COCKROACHES FROM OUTDOOR HABITATS
(Except Amphibious, Desert, and Cavernicolous Forms)
Aglaopteryx absimilis
Puerto Rico.—Living in rotten, wooden fence; living between leaves of Samanea saman and in abandoned cocoons of Megalopyge krugii on bucare trees (Wolcott, 1950).
Leeward Islands.—On coconut tree (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Aglaopteryx facies
Puerto Rico.—As diaphana, in dead branch 10 feet above the ground on Mona Island (Hebard, 1917). In trunks of trees under bark and very often in abandoned cocoons of the "plumilla" (Seín, 1923). On rotten, wooden fence; in empty cocoons of Megalopyge krugii on trunks of bucare trees, Erythrina glauca; on trunk of Inga laurina; in larval tents of Tetralopha scabridella on Inga vera (Wolcott, 1936). In large numbers in nests of the gray kingbird (Wolcott, 1950).
Aglaopteryx diaphana
West Indies.—In Cuba, under corky bark of large tree in open; Jamaica, under loose bark of shade trees and in bracts of banana blossoms; in bromeliads and hollow bases of dead tree-fern fronds (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Aglaopteryx gemma
Florida.—On Long Key, under coquina boulder in heavy scrub; under loose, dry fibers near head of standing coconut palm (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Climbing on roots of red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, in swamp; under loose bark on trunk of Exothea paniculata in dense jungle; under limestone boulder in keys scrub; under signs on oaks, sweet gum, and longleaf pines in southeastern and southern States (Hebard, 1917). Infrequent in the shrub growth of the Sandhills habitat (Friauf, 1953).
Texas.—In undergrowth of pine forest; under sign on oak near river; in Tillandsia sp. (Hebard, 1917). Usually in hiding places on trees; only once found under a stone on ground (Hebard, 1943a).
Allacta similis
Hawaii.—Common in hollow stems and under bark (Swezey and Williams, 1932).
Amazonina emarginata
Trinidad.—On low herbage, on hibiscus at night, and in banana bunch (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Anaplecta asema
Panama.—Under dead leaves in jungle (Hebard, 1920).
Anaplecta decipiens
Costa Rica.—In decayed leaves (Rehn, 1906).
Anaplecta fallax
Costa Rica.—Under stones on borders of Surubres River (Rehn, 1906).
Anaplecta hemiscotia
Panama.—Under rubbish at edge of jungle and in overgrowth of heavy vines on low bushes (Hebard, 1920).
Anaplecta lateralis
Panama.—Under drift on edge of coral-sand beach (Hebard, 1920).
Arenivaga bolliana
Texas.—In dense jungle brush of the river plain; on gravelly hillocks in scattered scrub; under debris and leaf mold under mesquite trees; in rat's nests, Neotoma sp. (Hebard, 1917). In dry earth under bush; inhabits litter on ground and nests of rats (Hebard, 1943a).
Arenivaga floridensis
Florida.—Male on ground under leaves of cabbage palmetto (Blatchley, 1920). Females in sand under boards and debris along lake shore (Friauf in Cantrall, 1941). Infrequent on bare soil and ground under vegetation in the longleaf-pine flatwoods habitat (Friauf, 1953). In rodent burrow (Young, 1949).
Arenivaga grata
Texas.—Under stones in upper canyon; under rocks in pine-oak forest; from oak-manzanita forest along dry stream bed (Hebard, 1943a).
Aristiger histrio
Malaya.—Lives freely on bushes and flowers of Passiflora sp. (Karny, 1924).
Aspiduchus boriquen
Puerto Rico.—"Apparently the species [as deplanatus] is locally numerous in suitable locations, such as caves, rock crevices and the shelter of large stones." (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Audreia bromeliadarum
Panama.—Perfectly at home in bromeliads (see p. 31) (Caudell, 1914).
Audreia jamaicana
Jamaica.—In bromeliads; under dead wood in dense forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Balta godeffroyi
Australia.—Under bark (Hebard, 1943).
Balta quadricaudata
Australia.—From sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).
Balta scripta
Australia, Queensland.—On leaves, grass, and sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).
Balta torresiana
Australia.—From leaves, under bark, from sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).
Balta verticalis
Australia.—In leaves, from tree, from sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).
Blaberus atropus
Trinidad.—Female in rotting log (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Blaberus discoidalis
Jamaica.—Under dead coconut petioles in open spot. Gundlach found it under stones in a field in Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Blaberus giganteus
Trinidad.—Nymph in rotten palm tree (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Blaberus spp.
Venezuela.—Only taken in the forests of the Orinoco near the trunks of rotten trees at night (Doumerc in Blanchard, 1837).
Panama.—Among dead leaves and debris on floor of rain forest (E. C. Williams, Jr., 1941).
Blatta lateralis
U.S.S.R.—Found among rocks at 2,000 or more meters elevation. It is found in cultivated areas as well as in mountainous landscapes and in semideserts (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Blatta orientalis
Great Britain.—One female nymph under bark of tree 10 feet above the ground (Burr, 1900). Swarming within a rubbish heap in February (Lucas, 1912). In refuse tip under old sacks and sheets of linoleum (Hallett in Lucas, 1922). Male under bark of oak far from houses (Donisthorpe, 1918). One adult female and nymph in prone dead elm 50 yards from house (Burr, 1937). An immature male at the roots of Ballota nigra (Buck in Gardner, 1954). Four additional records of this species outdoors away from houses (Lucas, 1920).
Southern Crimea.—Under stones, dead leaves, and detritus in small copses of Quercus pubescens, Carpinus orientalis, Cornus mas, Paliurus aculeatus, and Dictamnus fraxinella; 19 specimens, apparently breeding outdoors (Adelung, 1907).
North-central U.S.—Observations since 1950 indicate a marked increase in frequency and duration of infestations outdoors; observed in bare soil, vegetation, debris, alongside foundations in sodded areas, along sidewalks, and at edge of parking areas throughout the year; in some urban residential areas, the yards of whole blocks of houses were "alive" with this species on warm summer nights; in winter they have been found under stones, leaf debris, and soil near structures (Shuyler, 1956).
Blattella germanica
Algeria.—Under moist leaves in woods (Lucas, 1849).
California.—Under rubbish and on date palms (Herms, 1926).
Connecticut.—In city dump under loose material, very numerous (Walden, 1922). Additional infestations of dumps by this species have been reported in New York (Felt, 1926, 1928) and New Jersey (Hansens, 1949, 1950)
England.—Swarming within a rubbish heap in February (Lucas, 1912).
Formosa.—Lives among fallen leaves on the ground (Takahashi, 1924).
North-central U.S.—Reported living outdoors near buildings and in soil under basementless buildings from early summer to late fall (Shuyler, 1956).
Blattella humbertiana
India.—Common among decaying vegetation and on trees (Chopard and Chatterjee, 1937).
Formosa.—Normally found in sugarcane fields, pineapple fields, and grasslands where it feeds on decayed leaves and other decayed vegetable matter and dead insects. It lies concealed among and under fallen leaves and clods of earth on or close to ground and never on the upper parts of plants, except pineapple where it is found among the leaves (Takahashi, 1940).
Blattella vaga
Arizona.—Typically an inhabitant of irrigated fields and yards, it is found in fewer numbers on the dry desert. It is found under stones, plant debris, and clumps of earth; found in greatest numbers around decaying dates on ground (Flock, 1941a).
Texas.—Beneath duff under athel trees; rather abundant in clumps of Rhodes grass (Riherd, 1953).
Byrsotria cabrerae
Cuba.—In sea-coast woods: "The species [this and Byrsotria fumigata] are ground-dwelling, hiding under stones and other shelter" (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Byrsotria fumigata
Cuba.—Ground dwelling, hiding under stones, etc.; also a cave inhabitant (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Cahita borero
Brazil, Matto Grosso.—Beaten from tree foliage in dry scrub, from tree foliage at edge of dry riverine tangle, and from undergrowth in a dry forest area (Rehn, 1937a).
Cahita nahua
Honduras.—All beaten from foliage along roads or in thickets, during rainy season (Rehn, 1937a).
Cariblatta antiguensis
Virgin Islands, St. Croix.—Common under heaps of rubbish (Beatty, 1944).
Trinidad.—On herbage below bananas; all stages on Hibiscus at night; in grass at dusk; on low herbage under old coconut (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Cariblatta cuprea
Jamaica.—In leaves on leaf mold in hillside forest (Hebard, 1916a).
Cariblatta delicatula
West Indies.—In debris in short grass in open, Cuba. Under dead petioles of coconut palms, San Domingo. In leaves on leaf mold in hillside forest, Jamaica (Hebard, 1916a).
Cariblatta hylaea
Honduras.—Found at foot and on lower slopes of first ridges of the Sierra Pija, from 75 to at least 800 feet above sea level, where vegetation ranged from abandoned banana patches overgrown with Heliconia and Cecropia and interspersed with forest trees, at the foot of the hills, to primeval lowland forest (ceibas, figs, palms, etc.) on the slopes. In the banana patches C. hylaea was found on hanging dead banana and Cecropia leaves; on the slopes it was found on undergrowth foliage, hanging dead leaves, and in dead leaves on ground (Rehn, 1945a).
Cariblatta imitans
Panama.—Among loose leaves on leaf mold in heavy jungle (Hebard, 1916a).
Cariblatta insularis
Jamaica.—One of the most frequently encountered orthopterous insects in bromeliads on trees (Hebard, 1916a, 1917; Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Cariblatta jamaicensis
Jamaica.—In decaying herbage (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Cariblatta landalei
Jamaica.—All specimens taken from under drying bracts of banana blossoms (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Cariblatta lutea lutea
North Carolina.—Under pine straw on ground in woods (Brimley, 1908).
Southeastern U.S.—Under dead oak leaves; under dead needles in longleaf-pine woods; in wire grass; under refuse; beaten from undergrowth in pine and oak woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1916). In undergrowth of shortleaf-pine, longleaf-pine, and oak woods; in heavy scrub in damp spot of sand dune area; from high bushes, Ilex coriacea [= lucida] along inland swampy area (Hebard, 1916a). "The species is in large part terrestrial, being usually found among dead leaves and litter on the ground. Occasional specimens are, however, sometimes beaten from bushes. Individuals are decidedly active and are usually to be found in the greatest numbers in sandy situations" (Hebard, 1917).
Florida.—Throughout winter and spring they are frequent beneath leaves and other debris on ground, especially in dry, sandy locations (Blatchley, 1920). Friauf (1953) found this species under debris, fallen leaves, leaf mold, or decaying wood in these habitats: Dry, ruderal grassland (infrequent), scrub (frequent), sandhills (dominant), xeric hammock (infrequent), mesic hammock (dominant), pond margin (infrequent), longleaf-pine flatwoods (frequent), bayhead (occasional), low hammock (frequent), and alluvial hammock (occasional). In the shrub stratum in these habitats: Scrub (frequent), sandhills (dominant), and xeric hammock (infrequent). In herbaceous stratum in these habitats: Sandhills (dominant), mesic hammock (dominant), and black-pine flatwoods (infrequent). On bare soil or bare sand under vegetation in these habitats: Sandhills (dominant), pond margin (infrequent), longleaf-pine flatwoods (frequent), and slash-pine flatwoods (frequent) (Friauf, 1953).
Cariblatta lutea minima
Florida.—Series of specimens captured on Long Key under dead petioles of coconut palm on moist ground at edges of pools of brackish water. Specimens from Key West were in dry dead grass under boards (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Nymphs frequent under bark on decaying pine logs in pine woods; occasional in leaf mold in heavy junglelike scrub (Rehn and Hebard, 1914). In water-soaked leaves in heavy red-mangrove swamp (Hebard, 1915). Under dead petioles of coconut palm on sandy soil in grapefruit grove (Hebard, 1916a). Numerous at bases of tufts of coarse grass growing just back of sea beach (Blatchley, 1920). Friauf (1953) found this species in leaf duff, leaf mold, debris, or decaying wood in these habitats: Dry, ruderal grassland (occasional), scrub (infrequent), sandhills (infrequent), mesic hammock (infrequent), pond margin (occasional), longleaf-pine flatwoods (occasional), and low hammock (infrequent). On bare soil or bare sand under vegetation in these habitats: Longleaf-pine flatwoods (occasional) and slash-pine flatwoods (occasional). Dominant in the spartina marsh habitat in the grass stratum and duff around clumps. Frequent in the saw-grass marsh habitat in the grass stratum and, during the dry season, in decaying vegetation on the marsh floor.
Cariblatta nebulicola
Jamaica.—Adults in dead leaf litter alongside the trail in dense forest of tree ferns, Podocarpus, Cyrilla, and other trees; the forest was bathed in fog much of the time (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Cariblatta reticulosa
Jamaica.—In leaves on leaf mold in hillside forest (Hebard, 1916a). Moderately numerous in leaf litter in mangrove swamp; in decaying herbage (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Cariblatta stenophrys
Puerto Rico.—Between the leaves and under the leaf sheaths of corn (Sein, 1923; Wolcott, 1936).
Cariblatta spp.
West Indies.—The tropical species of this genus inhabit heavy forest, living among the fallen leaves resting on the leaf mold, in epiphytic bromeliads, and in dead agaves (Hebard, 1916a; Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Cariblattoides instigator
Cuba.—In siftings from under sea grapes, other shrubs, and low trees (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Cariblattoides suave
Puerto Rico.—On dry limestone hills (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Ceratinoptera picta
Trinidad.—Under bark of old cacao tree (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Chorisoneura flavipennis
Costa Rica.—Under stones on borders of Surubres River (Rehn, 1906).
Chorisoneura formosella
Jamaica.—Swept from huckleberry trees (Vaccinium meridionale) (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Chorisoneura parishi
Panama.—From jungle undergrowth (Hebard, 1920).
Chorisoneura specilliger
Panama.—In grass (Hebard, 1920).
Chorisoneura texensis
Florida.—"The almost impenetrable jungle on Key Largo was examined, and in its depths the two specimens of this species were secured by beating the lower branches of gumbo limbo, other trees and the lower bushes and shrubs, among which latter are to be found such tropical forms as Ocotea catesbyana [= Nectandra coriacea] and Citharexylum villosum" (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). In nests of webworm and beaten from bushes of bayberry, Myrica cerifera, along edge of pine woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1916). Beneath dead leaves in oak woods and beaten from foliage of oak and bayberry (Blatchley, 1920). Infrequent in the tall shrub stratum of the xeric hammock habitat (Friauf, 1953).
Texas.—The great majority of specimens were beaten from foliage of bushes (Hebard, 1943a).
Southeastern and southern U.S.—In undergrowth in pine woods; beaten from shrubbery, from bayberry bushes, from lower branches of gumbo limbo and other trees, from lower bushes and shrubs in jungle, and from low oaks on hills. In Texas, beaten from tall weeds in opening in river-plain jungle scrub (Hebard, 1917).
Chorisoneura translucida
Panama.—In jungle vegetation, including vines covering low bushes (Hebard, 1920).
Chromatonotus infuscatus
Trinidad.—Males on low herbage under old cacao tree (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Chromatonotus notatus
Trinidad.—Males in orchard on low herbage at night; females under refuse and in grass (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Comptolampra liturata
Malaya.—Often found between dry foliage in the beakers of the epiphytic fern, Asplenium nidus, although the species lives mainly in bamboo bushes (Karny, 1924).
Cryptocercus punctulatus
North Carolina.—"They were never found except in parts of the logs [chestnut] where the decayed wood was soft, punky and wet" (Rehn and Hebard, 1910).
Oregon.—In fir logs where sap wood was soggy (Hebard, 1917).
Virginia.—In decaying chestnut and pine logs; taken six times in chestnut and once in pine (Hebard, 1917). In rotten logs in deep ravines of moist woods (Davis, 1926).
Appalachian Mountains, U.S.—In southern Virginia and eastern Tennessee, it is usually quite abundant in well-forested areas at elevations from 3,000 to 5,000 feet; "sometimes even a majority of the dead logs on a mountain side have roaches in them" (Cleveland et al., 1934). This cockroach not only lives in rotten, dead logs but also in sound logs that have been down only a few years. In Virginia it is found more often in chestnut and hemlock. "It occurs fairly often in oak, and has been found in pine, spruce, and arbor vitae.... There is little evidence that they ever leave the log and enter the ground" (Cleveland et al., 1934).
Cryptocercus relictus
Eastern Manchuria.—In great numbers under rotting fallen trees and in rotten dead wood (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Cutilia soror
Marquesas Islands.—Males under stones and dead log (Hebard, 1933a).
Hawaii.—In soil about roots of pineapple (Illingworth, 1927). Often found about roots of grasses and weeds and other debris (Williams et al., 1931). Under stones and pineapple mulching paper (Fullaway and Krauss, 1945).
Wake Island.—Numerous, some from rotten logs. Found in bunch grass on Ocean Island (Bryan, 1926).
Cutilia spp.
Australia.—Frequent woods where they leave shelter soon after sunset and run actively on ground or ascend shrubs and trees in quest of prey (Tepper, 1893).
Dendroblatta sobrina
Panama.—Colony on tree trunk; on surface of trunk of fallen tree (Hebard, 1920).
Diploptera punctata
Hawaii.—"Crowds of these insects in various stages of development sometimes gather in cypress trees, in suitable chinks, in old flowerhead sheaths of palms, etc., and even more or less openly on leafy twigs, in bunch grass, and the species is at times locally abundant behind the older leaf bases of sugar cane" (Williams et al., 1931). Williams also lists the following as food plants: Cryptomeria, algaroba, lime trees, ripening mangoes, papayas, and oranges. However, Bianchi (personal communication, 1954) doubted that any of the above are the main dietary, because the largest populations he had seen "were found in the fairly dry litter of Star Jasmine (Jasminum pubescens Willd.), well removed from any of the plants mentioned by Williams."
Raiatea, Society Islands.—Beaten out of bracken (Cheesman, 1927).
Uahuka, Marquesas Islands.—Under bark (Hebard, 1933a).
Dryadoblatta scotti
Trinidad.—Very common in water-filled, epiphytic bromeliads in the rain forest (see p. 31) (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Ectobius africanus
Belgian Congo.—Females in forest margin and in forest undergrowth (Rehn, 1931).
Ectobius albicinctus
South France.—Females and young beneath stones (Blair, 1922).
Ectobius duskei
U.S.S.R.—In the steppe belt, it is a very characteristic member of feather-grass steppes, where it is found in associations of typically steppe vegetation, with feather grasses at the head (Stipa lessingiana and others), and on rocky slopes; it occurs frequently in cultivated fields of young crops and also in young geological strata in sections with virgin soil. The populations of this steppe cockroach average 6 to 8 individuals per square meter from the middle to the end of July. By the end of summer most individuals were observed at the bases of straw stacks with a canopy, having their south sides sheltered. This is the only species of Ectobius adapted to a purely steppe biocenose. (Bei-Bienko, 1950.)
Ectobius lapponicus
Southeastern Europe.—Numerous under stones on Trebovic (Burr, 1898).
U.S.S.R.—Found in wooded communities and peat bogs (in northern part of its range); males occur predominantly on herbaceous plants and bushes, but females hide under fallen leaves, moss, etc. (Bei-Bienko, 1950). It populated about 25 percent of the aspen trees in an experimental plot, feeding in galleries in the bark of young branches; there were 25 or more individuals per tree (Stark in Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Germany.—Abundant in woods; in pine woods in company with Stenobothrus vagans and Tettix kraussi. Numerous in low aspen bushes in forest. Numerous in deciduous and coniferous forests on trees and underbrush; under fallen leaves and moss; on oaks (Zacher, 1917). In foliage of young oak on top of mountain (Ramme, 1923).
Great Britain.—Under moss and dry leaves, among woodland undergrowth, and, generally, on vegetation close to the ground; occasional on bushes and trees (Lucas, 1920). Nymphs in heather in February and later; adults among rushes fringing pond in July (Lucas, 1925). Nymphs and males on rushy vegetation; unusually abundant on low herbage in dried-up swamp (Lucas, 1930).
Ectobius nicaeensis
France.—In dry woods, on bushes, and at the base of trees (Chopard, 1947).
Ectobius pallidus
Algeria.—Under stones; in moist places that are shaded and covered with plants (Lucas, 1849).
England.—Very abundant on sand dunes and among bracken in July (Buxton, 1914).
Germany.—In deciduous and coniferous forests; at edge of forest, from bare woods and bushes; numerous under leaves in oak woods and under moss (Zacher, 1917). In forest well lighted by the sun (Ramme, 1923).
Massachusetts.—Under loose lichens and bark on oak trees; under boxes, baskets, paper, etc., near houses; on Swiss chard (Flint, 1951). On roofs of houses, in shrubbery (Gurney, 1953). We have collected this species for several summers in a fairly dense, wooded area near dwellings, among fallen leaves and climbing on the erect stems and undersides of the leaves of periwinkle. Oöthecae were found on the ground under leaves and debris.
Ectobius panzeri
England.—Abundant on sandhills along shoreline among roots of grass (Burr, 1908). Under dead seaweed and other rubbish a few yards from shore on ground that would be washed by the sea (Lucas, 1896). Nymphs found among marram grass (Buxton, 1914). On sandhills near coast and covered with marram grass; often found on heather and low herbage; under old bark and rotten wood on posts; in decayed stump (Lucas, 1920). Swarming on Beta maritima and other plants in July (Lucas, 1920a). Very common in all stages in August, being frequently found under stones (Lucas, 1925). Common on sand dunes especially under stems of dead marram grass. Viable oöthecae found buried in sand (Brown, 1952).
Germany.—In beech woods and in pine woods (Zacher, 1917).
Ectobius semenovi
Kazakhstan.—Along the shores of the Syr-daria it is found on and around living willows and on Populus euphratica; under loose bark of dying and dead trees (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Ectobius sylvester
U.S.S.R.—In wooded steppe zones; probably only occurs in association with forests (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Ectobius tadzhicus
Tadzhikistan.—Great numbers at the roots of Eleagnus shrubs on the banks of reservoirs and frequently under the bark of old trees (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Ectobius vittiventer
South France.—One male beneath stone (Blair, 1922).
Ellipsidion affine
Australia.—From leaves, from scrub (Hebard, 1943). Collected in trees (Pope, 1953a).
Ellipsidion australe
Australia.—On eucalyptus leaves, on wattle, under bark (Hebard, 1943). Collected in trees (Pope, 1953a).
Ellipsidion bicolor
Australia.—In corn and from tree (Hebard, 1943).
Ellipsidion simulans
Australia.—From sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).
Ellipsidion spp.
Australia.—All stages are diurnal moving about the foliage of shrubs and small trees in bright sunlight on hottest summer days (Tepper, 1893).
Epilampra abdomen-nigrum
Trinidad.—In dried-up drain; among grass; in debris under old cacao tree; under old leaves (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Puerto Rico.—Abundant in damp lowlands (Seín, 1923). Under dead leaves in wet malojillo meadow (Wolcott, 1936).
This species is amphibious (p. [31]). Shelford (1907) suggested that immature stages of other species of the genus may be aquatic, which would place them in moist situations on the shores of rivers and other bodies of water.
Epilampra azteca
Panama.—Very scarce, under palm trees in decaying leaf mold and litter; one found under decaying bark of a log (Hebard, 1921a).
Epilampra mona
Mona Island, Puerto Rico.—One specimen under bark of dead tree (Ramos, 1946).
Epilampra tainana
Cuba.—Under dead leaves on stream bank (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Epilampra wheeleri
Puerto Rico.—In siftings from high-altitude primeval forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Epilampra spp.
Australia.—By day the insects live under bark, stones, logs, dead vegetable debris, or buried in loose dust or soil. After sunset females wander in grass or ascend low objects (Tepper, 1893).
Ergaula capensis
Uganda.—In open bush and short grass (Princis, 1955).
Eudromiella bicolorata
Panama.—Under rubbish on edge of jungle (Hebard, 1920).
Euphyllodromia liturifera
Colombia.—In brushwood (Princis, 1946).
Eurycotis biolleyi
Costa Rica.—Numbers of individuals were found in the large bromeliads of the temperate localities (Picado, 1913).
Eurycotis decipiens
Trinidad.—In old, rotten coconut stump (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Eurycotis dimidiata
Cuba.—"This species was recorded from under stones in the fields ... by Gundlach" (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Eurycotis ferrum-equinum
Cuba.—Under stones in woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Eurycotis floridana
Florida.—Moderately common under bark of dead pine stumps and logs; at Key West it fairly swarmed under coquina boulders in the woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1905). Many specimens under palmetto leaves on ground (Caudell, 1905). In pine woods under dry bark of dead logs; on Long Key in dry fibers at the base of the heads of coconut palms; "at Key West, a large colony was discovered among boards lying on dry grass in a field, and several were captured upon turning over coquina boulders in the dense bush" (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Particularly numerous in tree cavities and under bark along the edge of hammock areas (Hebard, 1915). Abundant between basal leaves of Tillandsia utriculata; beneath loose bark of logs and stumps; in and beneath decaying palmetto trunks and leaves; under rubbish (Blatchley, 1920). On ground in heavy tangle after dark; in decaying log of Sabal palmetto; in bromeliads; common under debris and bark in jungle; under signs on Pinus caribaea; in almost every sheltered outdoor place (Hebard, 1917). It moves about at night and hides under bark of logs and in other recesses during the day; where pines are present it almost invariably hides under bark of dead logs and stumps (Rehn and Hebard, 1914). Friauf (1953) found this species in leaf duff, leaf mold, or decaying wood in these habitats: Sandhills (infrequent), xeric hammock (dominant), mesic hammock (frequent), and low hammock (dominant); on tree trunks in sandhills habitat (infrequent) and mesic hammock (frequent); infrequent in saw-grass marsh habitat in the grass stratum and, during the dry season, in decaying vegetation on floor of marsh. Under the bark of logs and beneath logs in the woodpile habitat (Friauf, 1953).
Eurycotis galeoides
Cuba.—Under stones in deep woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Eurycotis kevani
Trinidad.—Under debris, trash, and vegetable refuse (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Eurycotis opaca
Cuba.—In pine and palmetto region (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Euthlastoblatta abortiva
Texas.—Under dense tangle of bushy vegetation, palms, and vines near Rio Grande; in leaves and dry litter on ground; on dead petiole hanging from palm tree (Hebard, 1917). Under bark of dead hackberry; abundant in dead leaves, dry litter, and rats' (Neotoma sp.) nests in heavy scrub (Hebard, 1943a).
Graptoblatta notulata
Tahiti.—On foliage in sun or concealed among dead leaves that collect between the fronds of tree ferns (Cheesman, 1927).
Hawaii.—Quite active during the day, occurring on sugarcane, etc., in the wetter districts; it is also a household insect (Williams et al., 1931).
Hemiblabera brunneri
Puerto Rico.—Under bark of tamarind tree (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Under the bark on a fence post (Wolcott, 1950).
Henicotyle antillarum
Dominica.—From rotting wood and wood soil (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Holocompsa metallica
Dominican Republic.—Along railroad through jungle and swamp (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Hololampra bivittata
Canary Islands.—Found in numbers among pine needles; nymphs were in the majority, adults rare (Burr, 1911).
Hololampra chavesi
Azores.—Very common in the hedges, particularly in brambles. Contrary to most species of this genus, which live on the ground under stones, this species is exclusively dendricolous and is only captured by beating the bushes on which it abounds (Chopard, 1932).
Hololampra maculata
Germany.—Abundant in deciduous forest in grass and under fallen leaves; in pine forests under lichens and between fallen needles; in edge of coniferous forest; under stones (Zacher, 1917).
Hololampra marginata
Macedonia.—Usually found crawling on the flowers and stems of giant thistles in May; common on thistles in June (Burr, 1923).
Hololampra sp.
Caucasus.—Numerous beneath dry leaves in a garden (Burr, 1913).
Hololeptoblatta sp.
Seychelles.—Apparently only inhabits Pandanus between the leaf bases (Scott, 1910, 1912).
Homalopteryx laminata
St. Vincent.—In decaying leaves in forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Trinidad.—In forest debris and debris under old cacao trees; it is not uncommon under dry leaves; it feigns death when disturbed (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Hormetica laevigata
Brazil.—From crown of palm between leaf bases (Hancock, 1926).
Ignabolivaria bilobata
U.S.S.R.—Under rocks and on the edges of woods in the lowlands in the north and in the mountains in the south (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Ischnoptera deropeltiformis
North Carolina.—Under pine straw on ground in woods (Brimley, 1908).
Georgia.—Under dead oak leaves; under debris in garden; running on ground in pine and oak woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1916).
Indiana.—It is "a ground-frequenting, forest-loving insect, hiding beneath cover or about the edges of deep woodland, more frequently in damp places, and rarely taken beneath bark, signs, or at lights" (Blatchley, 1920).
Missouri.—Twenty to 30 males found resting on heads of wild oats on successive evenings (Rau, 1947).
Texas.—It preferred damp, open woodlands (Hebard, 1943a).
Eastern and southeastern U.S.—Under stone in heavy deciduous forest; under damp, dead leaves on edges of forests; under bark of pine log; in wire grass and sphagnum bordering stream thicket; in leaf mold and rubbish about pothole in pine woods, Pinus caribaea; under debris and leaf mold in hammock; under dead oak leaves in heavy deciduous forest (Hebard, 1917).
Florida.—"This species is distinctly geophilous and appears to prefer damp surroundings" (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Under boards on very wet ground in everglades; in debris and leaf mold in heavy, junglelike areas of trees, bushes, and vines (Rehn and Hebard, 1914). Adults and numerous nymphs beneath weeds, grass, and other debris washed up on beach of Lake Okeechobee (Blatchley, 1920). Friauf (1953) found this species in leaf duff, leaf mold, and/or decaying wood on ground in these habitats: Dry, ruderal grassland (infrequent), scrub (infrequent), sandhills (occasional), xeric hammock (frequent), mesic hammock (dominant), shrubby, longleaf-pine flatwoods (infrequent), bayhead (dominant), and low hammock (dominant). On open bare soil or bare sand under vegetation in these habitats: Dry, ruderal grassland (infrequent), mesic hammock (dominant), moist, ruderal grassland (infrequent), pond margin (occasional), longleaf-pine flatwoods (infrequent), slash-pine flatwoods (infrequent), and low hammock (dominant). Infrequent in the herbaceous stratum of these habitats: Dry, ruderal grassland, moist, ruderal grassland, and longleaf-pine flatwoods. Infrequent in the shrub stratum of the dry, ruderal grassland habitat. (Friauf, 1953.)
Tennessee.—Taken in traps baited with cantaloupe in a parklike stand of oak, gum, hickory, and tulip trees in a creek bottom, and in a stand of oak on a dry ridge (Walker, 1957).
Ischnoptera panamae
Panama.—Under rubbish at edge of jungle and under drift on edge of coral-sand beach (Hebard, 1920).
Ischnoptera podoces
Jamaica.—In dead leaf litter along side trail through mountain forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Ischnoptera rufa rufa
Virgin Islands, St. Croix.—Common under rubbish and on shrubbery at night (Beatty, 1944).
Barbados.—Occasionally found in cane fields (Tucker, 1952).
West Indies.—In Puerto Rico, under stones in cultivated area, under debris on alkalie flat. In Jamaica, under dry petioles of coconut palm in grassy area; under logs, logwood on docks, and litter on limestone and near beach. In Panama, under drift on edge of coral-sand beach; under rubbish at edge of jungle (Hebard, 1916c).
Jamaica.—Under limbs and leaf litter in mangrove swamp (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Lamproblatta albipalpus
Panama.—Under drift on edge of coral-sand beach. Several under decayed banana stem (Hebard, 1920).
Lamproblatta meridionalis
Trinidad.—Under debris in forest and debris under old cacao trees (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Latiblattella chichimeca
Costa Rica.—Very common in the bromeliads of all Costa Rica (Picado, 1913).
Latiblattella lucifrons
Arizona.—"Most commonly seen feeding on pollen and dead insects on the flower stalks of Yucca elata in June in the Santa Rita Mountains" (Ball et al., 1942).
Latiblattella rehni
Florida.—Widely distributed throughout pine woods (Pinus caribaea); under signs on Pinus clausa and Pinus caribaea (Hebard, 1917). Beneath bark of dead pine tree; beating Spanish moss; they seldom attempt flight when disturbed, but hide in crevices or drop to ground (Blatchley, 1920).
Latiblattella zapoteca
Costa Rica.—Under stones on borders of Surubres River (Rehn, 1906).
Leucophaea maderae
Barbados.—In cane fields (Tucker, 1952).
Dominica.—In vegetation of royal palms, guava, etc.; under loose bark and banana sheaths. In Jamaica, on logwood docks (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Litopeltis biolleyi
Costa Rica.—Under bark of tree in forest; in epiphytic bromeliads (Rehn, 1928).
Litopeltis bispinosa
Panama Canal Zone.—About 80 specimens from rotting banana stalks at bases of leaves; boring in decaying banana stem (Hebard, 1920).
Litopeltis deianira
Costa Rica.—In tree stump on edge of mountain forest; in dead wood on ground (Rehn, 1928).
Litopeltis musarum
Costa Rica.—Shaken from dead banana leaves. Footnote to specific name: "In relation to the liking of species of this genus for bananas (Musa) as shelter and possibly food" (Rehn, 1928).
Lobolampra subaptera
France.—Under stones and dead leaves, always rare (Chopard, 1947).
Loboptera decipiens
France.—All stages common beneath stones (Blair, 1922). Under stones and dead leaves (Chopard, 1947).
Maltese Islands.—Quite common in open country under stones (Valletta, 1955).
Dalmatia.—On seashores under rocks and seaweed cast up on shore (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Loboptera thaxteri
Argentina.—Common in rubbish and leaf litter in small woodlot (Hebard, 1932).
Lobopterella dimidiatipes
Hawaii.—Abundant in wet districts, both in lowlands and to a considerable altitude in the forests, under trash, stones, boards, etc. (Williams et al., 1931). Often it is found with nymphs of Periplaneta australasiae (Fullaway and Krauss, 1945).
Lophoblatta arawaka
Trinidad.—On grass, maize, and cut sugarcane fodder; under vegetable and garden refuse; under old cacao (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Macropanesthia rhinocerus
Australia.—Infrequently seen during dry season from March to October. "They burrow quite deeply, about two feet below the surface of the sandy soil in stands of cypress pine (Callitris sp.). They make a nest of dead leaves, grass roots, etc., frequently among the pine roots. The young nymphs rarely appear above ground, but following rain the adults burrow to the surface, especially at night.... This species is also found in the brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) scrub about 70 miles west of Rockhampton, Queensland, and on Fraser Island off the Coast of Queensland" (Henson in Day, 1950).
Megaloblatta blaberoides
Panama.—Under bark on tree (Hebard, 1920).
Ecuador.—Under a dense pile of dead leaves around base of tree (Campos R., 1926).
Megamareta verticalis
Australia.—In sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).
Methana canae
Australia.—Under loose bark on dead upright tree (Pope, 1953a).
Methana curvigera
Australia.—Under loose bark on trees and logs; many specimens on wattle trees where in strong sunlight they hid in curled-up leaves; oöthecae attached to underside of loose bark and leaves (Pope, 1953a).
Methana marginalis
Australia.—Under loose bark of trees and logs (Pope, 1953a).
Moluchia (?) dahli
Chile.—Collected from lichens and mosses on tree trunks (Princis, 1952).
Muzoa madida
Costa Rica.—Under dead wood in dense second-growth forest; in thick mat of hanging dead vegetation in dense forest; under leaves in forest (Rehn, 1930).
Nauclidas nigra
St. Vincent.—Under rotten fruit (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Nelipophygus ramsdeni
Cuba.—Under rotten bark (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Neoblattella detersa
Jamaica.—Under dried leaves of coconut palm; in dry leaves under acacia on hillside; in debris on beach; under stones on coral rock; in leaf mold under dense brush on hillside; under bracts of banana blossoms (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Neoblattella dryas
Jamaica.—In bases of dead tree-fern fronds; numerous in bromeliads; nearly all collected specimens were taken in these plants (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Neoblattella eurydice
Jamaica.—Nearly all collected specimens taken in bromeliads (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Neoblattella grossbecki
Jamaica.—In epiphytic bromeliads and hollow bases of dead tree-fern fronds; nearly all collected specimens taken in bromeliads (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Neoblattella proserpina
Jamaica.—Under bark of huckleberry; nearly all collected specimens taken in bromeliads (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Neoblattella semota
Jamaica.—All specimens collected from under drying bracts of banana blossoms (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Nesomylacris cubensis
Cuba.—In dry region of palmettos and pines (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Nesomylacris relica
Jamaica.—Widely distributed from sea level to 5,700 feet elevation; in bromeliads in mountain forest; among dead leaves in heavy leaf mold under dense hillside scrub; under stones and in ground litter about banana trees; under bark of tree in dense ridge-type forest; in dead agave in scrub forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Nocticola bolivari
Ethiopia.—Always found under stones or cement blocks, but not necessarily deeply buried in the ground (Chopard, 1950b).
Nyctibora laevigata
Jamaica.—In cracks in dead stump of mimosa; in bromeliads (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Nyctibora lutzi
Puerto Rico.—Possibly to be found most often in rotten tree trunks in the highest mountains; found in rotten stump with termites, ants, and beetle grubs (Wolcott, 1950).
Nyctibora obscura
Trinidad.—Under pile of cornstalks (Princis and Kevan, 1955)
Nyctibora stygia
Haiti.—Under loose dead bark of mesquite tree, 52 specimens (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Oniscosoma spp.
Australia.—The females bury themselves in loose soil or dust (Tepper, 1893).
Opisthoplatia orientalis
Formosa.—On or in swampy ground or under rotten trees on the ground (Takahashi, 1924).
Panchlora antillarum
Dominican Republic.—In cultivated grounds, palms, fruits, etc. (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Panchlora nivea
Panama.—As Pycnosceloides aporus, in jungle under decaying banana stem in which were boring individuals of Litopeltis bispinosa (Hebard, 1920).
Texas.—Lives in foliage and in the green sheaths of plants (Hebard, 1943a).
Cuba.—On cane leaves; according to Gundlach this genus lives under the loose bark of trees (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Puerto Rico.—In rotting trunks of coconut palms (Seín, 1923). Most specimens have been collected from the very rotten interior of coconut palms (Wolcott, 1950).
Trinidad.—On corn; under old log; flies readily to lights (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Panchlora sagax
Dominica.—In decaying stump in banana patch and in rotting wood. In Puerto Rico, in rotten coconut palm (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Panesthia australis
Australia.—In burrows under the thick bark of fallen and rotting trees (Shaw, 1914). In loose detritus, beneath clods of earth, and in fissures at foot of cliffs along the seashore beyond direct action of the waves (Tepper, 1893).
Panesthia laevicollis
Australia.—Under decayed logs in coastal scrub. It burrows into the soft part of the log (Froggatt, 1906).
Parcoblatta bolliana
North Carolina.—Under pine straw on ground in pine woods (Brimley, 1908).
Texas.—Under dry cow dung in pine woods (Hebard, 1917).
Nebraska.—Under pile of old boards (Hauke, 1949).
Parcoblatta caudelli
North Carolina.—From under the bark of dead trees (Rehn and Hebard, 1910).
Virginia.—At night on shrubbery. In South Carolina, under sign on tree (Hebard, 1917).
Tennessee.—In traps baited with cornmeal, cantaloupe, or fish in a stand of oak on dry ridge, and in abandoned rocky field on a south-facing slope (Walker, 1957).
Parcoblatta desertae
Texas.—From mountains, arid, and semi-arid regions; under small boulder on desert (Hebard, 1917). On ground in dry-creek bed through scrub oak, pine, and juniper forest (Hebard, 1943a).
Parcoblatta divisa
Eastern and southeastern U.S.—All specimens taken from under signs on red oaks and longleaf and shortleaf pines in Georgia and Virginia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916). Trapped in molasses-baited jar in oak forest in New Jersey; under signs on red and white oaks, sweet gum, and other deciduous trees; under signs on shortleaf and longleaf pines and pine stumps (Hebard, 1917). Widespread in southeastern U.S. in habitats as diverse as dry pine lands, oak scrub, moist hammocks in northern Florida, and deep, cool ravines along Apalachicola River (Hebard, 1943a).
Parcoblatta fulvescens
Eastern and southeastern U.S.—Trapped in molasses jars: in heavy, barrier-beach forest; in typical pine-barrens undergrowth; in pine barrens with heavy, grassy undergrowth; on border of pine barrens and on edge of swamp; in heavy deciduous forest; in heavy oak woods. Found under debris in dead, shortleaf-pine needles; under dead leaves on edge of oak and shortleaf-pine woods; under bark of pine log; among dead leaves under live oaks; under sign on Pinus caribaea (Hebard, 1917).
Georgia.—From under bark of pine log, among dead leaves under live oaks, and under leaves on edge of oak and shortleaf-pine woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1916).
Florida.—Very common among dead leaves, under logs, beneath loose bark, and wanders about at night in pinelands, hammock, turkey oak, and sand-scrub habitats (Hubbell and Goff, 1940). Beneath drift, cow dung, leaves, boards, bark of logs, and other debris, usually in open pine woods in sandy areas; frequent at the base of thistle leaves (Blatchley, 1920). Friauf (1953) found this species in leaf duff, debris, or decaying wood in these habitats: Scrub (dominant), sandhills (dominant), xeric hammock (dominant), mesic hammock, longleaf-pine flatwoods (infrequent), low hammock (infrequent), and alluvial hammock (infrequent). In the shrub stratum in these habitats: Scrub (dominant), sandhills (dominant), xeric hammock (dominant), and longleaf-pine flatwoods (infrequent). In the herbaceous stratum of the longleaf-pine flatwoods habitat, and under bark and beneath logs in the woodpile habitat.
Parcoblatta lata
Southeastern and southern U.S.—Under bark of pine logs and stumps; in sweet-gum logs and stumps; moderately numerous under bark of dead shortleaf pines; under bark of longleaf-pine stumps; under signs on red oak and longleaf pines; in dead oak. In Texas, under bark of pine stumps (Hebard, 1917).
North Carolina.—All stages under loose bark of dead pines, both prostrate and upright, and stumps. "It seems to prefer the space under the bark to be rather damp" (Brimley, 1908). Under bark of dead pine trees (Rehn and Hebard, 1910).
Florida.—Infrequent in leaf duff and decayed wood of low hammock habitat (Friauf, 1953).
Indiana.—Beneath rocks on sides and tops of high hills, in limestone glades where cedar abounds (Blatchley, 1920).
Missouri.—In leaf stratum of oak-hickory forest (Dowdy, 1951). Earlier, Dowdy (1947) reported finding numerous immature Pseudomopinae [presumably Parcoblatta sp.] in soil and leaf strata of oak-hickory forest.
Texas.—Captured in molasses-baited traps in low, wet, oak woods and in dry woodlot on hillside (Hebard, 1943a).
Parcoblatta pensylvanica
Eastern and southeastern U.S.—Trapped in molasses-baited jars; in oak and in chestnut forests, and on knoll with high deciduous trees. Found in oak and pine woods, under bark of decaying chestnut log and dead chestnut stump, and under signs on trees including oaks (Hebard, 1917).
North Carolina.—In all stages under loose bark of upright, dead pines, when the space under the bark was dry (Brimley, 1908).
Virginia, North and South Carolina.—Under signs on trees (white and red oaks); under bark of dead shortleaf-pine and sweet-gum logs and stumps (Rehn and Hebard, 1916).
Indiana.—Beneath bark of logs and stumps; empty oöthecae common beneath loose bark of logs, especially shellbark hickory (Blatchley, 1920). Under loose bark on logs in January (Blatchley, 1895).
Illinois.—In pine forest associes, in black oak forest on sand, in oak-hickory forest on clay, and in climax forest; it evidently moved into the pine associes nightly, great numbers of oöthecae were found under bark of pine logs, where, in October and November, hibernating nymphs were found (Strohecker, 1937). In nests of Vespula maculata (Balduf, 1936; McClure, 1936).
Missouri.—Usually in hollow trees, under loose bark, in woodpiles, and in cracks in rural buildings (Rau, 1940).
Michigan.—Common in oak-dune and beech-maple forests, under loose bark on dead trees and fallen logs, and under debris on forest floor (Hubbell, 1922). "A characteristic inhabitant of the low shrub-terrestrial and probably the terrestrial-hypogeic stratum." It occurred throughout the upland forests; groups were found established in and under logs 100 to 200 feet from the nearest forest (Cantrall, 1943).
Ontario.—Very abundant in rocky, sparsely-wooded country, where it occurred in rotten logs and under loose bark; on tree trunk at night on rocky island in lake (Walker, 1912).
Parcoblatta uhleriana
North Carolina.—Under pine straw on ground in woods (Brimley, 1908). Under bark of dead trees; 92 males attracted to lights (Rehn and Hebard, 1910).
Virginia.—Resting on woods foliage; at night on road (Rehn and Hebard, 1916).
Eastern and southeastern U.S.—Trapped in molasses-baited jars: in oak and pine woods, in heavy barrier-beach forest, in both scant and typical undergrowth on pine barrens, in heavy grassy undergrowth on pine barrens, on border of pine barrens, on edge of swamp, in heavy deciduous forest, in heavy oak woods, in upland oak and chestnut forest, in chestnut forest, in forested ravine, and on ridge with heavy oak, chestnut, and maple forest. Found under damp leaves on edge of forest, under bark of decayed chestnut log, inside decaying chestnut log with Cryptocercus punctulatus, under palmetto roots, under bark of pine stump, and in dry leaves under live oaks (Hebard, 1917).
Tennessee.—In traps baited with cornmeal or cantaloupe in maple-gum-oak forest in a mesic valley, and in a stand of oak on a dry ridge (Walker, 1957).
Indiana.—Beneath cover on slopes of high wooded hills. "This is essentially a forest-loving species; usually occurring beneath leaves and other debris on or along the borders of heavy hardwood timber." (Blatchley, 1920.)
Illinois.—In oak-hickory forest on clay and in climax forest (Strohecker, 1937).
Michigan.—In oak-dune woods (Hubbell, 1922). Restricted to woodlands, where it inhabited piles of moist dead leaves and rotten logs in oak-hickory forest (Cantrall, 1943).
U.S.A.—This species, P. uhleriana, and P. virginica were attracted at night to honeydew secreted by aphids on Pyrus sp. (Davis, 1918).
Parcoblatta virginica
New England.—Females under loose stones, boards, and other debris on ground; beneath loose bark (Morse, 1920).
North Carolina.—Under debris in dead shortleaf-pine needles (Rehn and Hebard, 1916).
Florida.—Infrequent in the shrub stratum of the scrub habitat. This was the only habitat of 25 studied in which this species was found (Friauf, 1953).
Eastern and southeastern U.S.—Trapped in molasses-baited jars: in pine and oak woods, in pine barrens, in pine woods with heavy grass undergrowth, in oak forest, in heavily forested ravine, on rocky slope with few deciduous trees, on knoll with high deciduous trees, in lofty chestnut forest, and in heavy low chestnut and oak forest on high ridge; under bark of decaying chestnut log and stump; under stones in chestnut forest; under bark of pine stumps (Hebard, 1917).
Indiana.—Frequents borders of open woods and fields; under debris, loose bark, and half-buried logs (Blatchley, 1920).
Illinois.—In black-oak forest on sand, in oak-hickory forest on clay, and in climax forest (Strohecker, 1937).
Michigan.—Common in oak-dune and beech-maple forests; under loose bark on dead trees and fallen logs and under debris on forest floor (Hubbell, 1922). Restricted to woodlands, where it inhabited piles of moist dead leaves and rotten logs in oak-hickory forest (Cantrall, 1943).
Texas.—Captured in molasses traps in moist woods of maple, oak, and pine with much undergrowth and a heavy layer of duff; in open, rather dry woodlot of Spanish oak and other trees; and in low wet woods of willow and oak along creek (Hebard, 1943a).
Parcoblatta zebra
Indiana.—Beneath log in cypress swamp (Blatchley, 1920).
Louisiana and Mississippi.—In decay cavity in sweet gum; under sign on shortleaf pine (Hebard, 1917).
Parcoblatta spp.
Alabama.—In the dry wall of a sweet-gum stump together with serropalpid and tenebrionid beetles (Snow, 1958).
Ohio.—Oöthecae under loose bark of fallen trees, where as many as 184 oöthecae were found within a few feet of each other; others found under boards and in piles of firewood (Edmunds, 1952).
Pelmatosilpha coriacea
Puerto Rico.—Mona Island, under bark of dead trees and under guava leaves (Ramos, 1946). Under bark of Sideroxylon foetidissimum (Wolcott, 1941). Common along the coast and in mountains. "Very much at home" under the loose bark of Sideroxylon foetidissimum (Wolcott, 1950).
Pelmatosilpha kevani
Trinidad.—Under debris in bush (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Pelmatosilpha purpurascens
Dominica.—In decaying logs in forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Periplaneta americana
Bermuda.—Among and under decaying debris, just above high-tide line (Verrill, 1902).
Johnson Island.—Nocturnal, coming out at night in great numbers about Tribulus blossoms. Under timbers on French Frigate Shoals (Bryan, 1926).
United States.—Alleyways and yards may be overrun during the summer; adults and hundreds of nymphs found in decaying maple trees along residential street (Gould and Deay, 1938, 1940). Around fumaroles where a railroad fill was burning internally (Davis, 1927). Common in palm trees along the gulf coast of Texas, where they often fly around street lights at night (Zimmern in Gould and Deay, 1940).
Periplaneta australasiae
Bermuda.—Very abundant under stones (Rehn, 1910).
Jamaica.—Under bark of dead tree and under bases of leaves of coconut palms (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Virgin Islands, St. Croix.—Common in sugarcane fields and in woodlands (Beatty, 1944).
Florida.—Juveniles under bark of dead logs of Pinus caribaea (Hebard, 1915). Frequently found under signs on trees near borders of towns; under bases of dead petioles of cabbage palmetto (Hebard, 1917). Beneath logs, burlap bags, and other cover in old orange orchards (Blatchley, 1920).
Marquesas Islands.—Under coconut fronds and grass (Hebard, 1935).
Nihoa Island.—Nymphs only, on Sida, Pritchardia, bunch grass, and about camp (Bryan, 1926).
Periplaneta brunnea
Georgia.—Under signs on oaks (Rehn and Hebard, 1916).
Florida.—Beneath bark of stump (Blatchley, 1920).
Periplaneta fuliginosa
Southeastern and southern U.S.—"This species is usually encountered out of doors, in or near towns. Over its range it is frequently found under signs on trees" (Hebard, 1917).
Phidon (?) dubius
Chile.—Collected from mosses and lichens on tree trunks (Princis, 1952).
Phoraspis spp.
Brazil and Guiana.—In grasslands, plantations of maize, sugarcane, and other plants on the borders of forests; the cockroaches were always found between the leaves which form the branches of the plants (Doumerc in Blanchard, 1837).
Phyllodromica brevipennis
Asia Minor and western Europe.—On ground among grasses; under moss and brushwood in mountain meadows (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Phyllodromica graeca
U.S.S.R., western Georgia.—In pine forest mixed with deciduous trees (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Phyllodromica irinae
U.S.S.R., Turan Lowland.—Along margins of "tugas" under half-fallen bushes of Salsola kali that overhang the ground (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Phyllodromica maculata
Central Europe and western U.S.S.R.—On the edges of forests of the central-European type that are lighted by the sun; under fallen leaves; on bushes and conifers (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Phyllodromica meglerei
U.S.S.R.—Among fallen leaves under bushes; on oak branches; under mown hay (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Phyllodromica polita
Caucasus.—Under fallen leaves on slopes of mountains covered by forest or brushwood (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Phyllodromica pygmaea
U.S.S.R.—In the sands of Un-dzhal-kum and Zhety-konur it is found in the dense turf of Aristida pennata (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Phyllodromica tartara
Central Asia.—In lowlands and in mountains up to 2,500 meters; in fruit orchards under trap rings fastened to trees to combat lesser apple worm (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Phyllodromica tartara nigrescens
Southern Uzbekistan.—Under bark of Juniperus sp., under stones and on flowers of Scorzonera acanthoclada (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Platyzosteria castanea
Australia.—Under loose wood or bark (Shaw, 1914).
Platyzosteria novae seelandiae
New Zealand.—Swarms under loose dry bark and logs (Walker, 1904).
Plectoptera dominicae
Dominica.—On moss-covered lime trees. "The species of the genus Plectoptera are all foliage and flower frequenters, generally secured by beating low arborescent vegetation, or are attracted to light" (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Plectoptera dorsalis
Puerto Rico.—In caladium, grass, weeds, coffee, and bananas; in flowers of Ipomoea tiliasea (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). "... living in trees between leaves, or in 'butterfly-nests' of Tetralopha scabridella in leaves of Inga vera, or of Pilocrocis secernalis in the leaves of 'capá blanco' (Petitia domingensis) in the mountains. Along the coast they have been found under the bracts of cotton squares or bolls, and under the leaf-sheaths of sugar cane, in curled-up leaves of grapefruit, or in the dry flower clusters of 'espino rubial' (Zanthoxylum caribaeum)." These observations apply also to Plectoptera infulata and P. rhabdota (Wolcott, 1950).
Plectoptera floridana
Florida.—On fringe of tall bushes at edge of mangrove swamp (Rehn and Hebard, 1914). Rehn and Hebard (1927) stated that on the Keys it frequented dry scrubby vegetation, particularly Ilex cassine.
Plectoptera infulata
Puerto Rico.—See Wolcott's (1950) comments under Plectoptera dorsalis above.
Plectoptera lacerna
Cuba.—In grasses, sedges, etc., about a waterhole; on grass, pines and oak (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Plectoptera perscita
Dominica.—On moss-covered lime trees (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Plectoptera porcellana
Cuba.—Taken on flowers of "Júcaro" (Gundlach in Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Plectoptera pygmaea
Jamaica.—In relatively dense forest foliage; in shrubbery (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Plectoptera rhabdota
Puerto Rico.—In mixed vegetation; on grapefruit tree and guava (Psidium guajava); on bushes and shrubs (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). On coffee trees; on Spondias; on sugarcane; in caterpillar nests of Tetralopha scabridella on Inga vera; in old cotton bolls; on grapefruit (Wolcott, 1936). See also Wolcott's (1950) comments under Plectoptera dorsalis.
Plectoptera vermiculata
Cuba.—On pine in palmetto region (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Polyphaga aegyptiaca
Algeria.—Nymphal females under decaying leaves at the end of November (Lucas, 1849).
Transcaucasia.—In burrows in argillaceous cliffs along ravines. Females often covered by attached clay particles, an indication, according to Bei-Bienko, that this species is ecologically connected to compact clay soils or at least does not avoid them (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
See also the section on desert habitats (p. [29]).
Polyphaga saussurei
South-central Asia.—Occupies compact clay soils; distributed in drier regions than P. aegyptiaca; frequently found near dwellings, in yards, stables, and houses (Bei-Bienko, 1950).
Polyzosteria limbata
Australia.—Common, usually "resting among the foliage or sunning itself on a fence or stumps, seldom or never hiding under bark or logs like most of the species" (Froggatt, 1906).
Poroblatta spp.
Tropical America.—"The species of Poroblatta apparently live as borers in stumps and logs in a manner similar to those of Cryptocercus Scudder in the United States" (Gurney, 1937).
Pseudomops septentrionalis
Texas.—In dead-brush pile; not scarce in heavy weeds, sunflowers, etc., in openings of river-plain jungle scrub (Hebard, 1917). It lives largely in herbage (Hebard, 1943a).
Pycnoscelus surinamensis
Florida.—Under stones and rubbish; very abundant under coquina boulders in woods at Key West (Rehn and Hebard, 1905). "This species is common under planks, stones, and other debris on the ground ... also found at Long Key in the dry fibres at the base of the petioles of a coconut palm" (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). At Musa Isle, found burrowing in sand (Hebard, 1915). In fallen leaves and decaying wood in xeric and mesic hammock habitats (Friauf, 1953).
Hawaii.—The soil swarmed with young of various stages during the summer (Illingworth, 1915). In soil about roots of pineapple under mulching paper; feeding on pineapple roots (Illingworth, 1927, 1929).
Fakarava, Tuamoto Archipelago.—Numerous among dead leaves in tree holes (Cheesman, 1927).
West Indies.—Under decayed stalks of sugarcane and in siftings from mangrove swamps, Cuba. Under manure, bases of leaves of coconut palm, litter, logs, and stones on coral rock and in bromeliads, Jamaica. Under wood, tiles, and boards in stable yards; immature individuals bored into the soil, Puerto Rico. (Rehn and Hebard, 1927.)
Barbados.—Frequents cane fields (Tucker, 1952).
Puerto Rico.—"Altho primarily a xerophytic species: collected among dry stones on Mona Island, under dry cow dung at Boquerón, and under boxes at Guánica, it is reasonably common in the more humid parts of Puerto Rico" (Wolcott, 1950).
Virgin Islands, St. Croix.—Common under rubbish; frequently seen feeding on chicken feces around chicken roosts (Beatty, 1944). By feeding on chicken feces it may become the vector of the chicken eyeworm, Oxyspirura mansoni, as described in the references cited on page 204.
Egypt.—Large numbers were found in moist soil at the site of a manure pile (Chakour, 1942).
Germany.—Under greenhouse conditions the depth to which P. surinamensis penetrated the soil was determined; 21 dug down to a depth of 8 to 10 cm., 3 dug down 10 to 12 cm., but only one dug 13 cm. below the surface. Often the tubes in the soil ended in a chamber which the cockroach might not leave for several days; nymphs molted in such chambers and females bore their young there (Roeser, 1940).
Rhytidometopum dissimile
Trinidad.—Male on low herbage in orchard at night; under sacking; on Hibiscus at night (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Riatia orientis
Trinidad.—Numerous specimens of both sexes at night on roadside Hibiscus rosa-sinensis or low herbage in orchard (Princis and Kevan, 1955).
Simblerastes jamaicanus
Jamaica.—Numerous in fragmentary debris of an abandoned termite nest on ground in the dry Liguanea Plain; a specimen was also taken under a stone in a field of short grass (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Styphon bakeri
Costa Rica.—Among humus and rubble in crevices and large cavities in rocks of the Tertiary limestone rim and the metamorphosed and igneous rocks of the interior of the islands (Baker in Rehn, 1930).
Supella supellectilium
Virgin Islands, St. Croix.—Under rubbish heaps; in sugarcane straw (Beatty, 1944).
Africa.—"A cosmotropical species which occurs both out of doors and as a household pest in many warmer parts of the world. It is apparently endemic to non-forested areas in much of Africa north of the Equator." (Kevan and Chopard, 1954.)
Symploce flagellata
Puerto Rico.—Under low trees on hillside and dead leaves in thicket of sea grape (Hebard, 1916c).
Symploce hospes
Hawaii.—Under stones and rubbish (Illingworth, 1915).
Virgin Islands, St. Croix.—Under rubbish and on shrubbery at night (Beatty, 1944).
Symploce jamaicana
Jamaica.—In dead leaves under acacia and other shrubs in desert tract; under log and rubbish in open on limestone sand near beach (Hebard, 1916c). Very common in short dry grass in roadside gutter at night, often clustered together; under beach trash in stony wash of Hope River (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).
Symploce ruficollis
Virgin Islands, St. Croix.—Under rubbish and on shrubbery at night (Beatty, 1944).
Puerto Rico.—In siftings from sea-grape thicket on sandy soil (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Often living under leaf-sheaths of sugarcane (Wolcott, 1950).
Tartaroblatta karatavica
Asia, Kara-tau Mountains.—Many hundreds of individuals found only under stones on moist earth and not where ground seemed dry; found on very stony slopes with sparse vegetation, often with undergrowth present (Bei-Bienko, 1950).