FLORIDA.

(Maps [17], [18].)

1. Stokes Ferry, St. Mary’s River, Nassau County.—In 1909 (2d Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 147), Sellards stated, on authority of notes received from Dr. L. W. Stephenson, that 3 teeth of a fossil horse had been found at the place named. At the same place was discovered a fragment of a tooth of an elephant, most probably Elephas columbi, and some ear-bones of a whale. The writer has not seen these and does not know to what species they belonged.

Measurements of tibiæ of horses.
Dimensions taken.Equus sp. Florida.E. scotti.E. caballus.
Total length of bone396370392
Length on outer border360
Length on inner border378
Width across upper end125±107108
Fore-and-aft diameter at middle of length454037
Side-to-side diameter at middle of length564943
Greatest width at lower end949386

2. Almero Farm, St. John County.—In the collection of Mr. Fred R. Allen, of St. Augustine, Florida, the writer has examined a left tibia of an extinct horse, found in the Inland Waterway Canal, about 28 miles south of St. Augustine. The species has not been determined, but it may be well to put on record the measurements. It apparently belonged to a rather large horse. For comparison, other corresponding measurements are given, taken from Equus scotti, No. 10628 of the American Museum of Natural History, and from Equus caballus, No. 74 of Mr. Chubb’s collection at the museum mentioned, a trotting stallion.

It will be seen that the tibia found below St. Augustine is a relatively stouter bone than those it is compared with. The large horse, known to have existed in Florida, is Equus complicatus.

3. Neals, Alachua County.—This place is near Newberry. Here have been collected Gomphotherium floridanum, Tapirus terrestris?, and Hipparion sp. indet.

4. Wade, Alachua County.—The writer has seen at Tallahassee, 4 fossil Equus teeth, found at this place. One is No. 1470 of the Florida Geological Survey and labeled as found in the Buttgenbach “cummer” mine. It is a lower left second premolar, 40 mm. high, 31 mm. long, and 14.5 mm. wide, not including the cement present. Another tooth, No. 1462, from Buttgenbach’s river mine, near Wade, is the hindermost left molar of the lower jaw, 32 mm. long, and 13 mm. wide in front. It is thought these teeth belonged to Equus leidyi.

5. Newberry, Alachua County.—This is the locality mentioned by Dall (Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 128) under the name of Hallowells; but he mentioned no fossils from this place. In the Report of the Florida Geological Survey, volume v, page 58, Sellards stated that a species of Hipparion had been discovered in the hard phosphate. In the eighth report of the same survey, on page 42, the present writer described a specifically undetermined species of Parahippus, also from the phosphate deposits. On page 94 Dr. Sellards reported Equus littoralis and Odocoileus from Newberry. The writer has identified as Equus littoralis, a horse represented by a lower left hindermost molar, found at Newberry.

6. Archer, Alachua County.—Dr. Joseph Leidy, in 1885 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 32, 33), described from this place a rhinoceros, Rhinoceros proterus, and Hippotherium ingenuum. In 1886 (ibid., pp. 11, 12) he again mentioned these species and described in addition to them Mastodon floridanus and 3 species of camels which he referred to the genus Auchenia. In a list furnished by Leidy to Dr. W. H. Dall (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 84, p. 129), there are listed, besides the species mentioned, Megatherium and Cervus virginianus?, all found in the Alachua clays and usually referred to the Lower Miocene or Upper Pliocene. In the list presented on page [375], under the geology of Florida, a species of tapir is added. At present the writer assigns the deposits known as the Alachua clays to lowermost Pleistocene.

7. Williston, Levy County.—In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is an upper last molar of Equus, found at the place named and presented by E. Mixon. The enamel is not much plicated. The size of the tooth indicated that it belonged to E. leidyi. In the list of vertebrates unearthed at Mixon’s (near Williston), furnished by Leidy to Dall, were included two species of Hippotherium, H. ingenuum and H. plicatile. These species are now referred to the genus Hipparion. H. plicatile was described by Leidy in 1887 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 309). A list of the species at present known to have been obtained here is to be found on page [375] under the geology of Florida. They have all been found in the Alachua clays and are usually regarded as belonging to the late Tertiary.

8. Ocala, Marion County.—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 13), Leidy reported the discovery of some fossil vertebrates in a fissure in a limestone rock near Ocala. Some equine teeth he referred to Equus fraternus (=E. leidyi). The other species were identified as Smilodon floridanus, Elephas columbi, and (with some doubt) Procamelus minimus. For conclusions regarding the geology of the locality see page [378].

9. Dunnellon, Marion County.—The writer has examined 2 fossil horse-teeth found near Dunnellon, now the property of the Florida Geological Survey. No. 1366 is from the Camp Phosphate Company’s Blue Run mine. It is a first or second upper molar, worn down to a height of only an inch and having a grinding-surface 26 mm. long and 25 mm. wide and with a protocone 12 mm. long fore-and-aft. No. 1444, also a first or second upper molar, has a height of 47 mm., a length of 24 mm., a width of 23 mm., and a protocone of 11.5 mm. The enamel of the lakes is much plicated. The teeth are identified as those of Equus leidyi. No. 1444 has been figured by Sellards (7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 111, fig. 40) and described as dredged from the Schilmann and Bene river mine, on Withlacoochee River.

On page [376], under the geology of Florida, will be found a list of the species obtained at Dunnellon and the surrounding region. In this list is included Parahippus sp. indet. and Hipparion plicatile. Dr. Sellards believes that many species of that list belong to the Pleistocene. The horse-like species, the rhinoceros, and the camel are held by him as being older than the Pleistocene.

10. Hernando, Citrus County.—At this place have been secured Gomphotherium floridanum, Hipparion sp. indet., and Procamelus sp. indet., all from the phosphate deposits and referred by Sellards to the Upper Miocene or the Lower Pliocene.

11. Holder, Citrus County.—In the collection of Dr. H. G. Bystra, of Holden, is a fossil horse-tooth dredged from Withlacoochee River, in section 29, township 17 south, range 19 east. The species to which the tooth belonged has not been determined.

12. Orange County.—The writer has seen, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, an upper right last molar of Equus, labeled as found in the county named. Nothing more is known by the writer about the tooth.

13. Eau Gallie, Brevard County.—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 105), Sellards stated that at this place, in the Hopkins drainage canal, had been collected teeth of Elephas columbi and Equus complicatus.

14. Kingsford, Polk County.—In the U. S. National Museum are 3 horse-teeth collected in 1903 by Mr. Juan C. Edmundoz, from some of the phosphate mines in the region about Kingsford. Although most of the fossils from these mines have been supposed to belong to the late Miocene or early Pliocene, these horse-teeth are certainly of Pleistocene age. One tooth, No. 8620, is an upper right true molar, either the first or the second. It is worn down to about half its original length. The length of the grinding-surface is 25 mm.; its width is 26 mm. The enamel surrounding the lakes is extremely complicated. Another tooth, No. 8619, is a right hindermost molar with the protocone missing. A third tooth, No. 8618, is a little-worn lower molar, probably the second. The height is 83 mm., the length 25 mm., width 14 mm. The teeth are to be referred to Equus leidyi.

15. Brewster, Polk County.—In volume VIII of the Florida Geological Survey, pages 95, 96, Dr. Sellards states that from the phosphate mines at Brewster have been obtained teeth of Hipparion minor. A list of the associated species is to be found in the discussion of the Pleistocene geology of Florida on page [380].

16. Alafia River, Hillsboro County.—In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is a collection of 10 teeth of Equus, said to have been dredged in Alafia River. Some belong to E. leidyi. One, a right third or fourth upper premolar worn down to a height of 40 mm., has still a length of 30 mm. and a width of 27 mm.; apparently it belongs to E. complicatus. The writer has described an extinct species of box-tortoise, Terrapene putnami (Fossil Turtles, N. A., p. 360) dredged by Professor F. W. Putnam in Alafia River about a mile above its entrance into Tampa Bay. With the bone, which forms the type of the species, were dredged a peripheral bone of a Testudo, possibly T. crassiscutata, and remains of horses and tapirs. It is pretty certain that the 10 teeth above mentioned were secured by Professor Putnam.

In Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, is a part of a lower right premolar of Equus, apparently E. leidyi, said to have been found near Tampa Bay.

17. Palmetto, Manatee County.—At several places about the mouth of Manatee River have been found relics of fossil horses. Mr. Ernest Leitzel, of Palmetto, sent to the U. S. National Museum for identification some teeth found in Manatee River, others in Terra Ceia Bay. The teeth are all well fossilized; some are upper teeth, others belong below. The writer regards them as belonging to Equus leidyi.

In the same museum are 2 lower right true molars, a second and a third, sent from Manatee by Mr. N. B. Moore. The teeth are moderately worn. The length of the grinding-surface of the hindermost molar is only 23 mm., the width 12 mm. They must have belonged to a small horse and are referred to Equus littoralis.

From Mr. Charles T. Earle the U. S. National Museum received in February 1921, several teeth of Equus leidyi, 2 of E. complicatus, and 1 of E. littoralis, which had been washed up on the beach at Palma Sola, about 10 miles below Palmetto. With these teeth came parts of antlers of a deer, a part of a metacarpal and an astragalus of Bison latifrons?, a part of a beak of a platanistid porpoise, a part of a tooth of Elephas columbi, a fragment or two of a terrapin (Trachemys sp. indet.), a fragment of the carapace of a soft-shelled turtle, and teeth of sharks. The porpoise and the sharks, also a part of a metapodial of a camel, may belong to Miocene or Pliocene deposits near the locality.

18. Sarasota Bay, Sarasota County.—The region a little further south than Manatee River has furnished remains of extinct horses. Sellards (7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 112, fig. 47) has figured a lower tooth of a large horse, found by Mr. Joseph Willcox, at White Beach, on Sarasota Bay. Inasmuch as the fore-and-aft dimension of the tooth is 30 mm., it very probably belonged to Equus complicatus. Mr. Willcox has submitted to the writer 2 large lower teeth, regarded as belonging to the species just mentioned. Another lower tooth, apparently a third or fourth lower premolar, found on the same beach, has the fore-and-aft dimension only 26 mm., the width 15 mm. This is referred to Equus leidyi. At Blackburn’s place, 12 miles south of White Beach, Mr. Willcox secured a tooth of Equus apparently little worn. The height is 83 mm., the length at the summit 28 mm., but a little further down only 26 mm.; the width 12 mm. This tooth is to be referred to Equus leidyi.

In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, are 7 teeth of Equus, collected in 1911 by Mr. Barnum Brown at a place 8 miles southeast of Sarasota. They appear to belong to the Florida horse of medium size, Equus leidyi.

19. Calvenia, Hardee County.—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 4838) is an upper right last molar of a horse labeled as found near the mouth of Charlie Apopka Creek and as having been presented by Captain Le Baron through L. C. Johnson. The tooth belongs to Equus leidyi. Another tooth found at the same place, at the same time (December 16, 1883), and presented in the same way, is a lower grinder. The height is 75 mm., the length, 27 mm., the thickness 12.3 mm. It is to be referred to E. leidyi.

20. Arcadia, De Soto County.—Many remains of horses, especially teeth, have been collected at and near this place, by Mr. Joseph Willcox, on a sand-bar at Arcadia being explored for phosphate. The first published description of these remains appears to be that of Leidy in 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., II, p. 19). Leidy had at hand 17 upper molars, 2 lower molars, and 2 incisors. He was, at that time, uncertain whether these teeth pertained to an indigenous species of Equus or to the domestic horse. The manager of the Arcadia Phosphate Company, Mr. T. S. Moorhead, informed Mr. Willcox that the main source of the materials of the bar extended for miles along the shores of Peace Creek and was about 8 feet thick.

Among the materials examined by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 182) was a tooth which he regarded as belonging to Equus major (=E. complicatus), but, on the suggestion of Professor Cope, he described and figured as Hippotherium princeps. Later, Lucas (Trans. cit., vol. IV, p. 49, plate XIX, figs. 12, 13) concluded that Leidy’s first opinion was correct. The tooth is abnormal in having the column of the protocone free from the other cusps of the tooth for a short distance from the grinding-surface. In Bulletin No. 84 (p. [129]) of the U. S. Geological Survey, Leidy referred the Peace Creek horses to his Equus fraternus (=E. leidyi), and it is found that in size and other respects the type of Hippotherium princeps agrees with this species. It is retained, however, as Equus princeps.

In the U. S. National Museum are 6 teeth collected on Peace Creek, probably not far from Arcadia, which all apparently belong to E. leidyi. J. W. Gidley (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, 1901, p. 121) stated that there is in the American Museum a tooth from Peace Creek, much too small to be referred to any species at that time reported from the United States, but resembling closely Equus tau, from Mexico. This tooth probably belongs to Equus littoralis.

Besides the horses of the genus Equus, there have been found at or near Arcadia the 3–toed horse Hipparion ingenuum. Whether this is to be referred with the great majority of the fossils found in this region to the Aftonian fauna of the first interglacial or to the Nebraskan stage it is impossible to say.

21. Vero, St. Lucie County.—Numerous remains of extinct horses have been found here, but they always consist of single bones or teeth, sometimes in fine condition, sometimes somewhat water-worn. The remains occur in both deposits, designated as No. 2 and No. 3, but in the latter the materials are more fragmentary and not specifically identifiable. Sellards has figured some of the teeth in his seventh Annual Report (1915, pp. 110, 111, figs. 40–43). In his eighth report, on page 149, he has recognized the occurrence here of 3 species, Equus complicatus, E. leidyi, and E. littoralis.

The writer has examined a large canine tooth found in the stratum of sand, No. 2. From its size it is referred to Equus complicatus. Its fore-and-aft diameter is 14 mm. Another tooth from the stratum, an upper right third true molar, finely preserved and retaining some of the cement, is regarded as belonging to E. leidyi. Two lower teeth from No. 2 are water-worn, but retain their structure. The fore-and-aft diameter of each is 21 mm. They must have belonged to the little horse called E. littoralis. A fragment of an upper tooth is referred to this species. It is not water-worn, but has been split from the crown to the root. A hinder first phalangeal bone found in the canal (No. 1802 of the Florida Geological Survey) is 96 mm. long. This indicates a horse as large as our ordinary domestic horses and it probably belonged to Equus complicatus.

22. Labelle, Lee County.—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 17), Leidy stated that Mr. Joseph Willcox had obtained, from a Pliocene shell-bed on Caloosahatchee River, some remains of a fossil horse, consisting of two cervical vertebræ and a part of a lower jaw, which contained the first and second molar teeth. These teeth are probably what would be called premolars 2 and 3. Leidy referred the remains to his Equus fraternus (=E. leidyi).

Dall (Bull. No. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 129) stated that Equus fraternus, Bison latifrons, and Elephas columbi were found in Pliocene beds on the Caloosahatchee, but Sellards (8th Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 102) corrects this error as to the age.

The writer has received a letter from Mr. Willcox in which he states that the fragment of lower jaw was found about 2 or 3 miles below Labelle.

23. Palm Beach, Palm Beach County.—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 105), Sellards wrote that Mr. J. L. Hayes had secured for the Florida State Geological Survey, from the Palm Beach Canal, teeth of Elephas columbi and Equus complicatus and a femur of a species of Bison.