CONTENTS.
[CHAPTER I.]
RHODOLPH OF HAPSBURG.
From 1232 to 1291.
Hawk's Castle.—Albert, Count of Hapsburg.—Rhodolph of Hapsburg.—His Marriage and Estates.—Excommunication and its Results.—His Principles of Honor.—A Confederacy of Barons.—Their Route.—Rhodolph's Election as Emperor of Germany.—The Bishop's Warning.—Dissatisfaction at the Result of the Election.—Advantages accruing from the Possession of an interesting Family.—Conquest.—Ottocar acknowledges the Emperor; yet breaks his Oath of Allegiance.—Gathering Clouds.—Wonderful Escape.—Victory of Rhodolph.—His Reforms. Page 17
[CHAPTER II.]
REIGNS OF ALBERT I., FREDERIC, ALBERT AND OTHO.
From 1291 to 1347.
Anecdotes of Rhodolph.—His Desire for the Election of his Son.—His Death.—Albert.—His Unpopularity.—Conspiracy of the Nobles.—Their Defeat.—Adolphus of Nassau chosen Emperor.—Albert's Conspiracy.—Deposition of Adolphus and Election of Albert.—Death of Adolphus.—The Pope Defied.—Annexation of Bohemia.—Assassination of Albert.—Avenging Fury.—The Hermit's Direction.—Frederic the Handsome.—Election of Henry, Count of Luxemburg.—His Death.—Election of Louis of Bavaria.—Capture of Frederic.—Remarkable Confidence toward a Prisoner.—Death of Frederic.—An early Engagement.—Death of Louis.—Accession of Albert. Page 34
[CHAPTER III.]
RHODOLPH II., ALBERT IV. AND ALBERT V.
From 1389 to 1437.
Rhodolph II.—Marriage of John to Margaret.—Intriguing for the Tyrol.—Death of Rhodolph.—Accession of Power to Austria.—Dividing the Empire.—Delight of the Emperor Charles.—Leopold.—His Ambition and successes.—Hedwige, Queen of Poland.—"The Course of true Love never did run smooth."—Unhappy Marriage of Hedwige.—Heroism of Arnold of Winkelreid.—Death of Leopold.—Death of Albert IV.—Accession Of Albert V.—Attempts of Sigismond to bequeath to Albert V. Hungary and Bohemia. Page 48
[CHAPTER IV.]
ALBERT, LADISLAUS AND FREDERIC.
From 1440 to 1489.
Increasing Honors of Albert V.—Encroachments of the Turks.—The Christians Routed.—Terror of the Hungarians.—Death of Albert.—Magnanimous Conduct of Albert of Bavaria.—Internal Troubles.—Precocity of Ladislaus.—Fortifications Raised by the Turks.—John Capistrun.—Rescue of Belgrade.—The Turks Dispersed.—Exultation over the Victory.—Death of Hunniades.—Jealousy of Ladislaus.—His Death.—Brotherly Quarrels.—Devastations by the Turks.—Invasion of Austria.—Repeal of the Compromise.—The Emperor a Fugitive. Page 68
[CHAPTER V.]
THE EMPERORS FREDERIC II. AND MAXIMILIAN I.
From 1477 to 1500.
Wanderings of the Emperor Frederic.—Proposed Alliance with the Duke of Burgundy.—Mutual Distrust.—Marriage of Mary.—The Age of Chivalry.—The Motive inducing the Lord of Praunstein to Declare War.—Death of Frederic II.—The Emperor's Secret.—Designs of the Turks.—Death of Mahomet II.—First Establishment of Standing Armies.—Use of Gunpowder.—Energy of Maximilian.—French Aggressions.—The League to Expel the French.—Disappointments of Maximilian.—Bribing the Pope.—Invasion of Italy.—Capture and Recapture.—The Chevalier de Bayard. Page 77
[CHAPTER VI.]
MAXIMILIAN I.
From 1500 to 1519.
Base Treachery of the Swiss Soldiers.—Perfidy of Ferdinand of Arragon.—Appeals by Superstition.—Coalition with Spain.—The League of Cambray.—Infamy of the Pope.—The King's Apology.—Failure of the Plot.—Germany Aroused.—Confidence of Maximilian.—Longings for the Pontifical Chair.—Maximilian Bribed.—Leo X.—Dawning Prosperity.—Matrimonial Projects.—Commencement of the War of Reformation.—Sickness of Maximilian.—His Last Directions.—His Death.—The Standard by which his Character is to be Judged. Page 91
[CHAPTER VII.]
CHARLES V. AND THE REFORMATION.
From 1519 to 1581.
Charles V. of Spain.—His Election as Emperor of Germany.—His Coronation.—The First Constitution.—Progress of the Reformation.—The Pope's Bull against Luther.—His Contempt for his Holiness.—The Diet at Worms.—Frederic's Objection to the Condemnation of Luther by the Diet.—He obtains for Luther the Right of Defense.—Luther's triumphal March to the Tribunal.—Charles urged to Violate his Safe Conduct.—Luther's Patmos.—Marriage of Sister Catharine Bora to Luther.—Terrible Insurrection.—The Holy League.—The Protest of Spires.—Confession of Augsburg.—The Two Confessions.—Compulsory Measures. Page 106
[CHAPTER VIII.]
CHARLES V. AND THE REFORMATION.
From 1531 to 1552.
Determination to crush Protestantism.—Incursion of the Turks.—Valor of the Protestants.—Preparations for renewed Hostilities.—Augmentation of the Protestant Forces.—The Council of Trent.—Mutual Consternation.—Defeat of the Protestant Army.—Unlooked-for Succor.—Revolt in the Emperor's Army.—The Fluctuations of Fortune.—Ignoble Revenge.—Capture of Wittemberg.—Protestantism apparently crushed.—Plot against Charles.—Maurice of Saxony.—A Change of Scene.—The Biter Bit—The Emperor humbled.—His Flight.—His determined Will. Page 121
[CHAPTER IX.]
CHARLES V. AND THE TURKISH WARS.
From 1552 to 1555.
The Treaty of Passau.—The Emperor yields.—His continued Reverses.—The Toleration Compromise.—Mutual Dissatisfaction.—Remarkable Despondency of the Emperor Charles.—His Address to the Convention at Brussels.—The Convent of St. Justus.—Charles returns to Spain.—His Convent Life.—The Mock Burial.—His Death.—His Traits of Character.—The King's Compliment to Titian.—The Condition of Austria.—Rapid Advance of the Turks.—Reasons for the Inaction of the Christians.—The Sultan's Method of Overcoming Difficulties.—The little Fortress of Guntz.—What it accomplished. Page 186
[CHAPTER X.]
FERDINAND I.—HIS WARS AND INTRIGUES.
From 1555 to 1562.
John of Tapoli.—The Instability of Compacts.—The Sultan's Demands.—A Reign of War.—Powers and Duties of the Monarchs of Bohemia.—The Diet.—The King's Desire to crush Protestantism.—The Entrance to Prague.—Terror of the Inhabitants.—The King's Conditions.—The Bloody Diet.—Disciplinary Measures.—The establishment of the Order of Jesuits.—Abdication of Charles V. in Favor of Ferdinand.—Power of the Pope.—Paul IV.—A quiet but powerful Blow.—The Progress of the Reformers.—Attempts to reconcile the Protestants.—The unsuccessful Assembly. Page 151
[CHAPTER XI.]
DEATH OF FERDINAND I.—ACCESSION OF MAXIMILIAN II.
From 1562 to 1576.
The Council of Trent.—Spread of the Reformation.—Ferdinand's Attempt to influence the Pope.—His Arguments against Celibacy.—Stubbornness of the Pope.—Maximilian II.—Displeasure of Ferdinand.—Motives for not abjuring the Catholic Faith.—Religious Strife in Europe.—Maximilian's Address to Charles IX.—Mutual Toleration.—Romantic Pastime of War.—Heroism of Nicholas, Count of Zeini.—Accession of Power to Austria.—Accession of Rhodolph III.—Death of Maximilian. Page 166
[CHAPTER XII.]
CHARACTER OF MAXIMILIAN.—SUCCESSION OF RHODOLPH III.
From 1576 to 1604.
Character of Maximilian.—His Accomplishments.—His Wife.—Fate of his Children.—Rhodolph III.—The Liberty of Worship.—Means of Emancipation.—Rhodolph's Attempts against Protestantism.—Declaration of a higher Law.—Theological Differences.—The Confederacy at Heilbrun.—The Gregorian Calendar.—Intolerance in Bohemia.—The Trap of the Monks.—Invasion of the Turks.—Their Defeat.—Coalition with Sigismond.—Sale of Transylvania.—Rule of Basta.—The Empire captured and recaptured.—Devastation of the Country.—Treatment of Stephen Botskoi. Page 182
[CHAPTER XIII.]
RHODOLPH III. AND MATTHIAS.
From 1604 to 1609.
Botskoi's Manifesto.—Horrible Suffering in Transylvania.—Character of Botskoi.—Confidence of the Protestants.—Superstition of Rholdoph.—His Mystic Studies.—Acquirements of Matthias.—Schemes of Matthias.—His increasing power.—Treaty with the Turks.—Demands on Rhodolph.—The Compromise.—Perfidy of Matthias.—The Margravite.—Fillisbustering.—The People's Diet.—A Hint to Royalty.—The Bloodless Triumph.—Demands of the Germans.—Address of the Prince of Anhalt to the King. Page 198
[CHAPTER XIV.]
RHODOLPH III. AND MATTHIAS.
From 1609 to 1612.
Difficulties as to the Succession.—Hostility of Henry IV. to the House of Austria.—Assassination of Henry IV.—Similarity in Sully's and Napoleon's Plans.—Exultation of the Catholics.—The Brother's Compact.—How Rhodolph kept it.—Seizure of Prague.—Rhodolph a Prisoner.—The King's Abdication.—Conditions Attached to the Crown.—Rage of Rhodolph.—Matthias Elected King.—The Emperor's Residence.—Rejoicings of The Protestants.—Reply of the Ambassadors.—The Nuremberg Diet.—The Unkindest cut of all.—Rhodolph's Humiliation and Death. Page 213
[CHAPTER XV.]
MATTHIAS.
From 1612 to 1619.
Matthias Elected Emperor of Germany.—His Despotic Character.—His Plans Thwarted.—Mulheim.—Gathering Clouds.—Family Intrigue.—Coronation of Ferdinand.—His Bigotry.—Henry, Count of Thurn.—Convention at Prague.—The King's Reply.—The Die Cast.—Amusing Defense of an Outrage.—Ferdinand's Manifesto.—Seizure of Cardinal Klesis.—The King's Rage.—Retreat of the King's Troops.—Humiliation of Ferdinand.—The Difficulties Deferred.—Death of Matthias. Page 229
[CHAPTER XVI.]
FERDINAND II.
From 1619 to 1621.
Possessions of the Emperor.—Power of the Protestants of Bohemia.—General Spirit of Insurrection.—Anxiety of Ferdinand.—Insurrection led by Count Thurn.—Unpopularity of the Emperor.—Affecting Declaration of the Emperor.—Insurrection in Vienna.—The Arrival of Succor.—Ferdinand Seeks the Imperial Throne.—Repudiated by Bohemia.—The Palatinate.—Frederic Offered the Crown of Bohemia.—Frederic Crowned.—Revolt in Hungary.—Desperate Condition of the Emperor.—Catholic League.—The Calvinists and the Puritans.—Duplicity of the Emperor.—Foreign Combinations.—Truce between the Catholics and the Protestants.—The Attack upon Bohemia.—Battle of the White Mountain. Page 245
[CHAPTER XVII.]
FERDINAND II.
From 1621 to 1629.
Pusillanimity of Frederic.—Intreaties of the Citizens of Prague.—Shameful Flight of Frederic.—Vengeance Inflicted upon Bohemia.—Protestantism and Civil Freedom.—Vast Power of the Emperor.—Alarm of Europe.—James I.—Treaty of Marriage for the Prince of Wales.—Cardinal Richelieu.—New League of the Protestants.—Desolating War.—Defeat of the King of Denmark.—Energy of Wallenstein.—Triumph of Ferdinand.—New Acts of Intolerance.—Severities in Bohemia.—Desolation of the Kingdom.—Dissatisfaction of the Duke of Bavaria.—Meeting of the Catholic Princes.—The Emperor Humbled. Page 261
[CHAPTER XVIII.]
FERDINAND II. AND GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS.
From 1629 to 1632.
Vexation of Ferdinand.—Gustavus Adolphus.—Address to the Nobles of Sweden.—March of Gustavus.—Appeal to the Protestants.—Magdeburg joins Gustavus.—Destruction of the City.—Consternation of the Protestants.—Exultation of the Catholics.—The Elector of Saxony Driven from His Domains.—Battle of Leipsic.—The Swedes penetrate Bohemia.—Freedom of Conscience Established.—Death of Tilly.—The Retirement of Wallenstein.—The Command Resumed by Wallenstein.—Capture of Prague.—Encounter between Wallenstein and Gustavus.—Battle of Lutzen.—Death of Gustavus. Page 279
[CHAPTER XIX.]
FERDINAND II., FERDINAND III. AND LEOPOLD I.
From 1632 to 1662.
Character of Gustavus Adolphus.—Exultation of the Imperialists.—Disgrace of Wallenstein.—He offers to Surrender to the Swedish General.—His Assassination.—Ferdinand's son Elected as his Successor.—Death of Ferdinand.—Close of the War.—Abdication of Christina.—Charles Gustavus.—Preparations for War.—Death of Ferdinand III.—Leopold Elected Emperor.—Hostilities Renewed.—Death of Charles Gustavus.—Diet Convened.—Invasion of the Turks. Page 295
[CHAPTER XX.]
LEOPOLD I.
From 1662 to 1697.
Invasion of the Turks.—A Treaty Concluded.—Possessions of Leopold.—Invasion of the French.—League of Augsburg.—Devastation of the Palatinate.—Invasion of Hungary.—Emerio Tekeli.—Union of Emerio Tekeli with the Turks.—Leopold Applies to Sobieski.—He Immediately Marches to his Aid.—The Turks Conquered.—Sobieski's Triumphal Receptions.—Meanness of Leopold.—Revenge upon Hungary.—Peace Concluded.—Contest for Spain. Page 811
[CHAPTER XXI.]
LEOPOLD I. AND THE SPANISH SUCCESSION
From 1697 to 1710.
The Spanish Succession.—The Impotence of Charles II.—Appeal to the Pope.—His Decision.—Death of Charles II.—Accession of Philip V.—Indignation of Austria.—The Outbreak of War.—Charles III. Crowned.—Insurrection in Hungary.—Defection of Bavaria.—The Battle of Blenheim.—Death of Leopold I.—Eleonora.—Accession of Joseph I.—Charles XII. of Sweden.—Charles III. of Spain.—Battle of Malplaquet.—Charles at Barcelona.—Charles at Madrid. 328
[CHAPTER XXII.]
JOSEPH I. AND CHARLES VI.
From 1710 to 1717.
Perplexities in Madrid.—Flight of Charles.—Retreat of the Austrian Army.—Stanhope's Division cut off.—Capture of Stanhope.—Staremberg assailed.—Retreat to Barcelona.—Attempt to pacify Hungary.—The Hungarian Diet.—Baronial crowning of Ragotsky.—Renewal of the Hungarian War.—Enterprise of Herbeville.—The Hungarians crushed.—Lenity of Joseph.—Death of Joseph.—Accession of Charles VI.—His career in Spain.—Capture of Barcelona.—The Siege.—The Rescue.—Character of Charles.—Cloisters of Montserrat.—Increased Efforts for the Spanish Crown.—Charles Crowned Emperor of Austria and Hungary.—Bohemia.—Deplorable Condition of Louis XIV. Page 845
[CHAPTER XXIII.]
CHARLES VI.
From 1716 to 1727.
Heroic Decision of Eugene.—Battle of Belgrade.—Utter Rout of the Turks.—Possessions of Charles VI.—The Elector of Hanover succeeds to the English Throne.—Preparations for War.—State of Italy.—Philip V. of Spain.—Diplomatic Agitations.—Palace of St. Ildefonso.—Order of the Golden Fleece.—Rejection of Maria Anne.—Contest for the Rock of Gibraltar.—Dismissal of Rippeeda.—Treaty of Vienna.—Peace Concluded. Page 362
[CHAPTER XXIV.]
CHARLES VI. AND THE POLISH WAR.
From 1727 to 1735.
Cardinal Fleury.—The Emperor of Austria urges the Pragmatic Sanction.—He promises his two Daughters to the two Sons of the Queen of Spain.—France, England and Spain unite against Austria.—Charles VI. issues Orders to Prepare for War.—His Perplexities.—Secret Overtures to England.—The Crown of Poland.—Meeting of the Polish Congress.—Stanislaus goes to Poland.—Augustus III. crowned.—War.—Charles sends an Army to Lombardy.—Difficulties of Prince Eugene.—Charles's Displeasure with England.—Letter to Count Kinsky.—Hostilities Renewed. Page 878
[CHAPTER XXV.]
CHARLES VI. AND THE TURKISH WAR RENEWED.
From 1735 to 1739.
Anxiety of Austrian Office-holders.—Maria Theresa.—The Duke of Lorraine.—Distraction of the Emperor.—Tuscany assigned to the Duke of Lorraine.—Death of Eugene.—Rising Greatness of Russia.—New War with the Turks.—Condition of the Army.—Commencement of Hostilities—Capture of Nissa.—Inefficient Campaign.—Disgrace of Seckendorf.—The Duke of Lorraine placed in Command.—Siege of Orsova.—Belgrade besieged by the Turks.—The third Campaign.—Battle of Crotzka.—Defeat of the Austrians.—Consternation in Vienna.—Barbarism of the Turks.—The Surrender of Belgrade.
[CHAPTER XXVI.]
MARIA THERESA.
From 1739 to 1741.
Anguish of the King.—Letter to the Queen of Russia.—The Imperial Circular.—Deplorable Condition of Austria.—Death of Charles VI.—Accession of Maria Theresa.—Vigorous Measures of the Queen.—Claim of the Duke of Bavaria.—Responses from the Courts.—Coldness of the French Court.—Frederic of Prussia.—His Invasion of Silesia.—March of the Austrians.—Battle of Molnitz.—Firmness of Maria Theresa.—Proposed Division of Plunder.—Villainy of Frederic.—Interview with the King.—Character of Frederic.—Commencement of the General Invasion. Page 411
[CHAPTER XXVII.]
MARIA THERESA.
From 1741 to 1743.
Character of Francis, Duke of Lorraine.—Policy of European Courts.—Plan of the Allies.—Siege of Prague.—Desperate Condition of the Queen—Her Coronation in Hungary.—Enthusiasm of the Barons.—Speech of Maria Theresa.—Peace with Frederic of Prussia.—His Duplicity.—Military Movement of the Duke of Lorraine.—Battle of Chazleau.—Second Treaty with Frederic.—Despondency of the Duke of Bavaria.—March of Mallebois.—Extraordinary Retreat of Belleisle.—Recovery of Prague by the Queen. Page 427
[CHAPTER XXVIII.]
MARIA THERESA.
From 1743 to 1748.
Prosperous Aspect of Austrian Affairs.—Capture of Egea.—Vast Extent of Austria.—Dispute with Sardinia.—Marriage of Charles of Lorraine with the Queen's Sister.—Invasion of Alsace.—Frederic overruns Bohemia.—Bohemia recovered by Prince Charles.—Death of the Emperor Charles VII.—Venality of the old Monarchies.—Battle of Hohenfriedberg.—Sir Thomas Robinson's Interview with Maria Theresa.—Hungarian Enthusiasm.—The Duke of Lorraine Elected Emperor.—Continuation of the War.—Treaty of Peace.—Indignation of Maria Theresa. Page 444
[CHAPTER XXIX.]
MARIA THERESA.
From 1748 to 1759.
Treaty of Peace.—Dissatisfaction of Maria Theresa.—Preparation for War.—Rupture between England and Austria.—Maria Theresa.—Alliance with France.—Influence of Marchioness of Pompadour.—Bitter Reproaches between Austria And England.—Commencement of the Seven Years' War.—Energy of Frederic of Prussia.—Sanguinary Battles.—Vicissitudes of War.—Desperate Situation of Frederic.—Elation of Maria Theresa.—Her Ambitious Plans.—Awful Defeat of the Prussians at Berlin. Page 461
[CHAPTER XXX.]
MARIA THERESA.
From 1759 to 1780.
Desolations of War.—Disasters of Prussia.—Despondency of Frederic.—Death of the Empress Elizabeth.—Accession of Paul III.—Assassination of Paul III.—Accession Of Catharine.—Discomfiture of the Austrians.—Treaty of Peace.—Election of Joseph to the Throne of the Empire.—Death of Francis.—Character of Francis.—Anecdotes.—Energy of Maria Theresa.—Poniatowski.—Partition of Poland.—Maria Theresa as a Mother.—War with Bavaria.—Peace.—Death of Maria Theresa.—Family of the Empress.—Accession of Joseph II.—His Character. Page 478
[CHAPTER XXXI.]
JOSEPH II. AND LEOPOLD II.
From 1780 to 1792.
Accession of Joseph II.—His Plans of Reform.—Pius VI.—Emancipation of the Serfs.—Joseph's Visit to his Sister, Maria Antoinette.—Ambitious Designs.—The Imperial Sleigh Ride.—Barges on the Dneister.—Excursion to the Crimea.—War with Turkey.—Defeat of the Austrians.—Great Successes.—Death of Joseph.—His Character.—Accession of Leopold II.—His Efforts to confirm Despotism.—The French Revolution.—European Coalition.—Death of Leopold.—His Profligacy.—Accession of Francis II.—Present Extent and Power of Austria.—Its Army.—Policy of the Government. Page 493