6.1 Inflection

Verb forms are subject to the addition of a small list of affixes which we call INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES. The inflectional affixes specify three tenses: PAST, FUTURE, and SUBJUNCTIVE; four cases or voices: ACTIVE, DIRECT PASSIVE, LOCAL PASSIVE, and INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE; and two modes: POTENTIAL and NONPOTENTIAL. The nonpotential forms are further broken down into two aspects: PUNCTUAL and DURATIVE. The punctual-durative distinction exists in all voices but is observed only in the active voice.[22] In the passive voices punctual forms are used for all meanings, except for literary or dialectal styles where the durative-nondurative distinction is maintained. The following chart shows these affixes. Their meanings are listed and exemplified in entries in the dictionary listed under mu-, mag-₁, maka-₁, -un₁, ma-₁, -an₁, i-₁. [23] In the following chart commas indicate forms which are in free variation (nearly synonymous and mutually substitutable). A preceding hyphen indicates a suffix, following hyphen a prefix, and hyphen in the middle, a circumfix. Dialectal affixes are not listed. The asterisks mark forms which are not normally used in colloquial speech.

		Future	Past	Subjunctive
Active
	Punctual	mu-	mi-, ni-, ning-, ming-	mu-
	Durative	mag-, maga-	nag-, naga-, ga-	mag-, maga-
	Potential	maka-, ka-	naka-, ka-	maka-, ka-
DirectPassive
	Punctual	-un	gi-	-a
	Durative	paga-un*	gina-*	paga-a*
	Potential	ma-	na-	ma-
LocalPassive
	Punctual	-an	gi-an	-i
	Durative	paga-an*	gina-an*	paga-i*
	Potential	ma-an, ka-an	na-an	ma-i, ka-i
InstrumentalPassive
	Punctual	i-	gi-	i-
	Durative	iga-*	gina-*	iga-*
	Potential	ma-, ika-	na-, gika-	ma-, ika-

6.2 Verbal derivation

The inflectional affixes are added not only to roots (forms containing no other affixes) but also to derived bases (forms containing further affixes). The productive affixes which are added to roots to form bases which in turn may have inflectional affixes added to them are -ay, -an, pa-, paN-,[24] ka-, hi-, ha-, hiN-, pakig-, paki-, panggi-, pani-, paniN-[24]. These affixes are given entries in the dictionary and exemplified there.

When the active inflectional affixes are added to verb bases which contain some of these derivative prefixes, they undergo morphophonemic alternations as shown in the following chart:

together with prefix	ni- (mi-, ning-) becomes	mu- becomes
paN-	naN-	maN-
pakig-	nakig-	makig-
paniN-	naniN-	maniN-
pani-	nani-	mani-
panggi-	nanggi-	manggi-

These affixes are given entries and defined there.