), was held in great veneration at Rome, because Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises from the surname of Lupa, prostitute, which was given to the wife of the shepherd Fastulus, to whose care and humanity these children owed their preservation. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 415.—Plutarch, Romulus.

Lupercal, a place at the foot of mount Aventine sacred to Pan, where festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where the she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus and Remus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 343.

Lupercālia, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 15th of February, in honour of the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two goats and a dog, and to touch with a bloody knife the foreheads of two illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile while they were touched. The blood was wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk. After this the skins of the victims were cut into thongs, with which whips were made for the youths. With these whips the youths ran about the streets all naked except the middle, and whipped freely all those whom they met. Women in particular were fond of receiving the lashes, as they superstitiously believed that they removed barrenness, and eased the pains of child-birth. This excursion in the streets of Rome was performed by naked youths, because Pan is always represented naked, and a goat was sacrificed because that deity was supposed to have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary and useful guardian of the sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions, was first instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf which suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is controverted by others, and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, observes that they were introduced into Italy by Evander. The name seems to be borrowed from the Greek name of Pan, Lycæus, from λυκος, a wolf; not only because these ceremonies were like the Lycæan festivals observed in Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected the sheep from the rapacity of the wolves. The priests who officiated at the Lupercalia were called Luperci. Augustus forbade any person above the age of 14 to appear naked or to run about the streets during the Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having disgraced the dignity of the consulship by running naked, and armed with a whip, about the streets. It was during the celebration of these festivals that Antony offered a crown to Julius Cæsar, which the indignation of the populace obliged him to refuse. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 427.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Luperci, a number of priests at Rome, who assisted at the celebration of the Lupercalia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose service they were dedicated. This order of priests was the most ancient and respectable of all the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into two separate colleges, called Fabiani and Quintiliani, from Fabius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. The former was instituted in honour of Romulus, and the latter of Remus. To these two sacerdotal bodies Julius Cæsar added a third, called from himself the Julii, and this action contributed not a little to render his cause unpopular, and to betray his ambitious and aspiring views. See: [Lupercalia]. Plutarch, Romulus.—Dio Cassius, bk. 45.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 663.

Lupercus, a grammarian in the reign of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote some grammatical pieces, which some have preferred to Herodian’s compositions.

Lupias, or Lupia, now Lippe, a town of Germany, with a small river of the same name falling into the Rhine. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, &c.

Lupus, a general of the emperor Severus.——A governor of Britain.——A questor in the reign of Tiberius, &c.——A comic writer of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the destruction of Troy. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 26.——Publius Rutilius, a Roman, who, contrary to the omens, marched against the Marsi, and was killed with his army. He has been taxed with impiety, and was severely censured in the Augustan age. Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 68.

Lusitania, a part of ancient Spain, whose extent and situation have not been accurately defined by the ancients. According to the more correct descriptions it extended from the Tagus to the sea of Cantabria, and comprehended the modern kingdom of Portugal. The inhabitants were warlike, and were conquered by the Roman army under Dolabella, B.C. 99, with great difficulty. They generally lived upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished in their manners. It was usual among them to expose their sick in the high-roads, that their diseases might be cured by the directions and advice of travellers. They were very moderate in their meals, and never ate but of one dish. Their clothes were commonly black, and they generally warmed themselves by means of stones heated in the fire. Strabo, bk. 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 1.—Livy, bk. 21, ch. 43; bk. 27, ch. 20.

Lusius, a river of Arcadia. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 22.—Pausanias, Arcadia, ch. 28.

Lusones, a people of Spain, near the Iberus.

Lustricus Brutianus, a Roman poet. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 23.

Lutātius Catŭlus, a Roman who shut the temple of Janus after peace had been made with Carthage. See: [Luctatius].

Luterius, a general of the Gauls, defeated by Cæsar, &c.

Lūtetia, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the confluence of the rivers Sequana and Matrona, which received its name, as some suppose, from the quantity of clay, lutum, which is in its neighbourhood. Julius Cæsar fortified and embellished it, from which circumstance some authors call it Julii Civitas. Julian the apostate resided there some time. It is now called Paris, the capital of France. Cæsar, Gallic War, bks. 6 & 7.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Ammianus, bk. 20.

Caius Lutorius Priscus, a Roman knight, put to death by order of Tiberius, because he had written a poem in which he had bewailed the death of Germanicus, who then laboured under a severe illness. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 49, &c.

Lyæus, a surname of Bacchus. It is derived from λυειν, solvere, because wine, over which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind, and delivers it from all cares and melancholy. Horace, epode 9.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 675.

Lybas, one of the companions of Ulysses, &c.

Lybya, or Lybissa, a small village of Bithynia, where Annibal was buried.

Lycăbas, an Etrurian who had been banished from his country for murder. He was one of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and who were changed into dolphins. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 624.——One of the Lapithæ who ran away from the battle which was fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 302.

Lycabētus, a mountain of Attica, near Athens. Statius.

Lycæa, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of Pan the god of shepherds. They are the same as the Lupercalia of the Romans.——A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo Lycæus, who delivered the Argives from wolves, &c.

Lycæum, a celebrated place near the banks of the Ilissus in Attica. It was in this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aristotle taught philosophy, and as he generally instructed his pupils in walking, they were called Peripatetics, ἀ περιπατεω, ambulo. The philosopher continued his instructions for 12 years, till, terrified by the false accusations of Eurymedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis.

Lycæus, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter, where a temple was built in honour of the god by Lycaon the son of Pelasgus. It was also sacred to Pan, whose festivals, called Lycæa, were celebrated there. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 16; Æneid, bk. 8, li. 343.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 698.

Ly̆cambes, the father of Neobule. He promised his daughter in marriage to the poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his engagement when she had been courted by a man whose opulence had more influence than the fortune of the poet. This irritated Archilochus; he wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes and his daughter, and rendered them both so desperate by the satire of his composition, that they hanged themselves. Horace, epode 6, li. 13.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 52.—Aristotle, Rhetoric, bk. 3.

Ly̆cāon, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Melibœa. He built a town called Lycosura on the top of mount Lycæus, in honour of Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he had a daughter called Callisto, and 50 sons. He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldest of his sons. He lived about 1820 years before the christian era. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Hyginus, fable 176.—Catullus, poem 76.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 2, &c.——Another king of Arcadia, celebrated for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter, because he offered human victims on the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins of mankind, as they relate, were become so enormous, that Jupiter visited the earth to punish their wickedness and impiety. He came to Arcadia, where he was announced as a god, and the people began to pay proper adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who used to sacrifice all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of his subjects, and, to try the divinity of the god, he served up human flesh on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and changed him into a wolf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 198, &c. These two monarchs are often confounded together, though it appears that they were two different characters, and that not less than an age elapsed between their reigns.——A son of Priam and Laothoe. He was taken by Achilles and carried to Lemnos, whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed by Achilles in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 21, &c.——The father of Pandarus, killed by Diomedes before Troy.——A Gnossian artist, who made the sword which Ascanius gave to Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 304.

Ly̆cāŏnia, a country of Asia, between Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phrygia, made a Roman province under Augustus. Iconium was the capital. Strabo, bk. 10.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 54; bk. 38, ch. 39.——Arcadia bore also that name, from Lycaon, one of its kings. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.——An island in the Tiber.

Ly̆cas, a priest of Apollo in the interest of Turnus. He was killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 315.——Another officer of Turnus. Æneid, bk. 10, ch. 561.

Ly̆caste, an ancient town of Crete, whose inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.——A daughter of Priam by a concubine. She married Polydamas the son of Antenor.——A famous courtesan of Drepanum, called Venus on account of her great beauty. She had a son called Eryx, by Butes son of Amycus.

Lycastum, a town of Cappadocia.

Lycastus, a son of Minos I. He was father of Minos II., by Ida the daughter of Corybas. Diodorus, bk. 4.——A son of Minos and Philonome daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 3 & 4.

Lyce, one of the Amazons, &c. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 374.

Lyces, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 33.

Lycēum. See: [Lycæum].

Lychnīdus, now Achridna, a city with a lake of the same name, in Illyricum. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 32; bk. 44, ch. 15.

Ly̆cia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on the south, Caria on the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia on the north. It was anciently called Milyas and Tremile, from the Milyæ or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there. The country received the name of Lycia, from Lycus the son of Pandion, who established himself there. The inhabitants have been greatly commended by all the ancients, not only for their sobriety and justice, but their great dexterity in the management of the bow. They were conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet they were governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the Persian monarch. They became part of the Macedonian empire when Alexander came into the east, and afterwards were ceded to the house of the Seleucidæ. The country was reduced into a Roman province by the emperor Claudius. Apollo had there his celebrated oracle at Patara, and the epithet hiberna is applied to the country, because the god was said to pass the winter in his temple. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, lis. 143 & 446; bk. 7, li. 816.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 6, li. 686.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 173.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Livy, bk. 37, ch. 16; bk. 38, ch. 39.

Lycĭdas, a centaur, killed by the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 310.——A shepherd’s name. Virgil, Eclogues.——A beautiful youth, the admiration of Rome in the age of Horace. Horace, bk. 1, ode 4, li. 19.

Lycimna, a town of Peloponnesus.

Lycimnia, a slave, mother of Helenor by a Lydian prince. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 446.

Lyciscus, an Athenian archon.——A Messenian of the family of the Æpytidæ. When his daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed for the good of their country, he fled with them to Sparta, and Aristodemus upon this cheerfully gave his own children and soon after succeeded to the throne. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 9.——A youth of whom Horace was enamoured.

Ly̆cius, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta.——A son of Lycaon.——An epithet given to Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he gave oracles, particularly at Patara, where the appellation of Lyciæ sortes was given to his answers, and even to the will of the fates. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 346.——A surname of Danaus.

Ly̆cŏmēdes, a king of Scyros, an island in the Ægean sea, son of Apollo and Parthenope. He was secretly entrusted with the care of young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman’s clothes, to remove him from the Trojan war, where she knew he must unavoidably perish. Lycomedes has rendered himself infamous for his treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven from the throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest, or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions, and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed. Plutarch, Theseus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17; bk. 7, ch. 4.——Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.——An Arcadian, who, with 500 chosen men, put to flight 1000 Spartans and 500 Argives, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.——A seditious person at Tegea.——A Mantinean general, &c.——An Athenian, the first who took one of the enemy’s ships at the battle of Salamis. Plutarch.

Lycon, a philosopher of Troas, son of Astyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was greatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died in the 74th year of his age. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.——A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras.——A poet.——A writer of epigrams.——A player, greatly esteemed by Alexander. A Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion.——A peripatetic philosopher.

Lycōne, a city of Thrace.——A mountain of Argolis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 24.

Ly̆cōphron, a son of Periander king of Corinth. The murder of his mother Melissa by his father had such an effect upon him, that he resolved never to speak to a man who had been so wantonly cruel against his relations. This resolution was strengthened by the advice of Procles his maternal uncle, and Periander at last banished to Corcyra a son whose disobedience and obstinacy had rendered him odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who had any claim to the crown of Corinth. But when the infirmities of Periander obliged him to look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come to Corinth while his father was there, and he was induced to leave Corcyra, only on promise that Periander would come and dwell there while he remained master of Corinth. This exchange, however, was prevented. The Corcyreans, who were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander, murdered Lycophron before he left that island. Herodotus, bk. 3.—Aristotle.——A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander tyrant of Pheræ. He assisted his sister in murdering her husband, and he afterwards seized the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Philip of Macedonia. Plutarch.—Diodorus, bk. 16.——A general of Corinth, killed by Nicias. Plutarch, Nicias.——A native of Cythera, son of Mastor. He went to the Trojan war with Ajax the son of Telamon, after the accidental murder of one of his citizens. He was killed, &c. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 450.——A famous Greek poet and grammarian, born at Chalcis, in Eubœa. He was one of the poets who flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, and who, from their number, obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by the wound of an arrow. He wrote tragedies, the titles of 20 of which have been preserved. The only remaining composition of this poet is called Cassandra or Alexandra. It contains 1474 verses, whose obscurity has procured the epithet of Tenebrosus to its author. It is a mixture of prophetical effusions, which, as he supposes, were given by Cassandra during the Trojan war. The best editions of Lycophron are that of Basil, 1546, folio, enriched with the Greek commentary of Tzetzes; that of Canter, 8vo, apud Commelin. 1596; and that of Potter, folio, Oxford, 1702. Ovid, Ibis, li. 533.—Statius, bk. 5, Sylvæ, poem 3.

Lycopŏlis, now Siut, a town of Egypt. It received this name on account of the immense number of wolves, λυκοι, which repelled an army of Æthiopians, who had invaded Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Lycopus, an Ætolian who assisted the Cyreneans against Ptolemy. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Lycorea, a town of Phocis at the top of Parnassus, where the people of Delphi took refuge during Deucalion’s deluge, directed by the howlings of wolves. Pausanias, Phocis, ch. 6.

Lycoreus, the supposed founder of Lycorea, on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo and Corycia. Hyginus, fable 161.

Ly̆cōrias, one of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 339.

Ly̆cōris, a freedwoman of the senator Volumnius, also called Cytheris, and Volumnia, from her master. She is celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was greatly enamoured of her, and his friend Virgil, in his 10th eclogue, comforts him for the loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed Marcus Antony’s camp, and was become the Aspasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, however, prevailed over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate courtesan lost the favours of Antony and of all the world at the same time. Lycoris was originally a comedian. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 537.

Lycormas, a river of Ætolia, whose sands were of a golden colour. It was afterwards called Evenus, from king Evenus, who threw himself into it. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 245.

Lycortas, the father of Polybius, who flourished B.C. 184. He was chosen general of the Achæan league, and he revenged the death of Philopœmen, &c. Plutarch.

Lycosūra, a city built by Lycaon on mount Lycæus in Arcadia.

Lyctus, a town of Crete, the country of Idomeneus, whence he is often called Lyctius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 401.

Lycurgrĭdes, annual days of solemnity, appointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta.——A patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 503.

Lycurgus, a king of Nemæa, in Peloponnesus. He was raised from the dead by Æsculapius. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 5, li. 638.——A giant killed by Osiris in Thrace. Diodorus, bk. 1.——A king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been represented as cruel and impious, on account of the violence which he offered to Bacchus. He, according to the opinion of the mythologists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom, and abolished his worship, for which impiety he was severely punished by the gods. He put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and he cut off his own legs, mistaking them for vine boughs. He was put to death in the greatest torments by his subjects, who had been informed by the oracle that they should not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more. This fable is explained by observing that the aversion of Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from the filthiness and disgrace of intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely ordered all the vines of his dominions to be cut down, that himself and his subjects might be preserved from the extravagance and debauchery which are produced by too free a use of wine. Hyginus, fable 132.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 130.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 22.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 14.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 19.——A son of Hercules and Praxithea daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.——A son of Pheres the son of Cretheus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——An orator of Athens, surnamed Ibis, in the age of Demosthenes, famous for his justice and impartiality when at the head of the government. He was one of the 30 orators whom the Athenians refused to deliver up to Alexander. Some of his orations are extant. He died about 330 years before Christ. Diodorus, bk. 16.——A king of Tegea, son of Aleus, by Neæra the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, called also Eurynome, by whom he had Amphidamas, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.——A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eunomus and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan throne; but when he saw that the widow of Polydectes was pregnant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, but till Charilaus his nephew was arrived to years of maturity. He had previously refused to marry his brother’s widow, who wished to strengthen him on his throne by destroying her own son Charilaus, and leaving him in the peaceful possession of the crown. The integrity with which he acted, when guardian of his nephew Charilaus, united with the disappointment and the resentment of the queen, raised him many enemies, and he at last yielded to their satire and malevolence, and retired to Crete. He travelled like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt without suffering himself to be corrupted by the licentiousness and luxury which prevailed there. The confusion which followed his departure from Sparta now had made his presence totally necessary, and he returned home at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen. The disorders which reigned at Sparta induced him to reform the government; and the more effectually to execute his undertaking, he had recourse to the oracle of Delphi. He was received by the priestess of the god with every mark of honour, his intentions were warmly approved by the divinity, and he was called the friend of gods, and himself rather god than man. After such a reception from the most celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found no difficulty in reforming the abuses of the state, and all were equally anxious in promoting a revolution which had received the sanction of heaven. This happened 884 years before the christian era. Lycurgus first established a senate, which was composed of 28 senators, whose authority preserved the tranquillity of the state, and maintained a due and just equilibrium between the kings and the people, by watching over the intrusions of the former, and checking the seditious convulsions of the latter. All distinctions were destroyed, and by making an equal and impartial division of the land among the members of the commonwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and encouraged the useful arts. The use of money, either of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, and the introduction of heavy brass and iron coin brought no temptations to the dishonest, and left every individual in the possession of his effects without any fears of robbery or violence. All the citizens dined in common, and no one had greater claims to indulgence or luxury than another. The intercourse of Sparta with other nations was forbidden, and few were permitted to travel. The youths were entrusted to the public master as soon as they had attained their seventh year, and their education was left to the wisdom of the laws. They were taught early to think, to answer in a short and laconic manner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They were instructed and encouraged to carry things by surprise, but if ever the theft was discovered they were subjected to a severe punishment. Lycurgus was happy and successful in establishing and enforcing these laws, and by his prudence and administration the face of affairs in Lacedæmon was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of men distinguished for their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their magnanimity. After this, Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, or, according to others, to Crete, and before his departure he bound all the citizens of Lacedæmon by a solemn oath, that neither they nor their posterity would alter, violate, or abolish the laws which he had established before his return. He soon after put himself to death, and he ordered his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest, if they were carried to Sparta, the citizens would call themselves freed from the oath which they had taken, and empowered to make a revolution. The wisdom and the good effect of the laws of Lycurgus have been firmly demonstrated at Sparta, where for 700 years they remained in full force, but the legislator has been censured as cruel and impolitic. He has shown himself inhumane in ordering mothers to destroy such of their children whose feebleness or deformity in their youth seemed to promise incapability of action in maturer years, and to become a burden to the state. His regulations about marriage must necessarily be censured, and no true conjugal felicity can be expected from the union of a man with a person whom he perhaps never knew before, and whom he was compelled to choose in a dark room, where all the marriageable women in the state assembled on stated occasions. The peculiar dress which was appointed for the females might be termed improper; and the law must for ever be called injudicious, which ordered them to appear naked on certain days of festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly promiscuously, with boys of equal age with themselves. These things indeed contributed as much to corrupt the morals of the Lacedæmonians, as the other regulations seemed to be calculated to banish dissipation, riot, and debauchery. Lycurgus has been compared to Solon, the celebrated legislator of Athens, and it has been judiciously observed, that the former gave his citizens morals conformable to the laws which he had established, and that the latter had given the Athenians laws which coincided with their customs and manners. The office of Lycurgus demanded resolution, and he showed himself inexorable and severe. In Solon artifice was requisite, and he showed himself mild and even voluptuous. The moderation of Lycurgus is greatly commended, particularly when we recollect that he treated with the greatest humanity and confidence Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his eyes in a seditious tumult. Lycurgus had a son called Antiorus, who left no issue. The Lacedæmonians showed their respect for their great legislator, by yearly celebrating a festival in his honour, called Lycurgidæ or Lycurgides. The introduction of money into Sparta in the reign of Agis the son of Archidamus was one of the principal causes which corrupted the innocence of the Lacedæmonians, and rendered them the prey of intrigue and of faction. The laws of Lycurgus were abrogated by Philopœmen, B.C. 188, but only for a little time, as they were soon after re-established by the Romans. Plutarch, Lives.—Justin, bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.—Strabo, bks. 8, 10, 15, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Lycus, a king of Bœotia, successor to his brother Nycteus, who left no male issue. He was entrusted with the government only during the minority of Labdacus, the son of the daughter of Nycteus. He was further enjoined to make war against Epopeus, who had carried away by force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He was successful in this expedition. Epopeus was killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and married her, though she was his niece. This new connection highly displeased his first wife Dirce, and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling queen and tortured in the most cruel manner. Antiope at last escaped, and entreated her sons Zethus and Amphion to avenge her wrongs. The children, incensed on account of the cruelties which their mother had suffered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.——A king of Libya, who sacrificed whatever strangers came upon his coast. When Diomedes, at his return from the Trojan war, had been shipwrecked there, the tyrant seized him and confined him. He, however, escaped by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant’s daughter, who was enamoured of him, and who hung herself when she saw herself deserted.——A son of Neptune by Celæno, made king of a part of Mysia by Hercules. He offered violence to Megara the wife of Hercules, for which he was killed by the incensed hero. Lycus gave a kind reception to the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Hyginus, fables 18, 31, 32, 137.——A son of Ægyptus,——of Mars,——of Lycaon king of Arcadia,——of Pandion king of Athens.——The father of Arcesilaus.——One of the companions of Æneas. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Hyginus, fable 97 & 159.——An officer of Alexander in the interest of Lysimachus. He made himself master of Ephesus by the treachery of Andron, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.——One of the Centaurs.——A son of Priam.——A river of Phrygia, which disappears near Colosse, and rises again at the distance of about four stadia, and at last falls into the Mæander. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 273.——A river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus Mæotis.——Another in Paphlagonia, near Heraclea. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, poem 1, li. 47.——Another in Assyria.——Another in Armenia, falling into the Euxine near the Phasis. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 367.——One of the friends of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 545.——A youth beloved by Alcæus. Horace, bk. 1, ode 32.——A town of Crete.

Lyde, the wife of the poet Antimachus, &c. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 5.——A woman in Domitian’s reign, who pretended that she could remove barrenness by medicines. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 141.

Lȳdia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, whose boundaries were different at different times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major, Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its more flourishing times it contained the whole country which lies between the Halys and the Ægean sea. It was anciently called Mæonia, and received the name of Lydia from Lydus, one of its kings. It was governed by monarchs who, after the fabulous ages, reigned for 249 years in the following order: Ardysus began to reign 797 B.C.; Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Candaules, 735; Gyges, 718; Ardysus II., 680; Sadyattes, 631; Alyattes II., 619; and Crœsus, 562, who was conquered by Cyrus, B.C. 548, when the kingdom became a province of the Persian empire. There were three different races that reigned in Lydia, the Atyadæ, Heraclidæ, and Mermnadæ. The history of the first is obscure and fabulous; the Heraclidæ began to reign about the Trojan war, and the crown remained in their family for about 505 years, and was always transmitted from father to son. Candaules was the last of the Heraclidæ; and Gyges the first, and Crœsus the last, of the Mermnadæ. The Lydians were great warriors in the reign of the Mermnadæ. They invented the art of coining gold and silver, and were the first who exhibited public sports, &c. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 90; bk. 7, ch. 74.—Strabo, bks. 2, 5, & 13.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4.——A mistress of Horace, &c., bk. 1, ode 8.

Lydias, a river of Macedonia.

Lȳdius, an epithet applied to the Tiber, because it passed near Etruria, whose inhabitants were originally a Lydian colony. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 781; bk. 8, li. 479.

Lydus, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of Mæonia, which from him received the name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to the settlement which he made on the coast of the Mediterranean. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 74.——A eunuch, &c.

Lygdamis, or Lygdamus, a man who made himself absolute at Naxos. Polyænus.——A general of the Cimmerians who passed into Asia Minor, and took Sardis in the reign of Ardyes king of Lydia. Callimachus.——An athlete of Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the celebrated queen of Halicarnassus. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 99.——A servant of the poet Propertius, or of his mistress Cynthia.

Lygii, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 42.

Lygodesma, a surname of Diana at Sparta, because her statue was brought by Orestes from Taurus, shielded round with osiers. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.

Lygus. See: [Ligus].

Lymīre, a town of Lycia. Ovid Metamorphoses, bk. 12.

Lymax, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Lyncīdes, a man at the court of Cepheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses bk. 4, fable 12.

Lyncestæ, a noble family of Macedonia, connected with the royal family. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 2, &c.

Lyncestes, a son of Amyntas, in the army of Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, &c.——Alexander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who conspired against Alexander and was put to death. Curtius, bk. 7.

Lyncestius, a river of Macedonia, whose waters were of an intoxicating quality. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 17, li. 329.

Lyncēus, son of Aphareus, was among the hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted that, as it is reported, he could see through the earth, and distinguish objects at the distance of above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his brother Idas, and they were both killed by Castor and Pollux, when they were going to celebrate their nuptials with the daughters of Leucippus. Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 3.—Hyginus, fable.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 303.—Apollodorus, Argonautica, bk. 1.——A son of Ægyptus, who married Hypermnestra the daughter of Danaus. His life was spared by the love and humanity of his wife. See: [Danaides]. He made war against his father-in-law, dethroned him, and seized his crown. Some say that Lynceus was reconciled to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after his death, and reigned 41 years. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 16, 19, 25.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 14.——One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 768.

Lyncus, Lyncæus, or Lynx, a cruel king of Scythia, or, according to others, of Sicily. He received, with feigned hospitality, Triptolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach mankind agriculture; and as he was jealous of his commission, he resolved to murder this favourite of the gods in his sleep. As he was going to give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was suddenly changed into a lynx, an animal which is the emblem of perfidy and ingratitude. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 657.

Lyncus, a town of Macedonia, of which the inhabitants were called Lyncestæ. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 4, ch. 10.

Lyndus, a town of Sicily.

Lyrcæ, a people of Scythia, who live upon hunting.

Lyrcæus, a mountain of Arcadia. See: [Lycæus].——A fountain. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 711.

Lyrcea, a town of Peloponnesus, formerly called Lyncea. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Lyrcus, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. Parthenius.

Lyrnessus, a city of Cilicia, the native country of Briseis, called from thence Lyrnesseis. It was taken and plundered by Achilles and the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, and the booty divided among the conquerors. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 197.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 108; Heroides, poem 3, li. 5; Tristia, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 15.

Lysander, a celebrated general of Sparta, in the last years of the Peloponnesian war. He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, and gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to the Athenian fleet, consisting of 120 ships, at Ægospotamos, and destroyed it all, except three ships, with which the enemy’s general fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, which happened 405 years before the christian era, the Athenians lost 3000 men, and with them their empire and influence among the neighbouring states. Lysander well knew how to take advantage of his victory, and the following year Athens, worn out by a long war of 27 years, and discouraged by its misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the enemy, and consented to destroy the Piræus, to deliver up all its ships, except 12, to recall all those who had been banished, and, in short, to be submissive in every degree to the power of Lacedæmon. Besides these humiliating conditions, the government of Athens was totally changed, and 30 tyrants were set over it by Lysander. This glorious success, and the honour of having put an end to the Peloponnesian war, increased the pride of Lysander. He had already begun to pave his way to universal power by establishing aristocracy in the Grecian cities of Asia, and now he attempted to make the crown of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambition he used prudence and artifice; and as he could not easily abolish a form of government which ages and popularity had confirmed, he had recourse to the assistance of the gods. His attempts, however, to corrupt the oracles of Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved ineffectual, and he was even accused of using bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple. The sudden declaration of war against the Thebans saved him from the accusations of his adversaries, and he was sent, together with Pausanias, against the enemy. The plans of his military operations were discovered, and the Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly meditated, attacked him unexpectedly, and he was killed in a bloody battle, which ended in the defeat of his troops, 394 years before Christ. His body was recovered by his colleague Pausanias, and honoured with a magnificent funeral. Lysander has been commended for his bravery, but his ambition deserves the severest censure, and his cruelty and his duplicity have greatly stained his character. He was arrogant and vain in his public as well as private conduct, and he received and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns which his courtiers and flatterers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of all his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he died extremely poor, and his daughters were rejected by two opulent citizens of Sparta, to whom they had been betrothed during the life of their father. This behaviour of the lovers was severely punished by the Lacedæmonians, who protected from injury the children of a man whom they hated for his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The father of Lysander, whose name was Aristoclites or Aristocrates, was descended from Hercules, though not reckoned of the race of the Heraclidæ. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.—Diodorus, bk. 13.——A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax son of Telamon before Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 491.——One of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &c. Plutarch.——A grandson of the great Lysander. Pausanias.

Lysandra, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Agathocles the son of Lysimachus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Seleucus for protection. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.

Lysaniax, a man made king of Ituræa by Antony, &c.

Lyse, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Lysiădes, an Athenian, son of Phædrus the philosopher, &c. Cicero, Philippics, bk. 5.——An Athenian archon.——A tyrant of Megalopolis, who died B.C. 226. Plutarch.

Lysianassa, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.——A daughter of Epaphus, mother of Busiris. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Ly̆sias, a celebrated orator, son of Cephalus, a native of Syracuse. His father left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lysias was born and carefully educated. In his 15th year he accompanied the colony which the Athenians sent to Thurium, and after a long residence there he returned home in his 47th year. He distinguished himself by his eloquence, and by the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 according to Plutarch, though the number may with more probability be reduced to 230. Of these 34 are extant, the best editions of which are that of Taylor, 8vo, Cambridge. 1740, and that of Auger, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1783. He died in the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the christian era. Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators.—Cicero, Brutus; On Oratory.—Quintilian, bk. 3, &c.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2.——An Athenian general, &c.——A town of Phrygia. Strabo.——Another of Syria, now Berziech, near Emesa.——A tyrant of Tarsus, B.C. 267.

Lysĭcles, an Athenian sent with Chares into Bœotia, to stop the conquests of Philip of Macedonia. He was conquered at Chæronæa, and sentenced to death for his ill conduct there.

Lysĭdĭce, a daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia, who married Mastor the son of Perseus and Andromeda. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.——A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Lysimăche, a daughter of Abas the son of Melampus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——A daughter of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Lysimăchia, now Hexamili, a city on the Thracian Chersonesus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 9.——A town of Ætolia, built by Lysimachus. Strabo, bks. 7 & 10.——Another in Æolia. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Lysimăchus, a son of Agathocles, who was among the generals of Alexander. After the death of that monarch, he made himself master of part of Thrace, where he built a town which he called Lysimachia. He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against Antigonus and Demetrius, and fought with them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He afterwards seized Macedonia, after expelling Pyrrhus from the throne, B.C. 286; but his cruelty rendered him odious, and the murder of his son Agathocles so offended his subjects, that the most opulent and powerful revolted from him and abandoned the kingdom. He pursued them to Asia, and declared war against Seleucus, who had given them a kind reception. He was killed in a bloody battle, 281 years before Christ, in the 80th year of his age, and his body was found in the heaps of slain only by the fidelity of a little dog, which had carefully watched near it. It is said that the love and respect of Lysimachus for his learned master Callisthenes proved nearly fatal to him. He, as Justin mentions, was thrown into the den of a hungry lion, by order of Alexander, for having given Callisthenes poison, to save his life from ignominy and insult; and when the furious animal darted upon him, he wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly thrust it into the lion’s mouth, and by twisting his tongue killed an adversary ready to devour him. This act of courage in his self-defence recommended him to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever after esteemed by the monarch. Justin, bk. 15, ch. 3, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 19, &c. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 10.——An Acarnanian, preceptor to Alexander the Great. He used to call himself Phœnix, his pupil Achilles, and Philip Peleus. Plutarch, Alexander.—Justin, bk. 15, ch. 3.——An historian of Alexandria.——A son of Aristides, rewarded by the Athenians on account of the virtue of his father.——A chief priest among the Jews, about 204 years before Christ, &c. Josephus.——A physician greatly attached to the notions of Hippocrates.——A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, &c.

Lysimelia, a marsh of Sicily near Syracuse.

Lysinoe, now Aglasson, a city of Asia, near Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 15.

Lysippe, a daughter of Prœtus. See: [Prœtides].——A daughter of Thespius.

Lysippus, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He was originally a whitesmith, and afterwards applied himself to painting, till his talents and inclination taught him that he was born to excel in sculpture. He flourished about 325 years before the christian era, in the age of Alexander the Great. The monarch was so partial to the artist, that he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to make his statue. Lysippus excelled in expressing the hair, and he was the first who made the head of his statues less large, and the body smaller than usual, that they might appear taller. This was observed by one of his friends, and the artist gave for answer, that his predecessors had represented men in their natural form, but that he represented them such as they appeared. Lysippus made no less than 600 statues, the most admired of which were those of Alexander; one of Apollo of Tarentum 40 cubits high; one of a man coming out of a bath, with which Agrippa adorned his baths; one of Socrates; and those of the 25 horsemen who were drowned in the Granicus. These were so valued, that in the age of Augustus, they were bought for their weight in gold. Plutarch, Alexander.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 164; Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 4, ch. 148.—Pliny, bk. 37, ch. 7.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 240.——A comic poet, some of whose plays are mentioned by Athenæus. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.——A general of the Achæan league.

Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, preceptor to Epaminondas. He flourished about 388 years before the christian era. He is supposed by some to be the author of the golden verses which are attributed to Pythagoras. Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas, ch. 2.

Lysistrătus, an Athenian parasite.——A brother of Lysippus. He was the first artist who ever made a statue with wax. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8; bk. 35, ch. 12.

Lysithous, a son of Priam. Apollodorus.

Lyso, a friend of Cicero, &c. Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 19,

Lystra, a town of Lycaonia.

Lytæa, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put to death by the Athenians. Apollodorus.

Lyzanias, a king of Chalcis, &c.

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