CONTENTS

Page
Prefatory Note[1]
Course of Study—Details[3]
Chapter I
The Aims of Nature Study; General Methods[13]
Concrete Material[15]
Topics and material must suit the season; matter suited to the child; use of the commonplace; order of development of lesson; problems in observation; note-books and records[15]
The School Garden[19]
Suggestions; Garden Expenses[20]
The Excursion[23]
Its value; difficulties; frequency; suggestions for ungraded schools; the teacher's excursions; a type excursion[23]
Collections[29]
Animal Studies[29]
Domestic animals; references[29]
Birds; references[30]
Insects; insect collections[34]
Butterfly and moth collections[37]
Plant Collections[39]
Chapter II
Physical Science Phase of Nature Study[42]
Instructions and General Method[42]
Value of such lessons; conditions under which experiments should be performed[42]
Correlations of physical science phase[44]
List of Reference Books and Bulletins on garden and plant study, physical science, and animal study[45]
Physical Science—Equipment for Forms III and IV[47]
Desirable apparatus[47]
Chemicals[48]
Apparatus[50]
Grenet cells; decomposition apparatus; pneumatic trough; spirit-lamp; barometer; hygrometer; hints[50]
Time Apportioned to Nature Study[53]
Chapter III. Form I: Autumn
Garden Work[54]
Lessons on a Garden Plant—Pansy[55]
Observation Exercises on the Dandelion[57]
Correlation with literature and reading[59]
Dwarf Nasturtium[59]
Seeds[60]
Field exercise; class-room lesson based on the collection[60]
Seed Dispersal[61]
Lesson on seeds that fly; correlations[62]
Twigs and Buds[62]
Lesson on Twigs[62]
Further study of twigs; review lesson[63]
Lesson on Buds[65]
Review lesson; correlations[65]
Leaves[66]
Field exercises; class-room lesson on leaves[66]
Garden Studies[68]
Studies in the Pupil's individual Plot[68]
Studies from the Garden as a Whole[69]
Bulb Planting[69]
Lesson on Bulbs and Bulb Planting[69]
Planting the bulb[70]
Chapter IV. Form I: Winter
Pet Animals[72]
The Rabbit—Lesson on; correlations[72]
The Domestic Cat—detailed study[75]
The Pigeon—detailed study[76]
Winter-blooming Plants—Observation and care of[78]
Trees[79]
Pines of the Locality[79]
The White Pine[79]
Field exercises; class-room lesson[79]
The Elm—field exercise[82]
Domestic Animals[83]
The Horse; correlations[83]
Domestic Birds[85]
The Duck—class-room lesson[85]
Chapter V. Form I: Spring
Garden Work[87]
Garden Studies—window garden[88]
Wild Flowers[90]
Recognition of Wild Flowers[91]
Lesson in Outline—Bloodroot; correlations[91]
Insect Study[93]
Cecropia, or Emperor-moth[93]
Dragon-fly[94]
Other Conspicuous Insects[95]
Birds[95]
The Robin[96]
Field exercises; the nest, eggs, and young[96]
The Song-sparrow[97]
Field exercises; class-room lesson[97]
The Sheep[99]
Problems for Field Work[99]
Chapter VI. Form II: Autumn
Bulb Planting Out-of-Doors[101]
Bed for growing bulbs; planting of bulbs indoors[101]
Garden Work[103]
Seed selection; storing seeds; harvesting and storing of garden crops; class-room lesson; autumn cultivation[103]
Garden Studies[106]
Garden Records; correlations[107]
Climbing Plants[108]
Trees[109]
Storing of Tree Seeds[110]
A Flower[110]
Type—Nasturtium[110]
Soil Studies[112]
Kinds of Soil[112]
Animal Studies[113]
Bird Migration; correlations[113]
Common Wild Animals[114]
General method for field work[114]
The Wood-chuck[116]
The Chipmunk—field exercises[117]
The Eastern Swallow-tail Butterfly[118]
Chapter VII. Form II: Winter
Care of Plants in the Home[120]
Trees[121]
Collection of Wood Specimens[122]
Related Reading[122]
The Dog[123]
Class-room lesson; observation exercises; correlations[123]
Lessons Involving Comparison[125]
Cat and dog; experiments for assisting in the study of the cat; comparison of the horse and cow[126]
The Squirrel[129]
Field exercises; class-room lesson[129]
Winter Birds[130]
Field exercises; class-room lesson; correlations[130]
Animals of the Zoological Gardens[132]
Chapter VIII. Form II: Spring
Garden Work[133]
Combating Garden Pests[134]
Cutworms; root-maggots; flea-beetles[134]
Seed Germination[135]
Plants for Individual Plots[137]
Studies Based on Observations of Growing Plants[137]
Planting and care of sweet-peas[138]
Wild Flowers[139]
Weeds[140]
The Apple Tree[141]
Field exercise; class-room lesson; field exercise following class-room lesson[141]
Bird Study[143]
The Toad[143]
Field exercises; class-room lesson; detailed study; life history of the toad[143]
The Earthworm[147]
Class-room lesson; references[148]
The Aquarium[149]
Aquarium Specimens[150]
Mosquito; study of adult form; the development; references[150]
Caddice-fly[152]
Insects Suitable for Lessons in Form II[153]
Chapter IX. Form III: Autumn
Garden Work[154]
Treatment of Fungi[154]
Treatment of Insects—cabbage-worm[156]
Plants[158]
Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials[158]
Class-room lesson[158]
Garden Studies[159]
Annuals, biennials, perennials[159]
Special Study of Garden Plants[160]
Sweet-pea; pumpkin; corn; correlations[160]
Seed Dispersal—Lesson[164]
Detailed Study of Seed Dispersal—class-room lesson[165]
Seed collections; man as a disperser of seeds[166]
The Sugar Maple—field exercises[168]
Maple Leaves—class-room lesson; correlations[169]
Weed Studies[170]
Observation lesson on weed seeds[171]
Grasshopper—field exercises; class-room lesson[172]
Aphides[174]
Tomato Worm—the adult; the chrysalis[175]
The Crow; correlations[177]
Chapter X. Form III: Winter
Care of Plants in the Home[178]
Plant Cuttings[179]
Selection of cuttings; potting of rooted cuttings[179]
Evergreens—class-room lesson[181]
Collection of Wood Specimens[182]
Related Reading[183]
How Animals Prepare for Winter[183]
Summary of Lessons; correlations[184]
Chickens[185]
Conversation lesson; arithmetic lesson; care and food of chickens[185]
Physical Science Phase of Nature Study[188]
Solids, Liquids, and Gases[188]
Change of State[189]
Expansion of Solids[189]
Practical applications; questions for further investigation[190]
Expansion of Liquids—applications[192]
The Thermometer[193]
Expansion of Air[194]
Sources of Heat and Light[194]
Notes for a Series of Lessons[194]
Conduction—problems[196]
Convection—problems, convection in gases; applications[198]
Radiation of Heat—problems[199]
Chapter XI. Form III: Spring
Window Boxes[201]
Window Gardens[201]
Suitable Plants; Fertilizer[202]
Soil Studies—constituents[203]
Garden Work[206]
Tree Seeds[207]
Transplanting—flowers, vegetables, tree seedlings[208]
Budding[209]
Cuttings—leaf cuttings, root cuttings, layering[211]
Planting and Care of Herbaceous Perennials[212]
Garden Studies—biennials[212]
Wild Flowers[213]
Study of the Trillium[213]
Class-room lesson on the specimens[213]
Adaptations of Animals[215]
Bird Types[217]
Woodpeckers—the downy woodpecker; observations[217]
Flycatchers[219]
Wrens[219]
Insect Types[220]
Cabbage-butterfly[220]
Tussock-moth[221]
Potato beetle[222]
References[222]
Fish—Observations; problems; references[223]
Chapter XII. Form IV: Autumn
Garden Work[225]
Herbaceous Perennials from Seed[226]
Trees—Deciduous; references[227]
Trees in Relation to their Environment[228]
Fruits—Excursion to a well-kept orchard[229]
Small Fruits[230]
Autumn Wild Flowers—Milkweed; correlations[230]
Trees—The White Pine[232]
Outline of a class-room lesson on the white pine; correlations; references[235]
Apples—Comparative Lesson on Winter Varieties[239]
King, Baldwin, Northern Spy[239]
Codling moth; references[240]
Some Common Animal Forms; references[242]
Centipeds and millipeds[243]
Salamanders or newts[243]
Spiders[244]
Bird Studies[245]
Chapter XIII. Form IV: Winter
Forest Trees[246]
Evergreens; Wood Specimens[246]
Fruits[247]
Weeds and Weed Seeds[248]
Physical Science Phase of Nature Study[248]
Water Pressure—exercises[248]
Study of Air[249]
The barometer; the common pump; expansive force of air; composition of air; oxygen; carbon dioxide; impurities of air[250]
Solutions of Solids[255]
Solutions of Liquids[256]
Solutions of Gases[256]
Limestone[256]
Carbon[257]
Hydrogen[258]
Magnets[258]
Electricity[259]
Steam[260]
Farm tools—machines; problems[260]
Chapter XIV. Form IV: Spring
Method of Improving Home and School Grounds[263]
Making and Care of a Lawn; References[264]
Soil Studies[265]
Weight[265]
Subsoils[266]
Fertilizers—experiments[268]
Soil-forming Agents[268]
Tilling the Soil[269]
Garden Work—experiments in plots out-of-doors[270]
Function of Parts of Plants[273]
How the plant gets its food from the soil; germination of some of the common grains[274]
Weeds[278]
Vines[279]
Wild Flowers[279]
Planting of Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous
Perennials in Home and School Grounds[280]
Shade trees; transplanting[281]
Animal Studies[283]
Scale Insects[283]
San José scale; oyster-shell bark-louse; cutworms; white grubs[283]
Crayfish[285]
Freshwater Mussel[286]
Bird Study[287]
Different Aspects of Nature Study[288]