INFLECTIONS.

The inflections are determined by particles, which are shown in the following tables:

(In the tables below, the dash represents the root; the sign (d) means that the first syllable of the root is doubled; s and p mean singular and plural, respectively).

TABLE 1

Primitive active
Infinitive
Present, and gerund: PAG—, s; PANG—, PAM—, PAN—, p
Indicative
Present: NA—
Past: INM—, or —INM—
Future: MA—
Imperative
(the root unaltered)
Subjunctive
UM—, or —UM—

[[62]]

OBSERVATIONS:

Infinitive. The present and gerund are formed by the prefix pag, and the root. In the plural, the g of pag undergoes the following changes:

When the root begins with a vowel o: with the consonant c, the pag is changed into pang the c then being suppressed. Examples:

from “arò” (to ask), pag-arò, pl. pang̃aro.
“catúrog” (to sleep), pagcátúrog, pl. pang̃atúrog.

If the root commences with a labial consonant, except m, pag is transformed into pam, and then the labial consonant disappears. Examples:

from “báyad” (to pay), pagbáyad, pl. pamáyad.
“pilì” (to select), pagpilì, pl. pamilì.

When the root begins with m, pag is transformed into pan, the m of the root remaining in it. Example:

from “múlay” (to teach), pagmúlay, pl. panmúlay.

If the root commences with any other consonant, pag is replaced by pan, the said consonant being then suppressed except when it is a g or h. Examples.

from “hapon” (to perch), paghápon, pl. panhápon,
from,, “gúbat” (to invade), paggúbat, pl. pangúbat,
from,, “búao” (to visit), pagdúao, pl. panúno,
from,, “tubò” (to grow), pagtubò, pl. panubò,
from,, “surát” (to write), pagsurát, pl. panurát.

Indicative.—Present. The transformative particle of this tense is the prefix na, which must always be pronounced long, in order not to confound it with the short na of the passive potential form, as it will be seen later.[70] As

(long na) nápilì acó (I select)
(short na) napílì acó (I was selected).

Past.—This tense is determined by the interfix inm placed [[63]]between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root.

When the root commences with a vowel, this particle is simply prefixed to the root. As,

from “surát” (to write), “abót” (to arrive) acó sinmurát[71] (I write), inmabót hirá (they arrived)

NOTE.—The m of imn is frequently suppressed. As,

from “múlay” (to teach), abót (to arrive)
from,, minúlay, inábot.

Future.—The particle determining this tense is the prefix ma which must be always pronounced long, so as not to confound it with the short ma used among the verbal and derivative nouns. As,

(long ma) hiyá mácáon (he or she will eat)
(short ma) hiyá macaón (he or she is a glutton)
(long) máborong̃ (there will be fog)
(short) mabórong̃ (confuse)

Imperative.—It is simply the root without any transformative particle.

NOTE.—There is a form consisting in doubling the first syllable of the root. But this form is used only in the preceptive language, as when we say: “tauágon ca ng̃anì, bábatón” (whenever you are called, always answer).

Subjunctive.—The single tense of this mood is determined by the interfix um which is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is added to the beginning as from “arò” (to ask), “umarò,” from “cáon” (to eat) cumáon.

Example:

Root: surát.

Infinitive

Present, and gerund singular: pagsurát (to write, writing)
plural: panurát

[[64]]

Indicative

PRESENT

SINGULARPLURAL
acó násurat I, write, etc.camí quitá násurat we write
icao they, you camó you
hiyá he, she hirá they

PAST

acó, etc. inmurát (I, etc. wrote) camí, etc. sinmurát (we, etc. wrote)

FUTURE

acó, etc. másurat (I shall, etc. write) camí, etc. másurat (we shall, etc. write)

Imperative

surát icao (write) sumurát[72] camí, hirá (let us, them write)
sumurát[72] hiya (let him or her write) surát quitá, camó (let us, you write)

Subjunctive

acó, etc. sumurát (I may, etc. write) camí, etc. sumurát (we may, etc. write)

TABLE 2.

Progressive active
Infinitive.
(the same as that of the primitive active)
Indicative
Present: NAG(d)—, s; NANG(d)—, NA(d)—, or NAN(d)—, p.
Past: NAG—, s: NANG—, NA—, or NAN—, p.
Future: MAG(d)—, s; MANG(d)—, MA(d)—, or MAN(d)—, p.
Imperative.
PAG—, s; PANG—, PA—, or PAN—, p.
Subjunctive
MAG—, s; MANG—, MA—, or MAN—, p.

[[65]]

OBSERVATIONS.

Infinitive. Its forms are exactly the same as those of the primitive active.

Indicative. Present. Its singular is determined by doubling the first syllable[73] of the root, prefixed by nag.

Its plural is formed according to the first letter of the root. When the root commences with a vowel, or with the consonant c as

arò (to ask)
cáon (to eat)

the formation takes the following process: ng̃ is added to the beginning of the root, c being suppressed, as

ng̃aro, ng̃áon;

the first syllable is doubled,[73] as

ng̃ang̃aro, ng̃ang̃áon,

to which the particle na is prefixed, as

nang̃ang̃arò, nang̃ang̃áon,

which is the final form.

When the root commences with a labial consonant, as

báyad (to pay)
múlay, (to teach)
pili (to select),

the formation of the plural is as follows: the first consonant of the root is replaced by m, or not altered if it is an m, as

máyad, múlay, mili;

then the first syllable is doubled,[73] as [[66]]

mamáyad, mumúlay, mimilí;

and the prefix nan is employed, as

nanmamáyad, nanmumúlay, nanmimili,

the final form.

The last n of nan is frequently suppressed, as

namamáyad
namimili.

When the root begins with a dental consonant as

dapò (to approach)
tábon (to cover)
surát (to write)

the formation of the plural consists in replacing the first consonant by n, as

napó, nabon, nurat,

whose first syllable is doubled[74], as

nanapo, nanabon, nunurat,

to which the particle na is prefixed as

nanánapó, nanánabon, nanúnurat,

the final form.

If the root commences with any other consonant, the plural is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root, and by prefixing the particle nan to the root so transformed. Examples:

from hugas (to wash), nanhuhugas.
lohód (to kneel down), nanlolohod.
rabot (to pull), nanrarabot.

Past. The singular is formed by adding to the root the prefix nag. [[67]]

The plural is formed exactly as the plural present, except in that the first syllable of the root transformed is not doubled.

Future.—The formation of this tense is the same, both in singular and plural, as that of the present, except in that the prefixes used here are mag, ma, man, mang, instead of nag, na, nan, nang.

Imperative.—In singular, the prefixes pag and mag are employed. In plural, the prefixes, pa, pan, pang, ma, man, mang, are used in the same way and cases as the prefixes na, nan, nang, in the present indicative.

Subjunctive.—It is formed in the same way as the future indicative, except in that the first syllable of the root is not doubled here.

Root: surát (write)

Infinitive

Present, and gerund singular: pagurát (to be writing, being writing)
plural: panurat
Indicative
PRESENT
SINGULAR PLURAL
acó, etc., nagsusurát (I am, etc. writing) camí, etc. nanunurát (we are, etc. writing)
PAST
acó, etc. nagsurát (I was, etc. writing) camí etc. nanurát (we were, etc. writing)
FUTURE
acó, etc. magsusurát (I shall, etc. be writing) camí, etc., manunurát (we shall, etc. be writing)
Imperative
pagsurát icao (be writing) panurát quita, camó (let us, you be writing)
magsurát hiya (let him or her be writing) manurát camí, hirá (let us, them be writing)
Subjunctive
acó etc. magsurát (I may, etc. be writing) camí, etc. manurát (we may, etc. be writing)

[[68]]

TABLE 3

Primitive direct passive
Infinitive
Present, and gerund: PAG—A, s; PANG—A, PAM—A, PAN—A, p
Past participle: IN—, or —IN—
Indicative
Present: IN(d)—, or —IN(d)—
Past: IN—, or —IN—.
Future: (d)—ON.
Imperative
—A.
Subjunctive
—ON.

Infinitive. The present and gerund are determined in singular by the prefix pag and the affix á. Pag is used as in the active voice. The affix a is accented (if the last syllable of the root is accented) and simply appended to the root prefixed by pag. This affix is sometimes ha. The use of a or ha follows the same rules established for the use of the affixes an and han (See page 15 of this book).

In plural the prefixes pang, pam, pan, are employed in combination with the affix a. The said prefixes are used in same way as their similar in the primitive active. (See page 62 of this book).

The past participle is formed by the interfix in placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If this begins with a vowel the in is prefixed to the root. As

from “cáon” (to eat), quináon (eaten)
from,, “inóm” (to drink), ininóm (drunk)

[[69]]

Indicative.—Present. This tense is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and by then placing in it (after doubling the said first syllable) the interfix in, in a similar way as in the past participle. (See the preceding observution). As,

from cáon, quinacáon
from,, inóm, iníinóm[75]

Past.—The formation of this tense is exactly the same as that of the past participle seen above.

Future.—This tense is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and appending to it the affix on. As

from “caón,” cácaónon
from,, “inóm,” iinomón, contracted iinmon.

Imperative.—The single form of this mode, consists in the root appended by the affix “á.” It must be observed that this affix “á” in the imperative bears the idea that the order or command is always directed to the second person or first plural, If such order or command is directed to some other person, not to the second, or first (quitá) plural then the subjunctive is used. As

The last form is also frequently used for the second person, singular and plural, and for the first person, plural. As

Subjunctive. The single form of this mode consists in [[70]]the root appended by the affix on, as it is seen in the preceding examples.

Example:

Root: surát

Infinitive

Present, and gerundsingular: pagsuratá (to be written, being written).
plural: panuratá

Past participle: sinurát (written)

Indicative

PRESENT
SINGULARPLURAL
acó, etc. sinúsurat (I am, etc. written)camí, etc. sinúsurat (we are, etc. written)
PAST
acó, etc. sinurát (I was, etc. written)camí, etc. sinurát (we were, etc written)
FUTURE
acó, etc. susuratón (I shall, etc. be written)camí, etc. susuratón (we shall, etc be written)

Imperative

suratá acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quitá, camó, hírá (let me, thee, you, him, her, us, you them he written by you)

Subjunctive

acó, etc. suratón (I may, etc. written) camú, etc. suratón (we may, etc. be written)

TABLE 4.

Progressive direct passive.
Infinitive.
Present, and gerund: PAG—A, s; PANG—A, PAM—A, PAN—A, p.
Past participle: GUIN—, s; PINA—, PINAN—, p.
Indicative
Present: GUIN(d)—, s; PIN(d)—, PINAN(d)—, p.[[71]]
Past: GUIN—, s; PINA—, PINAN—, p.
Future: PAG(d)—ON, s; PA(d)—ON, PAN(d)—ON, p.
Imperative
PAG—A, s; PA—A, PAN—A, p.
Subjunctive
PAG—ON, s; PA—ON, PAN—ON, p.

OBSERVATIONS.

Infinitive. Present and gerund. The singular is formed by the root prefixed by pag and affixed by a. In plural the prefixes pa, pan, or pang are employed in the same cases as those mentioned for the use of nang nam, and na of the present tense, indicative, of the progressive form, active voice.[76]

The past participle is formed by the prefix guin added to the root.

Indicative. Present. In singular the first syllable is doubled,[77] and the prefix guin is employed.

In plural the prefix pina is used and the root is transformed exactly in the same way as the plural, present tense, indicative; of the progressive form active voice.[78]

Past. The same as the present, except in that the first syllable of the root transformed is not doubled.

Future. Its singular is formed by the prefix pag, added to the root whose first syllable is doubled,[79] and by the affix on.

Its plural is formed by the prefix pa, pang or pam and the root transformed in the same way as in the use of na nang or nam and as the trasformation of the root in the plural, present tense, indicative of the progressive form, active voice.[80] [[72]]

Imperative. It consists in the root prefixed by pag and affixed by a. We reproduce here the observation made on the imperative, primitive form, direct passive.[81]

Subjunctive. Its singular is formed by the root prefixed by pag and affixed by on. Its plural consists in the use of pa pang or pam in the same way as in the plural, present tense indicative, progressive form, active voice,[82] and of the affix on.

Example:

Root: surát

Infinitive

Present, and gerundsingular: pagsurátá (to be written, being written)
plural: panuratá

Past participle: guiusurát s.; pinanunurát p. (written).

Indicative

PRESENT
SINGULARPLURAL
acó, etc. guinsusurát (I am, etc. being written)camí, etc. pinanunurát (we are, etc. being written)
PAST
acó, etc. guinsurát (I was, etc. being written)camí etc. pinanurát (we were, etc. being written)
FUTURE
acó, etc. pagsusuratón (I shall be, etc. being written)camí, etc. panunuratón (we shall be, etc. being written)

Imperative

Pagsuratá acó, icao, hiya, camí, hira (let me, you, him or her, us, you, them be being written).

Subjunctive

acó, etc. pagsuratón (I may be, etc. being written) camí, etc. panuratón (we may be, etc. being written)

[[73]]

TABLE 5

Primitive indirect passive
Infinitive.
Present, and gerund: PAG—I, s; PA—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p.
Past participle: —IN—AN, or IN—AN
Indicative.
Present: IN(d)—AN, or —IN(d)—AN
Past: —IN—AN, or IN—AN
Future: (d)—AN
Imperative.
—I
Subjunctive.
—AN

OBSERVATION:

Infinitive. Present and gerund. This form consists in the root transformed by the affix i, and by the prefix pag in singular, and pang, pan, or pa in plural, according to the rules above established for the use of these prefixes.[83]

Past participle,—This form consists in the root transformed by the interfix in and the affix an. The use of the interfix in follows the same rules as those hereinbefore established for the said interfix.[84]

Indicative.—Present. This tense is determined by doubling the first syllable of the root, and then (after the said first syllable being doubled) by placing the interfix in between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix in is prefixed to the root whose first syllable has been already doubled. [[74]]

Past.—This tense has the same form as the past participle.

Future.—The form of this tense consists in doubling the first syllable of the root and by appending to it the affix an.

Imperative. Its form consists in the root appended by the affix i.

The same observation is made here, as that on the imperative of the primitive direct passive.[85]

Subjunctive. It’s form is the root appended by the affix an.

Example:

Root: surát

Infinitive

Present, and gerundsingular: pagsuratí (to be addressed with a letter, being addressed with a letter)[86]
plural: panuratí

Past participle: sinuratán (addressed with a letter)

Indicative

PRESENT
SINGULARPLURAL
acó, etc. sinusuratán (I am, etc. addressed with a letter)camí, etc. sinusuratán (we are, etc. addressed with a letter)
PAST
acó, etc. sinuratán (I was, etc. addressed with a letter)camí, etc. sinuratán (we are, etc. addressed with a letter)
FUTURE
acó, etc. susuratán (I shall be, etc. addressed with a letter)camí, etc. susuratán (we shall be, etc. addressed with a letter)

Imperative

uratí acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quita, camó, hirá (let me, thee, you, him, her, us, you, them be addressed with a letter)

Subjunctive

acó, etc. suratán (I may be, etc. addressed with a letter) camí, etc. suratán (we may be, etc. addressed with a letter)

[[75]]

TABLE 6.

Progressive indirect passive
Infinitive
Present and gerund: PAG—I, s; PAN—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p.
Past participle: GUIN—AN.
Indicative
Present: GUIN(d)—AN, s; PINA(d)—AN, PINAN(d)—AN, PINANG(d)—AN, p.
Past: GUIN—AN, s; PINA—AN, PINAN—AN, PINANG—AN, p.
Future: PAG(d)—AN, s: PA(d)—AN, PAN(d)—AN, PANG(d)—AN, p.
Imperative
PAG—I, s; PA—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p.
Subjunctive
PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p.

OBSERVATIONS.

Infinitive.—Present, and gerund. Their single form is the same as their corresponding primitive form indirect passive.

Past participle. It is distinguished by the prefix guin.

Indicative.—Present, singular. The first syllable of the root is doubled[87] and the affix guin added. Its plural is formed as its corresponding in the progressive direct passive, except in that here the affix an is added.[88]

Past.—The forms of this tense are the same as those of their corresponding form in the progressive direct passive, except in that here the affix an is added.[89] [[76]]

Future.—The same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in that the affix an is used here instead of on.

Imperative.—The same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in that the affix i is used here instead of a.

Subjunctive—Also the same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in that the affix an is here used instead of on.

Example:

Root: surát

Infinitive

Present, and gerundsingular: pagsuratí
plural: panuratí

Past participle: guinsurát

Indicative

PRESENT
SINGULARPLURAL
acó, etc. guinsusuratáncamí, etc. pinanunuratán
PAST
acó, etc. guinsuratáncamí, etc. pinanunuratán
FUTURE
acó, etc. pagsusuratáncamí, etc. panunuratán

Imperative

pagsuratí acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quitá, camó, hirá

Subjunctive

acó, etc. pagsuratán camí, etc. panuratán

TABLE 7

Primitive instrumental passive.
Infinitive.
Present, and gerund: PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p.
Past participle: I—IN—, IIN—[[77]]
Indicative
Present: I—IN(d)—, IIN(d)—
Past: I—IN—, IIN—
Future: I(d)—
Imperative
I—
—AN
Subjunctive
I—

OBSERVATIONS:

Infinitive, Present, and gerund. The same observation is made as that on the same tenses of the primitive, active, with the addition that here the affix an is appended to the root.

Past participle. It is formed by the prefix i and the interfix in. If the root commences with a vowel, the prefix and the interfix are joined, as

from “arò” (to ask), iinarò.

Indicative.—Present, past. They are the same as the present and past tenses indicative of the primitive direct passive, with the addition of the prefix i.

Future.—It is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and by using the prefix i. As

isusurát, iaaro.

Imperative.—The first form consists in prefixing to the root the particle i. The second form consists in affixing to the root the particle an.

Subjunctive. It consists in prefixing to the root the particle i.

NOTE.—The instrumental passive is also employed to express substitution; as when we say in English: [[78]]

Read this word for me: ibása acó hiní ng̃a polong̃ (literally: let me be substituted by you in reading this word).

Example:

Root: surát

Infinitive

Present and gerundsingular: pagsuratán (to be used in writing, being used in writing)
plural: panuratán

Past participle: isinurát: used in writing

Indicative

PRESENT
SINGULARPLURAL
acó, etc. isinusurát (I am, etc. used in writing)camí, etc. isinusurát (we are, etc. used in writing)
PAST
acó, etc. isinurát (I was, etc. used in writing)camí, etc. isinurát (we are, etc. used in writing)
FUTURE
acó, etc. isusurát (I shall etc. be, used in writing)camí, etc. isusurát (we shall etc. be, used in writing)

Imperative

isurát or suratán acó, icao, hiya, camí, quitá, camó hira (let me, thee, you, him, her, us, you, them be used in writing).

Subjunctive

acó, etc. isurát (I may etc. be, used in writing) camí, etc. isurát (we may etc. be, used in writing)

TABLE 8.

Passive Progressive Instrumental
Infinitive
Present and gerund: PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p.
Past participle: IGUIN—
Indicative
Present: IGUIN(d)—, s; IPINA(d)—, IPINAN(d)—, IPINANG(d)—, p.[[79]]
Past: IGUIN—, s; IPINA—, IPINAN—, IPINANG—, p.
Future: IG(d)—, s: IPA(d)—, IPAN(d)—, IPANG(d)—, p.
Imperative
PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p.
IG—, s; IPA—, IPAN—, IPANG—, p.
Subjunctive
IG—, s; IPA—, IPAN—, IPANG—, p.

OBSERVATIONS:

The observations made on the conjugation of the progressive direct passive are applied to the above conjugation except in that the present, and gerund take the affix an, and that the past participle, the present, and past indicative, and the subjunctive, plural, take the prefix i, and in that the imperative has the affix an, and the subjunctive singular the affix on, and the future, imperative, and subjunctive have a g after the prefix i.

Example:

Root: surat

Infinitive

Present, and gerundsingular: pagsuratán
plural: panuratán

Past participle: iguinsurát.

Indicative

PRESENT
SINGULARPLURAL
acó, etc. iguinsusurát.camí, etc. ipinanunurát
PAST
acó, etc. iguinsurátcamí, etc. ipinanurát
FUTURE
acó, etc. igsusurátcamí, etc. ipanunurat

[[80]]

Imperative

Pagsaratán or igsarát acó, icáo, hiyá. Panoratán or ipaanrát camí, quitá, camó, hirá.

Subjunctive

acó, etc. igsurát. camí, etc. ipaaurát.

NEGATIVE FORMS

These forms consist in employing the adverbs “diri” before the inflections of the infinitive, present and future indicative, and subjunctive; “uaráy” before the past indicative, and “ayáo” before the imperative.

As to the inflections of the root, they are the same as those of the corresponding; affirmative except the past indicative, which always takes the inflections of the imperative.

Example:

Negative Primitive Active.

Root: surát

Indicative.

Present, and gerundsingular: diri pagsurát (not to write, not writing)
plural: diri panurat

Indicative

PRESENT
SINGULARPLURAL
diri acó, etc. násurát (I do not, etc. write)diri camí, etc. násurát (we do not, etc. write)
PAST
uaráy acó, etc. surát (I did not, etc. write)uaráy camí, etc. surát (we did not, etc. write)
FUTURE
diri acó, etc. másarát (I shall not, etc. write)diri camí, etc. másurat (we shall not, etc. write)

Imperative

ayáo surát icáo, quitá, camó (let you, us not write)

diri sumurát hiyá, camí, hirá (let him, us, them not write) [[81]]

Subjunctive

diri acó, etc. sumurát (I may not, etc. write) diri camí, etc. sumurát (we may, etc. not write)

NOTE.—The past consists sometimes, among the primitive forms, in the root having the first syllable doubled; and among the progressive forms, it consists in the prefix pag and the root whose first syllable is doubled. In plural, the pag undergoes the same changes as in the active conjugation.

Examples:

uaráy acó susurát (I did not write)
uaráy acó pagsusurát (I did not write)

Negative Progressive Active.

Root: surát

Infinitive

Present, and gerundsingular: diri pagsurát (not to be writing, not being writing)
plural: diri panurát

Indicative

PRESENT
SINGULARPLURAL
diri acó, etc. nagsusurát (I am, etc. not writing)diri camí, etc. nanunurát (we are, etc. not writing)
PAST
uaráy acó etc. pagsurát (I was etc. not writing)uaráy camí etc. panurát (we were etc. not writing)
FUTURE
diri acó etc. magsusurát (I shall etc. not be writing)diri camí, etc. manunurát (we shall not, etc. be writing)

Imperative

ayao icao pagsurát (do not be writing) ayao quitá, camo panurát (let us, you, not be writing)
diri hiya magsurát (let him not be writing) diri camí, hirá manurát (let us, them not be writing)

Subjunctive

diri acó, etc. magsurát (I may, etc. not be writing) diri camí, etc. manurát (we may, etc. not be writing)

[[82]]

INTERROGATIVE FORMS

They are determined by the phrases “cay anó” (why), and by “diín”, “háín” (where), and by “san-o”, “cacan-o” (when, past and future respectively).

Cay ano

The interrogative conjugation by this phrase simply consists in the regular conjugation of the verb, placing before every inflection the said phrase followed by the particle ng̃a. As

¿cay anó ng̃a nasurat ca? (why do you write?)
¿cay anó ng̃a sinmurát hiya? (why did he or she write?)
¿cay anó ng̃a macadto quita? (what shall we go there for?) etc.
Diin, hain.

The interrogative primitive formed; by these adverbs, has only two inflections: one which consists in the original root, and which is the past tense indicative; and the other which consists on the same root, its first syllable being doubled; this last form is for the present and future tenses, indicative. These three tenses are the only tenses that this conjugation has. The adverb “diín” is for the present and past tenses. The adverb “háin” is for the future. Thus:

Present: ¿diin acó susurat? (where do I write?)
Past: ¿diin ca surát? (where did you write?)
Future: ¿háin camí susurát? (where shall we write?)

The interrogative progressive only differs from the preceding one in that the particle pag precedes all of the inflections. In plural this pag becomes pa, pan, or pang, according to the same rules laid on the progressive active form.[90] Thus:

¿diín ca pagsusurát? (where are you writing?)
¿háin camó panunurát? (where will you be writing?)

[[83]]

In passive voices, these same forms are followed except in that the root takes the affix a in the direct passive and the affix i in the indirect passive, and the prefix i for the primitive form, or the prefix ig for the progressive form, in the instrumental passive. Thus:

¿diín suratá?
¿diín suratí?, etc.

NOTE.—Instead of the prefix ig or i, in the instrumental passive, the affix an is frequently employed. As

¿diín susuratán? for ¿diín isusurát? etc.

Cacan-o san-o

“Cacan-o” is placed before the past indicative; “san-o” is used before the future, indicative. They are the only two tenses of this kind of conjugation. As to the inflections in the primitive form, the past is simply the root, and the future is the root, whose first two letters are doubled. As

¿cacan-o camo surat? (when did you write?)
¿san-o ca cácanhi? (when will you come?)

In the progressive form the root takes the prefixes pag for the singular and pa, pan, pang in plural.

In the passive, the affix a is used in the direct passive; the affix i, in the indirect passive; and the prefix i or ig in the instrumental. These prefixes are frequently replaced by the affix an. Examples:

¿cacan-o surata?
¿Ban-o susuratí? etc

IMPORTANT OBSERVATION. The verb referred to by any adverb of time takes the same form, as to the indicative, as the adverbs cacan-o and san-o. As

buás acó cacanhi (tomorrow I shall come)
canina han ága acó pagsurát (this morning I have written)[91]

[[84]]

SUPPLETORY VERBS

Irregular conjugation

The suppletory verbs in Bisayan are those formed by the pronouns “iní”, “adí”, “itó”, “itón”, “adtó”, “adtón”; to supply the English “to be”, and those formed by the adverbs “dinhi”, “didi”, “dida”, “dídton”, “díthon”, “dídto”, to supply the same verb “to be” and also the verbs “to come”, and “to go.” Of these verbs we call pronominal those derived from pronouns, and adverbial those derived form adverbs.

PRONOMINAL FORM.

This is a defective form, as it has only one inflection which consists in doubling the first vowel it being for the present tense, indicative mood. Ex.:

iini acó (I am here)
aadí camí (we are here)
iito hiya (he or she is there)
iiton hira (they are there)
aadto ca (you are there)
aadton camo (you are there)

NOTE. In same places of Leyte, as Dulag, these forms are not used but instead of them, the pronouns are doubled as: iniini, adiadi, itoito, etc.

In using these forms it is preferable to have the pronouns follow them.

ADVERBIAL FORM.

This conjugation is common to the adverbs dínhi, didí, didto, dithon, didto.

Root: dinhi (here)

Infinitive

Present, and gerundsingular: pagdinhi (to be here, being here)
plural: paninhi

[[85]]

Indicative

PRESENT, AND FUTURE
SINGULARPLURAL
acó, etc. aanhi or hahaní (I am, etc. shall be, etc. here)camí, etc. aanhi or hahani (we are, etc. shall be, etc. here)
Imperfect past, and past.
acó, etc. didinhi or nacanhi (I was, etc. here)camí etc. didinhi or nacanhi (we were, etc. here)

Imperative

dinhi icao, etc. (be here, etc).

Subjunctive

acó, etc. maanhi or mahani (I may etc. be here) camí, etc. maanhi or mahani (we may, etc. be here)

OBSERVATIONS.

Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particles pag and pan are employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice[92]. As

SINGULAR PLURAL
pagdinhi paninhi
pagdidí panidí
pagdidâ panidâ
pagdidton panidton
pagdithon panithon
pagdidto panidto.

Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefix a doubled. As

from dinhi aanhi,
from,, didí aadí
from,, didâ aadâ
from,, didton aadton
from,, dithon aathon
from,, didto aadto

[[86]]

NOTE.—The form hahani is the transformation of aanhi, where the h is doubled and transposed by placing each h before each a. The other pronouns have not such a form.

Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters of the root, as

from dinhi dídinhi
from,, didi dídidi
from,, didâ dididâ
from,, didton dídidton
from,, dithon dídíthon
from,, didto dídidto[93]

Imperative.—It simply consists in the root.

Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particle ma; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the prefix maa. As

from dinhi, madínhi, maánhi
from,, didí. madidí, maadí
from,, didâ, madidâ maadâ
from,, didton, madidton, mandton
from,, dithon, madithon, maathon
from,, didto, madidto, maadto.

NOTE—The form mahani is a transformation of maanhi like hahani of aanhi.

The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated as ordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which we call conjugational root. So from the original roots

dinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto,

we have the corresponding conjugational roots:

cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto. [[87]]

The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, we have:

Infinitive, present and present participle: pagcanhi (to come, coming)

NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It is

pagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural).

Indicative present: acó, etc., nácanhi.
Indicative,, past: acó, etc., quinmánhi.
Indicative,, future: acó, etc., mácanhi.

Imperative: cánhi, etc.

Subjunctive: acó, etc. cumánhi.

NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms, nacanhi and macanhi respectively, which must not be confounded with the present and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative.

Observation.

We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form.

But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, or contingent condition, it is then expressed by the particles pag, nag, ma, na added to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. As

I shall be sorry: magmamabidò acó.

In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are frequently employed. As [[88]]

Peter is the owner of this house Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláy
hi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.
hi Pedro asáy tag-iya, etc.
hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.

In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. As

God is omnipotent: an Dyos macagagáhum.

IMPERSONAL VERBS

The impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive.

Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete in their conjugation.

Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs.

Examples:

nagdadalogdog (it thunders)
nagiinuran (it rains persistently)
inuuranán hirá (the rain falls on them; literally: they are rained)
etc.

DEFECTIVE VERBS

The following belong to such class: may (to have) which has only, one form.

á (no, I do not wish)
iyá (receive it)
ohò (look at it)

May is also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said) [[89]]

ambót (I do not know)

The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the root may-adà, whose irregular conjugation as follows:

Infinitive

Present, and gerund: pagcaada or pagcamay-adà (to have)

PRESENT
SINGULARPLURAL
acó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada. (I etc. have)camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada (we, etc. have)
PAST
acó, etc. nagcaada (I, etc. had)camí, etc. nangagcaada (we, etc. had)
FUTURE
acó etc. magcacadá (I shall, etc. have)camí, etc. mangacacaada (we shall, etc. have)

Imperative

pacaadá

Subjunctive

magcaadá

NOTE 1. The strict meaning of the form may-ada is “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defective may is used.

2. The impersonal and defective may is very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. As

May naquita co nga bucad (I saw a flower; literally: There is a flower seen by me),

its regular order being:

may bucad nga naquíta co.

May tinagan co hin salapi (I gave money to someone; literally: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo nga” are tacit, the regular form being:

May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi.

OTHER CLASSES OF VERBS

There are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational roots. They are always [[90]]derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning, although conjugated as ordinarily.

The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive.

From the original root SURAT we have the following classes:

ACTIVE VOICE
Conjugational root Indicative Present Classes
sinurat nagsisinurat CONTINUATIVE
casurat nacacasurát ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL
cagsurat nacacagsurát RELATIVE POTENTIAL
isusúrat náisusurat ABSOLUTE APTATIVE
ipagsusúrat náipagsusurat RELATIVE APTATIVE
pagpasurát nápasurát ABSOLUTE PERMISSIVE
papagsúrat napapagsurát RELATIVE PERMISSIVE
papágsurat pinasusurát ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE
papagsurát pinapagsurát RELATIVE IMPERATIVE
susúrat nasusúrat IMPREMEDITATIVE
suratsúrat nasuratsúrat ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE
suratsurát nágsusuratsúrat RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE
suratsurát násuratsurát ABSOLUTE REPETITIVE
suratsurát nagsusuratsurát RELATIVE REPETITIVE
pasuratsúrat nagpapasuratsurat RECIPROCATE
From the original root “hadì,” we have
pacahádi napacaháhì IMITATIVE
From the original root “buság,” we have
pagticabusag náticabusag ABSOLUTE GRADUAL
pagticabusag nagtiticabusag RELATIVE GRADUAL
From the original root “sayáo,” we have
sayáo nagsasayáo FIGURATIVE

As it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision [[91]]absolute and relative of these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already explained.

The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfix in and it expresses persistence of the action. As

nagtitinóoc an batà (the child is crying persistently)

The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefix paca or pacag (absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. As

dirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram (he cannot write, because does not know how to)
dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat (he cannot write, because he is busy)

The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefix i or ipag (absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; As

náilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá (he was about to depart when I met him)
naipagsusurat acó ha imo (I was intending to write you)

When the absolute optative bears the particle ca, it expresses then proximate passivity, as

naicahorológ an bung̃a (the fruit is about to fall)

The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefix pagpa or papag (absolute and relative) and it means leave or abandonment. As

diri hiya napaútang hin salapí (he does not lend any money; literally: he does not permit any money to be lent)

When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. As

mapa Manila camí (we shall go to Manila)
napahorón hi Juan (John went to the farm)

[[92]]

The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefix papag and the interfix in. As

pinacacadto ca (you are ordered to go there)
pinapagtoón camo (you are commanded to study)

The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. As

náyayácan ca lá (you talk inconsiderately)

The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.[94] As

nagtatanomtanom cami hin camote (we are cultivating a little camote)

The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive.

The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the figurative nouns,[94] when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the preceding consonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. As

magtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá (I shall cultivate hemp again)
macarocánhi acó buás (I shall come again to-morrow)

The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that the reciprocate uses the prefix pa. It means a mutual action. As

nagpapasuratsurat camí (we are writing to each other)

It is also formed by the prefixes pag and ig, and the affix an. As “pagquítáan (to meet), iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive character.

The imitative is formed by the prefix paca, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the imitation. As [[93]]

hiyá napacamaáram (he pretends to be learned)
hiyá napacacatsilà (he affects to be a Spaniard)

The gradual is determined by the prefix pagtica, and means an action by degrees. As

nagtiticapasò inin adlao (the day is becoming hotter)
nagtiticalamrag an bulan (the moon is becoming brighter)

The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which is always on the last syllable. As

nagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol (he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)
DIRECT PASSIVE
CONTINUATIVE VERB

Conjugational root: sinúrat

Infinitive:present and gerund:pagsinurata s; pagpinanuráta p.
Indicative:Present:guinsisinúrat s; guinpipinanúrat p.
Past:guinsinúrat s; guinpinanurat p.
Future:pagsisinuraton s; pagpipinanuraton p.
Imperative:pagsinuráta s; pagpinanuráta p.
Subjunctive:pagsinuraton s; pagpinanuraton p.
ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL

Conjugational root: hisurát

Infinitive: paghisurát s; panhisurát p.
Indicative: Present: nahasusurát
Past: nahasurát
Future: mahasusurát
Imperative: (no imperative)
Subjunctive: mahasurát.
RELATIVE POTENTIAL

Conjugational root: hisurát

Infinitive: paghisurát s; panhisurát p.[[94]]
Indicative: Present: nahapapagsurát s; nanhihisurát p.
Past: nahapagsurát s; nanhisurát p.
Future: mahapapagsurát s; manhihisurát p.
Imperative: (no imperative)
Subjunctive: mahapagsurát s; manhisurát p.
ABSOLUTE OPTATIVE

Conjugational root: isusurat

Infinitive:pag-isusurata s; pag-ipanunurata p.
Indicative:Present:guin-iisusurat
Past:guin-isusurat.
Future:pag-iisusuraton.
Imperative:pagisusurata
Subjunctive:pag-isusuráton.
RELATIVE OPTATIVE

Conjugational root: isusúrat

Infinitive: pag-ipagsusurata s; pag-ipanunuráta p.
Indicative: Present: guin-iipagsusurat, s; guin-iipanunurat.
Past: guin-ipagsusurat s; guin-ipanunurat.
Future: pag-iipagsusuráton s; pag-iipanunuraton.
Imperative: pag-ipagsusurata
Subjunctive: pag-ipagsusuraton.
(The permissive verbs have no passive)
ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE
Infinitive: papagsuratán s; papanuratán p.
Indicative: Present: ipinasusurat.
Past: ipinasurat.
Future: ipasusurat.
Imperative: ipasurát.
Subjunctive: ipasurát.
RELATIVE IMPERATIVE

Conjugational root: pasurát

Infinitive:papagsuratán, s; papanuratán, p.[[95]]
Indicative:Present:ipinápagsurát, s; ipinápanurát, p.
Past:ipinapagsurát, s; ipinapanurát, p.
Future:ipápagsurát, s; ipápanurát, p.
Imperative:ipapagsurát, s; ipapanurát, p.
Subjunctive:ipapagsurát, s; ipapanurát, p.
IMPREMEDITATIVE

Conjugational root: susuráta

Infinitive:pagsusuráta, s; panunuráta, p.
Indicative:Present:sinususurat.
Past:sinusurát.
Future:sususuráton.
Imperative:susuráta.
Subjunctive:susuráton.
ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE

Conjugational root: sinuratsúrat

Infinitive: pagsuratsuráta, s; panuratsuráta, p.
Indicative: Present: sinusuratsúrat,
Past: sinuratsúrat.
Future: susuratsuraton.
Imperative: suratsurata.
Subjunctive: suratsuráton.
RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE

Conjugational root: guinsuratsúrat

Infinitive: pagsuratsuratá, s; panuratsúrata, p.
Indicative: Present: guinsusuratsurat, s; pinanunuratsurat, p.
Past: guinsuratsurat, s; pinanuratsurat, p.
Future: pagsusuratsuraton, s; panunuratsuratón, p.
Imperative: pagsuratsuráta, s; panuratsuráta, p.
Subjunctive: pasuratsuraton, s; panusatsuráton, p

* * *

(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)

* * *

(The reciprocate have no passive)

* * *

(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive) [[96]]

INDIRECT PASSIVE

The indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfix in is used.

The potential have no indirect passive.

The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73 et seq.), as to the affixes.

The imperative have no indirect passive.

The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.

The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive (See page 78 et seq) as to the affixes.

INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.

The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes.

The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.

NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.

DEPRECATIVE VERBS

There are verbs used in a depreciative tone. Examples.

for cáon (to eat) ásoc, lámon, etc.
for,, lacát (to walk) laág
for,, yacán (to talk) yaquimbot, etc.

These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily. [[97]]

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