Special talents and defects

by Leta Stetter Hollingworth

INDEX

• Ability, definition of, [4].
• Absolute pitch, [171].
• Agnew, M., [181].
• Agraphia, [51].
• Aikens, H. A., [48].
• Alexia, [51];
  • “congenital,” [63].
• Alcoholic psychosis, [20].
• Ambidexterity, [185].
• Anderson, C. I., [96], [121], [139].
• Aphasia, [51].
• Aphemia, [51].
• Arithmetic, capacity for, [114];
  • defined, [115];
  • special defect in, [119] f.
• Arithmetical abilities, organization of, [117] f.;
  • of children over 180 IQ, [131] f.;
  • inheritance of, [137] f.
• Arithmetical prodigies, [122] ff.
  • See also Lightning calculators.
• Attendance, effects of irregular, [68], [120].
• Ayer, F. C., [143], [144], [147], [148], [149], [150], [163].
• Ayres’ scale, [12], [105].
• Baerwald, R., [11], [46].
• Baldwin, J. M., [188].
• Beeley, A. L., [186], [189], [195].
• Berkau, O., [96].
• Berkowitz, I. H., [96].
• Bernfield, S., [166], [181].
• Binet, A., [21], [24], [34], [35], [46], [96], [128], [139], [163].
• Binet-Simon tests, [190].
• Boggs, L., [171], [181].
• Brachiometer, [186].
• Brain, localization, [49] f.;
  • injury to, [53] f.
• Broca; P. P., [51].
• Broca’s area, [51], [56].
• Bronner, A. F., [65], [94], [96], [119].
• Brown, W., [47], [118], [140].
• Bryan, W. L., [128], [140].
• Burt, C., [32], [47], [69], [96], [209].
• Buswell, G. T., [96].
• Cameron, E. H., [210].
• Capacities, relationship among, [11];
  • decay of, [20].
• Capacity, definition of, [4].
• Carman, E. K., [113].
• Charters, W. W., [113].
• Childs, H. G., [163].
• Clark, E., [210].
• Clemesha, I. C., [63], [96].
• Cobb, M. V., [117], [121], [138], [140].
• Coefficient of correlation, [11];
  • interpretation of, [12];
  • negative, [16];
  • derived from chance combination, [29] ff.;
  • derived from biological coherence, [31].
• Collar, D. J., [117], [140].
• Color blindness, [153].
• Common factor, [15].
• Compensatory distribution, demand for, [9];
  • not found, [34].
• Comprehension, in reading, [61] f.
• Copp, E. F., [175], [181].
• Correlation, coefficient of, [11];
  • between ability to spell and IQ, [13];
  • in various groups, [18];
  • of abilities of dements, [21] ff.;
  • between ability to read and IQ, [57];
  • between ability in arithmetic and IQ, [114];
  • between ability in drawing and IQ, [146] f.;
  • between ability in music and IQ, [168] f.;
  • between mechanical ability and IQ, [190].
• Cortex, [50] f.
• Coy, G., [201].
• Defects, special. See Special defects.
• Dementia paralytica, [20] f.
• Democracy, human nature and, [199] f., [210].
• Dice, [29] ff.
• Disorganizing minds, study of, [19] ff.
• Distribution of ability, [9].
• Downey, J. E., [195].
• Drawing, various kinds of, [141] f.;
  • ramifications of, [143];
  • analysis of talent for, [143] f.
• Earle, E. L., [105], [113].
• Edgren, J. G., [181].
• Elderton, E., [147], [163].
• Elliott, C. H., [210].
• Evanston schools, experimentation in, [145].
• Eye-movements, in reading, [61].
• Eyes, defects of, [59].
• Fernald, G. M., [69], [90], [96].
• Fildes, L. G., [95], [96].
• Fischlovitz, A., [146], [163].
• Fisk, S., [74].
• Franzen, R., [210].
• Freeman, F. N., [67], [96].
• Galton, F., [11], [91].
• Gates, A. I., [61], [62], [69], [96], [98].
• Gatewood, E. L., [167], [181].
• Gaw, E. A., [181].
• General factor, [15].
• General intelligence, versus special aptitudes, [14];
  • measurement of, [34] ff.;
  • relation to reading, [57];
  • to spelling, [100];
  • to arithmetic, [114];
  • to drawing, [146] f.;
  • to musical talent, [168] f.;
  • to mechanical ability, [190];
  • to leadership, [193];
  • to school progress, [200].
• Gillingham, A., [140].
• Gordon, H., [188], [195].
• Gowin, E. B., [195].
• Gray, W. S., [67], [90], [96].
• Habits, arithmetical, [120];
  • methods of detecting, [121].
• Haggerty’s scale, [84].
• Hansen, C. F., [167], [181].
• Hart, B., [22], [23], [24], [47].
• Head, H., [51], [56].
• Heredity, of mental endowment, [3], [10];
  • of arithmetical abilities, [137] f.;
  • of talent in drawing, [158];
  • of musical talent, [175];
  • of left-handedness, [185].
• Hierarchy, of abilities, [15], [29];
  • derived by chance, [29] ff.;
  • of habits in arithmetic, [120].
• Hinshelwood, J., [64], [97].
• Hollingworth, H. L., [41], [47].
• Hollingworth, L. S., [13], [113].
• Huey, E. B., [57].
• Illustrative cases, of defect in reading, [65] f., [71] f.;
  • of talent in reading, [91] f.;
  • of defect in spelling, [109] f.;
  • of special ability in spelling, [111];
  • of special defect in arithmetic, [119] ff.;
  • of lightning calculators, [122] ff.;
  • of marked ability to calculate, combined with high IQ, [131] ff.;
  • of special ability in drawing, [154] ff.;
  • of mirror writing, [189].
• Individuality, values of, [196] f.;
  • compulsory education and, [198];
  • cost of fostering, [206];
  • rewards of fostering, [208].
• Intellect, organization of, [11] f.;
  • inheritance of, [27];
  • uses of, [197] f.
• IQ, determination of, [34] ff.;
  • significance of, [36];
  • nervous stability and, [70].
  • See also General intelligence.
• Ivanof, E., [147], [163].
• Jones, E. E., [145], [163].
• Jones, F., [186].
• Judd, C. H., [115], [210].
• Kallom, A. W., [113].
• Keller, H., [69], [90], [96].
• Kerschensteiner, G., [163].
• Kik, C., [163].
• King, I., [97].
• Knock, C. J., [181].
• Kreuger, F., [47].
• Kries, J. Von, [181].
• Ladd, G., [51], [56], [96].
• Lanterne, S., [140].
• Lashley, K. S., [56].
• Lazar, E., [140].
• Leadership, [192].
• Lee, V., [182].
• Left-handedness, [183] ff.
• Lightning calculators, [115] ff.
• Lindley, E. H., [128], [140].
• Linguistic functions, loss of, [51];
  • complexity of, [52];
  • coherence among, [98].
• Lip-movements, [60].
• Literacy, [94].
• Máday, H. V., [140].
• Manuel, H. T., [141], [144], [145], [150], [151], [163].
• Martha, precocious reader, [92].
• Mathematical ability, [115], [118].
• Mayberry, L. W., [211].
• McCall, W. A., [33], [47].
• Mechanical ability, [190].
• Mechanical tests, [85].
• Mechanics, of reading, [58] ff.;
  • of arithmetic, [120].
• Mendel, G., [27].
• Mendelian inheritance, [27], [176], [185].
• Mental age, [35], [39].
• Mental endowment, origin of, [3];
  • when first evident, [42].
• Mental functions, speculation concerning, [1];
  • definition of, [4];
  • complexity of, [6];
  • believed to have common factor, [15];
  • believed to be specialized, [16];
  • selective enfeeblement of, [21] ff.;
  • attempted localization of, [49] ff.
• Mental measurement, ideals of, [36];
  • present limitations of, [37].
• Mental tests, foretold, [1];
  • defined, [34];
  • present limitations of, [37] f.
• Merton, E., [96].
• Meumann, E., [10], [11], [98], [144], [163].
• Meyer, M., [164].
• Miller, G. A., [140].
• Mirror writing, [188] f.
• Mitchell, F. B., [123], [129], [137], [140].
• Möbius, P. J., [140].
• Monakow, C. Von, [51], [56].
• Moore, T. V., [24], [25], [47].
• Morgan, W. P., [63], [96].
• Music, nature of, [164];
  • various kinds of, [165];
  • appreciation of, [180].
• Musical sensitivity, [166].
• Nervous instability, and reading, [69];
  • and arithmetic, [122].
• Nervous system, [49].
• Neurotic children, [69], [122].
• Non-reader, four-year study of, [71] f.
• Non-readers, summary of studies of, [89] f.
• Oakland schools, organization of, [204].
• O’Brien, J. A., [97].
• Ophthalmologists, reports of, [59].
• Pannenberg, H. J., [163], [166], [182].
• Pannenberg, W. A., [163], [166], [182].
• Performance, as criterion of ability, [5].
• Performance tests, Pintner’s, [85].
• Peter, R., [163].
• Peters, W., [140].
• Phonics, taught to non-readers, [66];
  • carried to excess, [67].
• Pictorial completion test, Healy’s, [85].
• Pittman, M. S., [113].
• Plato, [1].
• Platt, W., [182].
• Pöhler, Otto, [91].
• Poull, L. E., [93], [97].
• Problem-solving, [119]
• Prodigies, [122] f.
• Pryor, H. C., [113].
• Psychographs, to picture individuality, [38] ff.;
  • of individuals, [39], [40], [41], [155], [177], [179].
• Psychological analysis, of reading, [58];
  • of spelling, [98];
  • of calculation, [116];
  • of talent in drawing, [143];
  • of musical talent, [165];
  • of leadership, [192].
• Quantitative investigation, results of, [4] f.;
  • methods of, [11] f.
• Ranschburg, P., [58], [97], [140].
• Reading, relation to IQ, [57];
  • very early, [58];
  • mental age necessary for, [61] f.;
  • oral, [60];
  • special defect in, [65] ff.;
  • special ability in, [91] f.;
  • effect on spelling, [106].
• Révész, G., [47], [166], [171], [182].
• Richet, C., [182].
• Riley, H. A., [52], [56].
• Rogers, A. L., [40], [115], [140].
• Rugg, H. O., [47], [211].
• Rupp, H., [166], [182].
• Scarborough school, experimentation in, [106] f.
• Schmitt, C., [65], [90], [97], [119], [140].
• Schröck, G., [63], [96].
• Schussler, H., [166], [168], [169], [182].
• Scripture, E. W., [123], [140].
• Seashore, C., [7], [10], [166], [167], [171], [182].
• Senile dements, [20] f., [26].
• Simon, Th., [21], [24], [46].
• Simpson, B. R., [18], [47], [147].
• Smith, J. H., [119], [140].
• Spaulding, F. E., [211].
• Spearman, C., [5], [11], [15], [16], [22], [23], [24], [29], [30], [34], [47], [54].
• Special abilities, measurement of, [37] ff.;
  • detection of, [37] ff.;
  • origin of, [43], [45];
  • frequency of, [44];
  • relation to school progress, [201] f.
• Special defects, and brain anatomy, [52];
  • detection of, [37] ff.;
  • origin of, [43], [45];
  • frequency of, [44];
  • relation to school progress, [201] f.
• Special senses, in reading, [59].
• Speech defects, [70].
• Spellers, psychological examination of, [100] f.
• Spelling, correlation with IQ, [100];
  • special defect in, [98] ff.;
  • analysis of, [98] ff.
• Stanford-Binet, [57], [58], [68], [85], [95], [109], [150], [191], [193].
• Stanton, H. M., [175], [182].
• Stenquist, J. L., [190], [195].
• Stern, W., [10], [11].
• Tachistoscope, [58].
• Taussig, F. W., [195].
• Terman, L. M., [47], [92], [97], [131], [193], [201], [211].
• Terry, P. W., [140].
• Thompson, J. R., [47].
• Thomson, G., [29], [30], [47], [54].
• Thorndike, E. L., [10], [11], [15], [16], [33], [34], [47], [62], [97], [116], [117], [140], [146], [163], [190], [195], [211].
• Thorndike-McCall scale, [57], [82], [83].
• Tildesley, M. L., [163].
• Tilney, F., [52], [56].
• Tone deafness, [172].
• Tonoscope, [174].
• Trabue, M. R., [190].
• Trabue’s scale, [57], [77] ff.
• Transfer of training, [28], [104].
• Truant officers, [199].
• Types, folk notions concerning, [2];
  • human beings not divided into, [6].
• Uhl, W. L., [97], [119], [121], [140].
• Unmusical children, [169].
• Washburn, C., [211].
• Weglein, D. E., [17], [48].
• Weseen, M. H., [113].
• White, A., [93], [97].
• Whitford, W. G., [163].
• Winford, C. A., [105].
• Winnetka schools, organization of, [205], [207].
• Witmer, L., [113], [170].
• Woodworth, R. S., [51], [56], [96].
• Woolley, H. T., [211].
• Word blindness, [63] f.
• Wundt, W., laboratory of, [4].
• X, instruction of, in reading, [71] ff.
• Zirbes, L., [211].

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[1]. ρ = 1 − 6ξd²
n(n² − 1)

Resemblance equals one minus six times the sum of the differences (in rank) squared, over the number (of cases) times the number (of cases) squared, minus one.

[2]. ρ = 1 − 6ξd²
n(n² − 1) Formula explained, opposite page.

[3]. Thompson has recently shown that a coefficient of zero does not necessarily mean absence of relationship between two factors. There might be a strong influence making for negative correlation, and at the same time an equally strong influence making for positive correlation, which might, by just counterbalancing each other, produce a spurious effect of no connection at all, namely, a coefficient of 0.00.

[4]. A curious case of negative correlation between cancellation and other tests has been reported by McCall (see references).

[5]. “Insanity” and “dementia” seem to be synonymous, as used by Hart and Spearman. But in American texts “dementia” is limited to mean intellectual deterioration.

[6]. Because of the probabilities in die-casting, every single value for red would have the same median value among the throws of yellow, which turn up in connection with it, if enough throws are made. This is not what happens in measuring mental traits. For any single value, high or low, in one function, the median of repeated measures in the other function is very different, for most traits, from the median for other values.

[7]. For explanation of technical terms see McCall’s How to Measure in Education.

[8]. This suggestion originated with a colleague of the present writer, who is working upon allied problems.

[9]. See Reference to Ladd and Woodworth.

[10]. It must be remembered that children and adults of almost any birthday age may be at this general intelligence level.

[11]. If alternates are counted instead of the four tests which directly involve reading or spelling, these IQ’s become 88, 85, 87, respectively.

[12]. For all practical purposes, IQ’s differing from each other by not more than 5 points are equal.

[13]. Fildes’ subjects ranged in birthday age from 9 to 16 years. In criticism it should be stated that correlation between IQ and ability to read cannot be clearly interpreted unless an array of birthday ages is given in conjunction. Fildes does not give such an array.

[14]. The substance of discussion under this topic is reprinted by courtesy of the Teachers College Record, from the issue of that journal for March, 1919.

[15]. Quoted by permission of the Atlantic Monthly Press.

[16]. Bidder died at 72.

[17]. The writer is indebted to Miss Mabel R. Goodlander, R’s teacher in the fourth grade, for this report.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Page	Changed from	Changed to
[97]	Schröck, G.—“Uber kongenitale Wortblindkeit”; Klinische Monatsblatt	Schröck, G.—“Über kongenitale Wortblindheit”; Klinische Monatsblätter
[199]	hired tutors. It is true that the pubic ceremonies may, perhaps	hired tutors. It is true that the public ceremonies may, perhaps

• Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
• Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter.