Back of 15,000 Years?
We have hardly mentioned the earliest period of American prehistory. As in the Old World, the most ancient is the least known. There are many places in the west and southwest of the United States, and some in Mexico and South America, where materials of what seems impressive antiquity have been detected. We say materials, rather than cultures, for they are often suspect.
At Tule Springs, in southern Nevada, for more than two decades, Southwest Museum archaeologists have periodically found evidence of what may have been man-made campfires and the broken, scorched, and scattered bones of camel, mammoth, bison, and perhaps horse and sloth. In 1956, Ruth D. Simpson located in situ “a small uniface convex scraper, retouched along approximately two inches of its circumference” in a pocket of charcoal. From this charcoal, a date of more than 28,000 years was determined.[79] The few artifacts recovered at Tule Springs are rather nondescript, but ancient hunters surely occupied the site at various remote times.
Burned bones of dwarf mammoths on Santa Rosa Island, off the Santa Barbara coast of southern California, have furnished radiocarbon dates ranging from 15,000 to about 30,000 years ago. The situation of these bones strongly suggests death at the hands of man. Sure association of cultural materials with the six-foot elephants has not been determined to the full satisfaction of archaeologists.[80] Although the indicated dates may be accurate—and it is not unlikely that these animals were hunted by early man—there are other explanations that are even more plausible.
Near San Diego, California, exposed cliffs with alluvial deposits and raised sea beaches of presumed Pleistocene age contain burned places, or fire lenses, often as much as 100 feet across. George F. Carter believes these to be hearths dating back to third interglacial times or earlier.[81] As evidence of human occupation, he has assembled quantities of crudely chipped cobbles, described as “core tools.” His critics maintain that most are even cruder than the lower paleolithic hand axes of Europe, and refuse to grant that any of them were made by man.[82]
Unmistakable artifacts, including types described as choppers, scrapers, and hand axes, have been found in abundance in the Mohave Desert, at Pleistocene Lake Manix[83]—now, like Pleistocene Lake Mohave, a dusty playa—and on ancient beaches in nearby Death Valley.[84] The geology of these sites suggests that they may be of Pleistocene age, but the artifact types and materials do not differ significantly from those associated with the Lake Mohave and Silver Lake cultures, for which dates of less than 10,000 years are considered probable.
The desert regions of Western America have provided other sites of apparent Pleistocene age in which the artifacts are both simple and crudely made. While it is tempting to consider these as being truly ancient, we will have to know much more about them before we can be certain that they are more than the output of backward desert dwellers such as Father Baegert described for Baja California in early mission days.[85]
From other regions of the Americas, there are other suggestions of early man and ancient cultures. J. L. Giddings’ Palisades culture, on mountainside benches of Cape Krusenstern, Alaska, north of Bering Strait, may be old. It appears considerably older than the Denbigh Flint Complex, south of the Strait, which may go back from 4,500 to 5,000 years.[86] And in South America early man is represented at such sites as El Jobo, in Venezuela;[87] an unpublished radiocarbon date from this region is rumored at about 16,000 years.
The coming decade should bring further refinements in radiocarbon dating, as well as the development of newer techniques such as the Rosholt “uranium-daughter” products and obsidian hydration measurements. With or without the aid of these dating methods, livelier activity of archaeologists south of the border should soon give us more information about early man in Latin America.
[THE MORE IMPORTANT SITES OF EARLY MAN]
The listing on the three next pages, which goes no further than 1948, is not exhaustive. There is room for argument over a number of the finds; but the arrangement of the materials in columns provides a rough perspective. The sites are listed in order of discovery. The symbols indicate one or more occurrences:
Occurrence of the saber-toothed cat, tapir, giant beaver, or extinct armadillo is not indicated. Finds that seem problematical or not definitely associated with other finds are shaded. Sandia points were found with the five extinct mammals indicated in the Sandia cave and below the Folsom.
Human Bones {SK} skull {PS} part of skull {CB} a considerable number of bones {FB} a few bones Artifacts, Fires {SB} a skeleton or the major parts {C} Clovis and other early fluted points {F} Folsom {FP} Plainview, Scottsbluff, and other parallel-fluted points {OP} other types of point {CC} charcoal {MS} milling stone {P} pottery {R} rocks thrown by man {HS} horn and shell objects {BF} bone and flake tools {BT} bone tools Extinct Mammals {M} mammoth or mastodon {EB} extinct bison {S} sloth {EC} extinct camel {EH} extinct horse {ES} extinct South American mammals *An asterisk within brackets indicates shading in the diagram.
| Date | Place | Human Bones | Artifacts, Fires | Extinct Mammals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1835-1844 | Lagoa Santa, Brazil | {SK} | ||
| 1838 | Gasconade County, Mo. | {OP} {R*} {CC} | {M} | |
| 1839 | Benton County, Mo. | {C*} | {M} | |
| 1846 | Natchez, Miss. | {FB} | {M} {EB} {S} {EH} | |
| 1872-1879 | Trenton, N.J. | {PS} {FB} | {OP} | {M} {EB} |
| 1872 | Omaha, Nebr. | {OP} | {M} | |
| 1882 | Lake Lahontan, Nev. | {OP} | {M} {EB} {EC} {EH} | |
| 1895 | Russell Springs, Kans. | {OP} | {EB} | |
| 1902 | Lansing, Kans. | {SB} | ||
| 190? | Paltacalo, Ecuador | {SK} | ||
| 1915-1916 | Vero, Fla. | {SK} {FB} | {M} {S} {EH} | |
| 1920 | Sacramento, Calif. | {SB} | {OP} {MS} | |
| 1923-1927 | Santa Barbara, Calif. | {SB} | {OP} {MS} | |
| 1923 | Melbourne, Fla. | {SK} {FB} | {OP} {CC} {M*} {S*} {EH*} | |
| 1923 & 1931 | Grand Island, Nebr. | {FP} | {EB} | |
| 1923 | Punin, Ecuador | {SK} | {M*} {S*} {EH*} | |
| 1924 | Lone Wolf Creek, Tex. | {FP} {OP} | {EB} | |
| 1926 | Folsom, N.M. | {F} | {EB} | |
| 1926 & 1935-1940 | Lake Cochise, White Water Creek, Ariz. | {PS} {FB} | {OP} {MS} {CC} | {M} {EB} {EC} {EH} |
| 1926 | Frederick, Okla. | {OP} | {M} {S} {EC} {EH} | |
| 1928 | Alangasi, Ecuador | {P} {CC} | {M*} | |
| 1929 | Abilene, Tex. | {FP} {OP} {CC} | {M} {EH} | |
| 1929 | Conkling Cavern, N.M. | {SK} {FB} | {S} {EC} {EH} | |
| 1930 | Burnet Cave, N.M. | {F} | {EB} {EC} {EH} | |
| 1930 | Gypsum Cave, Nev. | {OP} | {S} {EC} {EH} | |
| 1931 | Pelican Rapids, Minn. | {SB} | {HS} | |
| 1931 | Angus, Nebr. | {OP} | {M} | |
| 1932 | Signal Butte, Nebr. | {FP} {OP} {MS} {CC} | ||
| 1932 | Clovis, N.M. | {C} {F} {FP} {CC} | {M} {EB} {EC*} {EH*} | |
| 1932 | Scottsbluff, Nebr. | {FP} {OP} | {EB} | |
| 1932 | Dent, Colo. | {C} | {M} | |
| 1933 | Browns Valley, Minn. | {SB} | {FP} {OP} | |
| 1934 | Lindenmeier, Colo. | {C} {F} {FP} {CC} | {M*} {EB} {EC} | |
| 1934 | Miami, Tex. | {C} | {M} | |
| 1934 | Pinto Basin, Calif. | {OP} {MS*} | {EC*} {EH*} | |
| 1935 | Confins, Brazil | {SB} | {M} {S} {EH} | |
| 1935 | Sauk Valley, Minn. | {SB} | ||
| 1936 | Lake Mohave, Calif. | {OP} | ||
| 1936 | Sandia Cave, N.M. | {F} {FP*} {OP} {CC} | {M} {EB} {S} {EC} {EH} | |
| 1936-1937 | Cerro Sota Hill, Chile | {SB} | {OP} | {S} {EH} |
| 1936-1937 | Fell’s Cave, Chile | {OP} {CC} | {S} {EH} | |
| 1936-1937 | Palli Aike Cave, Chile | {CB} | {OP} {CC} | {S} {EH} |
| 1937-1945 | Borax Lake, Calif. | {F} {OP} {MS} {CC} | ||
| 1938 | Bee County, Tex. | {OP} {CC} | {M} {EB} {EH} | |
| 1938 | Lipscomb County, Tex. | {F} | {EB} | |
| 1939 | Ventana Cave, Ariz. | {F*} {OP} | {EB} {S} {EH} | |
| 1939 | Mortlach, Sask. | {F} {FP} | {EB} | |
| 1940 | Eden, Wyo. | {C*} | {EB} | |
| 1941 | San Jon, N.M. | {F} {FP*} {OP} | {M*} {EB} | |
| 1941 | San Luis Valley, Colo. | {F} {FP*} | {EB} | |
| 1941 | Fairbanks, Alaska | {FP} | {M} | |
| 1941 | Circle, Alaska | {FP*} | {M} | |
| 1941 | Cook Inlet, Alaska | {FP} {CC} | {M} | |
| 1945 | Plainview, Tex. | {FP} | {EB} | |
| 1946 | Monument Site, Concord, Calif. | {SB} | {OP} | |
| 1946-1947 | Tequixquiac, Mex. | {BF} | {M*} {EB*} {S*} {EC*} {EH*} | |
| 1947 | Tepexpan, Mex. | {SB} | {OP*} | {M*} |
| 1948 | Totolzingo, Mex. | {BT} | {M*} {EH*} |
8
EARLY MAN AND THE GREAT EXTINCTION
And prate about an Elephant
Not one of them has seen!
—J. G. SAXE