FOOTNOTES:
[1] Comp. Leviticus Rabba 13.
[2] Comp. Josephus, Ant. IX. 1.
[3] Sukkah 51b.
[4] Quoted by Josephus, Ant. XIV. 7.
[5] Ant. XII. 5, 9, XX. 10.
[6] Josephus, Bell. Jud. VII. 10.
[7] Comp. the passages in the "Antiquities" above and the Bell. Jud. V. 5.
[8] Menahot 109, Abodah Zarah 52b.
[9] De Leg. II. 578.
[10] Comp. De Mon. I. 5.
[11] Dr. Hirseh, in The Jews' College Jubilee Volume, p.39.
[12] Menahot 119.
[13] Comp. Ant. XIV. 14-16.
[14] Ant. XVI. 7.
[15] Philo, In Flacc. 6.
[16] C. Apion. II. 5.
[17] I have used the word anti-Semite because, though the hatred at Alexandria was not racial, but national, it has now become synonymous with Jew-hater generally.
[18] Quoted in C. Apion. I. 22.
[19] De V. Mos. II. 6, 7.
[20] See p. 22, above.
[21] Preface to Ecclesiasticus.
[22] Tract. Soferim I. 7.
[23] Tanhuma
[24] See p. 23, above.
[25] Orac. Sib., ed. Alexandre, III. 8.
[26] Ibid., III. 195.
[27] Comp. Strabo, Frag. 6, Didot.
[28] De Post.C. 24.
[29] De V. Mos. II. 28.
[30] Comp. De Decal. 20.
[31] Comp. Yer. Berakot 24c.
[32] Praep. Evang. VIII. 10, XIII. 12.
[33] Comp. De Abr. 15 and 37, De Jos. II. 63, De Spec. Leg. III. 32, De Migr. 89.
[34] Quod Deus 11, De Abr. 36.
[35] Comp. Acts of the Apostles VI. 9, and Tosef. Meg. III. 6.
[36] Yoma 83a.
[37] Bell. Jud. V. 5.
[38] Comp. Niddah 69b, Sotah 47a.
[39] "Heroes and Hero-Worship," ch. 3.
[40] Ant. XIX. 5.
[41] Photius, Cod. 108.
[42] Comp. De Confus. 15.
[43] Comp. De Mon. I. 6.
[44] Comp. Maimonides, Moreh II, ch. 36.
[45] L.A. I. 135.
[46] Comp. De Cong. 6 ff.
[47] Comp. Croiset, Histoire de la littérature grecque, V, pp. 425 ff.
[48] Comp. Mills, "Zoroaster, Philo, and Israel."
[49] Comp. Quis Rer. Div. 43, De Judice II, De V. Mos. II. 4.
[50] Ritter, Philon und die Halacha.
[51] Comp. De V. Mos. I. 1, In Flacc. 23 and 33, De Mut. Nom. 39.
[52] Præp. Evang. VIII. v.
[53] De Mon. II. 1-3.
[54] Comp. Bell. Jud. VI. 9. 3.
[55] Comp. De V. Mos. II. 4.
[56] De Spec. Leg. III. 1.
[57] Comp. De Migr. 4, L.A. III. 45.
[58] Comp. Graetz, "History of the Jews" III. 91 ff.
[59] Comp. Quod Omnis Probus Liber 11 ff.
[60] The authenticity of this book is elaborately discussed by Conybeare in his edition of it.
[61] "Ethics of the Fathers" VI. 4.
[62] De Mundi Op. I. 42.
[63] Comp. De Migr. 6 ff.
[64] L.A. II. 21.
[65] De Fuga 7 ff.
[66] Comp. De Spec. Leg. II. 260.
[67] Comp. De Cherubim 9.
[68] De Migr. 7-9.
[69] II, ch. 36 ff.
[70] Comp. De Spec. Leg. III. 1.
[71] Massebieau, Du classement des oeuvres de Philon.
[72] In Flacc. 5.
[73] Comp. Th. Reinach, Textes d'auteurs romains et grecs relatifs au Judaisme, pp. 120 ff.
[74] Comp. De Confus., passim.
[75] Josephus, C. Apion., Introduction.
[76] In Flacc. 10.
[77] De Leg. 27 and 28.
[78] Ant. XVIII. 8. 1.
[79] De Leg., ad fin.
[80] Ant. XIX. 5.
[81] Frag, preserved by John of Damascus, p. 404.
[82] Comp. Ant. XX. 5.
[83] Comp. Massebieau, op. cit.
[84] Comp. Bernays, Ueber die unter Philos Werken stehenden Schriften
and Siegfried, art. "Philo" in the Jewish Encyclopedia.
[85] Quod Deus 86.
[86] Quod Omnis Probus Liber 12 ff.
[87] De V. Mos. I. 1.
[88] De V. Mos. II. 5.
[89] "On Repentance," II.
[90] Comp. Treitel, Agadah bei Philo. Monatsschrift, 1909.
[91] De Abr. 12.
[92] Comp. Bereshit Rabba 47.
[93] De Sac. et Victimis 5 and 6.
[94] De Mon. II. 3 ff.
[95] Comp. Plato, Rep. V, ad fin.
[96] De Exsecr. II. 587.
[97] De Abr. 3.
[98] Comp. L.A. II. 4.
[99] L.A. I. 1.
[100] Comp. Freudenthal, Hellenistische Studien.
[101] Croiset, op. cit. V, p. 427.
[102] Comp. De Cherubim, passim.
[103] Comp. Zohar III.
[104] De Cherubim, 9 and 14, De Somn. 8.
[105] De Migr. 12.
[106] De Post. C. 22.
[107] Midrash Esther I.
[108] Comp. De Sac. II. 245.
[109] Comp. De Migr. 32.
[110] Comp. De Post C, 11.
[111] Quaestiones in Gen. III. 33.
[112] De Cong. 10.
[113] Comp. Berakot 51b, De Agric. 12, De Somn. II. 25.
[114] De Confus. 38.
[115] De Mut. Nom. 8.
[116] Comp. Bereshit Rabba 64.
[117] De Somn. I. 16 and 17.
[118] Comp. "Ethics of the Fathers" V. 25.
[119] Comp. De Somn. I. 13.
[120] De Mut. Nom. 9.
[121] De Somn. I. 5.
[122] Berakot 10a.
[123] De Cong. 12.
[124] De Cong. 14.
[125] "Theologico-Political Tractate" VII.
[126] De Abr. 19.
[127] De Mon. II. 6.
[128] Harvard Studies, "Hellenism and Hebraism."
[129] Comp. Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology," p. 119.
[130] Comp. De V. Mos. II. 9 and 10, III. 1.
[131] L.A. I. 2.
[132] Comp. De Mundi Op. 2.
[133] Comp. p. 85, above.
[134] Comp. L.A. I, passim.
[135] L.A. III. 12.
[136] De Post. C. 11.
[137] De Abr. 3 ff.
[138] Ibid. 6-10.
[139] The LXX renders the verse Gen. iv. 26, which is translated in the Authorized Version: "Then began men to call upon the name of the Lord,"
, "He hoped in the Father of all."
[140] Quod Det. 38.
[141] De Jos. 21.
[142] De Jos. 22.
[143] De Jos. 42.
[144] Hist. Ecclesiast. II. 18, 1.
[145] De V. Mos. III. 4 ff.
[146] De V. Mos. II. 3.
[147] De V. Mos. II. 5, Josephus, C. Apion. II. 37.
[148] Comp. Horace, Satires I. 4, 138; I. 9, 60.
[149] Frag. preserved in Josephus, Ant. XIV. 7.
[150] Comp. Reinach, op. cit., p. 262.
[151] De V. Mos. II. 3.
[152] "Ethics of the Fathers" I. 17.
[153] De Fuga 6.
[154] De Decal. 12.
[155] De Decal. 23.
[156] De Septen. 9.
[157] Kiddushin 20a.
[158] De Decal. 20.
[159] De Septen. 7.
[160] De Septen. 6.
[161] Ch. 2. 31.
[162] Comp. De Migr. 23.
[163] De Septen. 1. 2.
[164] De Septen. 18 ff.
[165] De Concupisc. 1-3.
[166] Comp. De Just. II. 360.
[167] Ch. 16.
[168] I have taken this translation and that on the next page from Mr. Claude Montefiore's Florilegium Philonis. Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. VII.
[169] Comp. De Ebr. 40, and De Spec. Leg. II. 414.
[170] De Leg. II. 574.
[171] Essais, Les Prophètes d'Israël.
[172] Frag. cited by Porphyry, De Abstinentia II. 25.
[173] De Cong. 10.
[174] Comp. Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology," pp. 21 ff.
[175] L.A. I. 7.
[176] L.A. I. 14.
[177] De Confus. 2, De Post. C. 5.
[178] Comp. De Somn. I. 11, De Mut. Nom. 4.
[179] Caird, "Life of Spinoza" II.
[180] De Mon. I. 5.
[181] Comp. "The Authorised Prayer Book." p. 78.
[182] Quod Deus 23.
[183] De Mundi Op. 5.
[184] L.A. III. 24.
[185] De Somn. II. 38.
[186] L.A. III. 24.
[187] See p. 77, above.
[188] L.A. I. 3.
[189] De Plant. 7, Quod Det. 31.
[190] De Cherubim 35.
[191] L.A. II. 70.
[192] De Cherubim 32, De Somn. II, 56.
[193] De Post. C. 11.
[194] Essay on the Talmud.
[195] Bereshit Rabba 21, and Yalkut 26.
[196] Comp. De Plant. 30.
[197] Comp. [H.]agigah 14.
[198] Quoted by Euseb., op. cit. XIII. 8.
[199] De Decal. 11.
[200] De Mundi Op. 24.
[201] Ibid. 20.
[202] De Migr. 9.
[203] De Decal. 11.
[204] De Somn. II. 37.
[205] De Somn. I. 23.
[206] Comp. De Somn. II. 11.
[207] De Somn. I. 22.
[208] Comp. [H.]agigah 14a.
[209] Quod Deus 26 and 32.
[210] De Confus. 14.
[211] De Gigant. 2.
[212] "Ethics of the Fathers" III.
[213] Comp. Schechter, op. cit., "The Law as Personified in Literature."
[214] Comp. L.A. III. 73, De Somn. II. 33.
[215] De Cong. 31.
[216] De Confus. 14, Fragments I, L.A. III. 23, Quis Rer. Div. 42, De Gigant. 12.
[217] Comp. Graetz, "Gnosticism and Judaism," pp. 15 ff.
[218] Comp. De Cherubim 14 and 17, De Gigant. 12.
[219] Drummond, "Philo-Judæus and the Jewish Hellenistic School," vol. II.
[220] De Somn. I. 32, De Confus. 14, L.A. III. 25, De V. Mos. III. 14.
[221] L.A. III. 73.
[222] De Sacrif. 38.
[223] Quis Rer. Div. 42.
[224] De Plant. 21.
[225] L.A. III.
[226] De Cherubim 9.
[227] De Abr. 24 and 25.
[228] De Fuga 18.
[229] L.A. II.
[230] L.A. I. 13, II. 15, Quis Rer. Div. 53.
[231] Comp. De Decal., ad fin.
[232] L.A. I. 2232, De Fuga 12.
[233] De Mundi Op. 54, De Fuga 11.
[234] "The Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers" VIII.
[235] Plato, "Laws" 718.
[236] Comp. Bk. 12 of the Præp. Evang.
[237] Quoted by Suidas, s.v. Philo.
[238] De Mundi Op. 43.
[239] De Victimis II. 260-262.
[240] Comp. p. 81, above.
[241] De Sacrif. 24, Quod Det. 24.
[242] De Mundi Op. 24.
[243] De Mundi Op. 4.
[244] De Somn. I. 4.
[245] De Victimis II. 260.
[246] Quod Deus 6, De Post. C. 5.
[247] Quod Det. 24, De Mundi Op. 45 and 51.
[248] L.A. I. 32, De Confus. 27.
[249] De Mon. II. 214, De Mundi Op. I. 16.
[250] De Mundi Op. 22 and 48, L.A. I. 13 and II. 12 ff.
[251] De Sacrif. 32.
[252] De Plant. 9.
[253] Quaestiones in Gen. II. 59.
[254] De Fuga 6.
[255] Quaestiones in Gen. IV. 140.
[256] De Cherubim 32.
[257] L.A. I. 15.
[258] L.A. II. 25.
[259] L.A. I. 11 ff., II. 12-14.
[260] De Cherubim 35.
[261] De Somn. I. 12.
[262] De Somn. I. 4.
[263] De Plant. 7.
[264] Quod Det. 31.
[265] De Migr. 8, De Spec. Leg. I. 9.
[266] L.A. I. 13.
[267] L.A. III. 13, 14.
[268] Quis Rer. Div. 53.
[269] De Mundi Op. 54.
[270] De Abr. 31.
[271] De Fuga 27.
[272] L.A. I. 32, II. 25.
[273] Comp. L.A. III. 45.
[274] Quod Det. 7.
[275] De Fuga 5 ff.
[276] De Mundi Op. 15, L.A. I. 46.
[277] De Decal. 6-8.
[278] Comp. Euseb., Praep. Evang. IX 411A.
[279] C. Celsum IV. 51.
[280] De Sectis Judaicis XVIII.
[281] Comp. Freudenthal, Hellenistische Studien, and Siegfried, Philo als Ausleger der hieligen Schrift.
[282] Comp. Quis Rer. Div. XLIII, and Chapter II above.
[283] De Mon. II. 212.
[284] Hist. Ecclesiast. II. iv. 2.
[285] Comp. Graetz, "History" II. xviii.
[286] Comp. Chapter I, p. 17, above.
[287] De Spec. Leg. II. 260.
[288] De Spec. Leg. III. 17.
[289] Ibid. II. 6.
[290] De Parentibus Colendis 56.
[291] Comp. Sifre Debarim 237.
[292] De Spec. Leg. IV.
[293] De Spec. Leg. III. 36.
[294] De Spec. Leg. III. 33 and 34.
[295] Moreh Nebukim III, ch. 39.
[296] Fragmenta ex Antonio II. 672.
[297] De Spec. Leg. III. 5, II. 304, 305.
[298] Deut. vii. 3, and Abodah Zarah 36b.
[299] De Spec. Leg. III. 5, II. 304.
[300] De Septen. 5 ff.
[301]See Chapter IV, p. 125, above.
[302] Mishnah Rosh Hashanah III. 8, and Philo, De Somn. II. 11.
[303] Comp. Agadah bei Philo, by Treitel, Monatsschrift, 1909.
[304] Comp. Bereshit Rabba 16, 4.
[305] Comp. Taylor's edition.
[306] De Plant. 30.
[307] It is impossible for me to make an adequate acknowledgment of my debt to Dr. Schechter, President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. But I should say that I have borrowed freely from his articles on rabbinic theology in the Jewish Quarterly Review, vols. VI and VII, now included in his "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology."
[308] Mishnah Yodayim III. 5.
[309] Bereshit Rabba 26. 7.
[310] Comp. Schechter, op. cit., Introduction.
[311] Berakot 24b.
[312] Mekilta
I. 1.
[313] Bereshit Rabba I. 2.
[314] Pirke R. Eliezer III.
[315] Comp. Poems, II, p. 25.
[316] Moreh II, ch. 70.
[317]Eccles. III. 15.
[318] [H.]agigah 14 ff., Sanhedrin 37a.
[319] Bereshit Rabba 4.
[320] Mena[h.]ot 99.
[321] Mishnah Sanhedrin II. 1.
[322] 322: [H.]agigah 15b.
[323] Bereshit Rabba 36. 8.
[324] Ant. III. 2.
[325] De V. Mos. II. 12.
[326] Comp. Ant. XVIII. 8. 1.
[327] Comp. "Ethics of the Fathers" VI. 6.
[328] See Epstein, Philon et le Midrasch Tadsché, Revue des Etudes Juives, XXI, p. 80.
[329] Yer. Meg. I. 71c.
[330] Comp. an article by Dr. Poznànski in the Revue des études Juives, 1905, Philo dans l'ancienne littérature judéo-arabe, pp. 10 ff.
[331] Comp. Poznànski, op. cit., p. 27.
[332] Moreh II. ch. 1 ff.
[333] Ibid. 31.
[334] Ibid. 31.
[335] Moreh III. 43 ff.
[336] Comp. Ginzberg, art. "Cabbalah," Jewish Encyclopedia.
[337] Comp. Taylor's "Ethics of the Fathers," ch. 5, notes.
[338] De Cherubim 12 and 14. Comp. De Somn. I. 8.
[339] Comp. De Somn. I. 12.
[340] Comp. De Fuga 9.
[341] Comp. Hort, Introduction to Clement's
[342] Ed. Cassel, pp. 4 and 15b.
[343] Comp. Imre Binah. Meor Einayim, ch. 30.
[344] Comp. J.A. Stewart, "Myths of Plato," ad fin.
[345] Comp. "Theologico-Political Tractate" XV.
[346] Comp. De Humanitate II. 395.
[347] De V. Mos. II. 1-5.
[348] Comp. De Mon. II. 6.
[349] De Just. 6.
[350] Comp. De Nobilitate 6.
[351] Bamidbar Rabba 8.
[352] Tan[h.]uma to Debarim.
[353] Comp. Pesa[h.]im 87b.
[354] De Exsecr. 6. II. 433.
[355] Comp. Montefiore, Jewish Quarterly Review, VI, p. 428.
[356] Epistle to the Romans V.
[357] Epistle to the Galatians III. 10.
[358] Comp. Chapter IV, above, p. 126.
[359] De Abr. 46.
[360] Comp. Schechter, op. cit., Introduction.
[361] Comp. Mekilta 33a, ed. Friedmann.
[362] Comp. L.A. III. 26, and Chapter V, above, p. 154.
[363] De Cherubim 12.
[364] Comp. Gibbon, "Decline of the Roman Empire," ch. 15.
III.