CAVERNICOLOUS COCKROACHES
Alluaudellina cavernicola
Tanganyika.—From Kulumusi caves, near Tanga. The eyes of this cockroach are reduced to a pair of slender streaks (Shelford, 1910a; Chopard, 1932a).
East Africa.—Chopard (1936).
Apotrogia angolensis
Belgian Congo.—A troglophile without well-marked adaptive characters. Collected in moist sand on floor of a sandstone grotto inhabited by bats (Chopard, 1927, 1950a). Taken in many caves in Bas Congo (Leleup, 1956).
Apteroblatta perplexa
East Africa.—Accidental inhabitant of cave (Chopard, 1936).
Arenivaga grata
Arizona.—"A female and many nymphs were taken by Flock in the guano in a bat cave in the Tucson Mountains" (Ball et al., 1942).
Aspiduchus borinquen
Puerto Rico.—In limestone cavern by thousands in grass and on walls (Rehn and Hebard, 1927; Rehn, J. W. H., 1951a).
Aspiduchus cavernicola
Puerto Rico.—In limestone cave, in caves inhabited by bats, and apparently seen in other caves well removed from entrance. "In this latter situation great numbers were seen on the side walls and roof" (Rehn, J. W. H., 1951a).
Blaberus atropos
Yucatan.—Found once, in Xmahit cave (Pearse, 1938).
Blaberus craniifer
Yucatan.—Collected within three caves, near the entrances (Pearse, 1938).
Blaberus giganteus
Panama.—Two males and several nymphs were taken under rocks in the second chamber of the Chilibrillo cave; some also were on the walls (Caudell, 1924).
Blatta lateralis
Turkmen S.S.R.—All stages, but more often females and nymphs, were found in the middle and back part of Bakharden cavern, which was inhabited by tens of thousands of bats (Vlasov, 1929).
Blatta orientalis
Turkmen S.S.R.—All stages found in front part of Bakharden bat cave. This cave was uninhabited by man but supported a variety of other animals (Vlasov, 1929).
Blattella germanica
South Africa.—Numerous in a gold mine on the Witwatersrand (Porter, 1930).
Tonkin.—Chopard (1929a); Colani (1952).
Byrsotria fumigata
Cuba.—Cueva de las Cucarachas, La Pantana, Baracoa, Oriente Province: 21 specimens, "It is evident ... that the species is also a cave inhabitant" (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Deropeltis erythropeza
East Africa.—Found at entrance of cave; not a strictly cavernicolous form according to Chopard (1936).
Ectobius pallidus
France.—Nymph in cave in Basses-Pyrénées, accidental inhabitant (Chopard, 1936).
Ectobius vittiventer
Italy.—In detritus at base of entrance shaft of Acquaviva cave in the Venezia Tridentina (Conci, 1951).
Ectobius sp.
Italy.—Found in the heap of saprophytic detritus at the base of the entrance shaft in the Acquaviva cave (Conci, 1951).
Ergaula scarabaeoides
Sumatra.—West coast (Hebard, 1929).
Malaya.—Found burrowing in bat guano among stones at entrance to caves in Selangor (Chopard, 1919, 1929).
Euthyrrhapha nigra
Madagascar.—Three males and six females in guano in Antsinomy grotto (Chopard, 1949a).
Gyna kazungulana
East Africa.—This species is especially found in caves although it shows no special adaptive characters. It is a typical guanobe (Chopard, 1936).
Gyna maculipennis
Belgian Congo.—Troglophile, guanophile. Found in two caves in Lualaba (Leleup, 1956).
Gyna tristis
Belgian Congo.—In three caves in Uele (Leleup, 1956).
Heterogamodes krügeri
North Africa.—An accidental inhabitant of caves (Chopard, 1938).
Holocompsa zapoteca
Yucatan.—Common throughout rather dry, dusty caves in southern Yucatan (Pearse, 1938).
Hoplosphoropyga babaulti
Stated to be a troglophile by Chopard (1938).
Nocticola caeca
Philippine Islands.—Bolívar (1892).
Nocticola decaryi
Madagascar.—A true troglobite according to Chopard (1945).
Nocticola simoni
Philippine Islands.—Bolívar (1892).
Parcoblatta sp.
Pennsylvania.—Found in Merkle cave, Berks County (Dearolf, 1941).
Periplaneta americana
IN CAVES
East Africa.—Its presence in the cave at Shimoni was thought to indicate that man had sought refuge there and brought the cockroaches in with baggage or provisions (Chopard, 1936).
India.—Many present in cave at Vengurla, the floor of which was covered with bird guano (Abdulali, 1942).
Madagascar.—Thought to have been introduced into the cave entrance by man (Chopard, 1945, 1949a).
IN MINES
Great Britain.—In a coal mine at Pontewydd where they had been established for some years (Lucas, 1916). In the Pentre Pit mine where they were abundant (Lucas, 1918). Abundant in a Welch mine 2,166 feet below the surface (Lucas, 1925). This species was found quite commonly in a number of South Wales coal mines; in one deep mine a white-eyed mutant form comprised about 5 percent of the cockroach population for the preceding 11 years (Jefferson, 1958).
India, western Bengal.—Very numerous in coal mines where the sole food apparently was human faeces (Chandler, 1926).
South Africa.—Numerous in four deep-level gold mines on the Witwatersrand.
Sumatra.—Numerous males and females from Sawah Lunto "'from a coal mine where they lived in great numbers on the faeces of miners'" (Hanitsch, 1929).
Periplaneta australasiae
Sarawak.—Found swarming on walls of caves and in soft bird guano in company with Symploce cavernicola (Moulton, 1912).
Tonkin.—Chopard (1929a); Colani (1952).
Periplaneta cavernicola
Malaya.—Taken on walls of inner caverns, where they were particularly abundant (Chopard, 1919).
Periplaneta lata
Tonkin.—Chopard suggested that its presence in caves is probably linked with man (Chopard, 1929a; Colani, 1952).
Periplaneta sp.
Malaya.—From a cave in Jalor (Annandale et al., 1913).
Perisphaerus sp.
Malaya.—The wingless females and nymphs mined in bats' guano in a cavern of the Jalor caves (Annandale, 1900).
Polyphaga aegyptiaca
Turkmen S.S.R.—Females found in front part of Bakharden bat cave on several occasions (Vlasov, 1929).
Turkey.—At Magharadjik and Arab Dede, found in caves with various other animals (Lindberg, 1954).
Polyphaga sp.
Burma.—Hsin Dawng Cave, S. Shan States, 1 immature male under stone in complete darkness (Chopard, 1924b).
Pycnoscelus niger
Tonkin.—Apparently not an accidental inhabitant as nymphs were present (Chopard, 1929a; Colani, 1952).
Pycnoscelus striatus
Malaya.—Found burrowing in bats' guano at entrance to caves in Selangor, where it was very abundant 50 to 600 feet from entrance; also on walls of inner cavern (Chopard, 1919, 1929). In the absence of other evidence, the presence of P. striatus in a cave indicates that bats also inhabit the cave (Chopard, 1929a).
Pycnoscelus surinamensis
Assam.—Found 300 to 400 feet from entrance of Siju cave in the Garo Hills (Chopard, 1924b).
South Celebes.—Hanitsch (1932).
Spelaeoblatta gestroi
Burma.—Chopard stated that this species shows marked characteristics of adaptation to a life in darkness (Bolívar, 1897; Annandale, 1913; Chopard, 1919).
Symploce breviramis
South Celebes.—Hanitsch (1932).
Symploce cavernicola
Sarawak, Borneo.—Swarming on walls of caves and in soft bird guano on the cave floor (Moulton, 1912). Hanitsch (1931) noted that this species was first recorded by Shelford from a cave in Sarawak and that there is a series from a cave in the Oxford University Museum, taken by Banks in 1928.
Malaya.—On the walls of the inner cavern of a cave at Biserat; the insects covered the walls in places (Chopard, 1919).
Sumatra.—From Baso cavern, on the west coast (Hebard, 1929).
Symploce curta
South Celebes.—Hanitsch (1932).
Symploce remyi
Tonkin.—This seems to be a true cavernicolous species (Chopard, 1929a; Colani, 1952).
Tivia macracantha
Belgian Congo.—A troglophile without well-marked adaptive characters (Chopard, 1950a). At Haut-Katanga, troglophile and guanophile (Leleup, 1956).
Tivia sp.
Madagascar.—Last-stage nymphs captured in guano in Antsinomy grotto (Chopard, 1949a).
Typhloblatta caeca
India, Assam.—An eyeless species with noticeably elongated appendages (Chopard, 1945).
Typhloblattodes madecassus
Madagascar.—Unpigmented integument and reduced eyes (Chopard, 1945).
Xestoblatta immaculata
Panama.—Found under rocks on guano-covered floor of the Chilibrillo bat caves (Caudell, 1924).
Unidentified cockroaches
Malaya.—The walls of a cave were covered by dense groups of a species of "Blatta" (Annandale, 1900).
England.—"The chief insect pests of the mines are cockroaches, which often swarm in hot mines and those with pit pony stables...." (Hardy, 1941).