ESTIMATION OF CHLORINE IN CHLORINATED WATERS

Reagents. 1. Tolidine solution. One gram of o-tolidine, purified by recrystallization from alcohol, is dissolved in 1 litre of 10 per cent hydrochloric acid.

2. Copper sulphate solution. Dissolve 1.5 grams of copper sulphate and 1 c.cm. of concentrated sulphuric acid in distilled water and dilute the solution to 100 c.cms.

3. Potassium bichromate solution. Dissolve 0.025 gram of potassium bichromate and 0.1 c.cm. of concentrated sulphuric acid in distilled water and dilute the solution to 100 c.cms.

Procedure. Mix 1 c.cm. of the tolidine reagent with 100 c.cms. of the sample in a Nessler tube and allow the solution to stand at least five minutes. Small amounts of free chlorine give a yellow and larger amounts an orange colour.

For quantitative determination compare the colour with that of standards in similar tubes prepared from the solutions of copper sulphate and potassium bichromate. The amounts of solution for various standards are indicated in the following table:

PREPARATION OF PERMANENT STANDARDS FOR CONTENT OF CHLORINE

Chlorine.
Parts per
million.		Solution of
Copper
Sulphate.
c.cms.		Solution of
Potassium
Bichromate.
c.cms.
0.010.00.8
.020.02.1
.030.03.2
.040.04.3
.050.45.5
.060.86.6
.071.27.5
.081.58.7
.091.79.0
.101.810.0
.201.920.0
.301.930.0
.402.038.0
.502.045.0

DIAGRAM XV

DIAGRAM XVI

NAME INDEX

A
Adams, [66], [82]
B
Bassenge, [9]
Baxter, [4]
Berge, [9]
Berthollet, [1]
Bevan, [29]
Bonjean, [36]
Bray, [24]
Breteau, [26]
Bucholtz, [5]
C
Catlett, [99]
Clark, [53], [133]
Comte, [47]
Cross, [29]
Cruikshank, [3]
D
Dakin, [22], [28], [129]
Darnall, [89]
Davy, [1]
DeGage, [53], [133]
DeMorveau, [3]
Dibden, [6]
Diénert, [48]
Dienheim-Brochoki, [105]
Dowell, [24]
Dunbar, [6]
Dunham, [129]
Dupré, [5]
Dusch, [4]
E
Ellms, [34], [83], [84], [133]
Elmanovitsch, [36]
Elsner, [6]
Evans, [84]
F
Faraday, [103]
Fischer, [16]
Forcrand, [103]
Fuller, G. W., [11]
G
Gascard, [47]
Griffen, [17], [79]
H
Haberkorn, [5]
Hale, [80], [100]
Harrington, [34], [65]
Hauser, [83], [84]
Hedallen, [17], [79]
Heise, [36]
Henry, [2]
Hermite, [5]
Hewlett, [9]
Hooker, [72]
Horrocks, [48]
Houston, [8], [59], [71], [133]
Hsu, [21]
J
Jackson, [91], [99]
Jakowkin, [26]
Jennings, [135]
Johnson, [11], [134]
Jordan, H. E., [57]
K
Kanthack, [6]
Kauffman, [9]
Kellerman, [7]
Kershaw, [107]
Kienle, [65], [66], [90], [99]
Kimberly, [7]
Klein, [5]
Koch, [4]
Kolessnikoff, [16]
Kranejuhl, [7]
Kuhn, [5]
Kurpjuivat, [7]
L
Landolt, [105]
Langer, [10]
Laroche, [47]
Lavoisier, [1], [15]
Leal, [16]
Lehmann, [101]
LeRoy, [83]
Letton, [64]
Longley, [43], [135]
Lunge, [105]
Lyon, [24]
M
Marshall, [102]
Massy, [48]
Meadows, [112], [114]
McCrady, [130]
McGowan, [8]
McLintock, [5]
Mohler, [31]
Mohr, [79]
Moor, [9]
Muspratt, [126]
N
Nesfield, [8], [89]
Nissen, [30]
Norton, [21]
Novey, [23]
Noyes, [24]
O
Ornstein, [90]
Orticoni, [36]
P
Pedler, [103]
Percy, [3]
Pettenkofer, [101]
Phelps, [7], [17], [82]
Pitcher, [112]
Plucker, [10]
Powell, [132]
Pratt, [7]
Proskauer, [6], [16]
R
Rabs, [110]
Race, [36], [110], [116]
Raschig, [115]
Rickard, [108]
Rideal, E. K., [84]
Rideal, S., [6], [9], [21], [22], [60], [115], [116]
Roscoe, [5]
Roozeboom, [103]
Rouquette, [36]
Ruffer, [5]
S
Sandman, [56]
Scheele, [1], [15]
Schroder, [4]
Schuder, [10]
Schumacher, [7]
Schumburg, [10]
Schwann, [4]
Schwartz, [7]
Semmelweiss, [4]
Sickenberger, [9]
Smeeton, [53]
Smith, [126]
T
Tennant, [2]
Thomas, [53], [56]
Thresh, [87]
Tiernan, [92]
Tolman, [111]
Traube, [9]
V
Valeski, [36]
Von Loan, [90]
W
Walden, [132]
Walker, [87]
Wallace, [92]
Wallis, [83]
Warouzoff, [16]
Watt, [2], [3], [15], [106]
Webster, [5], [105]
Wesbrook, [31], [44], [53]
West, [91], [99], [136]
Whittaker, [31]
Winkler, [84]
Winogradoff, [16]
Winslow, [110]
Woodhead, [7]
Woolf, [5]
Y
Young, [138]
Z
Zirn, [6]

SUBJECT INDEX

A
Absorption of chlorine by water, [35]
Abuse of chlorination, [144]
Acids, effect of, [19], [21]
Action of chlorine, [16]
Admixture, effect of, [39]
Aftergrowths, [55]
accelerated growth, [58]
B. coli in, [57]
effect of liquid chlorine, [99]
views as to nature of, [56]
Algæ, effect of chlorine on, [133]
Alkalies, effect of, [19], [20]
Allen-Moore cell, [111]
Ammonia, and chlorine, [24]
and sodium hypochlorite, [114]
effect on bleach, [21]
effect on oxidising action, [21]
soda process, [2]
Antichlors, [86]
Antiseptics, early work on, [3]
chlorine as an, [50]
Application of chlorine, point of, [43]
Auto-suggestion, [62]
B
B. choleræ suis, [31]
B. cloacæ, [31]
B. coli, aftergrowths, [57]
in sewage, [6], [7]
in water, [9], [28], [31]
standard, [46]
viability of, [52], [55]
B. cuticularis, [53]
B. fæcalis alkaligenes, [31]
B. enteritidis, [31]
B. enteritidis sporogenes, [53]
B. lactis ærogenes, [31]
B. subtilis, [53]
B. tetani, [9]
B. typhosus, [9], [10], [30], [31]
Bacteria surviving chlorination, [50]
aftergrowths, [55]
nature of, [53]
spores, [57]
Benzidine, [83]
Bleach, analysis of solution, [79]
as deodourant, [3], [6]
as sewage disinfectant, [6], [7]
at Adrian, [11]
at Boonton, [11], [16]
at Bubbly Creek, [11]
composition, [14]
decomposition of, [25]
discovery, [2]
germicidal velocity, [20], [21]
hydrolysis, [18], [19]
production, [3]
stability of, [17]
toxic action, [22]
treatment, [72]
control of, [78]
cost, [86]
dosage regulation, [75]
in France, [78]
losses in, [81]
mixing tank, [73]
plant design, [72]
storage tank, [75]
Brest experiments, [5]
C
Carnallite, [1]
Chicago, typhoid rate, [138]
Chloramine, [114]
at Denver, [124], [126]
at Ottawa, [28], [116]
contact period, [123]
cost of, [124]
decomposition of, [126]
experimental results, [119]
germicidal power, [116]
operation of process, [126]
plant design, [120]
preparation of, [115]
ratio of chlorine and ammonia, [116], [122]
tastes and odours, [28], [64], [117]
toxic action, [22], [29]
Chlorides, effect of, [20]
Chlorine, and ammonia, [24], [25]
discovery of, [1]
disinfection, effect of pabulum, [4]
general reactions, [28]
hydrate, [103]
detection of, [81]
effect on flowers, [68]
estimation of, [81]
in sanitary work, [4]
medicinal dose, [67]
oxygen equivalent, [23]
liquid, [89]
advantages of, [97]
cost of treatment, [101]
disadvantages of, [101]
germicidal efficiency, [99]
machines, [89]
peroxide, [9]
water, [102]
corrosion of pipes, [69]
damage to seeds, [68]
decomposition of, [15]
heat of formation, [27]
Chlorometer, [84]
Chloros, [8]
Chlorozone, [105]
Colour, effect on dosage, [33]
Columbus, typhoid rates, [137]
Complaints, [62]
Contact period, effect on dosage, [44]
effect on taste, [43]
usual practice, [45]
Cost of bleach plant, [85]
bleach treatment, [86]
liquid chlorine treatment, [101]
Crossness experiments, [5]
D
Dayton cell, [107]
DeChlor filters, [87]
Denver, chloramine treatment, [124], [126]
Dichloramine, [128]
Disinfectants, [50]
Disinfection, early views of, [3]
Dosage, [30]
determination of, [46]
effect of, admixture, [39]
colour, [33]
contact period, [43]
initial contamination, [32]
light, [45]
oxidisable matter, [32]
standard of purity, [30], [32]
temperature, [34], [36]
turbidity, [45]
for military work, [48]
regulation of bleach, [75]
relation to oxygen absorbed, [36]
tanks, [75]
E
Eau de Javelle, [3], [47]
Electrical conductivity of treated water, [70]
Electrolysed sea water, [5]
Electrolytic hypochlorite, [2], [104]
Bradford, [5]
Brest, [5]
Brewster, [6], [105]
cost of, [113]
Electrolytic hydrochlorite, Crossness, [5]
discovery of, [3]
diaphragm cells, [110]
early use of, [5]
efficiency of, [109]
Havre, [5]
non-diaphragm cells, [106]
Electrozone, Brewster, [6]
Maidenhead, [6]
Tonetta Creek, [6]
F
Filter effluents, chlorination of, [34]
Filters, effect on beds, [60]
effect on runs, [132]
Fish, effect on, [8], [67], [68]
G
Germicidal velocity, effect of acids, [21]
alkalies, [20]
ammonia, [21]
chlorides, [20]
Guildford, chlorination at, [9]
H
Haas and Oettel cell, [108]
Halazone, [128]
Hardness, effect of chlorine on, [132]
Havre experiments, [5]
Hermite fluid, [5]
Hexamethyl-p-aminotriphenylmethane, [83]
Historical, [1]
Hooghly River, [7]
Hydrazine, [126]
Hydrogen peroxide, [24]
Hydrolysis of hypochlorites, effect of, acids, [19]
alkalies, [19]
chlorides, [20]
Hygienic results, [134]
Hypochlorous acid, [17]
decomposition of, [24], [25], [26]
hydrolytic constant, [18]
I
Initial contamination, effect on dosage, [32]
Intestinal organisms, viability of, [52]
Iodoform taste, [65]
Iron salts, effect on dosage, [33]
J
Jersey City, court case, [11], [16]
K
Kellner cell, [108]
L
Labarraque solution, [105]
Leavitt-Jackson machine, [91]
Leblanc process, [2]
Light, effect on dosage, [45]
Lincoln, chlorination at, [8], [59]
Liquid chlorine, advantages of, [97]
and tastes, [65]
effect of temperature on, [95]
machines, [89]
dry feed, [94]
E. B. G. Co., [91]
Leavitt-Jackson, [91]
operation of, [95]
Wallace and Tiernan, [92]
L’Orient, experiments at, [5]
M
M. agilis, [53]
Maidstone, use of bleach at, [8]
Margin of safety for taste and odour, [64]
Material for bleach plants, [74]
Military work, bleach method for, [78]
chlorine water, [103]
dosage for, [47], [48], [78]
early European, [10]
liquid chlorine, [102]
typhoid reduction, [143]
use of chlorine in, [8]
Mixing tank for bleach, [73]
Moisture, effect on chlorine gas, [16]
Montreal, dosage at, [34]
electrolytic cells, [112]
N
Nascent oxygen hypothesis, [17]
Nelson cell, [111]
Neva River, [36]
New Orleans, typhoid rates, [137]
New York, bacteria surviving treatment, [53]
bleach efficiency, [100]
liquid chlorine plant, [97]
Nitrites, effect on dosage, [33]
Nitrogen trichloride, [24], [128]
O
Odours, effect of contact period on, [43]
nature of, [63]
Ottawa, aftergrowths at, [57]
bleach plant efficiency, [100]
chloramine plant, [120]
chloramine results, [121]
sludge trouble, [65]
typhoid rates, [140]
Oxidisable matter, effect on dosage, [32], [36]
Oxychloride, Guildford, [9]
Middlekerke, [9]
Ostend, [9]
Ozone, [24]
P
Philadelphia and chlorination, [136]
Pipe corrosion, [69]
Pittsburg report, [71]
Plumbo solvency, [71]
P. mirabilis, [31]
Potassium permanganate, [23]
Puerperal fever in Vienna, [4]
Pumps, for admixture, [41]
R
Red Bank, sewage disinfection at, [7]
Reversed ratio of counts, [54]
S
Sewage disinfection at Baltimore,
Berlin, [7]
Boston, [7]
Brewster, [6]
Hamburg, [6]
Maidenhead, [6]
Sludge, as cause of complaints, [65]
Sodium bisulphite, [86]
Sodium chloride, deposits, [1]
decomposition of, [106]
Sodium hypochlorite, [105]
decomposition of, [26]
effect of ammonia on, [21]
hydrolysis of, [26]
Sodium thiosulphate, [87]
Standard of purity, [30]
Storage tanks, [75]
Sulphuretted hydrogen, [33]
Sylvine, [1]
T
Tannin, [67]
Tastes, effect of contact period on nature of, [63]
Temperature, effect on absorption of chlorine, [35], [38]
bleach deterioration, [72]
dosage, [34], [36]
germicidal velocity, [38]
pressure of liquid chlorine, [96]
tastes and odours, [66]
Thermophylic organisms, [54]
Tolidine, [82]
Toxic action of chlorine, [22], [29]
Turbidity, effect on dosage, [45]
effect of chlorine on, [132]
U
Use of chlorination, [144]
W
Water mains, disinfection of, [8]
Well water, [7]
Worcester, chlorination at, [11]
Worthing experiments, [5]