BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTES: INDEX Abbey of St. Armand, [32] Abbots, of Lobbes, [33] Ackerman, [62] Act of Union, [138] Activists, [179] Adorno, Antoniotto di Botta, [134] Aerschot, [172] ;
recaptured, [173] ff. Africa, [168] Aix, favorite residence of Charles the Great, [12] Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, [126] Alamans, [9] , [18] Albert, Archduke of Austria, [120] Albert, Count of Bavaria, [69] Albert, King of Belgium, [124] Albert I, [170] ff.;
armies of Flanders under King, [181] Alfonso XII, of Spain, [166] Allies, [145] ff., [178] Alost, [24] , [39] Alps, [31] Alsace:
Count Philip of, [56] , [57] ;
house of, from France, [50] ;
principality of, [77] ;
regained independence, [92] ;
Thierry of, [56] Alva, Duke of, Don Luis Alvarez, the Toledo, [109] ;
taxes of, [111] America, commercial dealings with, [132] ;
neutral, [159] Amiénois, [56] Amsterdam, [150] Anarchy, [114] Andreas, Valerius, [123] Anglo-Saxon missionaries, [14] Anjou, Duke of, [117] Antwerp, [10] , [44] , [60] , [110] ;
army base, [172] ;
center of cloth industry, [86] ;
diocese of, [105] ;
fortifications of, [164] ;
largest market of north, [84] ;
lost its commerce, [119] ;
occupied by Dutch, [157] ;
port of, [166] , [168] ;
province of, [19] , [114] , [148] ;
sacked, [113] ;
siege of, [173] ;
treaty of, called “Treaty of the Barriers,” [129] Apostolic Inquisitors, [99] Arab merchants, [37] Architecture, [31] f., [53] , [92] Ardennes, [175] ;
hills, [69] ;
peasants of, [49] Aristocracy, [62] Arlon, district of, [157] Armada, Spanish, [104] , [118] Armistice, signed, [182] Army, [172] f.;
permanent, [100] ;
reinforcement of, [169] ;
of 115,000 men, [171] ;
zone, [175] Army bill, [171] Arnulf, Count, [24] Arras, [14] ;
bishoprics of, [14] ;
charter of, [43] ;
cloth dyeing, [46] ;
diocese of, [105] ;
treaty of, [116] Art:
Belgian, [90] , [166] ;
and craftsmanship, [91] ;
goldsmith’s, [122] ;
Gothic, [53] ;
Romantic, [53] Artevelde, assassination of Jacques Van, [72] ;
and crafts, [62] ;
Philip, [72] Artillery, heavy, [174] Artistic development, during communes, [53] Artists, Belgian and Italian, [31] Artois, [24] , [57] , [65] , [115] , [126] Association internationale africaine, [167] Ath, [47] Athis-sur-Orge, peace of, [65] Atrocities, [175] Auber’s La Muette de Portici , inaugurated Belgian revolt, [153] Austria, enemy of the revolution, [141] Austria-Hungary, [17] Austrian:
defeat of, troops, [141] ;
domination, [130] , [140] ;
Netherlands, [131] , [142] , [148] ;
revolution against, [148] ;
rule, [5] ;
tyranny, [141] Autonomy, [74] , [80] Bade, Treaty of, [128] Baekelmans, [178] Baesrode, [49] Bailli , [42] Balance of power, European, [131] , [140] , [159] , [161] Baldwin I, Count, [23] Baldwin II, [24] Baldwin V, Count, [24] , [57] ;
daughter of, married to William the Conqueror, [24] Baldwin VIII, [50] Baldwin IX, [45] , [50] Baltic Sea, [44] Barbarossa, Emperor Frederick, [55] Barcelona, [46] Barriers, Treaty of the, [147] Bastile, fall of, influence on Belgians, [152] Battles, at Aerschot, Haelen, Hauthem, Mons, Sambre, Vilvorde, [172] Bavaria, Emperor Louis of, [70] ;
house of, [75] Beggars, [87] Bel, Jean le, [90] Belgian:
animosity against Netherlands, [150] ;
artists, [31] ;
cities, [36] , [49] ;
ethnical and linguistic duality of, people, [10] ;
field army, [171] ;
frontiers preserved, [167] ;
genre , [34] ;
independence, [4] , [152] , [155] ;
nobles, [107] ;
possessions invaded by French, [141] ;
provinces became industrial, [46] ;
republic, [140] , [148] ;
revolt against Dutch, [152] f.;
seaports, [44] ;
separation of, provinces from Spain, [112] ;
trade and industry, [12] f.;
union, [26] , [74] Belgians:
“Belgae,” of Celtic origin, [4] , [8] ;
civilization of, [3] ;
defeated at Louvain and Hasselt, [157] ;
first Queen of, [163] ;
names of, [4] , [5] ;
national culture of, [3] ;
parents of escaped, fined or imprisoned, [177] Belgiojoso, Count Giovanni Giacomo di, [134] Belgium:
accepted Roman rule, [8] ;
annexed by France, [142] ;
arena militaire of Europe;
artistic life of, [31] ;
bilingualism of, [10] ;
built first railway on Continent, [164] ;
development of communes in, [42] ;
founder of, [76] ;
heathen until eighth century, [14] ;
independent, [21] , [145] , [154] f., [163] ;
invaded by Prince of Orange, [110] ;
kept from European turmoil, [164] ;
map of, [164] ;
no political unity in, [25] ;
occupied by French, [141] ;
occupied by Germans, [175] ;
passage through, asked, [170] ;
permanently neutral, [159] ;
political secularization of, [135] ;
reconquest of, [117] ;
religious life in, [28] ;
ruled from Madrid, [94] ;
secession from Holland, [117] ;
separate state since
1588, [5] ;
separated during Middle Ages, [17] ;
stripped of products, [180] ;
territorial losses, [125] ;
united with Holland under Kingdom of the Netherlands, [145] , [149] ;
unity of, [76] Benedictine rule, [26] Benedictines, [28] Beneficium , [19] Bergeyck, Count of, [128] Berlin, [179] von Beseler, [173] f. Béthune, city of, [65] ;
Count Robert of, [65] Bibliography, [183] Binche, [47] Bishoprics, of Arras, Boulogne, Cambrai, Tournai, [14] , [34] Bishops:
Amandus, Eligius, Hubert, Lambert, [14] ;
of Ghent, [151] ;
guardians of the faith, [105] ;
leaders, [176] ;
literary movement developed by Lotharingian, [31] ;
of Noyon-Tournai, of Arras, and Terouanne, [23] ;
servants of empire no longer, [22] ;
work of missionaries completed by, [14] . Bismarck, [161] von Bissing, [178] Boendale, Jan, [89] Bois-le-Duc, [105] Bollandists, Society of, [136] Boniface VIII, Pope, [64] Borms, [179] Bossche, Peter Vanden, [72] Bouillon, lord of, [95] Boulogne, [29] Bourgeois, [36] Bouts, Thierry, [91] Bouvines, victory of, [58] Brabançonne, the national anthem, [153] Brabant:
Antoine, Duke of, [75] ;
Duke of, [41] , [66] ;
Duke of, became Leopold II, [165] ;
Duke of resisted French influence, [58] ;
leader in struggle against Spain, [116] ;
victory of, [60] Brabant, Duchess Jeanne of, [75] Brabant, duchy of, [8] , [19] , [33] ;
agricultural, [39] ;
under Austria, [130] ;
cloth industry in, [46] ;
communes in, [43] ;
enemy of Limburg, [20] ;
Joyeuse Entrée of, [66] , [137] ;
leading power, [58] ;
led struggle against Spain, [61] ;
new name in history, [22] ;
political center, [25] ;
province of, [19] , [50] ;
revolution of 1789, [152] Brabantine Revolution, [137] Brabantsche Yeesten , [89] Breda, [112] Bremen, [30] “Brethren of Common Life,” [89] Broglie, de, Monsignor, [151] Brogne, St. Gerard of, [27] Brogueville, Baron Charles de, [170] Bruges:
cloth industry of, [46] ;
commercial metropolis, [44] ;
crowded market-place, [45] ;
diocese of, [105] ;
financial center, [45] , [85] ;
la “morte,” [86] ;
meeting-place for merchants, [37] ;
revolt in, [80] ;
road between Cologne and, [43] f.;
town hall of, [54] ;
wool market, [84] Bruno, duke of Lotharingia, [21] Brussels, [39] , [46] , [60] , [138] ;
attack on, by Prince Frederick, [152] ;
Geographical Conference, [167] ;
German minister to, presented ultimatum, [170] f.;
railway to Malines, [164] Buffer state, [145] von Bülow, [172] Burgers, [36] Burgesses, [36] , [40] , [47] , [69] , [135] , [143] Burgomasters, [176] f. Burgundians, [11] Burgundy:
duchy of, [92] ;
dukes of, [72-74] ff., [78] , [92] ;
house of, [75] ;
Philip the Bold, duke of, [75] ;
religious reform originated in French, [27] Caesar, Julius: attacked the Belgians, [8] Cahors, [45] Calais, [174] Calvinists, [107] , [110] f., [114] Cambrai, [14] , [19] , [95] ;
archbishopric of, [105] ;
and Cambrésis acquired by France, [126] ;
commune established in, [42] ;
school of, [34] ;
wharves at, [37] Campine, [9] , [28] , [49] , [143] Campo Formio, treaty of, [142] Canal:
connecting Bruges and Damme, [45] ;
from Mons to Condé, [172] Canals, [30] Canche River, [24] Cantilène de Ste. Eulalie , oldest poem of French literature, [33] Capetians, [70] Carmelites, [122] Castlereagh, Lord, [148] Castles, [39] Castra, [39] Casus, belli , [164] Cathedrals, [31] f. Catholic church, [97] ;
faith, [15] , [102] ;
followers persecuted, [142] ;
League, [118] ;
worship restored, [143] Catholics and Liberals, in power, [164] ;
union of, [152] Cattle-raising, [31] Cavell, Edith, murder of, [176] Centralization, political, [4] Champagne, [30] , [50] Charles the Bold, [76] ;
death of, [92] Charles the Great:
at Aix, [12] ;
death of, [17] ;
heirs of, [19] ;
most famous of Carolingians, [12] ;
reign of, [4] ;
soldier and legislator, [13] Charles II, [128] Charles V, [94] ff., [131] , [139] , [146] , [165] Charles VI, [131] f. Charles VIII, of France, [94] Charles X, fall of, [152] Charlotte, Princess of England, [155] Charlotte, wife of Archduke Maximilian, [163] Charte de Commune , [41] Charter:
of Arras, [43] ;
municipal, [43] Chastelain, [90] Chatillon, Jacques de, [63] Chemical products, [180] Chokier, Surlet de, president of provisional government, [155] Christian religion, introduction of, [13] , [14] Christus, Peter, of Brabant, [91] Church:
of Cologne, [14] ;
of Rheims, [14] ;
feudal, [28] Churchill, [173] “Circles,” [96] Cistercians, [28] , [50] Cities, free, [36] ;
glory of Belgian, [54] ;
originated in Middle Ages, [39] ;
special privileges granted, [42] Civil war, [17] , [62] Civilians, deportation of, [176] Civilization, of Belgium, [35] ;
centers of, [39] ;
French, [33] ;
and German, [35] Civitates, [39] Clauwerts , [63] Clergy, [81] Clodion:
belonged to dynasty of Merovingians, [12] ;
first king of Franks, [11] Clodovech: baptism of, [14] Cloth industry, [46] , [69] , [70] , [83] f. Clubs, political, [142] ;
interference of French, [153] Cluny, monks of, [28] ;
Reform of, [27] Coal, [180] Coalition, against French king, [58] ;
European, [141] Cod fishing, [31] Code Napoléon, [144] Coins, Belgian imitated, [46] ;
of Counts of Flanders, [37] Colenbrander, H., [6] Coligny, [110] Colleges, opened, [122] Collieries and ironworks, [47] Cologne, [14] ;
archbishop of, [60] ;
archbishopric of, [21] ;
political decline of archbishops of, [60] ;
road from, to Bruges, [39] , [43] , [44] Comines, Philip de, historian, [77] Commerce, [45] Commercial, highroad between Rhine and sea, [59] ;
relations between Flanders and England, [46] ;
road controlled by dukes, [60] Commission for Relief in Belgium, [180] Committee of Regency, [153] Communes, defeated French, [63] f.;
Flemish and Walloon, [43] ;
political conditions under, [49] ;
rights of, [42] ;
rise of, [4] , [36-41] , [93] ;
“Time of the,” [36] , [55] Compagnie d’Ostende, [132] Concordat, [143] Condé, [172] Conference, of London, [156] ;
of the powers, [154] Congo, [168] Congress, Belgian, [155] ;
of confederation, [139] Coninck, Peter de, [63] Conscription, military, [142] Conspiracy of nobles, [128] Constitution, of Belgian principalities, [79] ;
for cities, [43] ;
of independent Belgium, [154] ;
proposed of United Kingdom, [150] Constitutional monarchy, [154] Consulta , [106] Convents, [39] Copper, [38] , [68] , [180]
Cortemberg, Council of, [66] Cotton, [180] Council of Blood, [110] , [112] Council for Flanders, [179] Council of State, [106] ;
members arrested, [113] Counts:
of Alsace, [43] ;
of Flanders, free exchange policy of, [45] ;
protectors of communes, [42] Coursèle, [123] Courtrai, [63] ;
basilica of, [64] ;
defeat of patricians at, [65] Coutereel, Peter, [62] Craft-guilds, [90] , [135] Craftsmen, [39] , [62] , [65] , [68] Crécy, battle of, [68] Crusaders, [33] , [57] Culture, Belgian, [92] ;
French, [50] ;
literary and scientific, [33] ;
of Jesuits, [136] ;
of neighbors, [35] Daelhem, [125] D’Alton, General, [137] Damme, [45] Dampierre, Guy de, [50] , [61] , [62] ;
Louis of Male, last of family of, [72] Defense, national, [168] Dante, [45] D’Avesnes, dynasty of, [61] , [68] “Day of revenge,” [181] Defenders, of Belgium, [173] Democratic régime, [62] Denmark, [25] ;
coins of Flanders found in, [37] ;
King of, [26] De Potter, [154] Deventer, [105] De Witt, [147] Dijon, sculptures of, [91] Dinanderie , [47] Dinant, city of, [47] ;
communal privileges for, [42] ;
mines near, [38] ;
river wharves at, [37] ;
sacked by Charles the Bold, [77] Dinant, Henry of, [62] Disraeli, [161] , [167] Dissension, between Flemings and Walloons, [179] Divina Commedia , [45] Dixmude, [174] Don Juan, died at Bouges, [141] ;
married to daughter of Maximilian, [94] ;
Spanish governor, [115] Don Luis de Requesens, [112] Donatello, [91] Douai, [29] , [38] , [46] , [65] Drusius, abbot of Parc, [122] Dumouriez, General, [141] Dunkirk, coast of, [162] ;
threatened, [174] “Dutch arithmetic,” [151] ;
Dutch King, [156] Dutch rule, [4] , [145] ff. Dyeing, art of, [46] Dykes, [30] Ebro River, [12] Écarlate , [46] Échevinage , [41] , [47] , [136] Échevins , [42] , [88] Edicts of Tolerance, [135] Édit perpetual , [122] Edward III, of England, [70] ;
invited emigration, [73] Egmont, Count of, [106] , [109] Egypt, [166] Eighteen Articles, [156] Elbe, the river, [12] Elizabeth:
of Bohemia, [68] ;
of Gorlitz, [75] ;
queen of England, [101] Emmich, General von, [171] Emperor, of Constantinople, [57] ;
German, [56] , [57] ;
Napoleon, [143] Empire, [95] Encyclopaedists, [134] England:
ally of Flanders, [57] ;
borders on Belgium, [13] ;
Catholicism in, [14] ;
conquest of, by Normans, [25] ;
copper and tin exported to, [38] ;
diplomatic relations between Flanders and, [25] ;
influence of, [26] ;
trade relations of, with Bruges, [45] ;
visited by Leopold II, [166] English Merchant Adventurers, [86] Ensor, Belgium , [126] , [152] Ermengard, Countess, of Limburg, death of, [59] Escurial, the, [103] “Etappengebiet,” [175] Eugen IV, Pope, [92] Eugenics, Congress for, [167] Everachar, Saxon bishop, [33] Exchange, first in Europe, [87] ;
free, [45] Expansion, commercial and colonial, [165] f. Factories, [180] Fairs, and yearly markets, [38] ;
of Antwerp, [87] ;
of Champagne, [50] von Falkenhausen, [181] Familiae , [29] Farnese, Alexander, [116] , [118] Fauquemont, [125] ;
lords of, [60] Febronianism, [134] Ferrand, Count, [57] , [58] Feudal church, [28] Feudalism, period of, [4] ;
absence of political unity consequence of, [19] ;
Hainaut the last refuge of, [69] ;
new political organization, [20] ;
régime of, broken, [44] ;
tyranny of, [36] Fexhe, Peace of, [65] Figs, party of, [137] Fines, [178] Firing-line, [176] , [181] Fishing, [31] Flag, Belgian, [153] , [166] Flämingdörfer , [30] “Flamingants,” [179] Flanders:
annexation of Walloon, by France, [46] ;
artistic center of Belgium, [32] ;
under Austria, [130] ;
belonging to France, [18] ;
communes of, [43] ;
counts of, [30] , [37] ;
in diplomatic relations with England, [125] ;
enjoyed friendly relations with Cambrai and Hainaut, [20] ;
French literary influence in, [34] ;
front offensive on, [181] ;
homogeneous territory, [20] ;
liberated from French influence, [64] ;
maritime, [53] ;
name applied during Spanish rule, [5] ;
people of Walloon and Flemish, [33] ;
politically united body, [19] ;
in power of Franks, [10] ;
powerful, [56] ;
religious reform in, [27] ;
retreat through, [173] ;
revolt of, [143] ;
revolt in West, [164] ;
seat of cloth industry, [38] ;
subjection of, [58] ;
in touch with Arab merchants, [37] ;
trying to escape from influence of France, [26] ;
vassal of French king, [20] ;
William the Conqueror hostile to, [26] Flemings, [30] , [37] ;
descendants of Franks, [11] ;
Lotharingia included, [18] ;
party of, [179] Flemish, [33] , [50] ;
literature, [51] , [52] ;
university, [179] Fleur-de-lis, [63] Fleurus, battle of, [141] Florence, [45] Fontanet, battle of, [17] Formation, period of, [8] Fortification, system of, [168] f. Fortresses, Dutch garrisons in Belgian, [132] ;
at Liège and Namur, [168] Four Métiers, [24] Franc tireurs, [174] France, [13] , [17] , [23] , [26] ;
copper and tin exported to, [38] Franche-Comté, [77] , [92] , [126] Francis I, French king, [95] ;
son of, [146] Franck, [178] Franco-German War, [161] , [167] Franks, [18] ;
Clodion, first king of, [11] , [15] ;
conquest by, [10] ;
devastated Gaul, [9] ;
Flemings descendants of, [11] ;
invasion of, [5] ;
Northern Belgium occupied by, [10] Frederick III, German Emperor, [76] , [92] Frederick, Prince of Holland, attack on Brussels by, [153] ;
defeat of, [154] Frederick William, Elector, of Prussia, [148] Freedom, personal and collective, [36] ;
of worship, of the press, of association, of educational teaching, to taxpayers, [154] French, civilization, [33] ;
domination ended, [144] ;
in Flanders and Brabant, [50] ;
influence, [33] ;
language, [50] , [88] ;
régime, the, [4] , [144] ff.;
repulsed Dutch, [157] ;
Revolution, [140] French, Sir John, [174] Friesland, seigneurie of, [75] ;
annexed, [95] Frisians, [18] Froissart, Jean, [67] , [90] Garigliano River, [12] Gascony, [45] Gaul, [9] Gauls, [1] , [8] Gendebein, [154] f. Genoa, [45] Genre , historical, [51] ;
didactical, [52] German, architects, [31] ;
garrisons occupied cities, [177] ;
invaders, [170] ;
Lotharingian bishops of, descent, [31] ;
secret police, [178] Germanic ideas, [31] Germany, [13] , [25] , [30] ;
culture of, [56] Gérard, Balthazar, [117] , [157] Gerard, Bishop, [42] Gette, River, [171] Ghent:
belfry of, [37] ;
Calvinistic republic, [114] ;
center of commerce, [44] ;
cloth industry in, [46] ;
diocese of, [105] ;
pacification of, [113] , [115] ;
revolt in, [80] ;
road through, [39] ;
wharves at, [37] Ghiberti, [91] Gibraltar, straits of, [44] Giovanni, [31] Goddess of Reason, [142] Godefrid, the Bearded, [27] ;
of Bouillon, [33] Golden Fleece, order of the, [81] ;
approved placarts , [97] Golden Spurs, battle of the, [41] , [64] von der Goltz, General, [175] Gothic architecture, [92] Grand Council, [78] , [93] “Grand Privilege,” [88] , [93] Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de, Cardinal, [104] , [106] , [108] Greece, [166] Greek, teaching, [122] Groeninghe, [63] Groninge, [95] , [105] Groote, Gerard de, [89] Gudelin, [123] Gueldre, Duke of, [95] Guiana, French, Catholics deported to, [142] Guilds, [40] Guns, 30.5-centimeter and 42.0-centimeter, [171] Haelen, [172] Haerlem, [105] Hague Convention, [129] , [160] Hague, Treaty of the, [140] Hainaut, [8] , [10] , [20] ;
agricultural center, [47] ;
under Austria, [130] ;
center of political life, [25] ;
clearing forests of, [49] ;
Count of, [55] , [57] , [165] ;
county of, [19] , [68] , [75] ;
house of, [22] ;
princess of, [24] Hansa, [73] , [86] ;
of London, [46] Hanseatic, Association, [47] ;
cities, [45] Hapsburg, house of, [93] , [128] ff., [141] Hauthem, [172] Havre, Belgian government at, [176] Hegemony, in Europe, [55] , [58] , [64] , [95] Henry I, Duke of Brabant, [58] ;
reign of, [59] Henry III, French king, [117] Henry IV, [118] Heresy, [97] , [108] Heretics, [109] Historians, [2] , [52] , [90] , [116] note, [183] History:
beginning of Belgian, as independent kingdom, [1] ;
communes in, [44] ;
from fifth century, [2] ;
genre in literature, [34] ;
includes history of Liège, [6] ;
influence of ethnical and linguistic duality on, [2] ;
of northern provinces, [5] ;
periods of Belgian, [4] ;
Henri Pirenne’s, [2] ;
political, [21] ;
political, of Europe, [101] ;
under Spanish rule, [94] ;
unity of, [2] ;
of wars, [126] ;
writings of Van Maerlandt on, [52] Holland, [6] , [13] , [17] , [20] , [68] ;
adopted constitution, [150] ;
county of, [75] ;
fought against Gueldre, [20] ;
friendly toward Cleves, [20] ;
united with Belgium, Kingdom of Netherlands, [145] ;
United Provinces, [102] , [118] Holstein, [30] d’Hoogvorst, Baron, [154] Hoover, [180] Horn, Count of, [106] , [109] Hôtel de Ville, [153] Howell, James, [126] von Huehne, General, [181] Huguenots, French, [110] Hundred Years’ War, [74] Huns, invasion of country of Teutons, [9] , [19] Huy:
charter of freedom for, [42] ;
mines near, [38] ;
river wharves at, [37] Independence, period of national, [4] , [155] ;
seventy-fifth anniversary of Belgian, [168] Institutions, ancient, abolished, [142] International law, authorities on: De Boeck, Descamps, Hagerup, Blüntschli, [160] Invaders, [172] ff. Invasion, by Germans, [174] Investitures, Struggle for the, [28] Isabella, and Archduke Albert, [121] Italy, [9] , [17] , [166] Jacqueline, of Bavaria, [75] Jeanne, Spanish infanta, [94] Jemappes, victory of, [141] Jenneval, [153] Jerusalem, [166] Jesuits, [122] Jodoigne, [60] John, Duke of Luxemburg, [68] John I, Duke of Brabant, [59] , [60] John I, of England, [58] John IV, [75] Joly, [154] Jordaens, [122] Joseph II, [132] , [136] , [141] , [147] Jourdain, [178] Joyeuse Entrée of Brabant, [66] , [137] , [154] Juarez, [163] Juntas , [127] Jura Mountains, [18] Keure , [41] King, first, of the Belgians, [163] ff. von Kluck, [171] f. Kreischef , [175] Kurth, G., [5] , [127] Lalaing, Count of, [116] Languages:
French and Flemish, [49] ;
Romance and Teutonic, [32] ;
known by abbots, [33] Latin:
culture and civilization, [10] , [26] ;
customs, language, [9] , [50] , [51] ;
language of diplomacy, [88] ;
manners, [9] ;
teaching of, [122] Layens, Mathieu de, [82] , [92] Léau, [39] , [45] Le Bruxellois , [178] Le Cateau, [172] L’Ecluse, French fleet destroyed at, [71] Leeuwarden, diocese of, [105] Leliaerts , [63] Leman, General, [171] Leopold I, [158] ;
married Louise-Marie, daughter of Louis-Philippe, [163] ;
strong influence, [164] Leopold II, [140] , [163] , [165] ff. Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Goburg-Gotha, [155] Le Patriote , [178] Liberals, and Catholics united, [152] ;
in power, [164] Liberty of conscience, [108] “Libre Belgique,” [178] Libri, editor, [153] Liège:
center of literary life in Lotharingia, [33] ;
city of, [39] , [42] , [47] , [51] , [77] ;
civilization and institutions of, [6] ;
defended, [171] ;
ecclesiastical principality, [19] ;
liberty of, [65] , [92] ;
occupied by French, [141] ;
occupied by Germans, [171] ;
palace of bishop-princes at, [127] ;
not a part of the Netherlands, [6] ;
in power of Franks, [10] ;
principality of, [6] , [59] ;
resistance of, [172] ;
revolt of, [141] ;
river wharves at, [37] ;
St. James’s Church at, [31] Lille, [38] , [65] Limburg, [10] , [59] ;
annexed by Brabant, [60] ;
under Austria, [130] ;
county of, [19] ;
divided, [125] ;
enemy of Brabant, [20] ;
people of, [33] Linen, manufactured in Flanders, [38] ;
under “Saisie,” [180] Lion of Flanders, [62] Lipsius, Justus, [123] Literary influence, French rather than German, [34] Lombardy, [45] Loncin, fort of, [171] London, [37] Lorraine:
Reform of Cluny originated in, [27] ;
regained independence, [92] ;
taken by Charles the Bold, [77] Lotharingia, [1] -[5] , [18] ;
annexed to Germany, [18] , [20] , [21] ;
in contact with France and England, [56] ;
destruction of German influence in, [28] , [33] ;
Duke of, [21] , [27] ;
influence of German Empire in, [25] ;
religious reform in, [27] Lotharius, eldest son of Emperor Louis, [17] ;
death of, [18] Lotharius II, [18] Louis, Emperor, son of Charles the Great, [17] Louis of Male, [72] Louis of Nevers, [72] Louis-Philippe, son of, [155] Louis XI, King of France, [76] , [92] Louis XIV, [125] Louise, of Orléans, [156] ;
Marie, [163] Louvain, [22] , [39] , [41] , [60] , [172] ;
town hall of, [82] ;
University of, [75] Ludendorff, [171] Ludwigslied , [33] Luther, Martin, [97] Lutherans, [107] , [110] Luxemburg:
agricultural region, [47] ;
under Austria, [130] ;
city of, [51] ;
Count of, [60] ;
duchy of, [19] ;
famous for princes, [68] ;
on friendly terms with Namur, [20] ;
house of, [75] ;
population, [67] ;
revolt of peasants, [143] Lys, River, [13] Machines and machine tools, taken by Germans, [180] Madrid, [109] Maestricht, [29] ;
river wharves at, [37] ;
road through, [39] ;
sovereignty over, [125] ;
town of, [156] Mainz, Cathedral of, [31] Malines:
archbishopric of, [105] ;
city of, [39] ;
rivaled Flemish cities, [46] ;
railway to Brussels, [164] Marck, Adolf de la, [65] ;
family of, [95] Margareta, Duchess of Parma, [103] , [106] Maria, of Hungary, [146] Maria Theresa, empress, [132] ;
heirs of, [165] Marie-Henriette, of Austria, [165] “Marine-gebiet,” coast defense, [175] Marmion, Simon, of Valenciennes, [91] Marne, [173] Marseilles, [46] Martens, Thierry, of Alost, [89] Martin V, Pope, [92] Martyrdom, [181] Mary, of Burgundy, [92] “Master of Flémalle,” [91] Mathias, Archduke, [114] “Matins of Bruges, The,” Matines brugeoises , [63] Max, mayor of capital, [176] Maximilian of Hapsburg, [93] , [163] Mazarin, Cardinal, [146] Mediterranean, [44] Meerssen, Treaty of, [18] Meix-devant-Virton, [127] Mercatores, [42] Mercenaries, [127] Merchants, [37] , [38] ;
foreign, [85] ;
privileges granted to, [45] Mercier, Cardinal, [176] , [181] Merode, Count Felix de, [154] Messines, [38] Metal industry, [38] Metals, [180] Meuse, [31] , [32] , [37] , [68] ;
cities in valley of, [47] ;
industry in valley of Upper, [38] ;
trade by, [39] Mexico, Emperor, of Maximilian, [163] Michel, General, [172] Middelburg, diocese of, [105] Middelkerke, [49] Military service, [43] Mines, copper and tin, [38] Ministeriales , [30] Monks, [32] ;
Cistercian, [48] ;
not citizens, [47] Mons, [29] , [47] , [172] ;
battle of, [172] Mons-en-Pevèle, battle of, [64] Monstrelet, [90] Mountainous region, [38] Municipal movement, [43] Munitions, [180] Munster, Treaty of, [125] , [132] Music, [91] Namur:
agricultural region, [47] ;
annexed by Flanders, [61] ;
atrocities committed at, [175] ;
under Austria; county of, [19] ;
diocese of, [105] ;
fortress of, fall of, [172] ;
on good terms with Hainaut and Luxemburg, [20] Nancy, battle of, [78] , [92] Napoleon I, [143] ;
fall of, [144] ;
defeat at Waterloo, [150] Napoleon III, [163] f. Napoleonic system, suppressed, [169] Nassau, Maurice of, [121] National Convention, French, [142] National debt, [156] “Nations,” [85] Nemours, duke of, [155] Netherlands, [20] , [96] ;
in art, [91] ;
Austrian, [131] , [142] , [148] ;
history of, [36] ;
Kingdom of, [145] ;
lack of sympathy between, and Belgium, [150] ;
Protestantism in, [97] ;
provinces of, [5] ;
revolt of, against Spain, [101] Neutral territory, [145] ff., [156] , [158] Neutrality, of Belgium, [158] , [161] ;
preserved, [167] ;
violated, [162] Nieuport, battle of, [121] , [174] Nimègue, treaty of, [126] Nivelles, [60] Noblemen, [36] , [59] , [105] , [143] Norbertins, [28] Normandy, Duke of, [24] , [25] ;
trade with Bruges, [45] Normans, conquest by, [25] , [26] ;
Flemish troops took part in, [25] ;
invasion of, [37] North Sea, [18] , [44] Nuncio, Bentivoglio, [126] note Nuncio Caraffa, [122] Nuncio of Cologne, abolished, [135] Ockeghem, Jan, [91] Octrois, abolished, [164] Oléron, island of, [142] Ommelanden, [95] Orange, Prince of, [106] , [110] , [113] ;
assassinated, [117] ;
Belgian provinces under, [149] Orient, [44] ;
cloth exported to, [46] Ostend, [121] “Osterlings,” [45] , [85] Otto I, reign of Emperor, [21] ;
iron policy of, [23] ;
of Brunswick, [58] ;
von Freising, [33] Overyssel, the, [95] Painters, [31] , [91] Painting, [90] ;
Flemish school of, [122] Palestine, [166] Palmerston, Lord, [155] Paris, [12] ;
agents from, to Belgian cities, [58] ;
banking houses of, [46] Parliament, [150] Parliament of Malines, [78] , [93] Parma, Ottavia Farnese, Duke of, [104] Pasture, Roger de la, [90] Patricians, party of, [62] , [63] , [69] Patriotism, [176] Patriots, party of, [137] Peace, [150] , [167] ;
of Athis-sur-Orge, [65] Peasant-farmers, [36] ;
free, [48] , [49] Peckius, [123] Peppin, [12] ;
founder of Carolingians, [12] Perez, [123] Permanent impost, [100] Personal service, [169] Petit, Gabrielle, [178] Philip August, [56] , [57] Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, [75] Philip of Bourbon, [128] Philip, Count, of Alsace, [56] , [57] Philip the Good, [75] , [83] Philip, the Fair, [61] , [93] , [94] ;
invaded Flanders, [63] Philip II, [99] ;
of Spain, King of Netherlands, [100] ff. Philip IV, of France, [41] Philip de Saint-Pol, [75] Philippe, Count of Flanders, [163] Physiocrats, [134] Picard, Romance literature written in, [51] Picardy, [30] , [92] Pirenne, Henri, [2] Placarts , [97] ff., [107] Place du Sablon, [111] Place Royal, Prince Frederick stopped by Belgian Volunteers, [153] Poésie bourgeoise , [51] Poitou, [45] “Polders,” [38] , [48] , [83] Political:
conditions, [23] , [26] ;
hegemony, [50] ;
tendencies, [68] Politics, [56] Population, [47] Pragmatic Sanction, [131] f. Premontrés, [28] Prés, Josquin de, [91] Priests, [36] Printing, [89] “Prix du Roi,” [167] Protectorate, [147] Protestant, [150] Protestantism, [97] , [102] Provence, trade with Bruges, [45] Provisional government, [154] Prussia, coins of Flanders in, [37] ;
expedition against, [69] Puteanus, Erycius, [123] Pyrenees, [8] ;
treaty of, [126] Queretaro, [163] Raab, [12] Railway, Belgium built first on the Continent, [164] Rastadt, treaty of, [128] Rathenau, Walther, [180] Ré, island of, [142] Reconstruction, [121] Referendum, [142] Reform, of civil and criminal law, [122] Religious conditions, [26] Renaud, of Gueldre, [60] Republic, [8] Republique des États Belgiques unis, [138] f. Revival of trade, [36] Revolt:
of [156] 6, [110] ;
of [183] 0, [145] Revolution of [183] 0, [4] Rhine, [22] , [23] , [59] ;
princes from left bank of, [5] ;
traffic between, and Bruges, [59] Richelieu, Cardinal, [125] , [146] Rinehart the Fox , [51] Ripuarians, [10] Risquons-Tout, [164] Rivers, [13] ;
wharves and winter quarters established, [37] Rixensart, [49] Robber barons, [67] Rodolphe, Emperor, [114] Rogier, Charles, [153] f. Rolduc, [125] Roman army, [8] Romance, basilica, [32] ;
ideas, [31] ;
literary movement, [14] , [51] ;
occupation, [4] Rubens, Peter Paul, [122] Ruremonde, [105] Russia, coins oi Flanders in, [37] St. Amand, Abbey of, [32] St. Gerard, of Brogne, [26] Saint Gudula, church of, [47] , [53] Saint Jean d’Acre, siege of, [57] St. John’s church, at Ghent, [53] Saint Just, monastery of, [100] St. Lambert, school of, [34] St. Mary, school of, [34] Saint Omer, [29] ;
diocese of, [105] St. Servatius, [14] Saint-Trond, [39] , [46] ;
city of, [47] ;
freedom of, [42] “Saisie,” [180] Salians, [10] Sambre River, [68] , [172] ;
battle of, [172] “Sans-culottes,” [142] von Sauberzweig, [176] Scheldt, the River, [13] , [17] , [18] , [22] , [24] , [32] , [110] ;
attempted opening of, [133] , [147] ;
commercial intercourse with Thames, [37] ;
freed from Dutch control, [143] ;
inundations of, [86] ;
tolls of the, [164] ;
trade by, [39] Schepenbank , [41] von Schroeder, Admiral, [175] Science, [166] Scientists, Belgian, [167] Sculptors, [31] Sculpture, [90] ;
of Dijon, [91] Sedan, [167] ;
lord of, [95] Senate, Belgian, [165] f. Separation, of Belgium and Holland, [153] “Serfs,” [29] , [37] , [48] Seventeen Provinces, [95] f., [112] Sheep-raising, [38] Sienna, [45] Sigebert, of Gembloux, historical work, [34] Silesia, [30] Sluter, Claus, [90] Social welfare, [167] Somme, cities of the, [92] Spain:
Leopold II visited, [166] ;
trade with Bruges, [45] “Spanish Fury,” [113] Spanish Inquisition, [104] f. Spanish rule, [4] , [108] ff., [124] , [125] ff., [146] Speyer, cathedral of, [31] Spinola, General, [121] States-General, [82] ;
declaration of, [147] ;
met in Brussels, [97] , [107] , [113] Stone, of Tournai, famous, [32] Struggle for the Investitures, [28] , [55] Sunt, the, [44] Switzerland, [166] Sylva Carbonaria, [10] , [11] Taxes:
of Alva, [111] ;
freedom to those who paid, [154] ;
octrois abolished, [164] Teniers, painter, [122] Termonde, [175] Térouanne (later Saint-Omer) [38] , [95] Territory, loss of, [156] , [157] Terrorizing, [175] Teutonic, [10] ;
“barbarism,” [33] Teutons, [9] Theology, [136] Thourout, [38] Thuringia, [30] Tin, [38] Tirage au sort, le , [169] Tirlemont, [60] Tolls, of the Scheldt, [164] Tongers, oldest bishop of Belgium in, [13] ;
Romanized, [9] Tournai:
annexed by Charles V. [95] ;
artistic and religious capital of Flanders, [32] , [53] ;
campaign of conquest from, Clodovech started, [11] ;
cathedral of, [32] , [53] ;
conquered by Clodion, [11] ;
diocese of, [105] ;
intellectual center, [34] ;
local school of sculptors at, [32] , [53] ;
procession of, [27] ;
stone of, famous, [32] , [53] ;
vainly besieged by Anglo-Flemish, [71] Tournaisis, [95] Town hall, [54] ;
of Brussels, [92] , [138] ;
of Louvain, [82] , [92] ;
of Antwerp, [110] Trade and industry, [36] , [38] , [39] , [44] , [73] , [123] Treaties:
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, [126] ;
of April [19] , [183] 9, quintuple, [162] -[68] ;
of Arras, [116] ;
of Bade, [128] ;
of the Barriers, [129] ff., [147] ;
of Campo Formio, [142] ;
with Flanders and Liège, [66] ;
of France and Holland against Spain, [146] ;
of the Hague ([179] 0), [140] ;
for independence of Belgium, [158] ;
of London, [157] f., [163] ;
of Meerssen, [18] ;
of Nimégue, [126] ;
of the Twenty-four Articles, [157] ;
of Utrecht, [128] ;
of Verdun, [17] , [23] , [24] ;
of Verdun in 879, Second, [18] ;
of [187] 0, [162] Treaty, draft, published by Bismarck, [161] ;
placing neutral zones, [159] Tribunal of the XXII, [66] Truce, for [12] years, [121] Tulden, [123] Turks, Count of Flanders in crusade against, [25] Twenty-four Articles, Treaty of the, [157] United Kingdom of the Netherlands, national debt of, [156] University of Louvain, founded by John IV, [75] , [84] , [92] , [111] , [119] , [122] f., [136] ;
Philosophic College at, [152] Utrecht, [20] ;
archbishopric of, [105] ;
bishopric of, [95] ;
treaty of, [128] ;
Union of, [117] Valenciennes, river wharves at, [37] ;
revolt at, [69] Valois, [56] , [70] ;
King Philip of, [70] Van Artevelde, Jacques, [70] Van Craesbeke, councilor of Brabant, [122] Van de Weyer, [154] f. Van der Goes, Hugo, [91] Van der Noot, [137] , [141] Van der Weyden, [90] f. Van Dyck, [122] Van Eyck, Hubert, [90] f.;
Jan, [90] f. Van Hoogendorp, Count Charles, [149] Van Maenen, minister, of William I, [153] Van Maerlandt, Jacob, [52] , [88] Van Ruysbroeck, Jan, [89] Van Veldeke, Hendrik, [52] Van Wassenhove, Juste, of Ghent, [91] Venice, [45] , [46] Verdun, Treaty of, [17] , [23] , [24] ;
Second Treaty of, in 879, [18] ;
cut Belgium in two parts, [17] Vermandois, [30] , [56] Vernuleus, Nicholas, [123] Verviers, town of, [85] “Verwaltung,” for Flanders, [179] Victoria, Queen of England, [158] , [163] Vienna, Congress of, [145] Visitation, system of, [122] Visscher, Ch. de, [158] Vonck, [137] , [141] Waes, [52] Wales, [11] Wallony, [179] Walloon-Flanders, [24] , [65] Walloon monks, [32] ;
spoke Flemish and French, [33] Walloons, [11] , [15] , [30] , [115] War:
against northern provinces, [120] ;
of the civilians, [174] ;
with France, [95] , [155] ;
Franco-German, [167] ;
franc-tireur , [175] ;
levy, [181] ;
not possible without consent of communes, [44] ;
on own soil, [126] ;
of the Peasants, [143] ;
right to make, [161] ;
of the Spanish Succession, [128] ;
spoils, [173] Warfare, trench, [174] Waxweiler, [158] Wealth, [181] Wellington, Duke of, [149] Westphalia, Treaty of, [131] William the Conqueror, [25] , [26] , [37] William, Count, [69] William I, Dutch King, [150] , [153] William I, of Prussia, [166] William II, German Emperor, [166] William III, of Netherlands, [166] William the Silent, [110] ;
declared himself Calvinist, [115] Wool cloths, [38] ;
industry, [38] ;
importers, [46] ;
insufficient English supply, [47] ;
from Spain and Navarre, [47] ;
under “saisie,” [180] Worms, Cathedral of, [31] Worringen, battle of, [60] Würtemberg, Duke of, [174] Yoens, [62] Ypres, [38] , [46] ;
diocese of, [105] ;
hall of, [54] , [55] ;
ruin of, [84] ;
strip of country containing, [174] Yser, defended, [173] f.;
king and queen with troops on, [176] ;
trenches on the, [177] ;
troops of the, [182] Zeeland, country of, [75] ;
islands of, [24] ;
Prince of Orange in control of, [112] “Zivilverwaltung,” [175] Zutphen, [77] Zwyn, river, [37]