| ARTISANS, Per Day. | AGRICULTURISTS. | OTHER LABOURERS. | WOMEN. | CHILDREN. | WIFE and Four Children. | SUBSISTENCE. |
|---|
| AMERICA: | | | | | | | |
| MASSACHUSETTS, p. 683 | First-rate, 2 to 3 dollars, others, 1½ dollars, 6s. 9d.; overseers, per year, 1500 to 3500 dollars. | Per day, in harvest, 1 to 1½ dollars; per month, with board and lodging, 14 to 18 dollars during summer and autumn (six months,) some all the year; others during the other six months, 10 to 12 dollars a month. | Per year, 250 to 300 dollars, i.e. 56l. 5s. to 67l. 10s. | At factories per week, 2½ to 5 dollars. | . . . . | . . . . | There are very few who do not eat meat, poultry, or fish twice or three times a day. |
| NEW YORK, p. 158 | Dollar and a half; one-fourth less in winter and dull times. | Per month, 1l. 10s. to 2l. 5s., with board, washing, and mending; per day, in harvest, 4s. 6d. with board | 3s. 6d. per day; 44l. per year. | Per day, 1s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. | Early enfranchised | The children quit their parents and shift for themselves. The wife may earn 1s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. a day. | A family united could subsist well on their aggregate earnings have tea, coffee, and meat twice a day. |
| MEXICO, p. 690 | Double the wages of the agriculturists. | 1s. to 1s. 4d. per day | . . . . | Enough for their support. | Enough for their support. | . . . . | Most certainly. The common food of working people in Mexico is maize or Indian corn, prepared either as porridge (atole,) or in thin cakes (tortillas,) and beans (frijoles,) like the white beans so much in use in France, with addition of chile, a speckle of the hot pepper, of which they eat enormous quantities by way of seasoning. In the town wheaten bread forms a part of the food of the lower classes, and meat occasionally. |
| CARTHAGENA DE COLUMBIA, p. 166 | . . . . | . . . . | Per day, town, 2s., country, 1s. to 1s. 6d.; in year, about 12l. | As servants, about one-third a man’s wages. | Under 16, as servants, about one-third a man’s wages. | Per year about 50l. (supposed to include a man’s wages, but even then apparently excessive.) | Very comfortably; chiefly on animal food. |
| VENEZUELA, p. 163 | . . . . | Per day, 1s. 6d. with usual provisions. | . . . . | 1s. 1½d. to 1s. 6d. per day. | Under sixteen 1s. 1½d. to 1s. 6d. per day. | 15l. per year. | Maize cakes, with vegetables and fruit, form the chief aliments of the peon and his family; and they can with little difficulty subsist, if they choose to work, on their aggregate earnings. |
| MARANHAM, p. 693 | Per day, 1s. | Generally slaves; where hired they earn about 17s. a month, and food. | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | The necessaries of life are few, and easily obtained. |
| BAHIA, p. 731 | 2s. per day; 25l. per year. | . . . . | . . . . | Women and children, nothing | . . . . | . . . . |
| URUGUAY, p. 723 | . . . . | Herdsmen, slaves, or guachos, 8 dollars a month, by the year. | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | A family may subsist on the labour of the husband alone, and have a meal with meat three times a day. |
| HAYTI, p. 168 | Per day, from 2s. 6d. to 3s.; per year, 38l. | Per day, 7d.; per year, 9l. 10s. | . . . . | As servants, from 10s. to 20s. a month. | . . . . | . . . . | A family can easily subsist on the earnings of their parents. Their food consists of what are termed “ground provisions,” i. e., plantains, sweet potatoes, and other vegetables and fruits, which if not raised by themselves are obtained at a cheap rate. |
| EUROPE: | | | |
| | | |
| NORWAY, p. 698 | Per week, 5s. 4d. to 7s. 2d., with food and lodging and tools. | Per day, 3d. to 5½d., with food. | Per day, in or near Christiania, summer, 10½d.; winter, 8½d.; per year, 11l. 10s. 9d. | Per week, summer, and occasionally in winter, 3s. 6d. | Per week, above 14, and under 16, 17d. | Per year, about 6l. 4s. 3d. | Except in illness, it can subsist on its aggregate earnings. The labourers live on very simple food: salt herrings, oatmeal porridge, potatoes, coarse oatmeal bread, may-be twice a week a piece of bacon or salt beef, and along the coast, and the rivers and lakes, on fresh fish. Corn brandy is in general use. |
| SWEDEN: | | | | | | | |
| Stockholm (Mr. Bloomfield’s Return), p. 374 | Per day, during nine months, 1s. 7d.; winter, indoors, 1s. 7d. nearly; outdoors, nothing. | Per day, skilled, 7d. to 8d., unskilled, 3d. to 4d.; average the year, about 11l. | . . . . | Per day, as agriculturists, in summer, 4d. | Per day, as agriculturists, in summer, 2d. | Per year, as agriculturists: | £. | s. | | Wife | 5 | 0 | | Boy of 14 | 2 | 10 | | Children of 11 and 8 | 1 | 0 | | £8 | 10 |
As artisans: | £. | s. | | Wife | 8 | 0 | | Boy of 14 | 4 | 10 | | Children 11 and 8 | 2 | 0 | | £14 | 10 |
| It could subsist. The agriculturists in the southern provinces on potatoes and salt fish, in the northern, on porridge and rye bread; the artisans on better food than the agriculturists, with coffee, and occasionally fresh meat. |
| Count Forsell’s Statement, p. 380 | The support of a cottager’s household, consisting of husband, wife, and three children, in the middle part of Sweden, costs yearly about 146⅔r.d., according to the prices of last year; the husband being occupied during the whole year, and his wife having enough to do with the care of her children, so that neither she nor her husband can calculate on any additional earnings. The labourer receives 2½ barrels of rye, or in money 16r.d. 32sk.; 1 barrel of corn, 5r.d. 16sk.; half barrel of pease, 3r.d. 16sk.; half ditto of malt, 2r.d. 32sk.; 2 ditto potatoes, 2r.d.; 1½ lb. salt, 32sk.; 4 lbs. herrings, 2r.d. 16sk.; 1 lb. of butter, 4r.d. 16sk.; 3 lbs. of hops, 1r.d.; 1½ pint of sweet milk per day, 10r.d. 16sk.; 3 pints of sour milk during the summer, 4r.d. 16sk.; 9 gallons of bränvin (a kind of whiskey), 5r.d. 16sk.; lodging and fuel, 16r.d. 32sk.; annual wages in money, 44r.d.; earnest, 3r.d. 16sk.; contributions, 3r.d. 16sk.; sundries, 6r.d. 34sk.; total banco, 146r.d. 32sk. That is, on an average, 29r.d. 16sk. annually for every individual; and daily, 3sk. 10½rst. On a gentleman’s estate in the neighbourhood of Stockholm, the following was given last year: Annual pay in money, 33r.d. 16sk.; ¼ barrel of wheat, 2r.d. 32sk.; 4 barrels of rye, 24r.d.; 2 barrels of corn, 9r.d. 16sk.; 2 ditto potatoes, 2r.d.; 10 heads of white cabbage, 32sk.; ½ barrel of herrings, 4r.d. 32sk.; 1 lb. salt, 21 sk.; 2 lbs. of meat, 2r.d.; 1 lb. of bacon, 2r.d. 32sk.; 1 lb. of hops, 16sk.; 2 pairs of shoes, 3r.d. 16sk.; sweet milk, 10r.d.; sundry expenses, 5r.d.; lodging, wood, earnest, taxes, 25r.d.; equal to 123r.d. 21sk. Were that sum divided among five persons, 25r.d. 29sk. would accrue to each; and daily, 3sk. 3rst. |
| The household of a cottager belonging to this estate, about 10 English miles from Stockholm, was bound, according to a written contract, for 10 years to perform the following labour for the estate or landowner; namely, | r.d. | sk. | | 208 days’ work for a man, at 21sk. 6rst. | 93 | 8 | | 40 ditto for a woman at 10sk. 8rst. | 8 | 42 | | 14 journeys to Stockholm, 1r.d. | 14 | 0 | | To mow and get in 14 acres of meadow | 10 | 32 | | To cut down and carry home 5 sawn timbers | 2 | 32 | | Ditto ... ditto ... 4 fathoms of firewood | 5 | 16 | | Ditto ... ditto ... 100 pairs of stakes | 2 | 0 | | To put out fishing-lines | 3 | 0 | | To keep in order a portion of the main road | 2 | 0 | | Ditto ... ditto ... bye-road | 6 | 0 | | To spin for wages | 2 | 0 | | To gather berries | 0 | 32 | | Sundry accidental jobs | 3 | 0 | | Total r.d. banco | 143 | 18 |
| In Stockholm, a poor mechanic’s household, consisting of husband, wife, and four children, can hardly be supported on less than 546r.d. banco annually, as follows: | R.d. | | Bread, meal, salad, potatoes and other vegetables | 120 | | Meat, butter, cheese, herrings and other fish | 176 | | Milk, beer, bränvin (or whiskey) | 26 | | Candles, coals, wood | 24 | | Clothes | 60 | | Rent and furniture | 50 | | Taxes, medicines, and sundries | 24 | | Total | R.d. 546 |
Hence will be seen that the master of such a family must earn daily, during the whole year, nearly 2r.d. banco, and consequently no masons, carpenters, smiths, &c. can be included in this class. If the husband, wife, or children are sick for any length of time, the state of such a family is far more deplorable than that of the agricultural peasantry of Sweden. |
| Note.—146⅔rds. = 11l. 1 lb. = 20 lbs. English. 1 dollar = 48 skillings. 1 skilling = 1½ farthing. A dollar therefore is worth 72 farthings, or 1s. 6d. |
| Gottenburgh (Consul’s Return), p. 386 | Per day, 1s. 6d. to 2s. | Per day, 6d. to 9d.; per year, 7l. 13s. (Few such labourers). | Per day, 10d. to 1s.
| In towns, per week, summer, 6s. to 9s.; winter, 4s. to 6s. (This seems too large). | Under 16, in harvest, per day, 2d. to 3d. | Per year, about 3l. | Yes; on the following food, viz., 11 bushels of rye, cost 1l. 5s.; 4¾ bushels of barley, 8s.; 4¾ ditto of peas, 5s.; 4¾ ditto of malt, 4s.; 9½ ditto of potatoes, 3s. 2d.; 19 lbs. of salt, 1s.; 75 lbs. of herrings, 3s. 6d.; 19 lbs. of butter, 6s. 6d.; 3 lbs. of hops, 1s.; 19 lbs. of stockfish, 2s. 3d.; 19 lbs. of pork, 4s. 6d.; half a cow, 15s.; about three pints of sweet milk daily, 15s. 2d.; and six pints of sour milk, in summer, daily, 6s. 6d.; 42 bottles of potatoe brandy, 8s. 3d.; lodging and wood, 1l. 5s.; taxes, 5s.; sundries, 10s. Wages, about 3l. 10s., or in the whole, say, 10l. 18s. 10d. The above statement applies to a small farmer; reduce it about one-third, and it may apply to a common (married) labourer in the country. |
| RUSSIA: | | | | | | | |
| General Return, p. 334 | (No distinction of classes given). The pay of labourers varies in different parts of Russia. In Georgia, it is 3½d. per day, which is the lowest; in St. Petersburg, it is 1s. 3d. per day, which is the highest. | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | It would subsist. On rye bread, buck wheat, and sour cabbage soup, well seasoned with salt, and occasionally a little lard. |
| Archangel Return, p. 338 | Summer, 10d., winter, 8d.; often doubled. | Summer, 8d., winter, 6d.; often doubled. | ... | ... | ... | Per year, 10l. to 15l. (This is supposed to be the meaning of the answers to queries 6 and 7). | Decidedly yes. Their food consists of fish, rye bread, gruel, kvas, occasionally meat and turnips. A great deal of tea is also drunk by the peasants of this neighbourhood. |
| Per Year: 18l. to 30l. |
| Courland Return, p. 341 | Per day, skilled, 3s. to 4s.; unskilled, 1s. 6d. to 2s. | Paid by land for subsistence. | Per day, summer, 1s.; winter, few pence less. | Per week, summer, 3s. 6d.; winter, 2s. 6d. | Per week, under 16, summer, 3s., winter 2s. | Per year, 30l. to 35l., (supposed to include man’s earnings). | They can subsist on the aggregate earnings, in most cases, however, but needy; on bread, potatoes, salted fish, &c., seldom beef. |
| DENMARK: | | | | | | | |
| Copenhagen Return, p. 267 | One-third more than agriculturists. | Per day, 6d. to 8d. (with, in harvest, provisions of poor quality); per year, 15l. (Sunday nearly a day of work). | . . . . | Per day, 4d., all the year. | . . . . | Man, wife, and four children, working on the Sundays, about 12s. a week. | It is frequently done. The food wholesome rye bread, bad milk, cheese, shocking butter, coffee (as it is called), profusion of tobacco and snuff, and too much spirits, which are unfortunately cheap and very bad. |
| Elsinore Return, p. 296 | No subdivision. Per day, summer, 9d. to 10d., or 6d. to 7d. with food: winter, 6d. to 7d., or 4d. to 5d. with food; per year, 12l. to 15l. | Summer, four months, 2s. 6d. to 3s. per week; winter, 8 months, 1s. 6d. to 2s. a week. | . . . . | Per year, about 6l. | With prudence and economy, which, however, are no characteristics of the peasantry of this country, I doubt not it might be done. Their principal food consists of rye bread, groats, potatoes, coffee, butter, cheese, and milk, in which articles a family consisting of man, wife, and three children, would expend about 15l. per annum in this neighbourhood; in other parts of the country they fare worse. Food is cheap. |
| Further statement, by Cons. Macgregor, p. 299 | Per week, with food, 4s. 6d. to 6s. 9d.; without food, 11s. to 11s. 6d. In manufactories, per week, male, 4s. 6d. to 12s.; female, 4s. 6d. to 5s.; children above 14, 3s. 6d. to 4s., or under 14, 1s. 9d. to 2s. 3d.; ropemakers, 1s. 9d. to 2s. 3d. per day. | Per year, with food and lodging, males, 4l. to 5l.; females, 3l. 10s. to 3l. 15s.; boys, 2l. 10s. to 3l. 15s. | Per day, in towns, 1s. to 1s. 6d. Agriculture, males, 6d. to 10d.; females, 5d. to 7d.; with food, one-half less. | . . . .
| . . . . | . . . . | . . . . |
| HANSEATIC TOWNS: | | | | | | | |
| Bremen, p. 413 | No subdivision. Per day, in the country, summer, 1s., winter, 9d.; per year, 17l. 10s. to 22l. In towns, about 25 per cent. higher; per year, 17l. 10s. to 25l. | Per day, country, summer, 6d.; winter, 4d., town, 4d. | Per week, from 12 to 16, in tobacco manufactories, 3s. 6d. | . . . . | Can very well support itself. They can subsist upon potatoes, beans, buck wheat or grits, and rye bread, and twice a week meat or bacon. |
| Lubeck, p. 415 | Per week, 7s. to 14s., or if constantly employed, and with board and lodging, 2s. 4d. to 4s.; per year, 30l. | Per day, summer, 9d.; winter, 7d.; harvest, 1s. Per year, 12l. | Per day, in the town, 14d.; per year, 18l. | Town, 7d. a day; country, in harvest, 7d. a day. | . . . . | . . . . | Even comfortably, on the usual food of the poorer classes here, namely, coarse rye bread, potatoes, bacon, fat or dripping, milk, porridge made of peas, groats or peeled barley, herrings or other cheap fish, butter and lard, but very seldom meat. Greatest luxury, a cup of coffee in the morning. |
| MECKLENBURG, p. 422 | Per week, in towns, 7s. to 10s. 6d., and free boarding. In the country, about two-thirds. | Per week, in country, 3s. 6d., a dwelling, garden, and pasture for a cow and two sheep in summer, and provender for them in winter. | Per week, in towns, 5s. 3d. to 7s. | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | Could subsist on good sound food, and occasionally meat. |
| DANTZIG, p. 465 | Per day, summer, 13½d.; winter, 23d. | Per day, summer, 4⅔d. to 7d.; winter, 3½d. to 4⅔d., besides a dwelling, either free of, or at a small rent, pasture for a cow in summer, and a small load of hay in winter, and fuel. | Per day, summer, country, 8¼d. to 11¾d.; town, 8½d. to 16d. Winter, country, 4¾d. to 7d.; town, 7d. to 12d. Yearly, country, 8l. 10s. to 9l.; town, 10l. to 10l. 10s. | Per day, country, summer, 3½d. to 4⅔d.; winter, 2½d., to 3d. Towns, 4⅔d. to 7d. | Per day, from 12 to 16, country, 2⅓d. to 3d.; towns, about 2½d. | Per year, country, woman, 3l. 15s.; boy, 12 to 16, 3l. Towns, women, 4l. 10s.; boy, 12 to 16, 3l. | Very well; living in the country on rye bread, potatoes, and other vegetables, fruit, food of wheat, flour, lard, milk, meat once or twice weekly, and fish; but chiefly on rye bread and potatoes. |
| SAXONY, p. 481 | The average amount of wages is not more than 9d. a day. | A woman can earn on an average 3d. daily, a child, 1d. | . . . . | . . . . | Parents with four children, with management, abstemiousness and diligence, can earn their livelihood. |
| WURTEMBERG | | |
| | | | |
| (Mr. Wellesley’s Return), p. 510 | Per week, in towns, 1 to 2½ fl., fed and lodged. In villages, 20kr. to 1 fl., fed and lodged. Note.—1 fl. is equal to 60kr., or to 20d. sterling. | Per year, with food and lodging, in towns, 50 to 60 fl.; in villages, 20 to 40 fl.; without food and lodging, 150 fl., but with food and wood under market price in winter. | . . . . | Per week, 42 kr. to 1fl. 30 kr.; in manufactures, 1 fl. 40 kr. to 2 fl. 30 kr. | Per week, 20 to 40 kr.; in manufactures, 1 fl. 12 kr. to 2 fl. | Per year, from 40 to 50 fl. The children too much in school to earn much (supposed to include man’s wages.) | They could. In the morning, soup and potatoes and bread; dinner, vegetables or pudding; between dinner and supper, bread; supper, potatoes and milk or soup; once or twice a week, meat. |
| Government Return, p. 525 | - A) A grown-up female—
- a) By spinning and ordinary knitting can seldom gain more than 4, 6, or 8 kr. daily; by finer knitting, embroidery, lace-making, and other such female work, which are paid by the piece, can seldom gain more than from 10 to 25 kr. one day with another.
- b) A sempstress receives, in the country, in small places, from 4 to 6 kr., in larger places and towns, from 12 to 15 kr.; in the capital, a dress-maker, an ironer, a plaiter, from 24, 36 to 48 kr. daily, besides board.
- c) A washerwoman or charwoman receives in the country only 8, 10, 12, 15 to 18 kr.; in the capital, 36 kr. daily, with board; or without board, from 1 fl. to 1 fl. 12 kr.
- d) A maid servant receives, in money and money’s worth, annually, besides board, in the country only 16, 18, 20, to 24 fl.; in the capital, 24, 30, 36 to 40 fl.; to which, according to circumstances, vails are to be added, especially in the capital.
- B) A male adult receives, namely—
- a) A journeyman workman—
- aa) In the country, with the shoemakers and tailors, 20, 24, to 30 kr.; with the bakers, 48 kr. to 1 fl.; with the smiths, 48 kr. to 1 fl. 12 kr.; with calendrers and tanners, 48 kr. to 2 fl. weekly, with board; a journeyman carpenter or bricklayer, from 30 to 36 kr. daily, with bread and something to drink.
- bb) In the capital, with board, from 1 fl. 12 kr. to 2 fl. 42 kr. weekly; without board, 36 kr. to 1fl. daily; on Sunday, nothing.
- b) A man servant receives, in the country, 20, 30, 36, to 40 fl.; in the capital, 50 to 60 fl. and more per annum, with board.
- c) A farmer’s labourer or other day labourer in the country, 12, 15, 18, 20, to 24 kr. daily, with board, or, instead of the latter, 10 or 12 kr. in money; in the capital, in winter, from 24 to 30 kr.; in summer, from 36 to 48 kr. for everything.
- d) A wood-cleaver can gain daily in all only from 20 to 24, and at the most, 30 kr.
All these rates of wages rise or fall according as the work requires more or less dexterity or exertion, as the individual workman is more or less distinguished by skill, strength, or diligence, as the scarcity and the supply of workmen is greater or less, as the days are longer or shorter, &c. |
| BAVARIA, p. 556 | . . . . | Good labourers, 8d. per day; generally provisions at harvest time. There are very few day labourers in the country. | In towns, from 8d. to 16d. a day. | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . |
| FRANKFORT, p. 567 | Per day, summer, 1s. 4d. to 1s. 6d.; winter, 2d. less; 2d. a day extra for drink-money. Per year, 14l. to 28l. | . . . . | Per day, 10d. to 1s. | Per day, 8d. to 1s. 4d. | Per day, under 16, 2d. to 4d. | . . . . | Yes. Meat twice a week; soup, vegetables, potatoes, bread, coffee and beer daily. |
| HOLLAND (General Return), p. 585 | Not classified. From 150 to 225 florins, or from 12l. 10s. to 18l. 15s. a year. | . . . . | From 20 to 30 florins, (from 1l. 13s. 4d. to 2l. 10s.) | They could subsist thereon, and live upon bread, principally rye, cheese, potatoes, vegetables, beans and pork, buttermilk, with buck wheat, meal, &c. |
| Amsterdam Return, p. 586 | Per day, summer, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 8d.; winter, 1s. 3d. to 2s. 8d. Shoemakers and tailors, from 8s. 4d. to 20s. per week. | . . . . | . . . .
| . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . |
| Haarlem, p. 587 | Per week, summer, 4s. 4d. to 10s. 10d.; winter, one-fourth less. Weavers, from 10s. to 13s. 4d. | . . . . | . . . . | Per week, summer, 4s. 4d. to 5s.; winter, one-fourth less. | Per week, summer, 8d. to 3s.; winter, one-fourth less. | . . . . | . . . . |
| NORTH HOLLAND, p. 587 | Per week, 3s. 4d. to 15s.; firewood free. | Per year, 3l. 6s. 8d. to 8l. 6s. 8d., with board and lodging. | Per day, first class, 20d. | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . |
| Vriesland and Groningen, p. 587 | Per week, 2s. 6d. to 10s. | Per year, 3l. 6s. 8d. to 8l. 6s. 8d. with board and lodging. Per day, summer, 10d. to 20d.; winter, 8d. to 1s. | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . |
| BELGIUM: | | | | | | | |
| Boom, p. 634 | Per year, brickmakers, summer, 10l. 16s. 8d.; winter, 3l. 10s. 10½d.; total p’ year, 14l. 7s. 6½d. | Per year, farming labourers, summer, 4l. 14s. 6d.; winter, 1l. 19s. 4½d.; total, 6l. 13s. 10½d., with food. | Per week, waterman, 5s. 8¾d., with food. | Per week, in the brick manufacture, summer, 3s. 1½d. | Per week, under 16, summer, 2s. 9½d. | . . . . | Such family can subsist by their earnings only, bread, potatoes, and milk. |
| Ostend, p. 639 | Per day, skilled, summer, 1s. 2d. to 1s. 5d.; winter, 10d. to 1s. 2d. Yearly, 20l. in a town. Unskilled, summer, 7d. to 1s.; winter, 5½d. to 8d. | Per day, summer, 1s.; winter, 10½d.; when boarded, 5½d. is deducted. Yearly, 14l. | . . . . | Per day, in towns, 10½d., with food, 1s. 5d. without. In the country, summer, 8½d., winter, 7½d., without food; summer, 4¼d., winter, 3½d., with food. | Per day, of 11, summer, 1½d. and food; winter nothing. | Yearly, women and two eldest children, food in summer, and from 6l. 8s. to 7l. 4s. in the year; the third child its food. | It can, in the towns, eating only potatoes and rye bread; the father being an unskilled artisan, and the towns possessing no manufacture. In the country, the same family would consume a little butter, some vegetables, and perhaps sometimes a piece of pork. |
| Gaesbeck pp. 7, 8 | . . . . | Per day, summer and winter, 6d. with beer, and sometimes coffee and bread and butter, of the value of 1d. more. Occasional labourers, 1d. more. | . . . . | Per day, 6d. in summer, and 5d. in winter, without food. | Same as a woman. | . . . . | Rye bread, cheese, butter or fat, bacon, vegetables, coffee, and very weak beer. |
| FRANCE: | | | | | | | |
| Havre, p. 181 | Labourers (not stated of what description) per day, town, 2s.; country, summer, 1s. 6d.; winter, 1s. 2d. | Per day, 10d. with food. | . . . . | . . . . | Families do subsist, and are respectable upon these earnings. Their food is bread, a few vegetables, and cider; never animal food, or very rarely. Coffee and treacle are also used. |
| Brittany, p. 726 | Per day, summer and winter, 15d. per year 18l. | Per day, summer, 10d.; winter, 7d. per year, 11l. | . . . .
| Per day, as artisans, 5d. to 7d.; as agriculturists, 3d. | Per day, as artisans, 2½d.; as agriculturists, during at other times very little. | Per year, as artisans, 10l.; as agriculturists, 8l. | Artisans.—Yes; bread and a small quantity of meat (perhaps 5 lbs. a week), vegetables and fish, which are very cheap. Agriculturists.—Yes; the principal articles of food are buck wheat made into porridge and cakes, barley bread, potatoes, cabbages, and about 6 lbs. of pork weekly. A little grease for the cabbage soup, which is poured on barley bread. |
| La Loire Inferieure, p. 176 | Per day, summer and winter, 1s. 8d. to 2s. 6d. Per year 26l. 10s., in Nantes. | Per day, summer and winter, 7½d. to 10d. Per year, 12l. to 12l. 10s. If lodged and boarded, from 5l. to 8l. 6s. 8d. | Per day, summer and winter, 1s. ½d. to 1s. 3d. Per year, 13l.—s. 5d. to 15l. 12s. 6d. in Nantes. | Per day, summer and winter, 4d. to 8d. in the country, 6d. to 10d. in towns. | Per day, summer and winter, 3d. to 6d., under 16, in Nantes. | Per year, in Nantes, sometimes from 15l. to 16l. 13s. 4d.; in the country considerably less. | If the father obtains constant employment and applies the whole of his earnings to the support of his family, and his wife and children are enabled to add 200 or 300 francs thereto, he may have in his power to buy a little bacon or other meat now and then, and maintain his family without assistance from the bureau de bienfaisance, but that allows only 70 francs to provide fuel and clothes for the whole family, after the hire of a room. The bread and vegetables had been paid for out of the father’s wages. |
| Bourdeaux, p. 235 | Per day, 1s. 7½d. to 2s. 5d. | Daily labourer, 1s. 4½d. Yearly labourer: | Money | £17 | 0 | | Other advantages, | 4 | 12 | | Annual inc. | £21 | 12 |
| . . . . | Per week, 3s. 4½d.; in harvest, 4s. 2½d.; in the vine districts, except during harvest, 2s. 10d. | Per year, 12l. | Certainly. The food varies in different districts. Throughout the district called Landes (heath) occupying alone one-third of this department, the food consists in rye bread, soup made of millet, cakes made of Indian corn, now and then some salt provision and vegetables, rarely if ever butchers’ meat; their drink water, which for the most part is stagnant. |
| Bayonne, p. 261 | Per day, average workmen, 1s. 3d. to 1s. 6d.; best workmen, 2s. 6d. to 3s. | Per day, town and country, 1s. Very few in the country. | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | The food of the proprietor or working farmer chiefly consists of vegetable soups, potatoes, salt fish, pork, bacon, &c., &c., seldom or ever butchers’ meat, and invariably Indian corn bread, home-baked. |
| Marseilles, p. 188 | Labourers (of what description not stated) per day, 15d. to 18d.; by the year, 7l. to 8l., with board and lodging; 16l. to 20l. without board and lodging. | Per day, 7d. to 9d., all the year. | Per day, aged 11 and under 16, same as woman; under 11, nothing. | . . . . | They could subsist on the aggregate earnings of the father, mother, and children. Their food is generally composed of vegetables, bread, and farinaceous substances made into soup, &c.; and meat soup or bouillie probably once a week. |
| PIEDMONT, pp. 657, 658 | From 1s. 8d. to 4s. 2d. The first sum forming the wages of a carpenter or mason, the second those of a clever goldsmith. | Per day, summer 10d. to 12d.; winter 6d. to 7½d.; intermediate seasons, 7½d. to 10d. Per Year, 8l. to 12l. The piece labourer obtains about 20 or 30 per cent. more than the day labourer. Almost every family earns from 1l. 13s. 4d. to 2l. 8s. 4d. by breeding silk- worms. | Something more than those of the country. | During eight months, 2s. 6d. a week; other four months (winter) 1s. 8d. per week, at most. | Per day, 5d. in silk-mills; little other employment. | Per year, inclusive of produce of silk-worms, rather less than 10l. to 12l. | I think it can, but on the simplest and coarsest food; no meat, little wine, and twice as much maize flour as wheat flour. And with all possible economy, if there has been a bad harvest, and consequently dear provisions, he must apply to the charity of his neighbours or of the inhabitants of his parish. If his character is good, he cannot fail of obtaining it. |
| GENOA, p. 660 | In fine manufactures, from 25l. to 28l. a year; in ordinary manufactures, from 16l. to 20l. a year. | . . . . | From 12l. to 14l. a year, without food. | A little. | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . |
| SAVOY, p. 661 | . . . . | Per day, 15d. in summer; 12d. or 10d. in winter, without food, or 6d. with food, and a pint of wine. | . . . . | One-third of a man’s earnings. | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . |
| PORTUGAL, p. 642 | . . . . | In the cultivation of the vine and in the vintage, from 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per day, with food. | . . . . | In harvest, from 3½d. to 6d. per day, with coarse food. | . . . . | . . . . | Salt fish, vegetable soup with oil or lard, and bread made of maize. |
| THE AZORES, p. 645 | Per day, skilful, 15d. to 20d. | Per day, 6d. to 8d.; or yearly, 6l. to 8l., with breakfast and dinner on certain occasions, such as harvest, vintage, hoeing corn, or cutting wood on the mountains. | . . . . | Children under 16; field to 5d. per day; boys from 10 to 14, 3d. to 4d. per day; boys from 7 to 10, 2d. to 3d. per day. | If employed for 250 days, 13l. 10s. | With the above earnings they may subsist pretty well with sufficiency of Indian corn, bread, vegetables, potatoes, and fruit; seldom any meat, but in the summer time fish, when abundant, such as mackerel, sardinhas, smelts, bonitas, abacore, and dolphin. |
| THE CANARY ISLANDS, p. 687 | Per Day, 3s. | Per day, 14d. to 18d. | . . . . | Per day, as sempstresses, at Santa Cruz, 6d. with food; 10d. without. | . . . . | . . . . | They are satisfied with the commonest food and their other wants are very limited from the nature of the climate. |
| GREECE, p. 666 (General Return) | Labourers not distinguished. Per day, 17d., without food; per year, 18l. 1s. 2d. | Children under 16, per week, 4s. 9½d. | . . . . | . . . . |
| PATRAS, p. 668 | Per day, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 3d. | Per day, summer, 1s. 2½ d., winter, 11d. without food; per year, 12l.; with food and shoes, per month, 9s. N.B. Only 248 working days. | . . . . | Children under 16, per day, in harvest, 6d.; something less in winter. | 23l. (supposed to include the man’s wages.) | They do so, living temperately, as these persons almost all do, using both maize and wheaten bread olives, pulse, vegetables, salt fish, and occasionally meat on great festivals. Their usual drink is water, but the men take wine also moderately. |
| EUROPEAN TURKEY, p. 671 | Near Towns: Skilled, per month, 1l. with provisions; 1l. 10s. without provisions; unskilled summer, per month, 9s. with provisions; 1l. without provisions; winter, one-third less. Distant from Towns, a little more than half. Common labourer, near towns, per year, about 18l.; in other districts, about 8l. Wages of artisans, about double those of common labourers. | Per week, spinners and weavers, and in the field, 2s. | Under 16, apprenticed labourers and shepherds, about half as much as women. | Wife, 4l.; eldest child, 2l.; together 6l.; (the children under 14 being employed at home.) | Such a family can subsist on their aggregate earnings. Their food principally consists of bread, rice, greens, dried beans and peas, olives and onions, and meat about once a week. |