FOOTNOTES:
[76] I am greatly indebted to M. Désiré Greffier, author of Les Règles de la composition typographique, à l’usage des compositeurs, des correcteurs et des imprimeurs, and to his publisher, M. Arnold Muller, of the Imprimerie des Beaux-Arts, 36 Rue de Seine, Paris, for permission to translate and make extracts from this useful brochure.—H. H.
[77] M. Greffier carefully explains that in putting capitals to the articles in the case of these and similar names he differs from the Académie française.—H. H.
[78] Many now write ‘Dante’ for ‘le Dante’; ‘Tasse’ is also met with for ‘le Tasse’.—H. H.
[79] M. Reyne, proof-reader in the National Government Printing-Office, Paris, tells me that there is no uniformity of practice in French printing-offices in regard to the accentuation of capital letters generally, although there is a consensus of opinion as to retaining accents for the letter E. As to the grave accent on the capital letter A, the two extracts which follow are sufficient authority:
‘The letter A, when a capital, standing for à, is never accented by French printers. This, I know, is a rule without exception; and one of the reasons given is that the accented capital is “ugly”. A better reason is that the accent often “breaks off”.’—Mr. Léon Delbos, M.A., late Instructor in French to Royal Naval Cadets in H.M.S. ‘Britannia’.
‘The practice of omitting the grave accent on the preposition A (whatever the reason of it may be) is all but universal.’—Mr. E. G. W. Braunholtz, M.A., Ph.D., Reader in the Romance Languages in the University of Cambridge. [H. H.]
[80] ‘The rule about è instead of é, as in collège instead of collége, should be strictly adhered to, as it now is by most French people. However, é cannot be changed into è unless it have that sound; hence it is not right to say Liègeois, for the sound is that of é; but Liège is correct. Note that Liégeois takes an e after the g.’—Mr. Léon Delbos.
[81] The list is from Gasc’s Dictionary of the French and English Languages: G. Bell & Sons, 1889.
[82] The English practice, never to put a space before a comma, is regarded by the best French printers as bad. ‘This vicious practice’ (i.e. putting no space before a comma), says M. Théotiste Lefevre, ‘which appears to us to have no other motive than the negligence of the compositor, tends unhappily, from day to day, to get introduced also into French composition.’—Guide pratique du compositeur et de l’imprimeur typographes (p. 196 n.) par T. Lefevre. Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1883.—H. H.
[83] St-Germain, Ste-Catherine, l’église de St-Sulpice, St-Hilaire, la St-Jean, are however met with in railway time-tables, &c.
[84] Mm. Km. Hm. These capitals and all the metric contractions are authorized by the French Minister of Public Instruction.—H. H.
[85] That is, words foreign to French.—H. H.
APPENDIX III
WORKS IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE[86]
English compositors called upon to set up German should have clear directions beforehand as to the founts to be used, whether English or German. If the manuscript is in well-written German script, and the compositor is acquainted with the German characters, he will find little difficulty in setting this up in German type. It is otherwise if he has to set German in its own characters from manuscript in Roman characters. This is owing principally to the numerous digraphs and the long and short s’s used. The following rules will be found of use in both cases:
1. Capitals and lower-case.—All German substantives are written with capital initial letters; and capital letters are also used for adjectives in geographical designations, e.g. 𝔡𝔞𝔰 𝔎𝔞ſ𝔭𝔦ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔢 𝔐𝔢𝔢𝔯 (the Caspian Sea), or in adjectives derived from proper names, e.g. 𝔡𝔦𝔢 𝔊𝔯𝔦𝔪𝔪𝔰[𝔠𝔥]𝔢𝔫 𝔐𝔞̈𝔯[𝔠𝔥]𝔢𝔫 (Grimm’s Fairy Tales); but as a rule adjectives, even when relating to nationality, have lower-case initials, not excepting titles of books, &c., thus: 𝔡𝔞𝔰 𝔡𝔢𝔲𝔱ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔢 𝔙𝔞𝔱𝔢𝔯𝔩𝔞𝔫𝔡, 𝔡𝔦𝔢 𝔣𝔯𝔞𝔫𝔷𝔬̈ſ𝔦ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔢 ℜ𝔢𝔳𝔬𝔩𝔲𝔱𝔦𝔬𝔫 (the German Fatherland, the French Revolution).
The 𝔳𝔬𝔫 in German names of persons begins with a small letter (unless of course when it commences a sentence), e.g. ℌ𝔢𝔯𝔯 𝔳𝔬𝔫 𝔅𝔲̈𝔩𝔬𝔴.
The 𝔳𝔬𝔫 in such cases requires only a thin space after it: 𝔊𝔢ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔯𝔦𝔢𝔟𝔢𝔫 𝔳𝔬𝔫 𝔳𝔬𝔫 ℜ𝔦[𝔠𝔥]𝔱𝔢𝔯 (written by von Richter).
2. The Reformed German Spelling of 1902.—All words of German origin ending in 𝔱𝔥, as 𝔐𝔲𝔱𝔥, ℜ𝔞𝔱𝔥, now drop the 𝔥 and become 𝔐𝔲𝔱, ℜ𝔞𝔱, &c. 𝔗𝔥𝔞𝔱 has become 𝔗𝔞𝔱, 𝔗𝔥𝔬𝔯 is now 𝔗𝔬𝔯. 𝔚𝔦𝔩𝔩𝔨𝔲̈𝔥𝔯 has become 𝔚𝔦𝔩𝔩𝔨𝔲̈𝔯. 𝔗𝔥𝔢𝔢 is now spelt 𝔗𝔢𝔢. But 𝔗𝔥𝔯𝔬𝔫, 𝔗𝔥𝔢𝔞𝔱𝔢𝔯, &c., being derived from Greek, keep 𝔱𝔥. Also 𝔭𝔥 in words of German origin is now supplemented by 𝔣, thus 𝔈𝔣𝔢𝔲 (for 𝔈𝔭𝔥𝔢𝔲); 𝔄𝔡𝔬𝔩𝔣, ℜ𝔲𝔡𝔬𝔩𝔣, 𝔚𝔢ſ𝔱𝔣𝔞𝔩𝔢𝔫 (for 𝔄𝔡𝔬𝔩𝔭𝔥, ℜ𝔲𝔡𝔬𝔩𝔭𝔥, 𝔚𝔢ſ𝔱𝔭𝔥𝔞𝔩𝔢𝔫). Likewise 𝔈𝔩𝔢𝔣𝔞𝔫𝔱, 𝔉𝔞ſ𝔞𝔫, 𝔖𝔬𝔣𝔞. But 𝔓𝔥𝔬𝔫𝔬𝔤𝔯𝔞𝔭𝔥, 𝔓𝔥𝔦𝔩𝔬ſ𝔬𝔭𝔥, 𝔖𝔶𝔪𝔭𝔥𝔬𝔫𝔦𝔢, being learned words of Greek origin. ℨ is more and more used for ℭ, thus: ℨ𝔢𝔫𝔱𝔯𝔲𝔪 for ℭ𝔢𝔫𝔱𝔯𝔲𝔪; ℨ𝔢𝔫𝔱𝔫𝔢𝔯, ℨ𝔦𝔯𝔨𝔲𝔰. 𝔄𝔢, 𝔒𝔢, 𝔘𝔢, are always rendered 𝔄̈, 𝔒̈, 𝔘̈.
Three identical letters should not come together before a vowel. Consequently print 𝔖𝔠𝔥𝔦𝔣𝔣𝔞𝔥𝔯𝔱, not 𝔖𝔠𝔥𝔦[𝔣𝔣]𝔣𝔞𝔥𝔯𝔱 (but in dividing print 𝔖𝔠𝔥𝔦𝔣𝔣=𝔣𝔞𝔥𝔯𝔱). 𝔐𝔦𝔱𝔱𝔞𝔤, 𝔡𝔢𝔫𝔫𝔬[𝔠𝔥] (from 𝔐𝔦𝔱𝔱=𝔱𝔞𝔤, 𝔡𝔢𝔫𝔫=𝔫𝔬[𝔠𝔥]), are invariable. The plural of 𝔖𝔢𝔢 is no longer 𝔖𝔢𝔢𝔢𝔫, but 𝔖𝔢𝔢𝔫; in narrow measure divide 𝔖𝔢𝔢=𝔢𝔫.
The suffix =𝔫𝔦[ſ𝔷] is now =𝔫𝔦𝔰: ℌ𝔦𝔫𝔡𝔢𝔯𝔫𝔦𝔰.
The verbal suffix =𝔦𝔯𝔢𝔫 is now uniformly written =𝔦𝔢𝔯𝔢𝔫, thus: 𝔞𝔡𝔡𝔦𝔢𝔯𝔢𝔫, 𝔰𝔲𝔟𝔱𝔯𝔞𝔥𝔦𝔢𝔯𝔢𝔫, 𝔪𝔲𝔩𝔱𝔦𝔭𝔩𝔦𝔷𝔦𝔢𝔯𝔢𝔫, 𝔡𝔦𝔳𝔦𝔡𝔦𝔢𝔯𝔢𝔫, 𝔪𝔞𝔯ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔦𝔢𝔯𝔢𝔫.
A detailed list of the new German, Austrian, and Swiss orthographies[87] may be obtained through any bookseller. A few German writers still object to the modern spelling; in such cases, of course, copy should be followed.
3. Hyphens in German.—If two or more words follow one another, relating to a common part of speech with which they form a compound, all except the last take a hyphen, thus: ℌ𝔲𝔱- 𝔲𝔫𝔡 𝔎𝔯𝔞𝔴𝔞𝔱𝔱𝔢𝔫𝔣𝔞𝔟𝔯𝔦𝔨𝔞𝔫𝔱 (hat and tie manufacturer). Compound words in German are now printed as one word.
4. Division of words in German.—Prefixes should of course remain intact, such as 𝔞𝔫, 𝔞𝔲𝔣, 𝔢𝔫𝔱, 𝔢𝔪𝔭, 𝔢𝔯, 𝔳𝔢𝔯, 𝔳𝔬𝔯, 𝔲̈𝔟𝔢𝔯, 𝔷𝔢𝔯. Thus: 𝔞𝔫=𝔣𝔞𝔫𝔤𝔢𝔫, 𝔞𝔲𝔣=𝔣𝔞𝔥𝔯𝔢𝔫, 𝔢𝔫𝔱=𝔷𝔴𝔢𝔦𝔢𝔫, 𝔢𝔪𝔭=𝔣𝔦𝔫𝔡𝔢𝔫, 𝔢𝔯=𝔣𝔞𝔥𝔯𝔢𝔫, 𝔳𝔢𝔯=𝔞̈𝔫𝔡𝔢𝔯𝔫, 𝔳𝔬𝔯=𝔯𝔲̈[𝔠𝔨]𝔢𝔫, 𝔲̈𝔟𝔢𝔯=𝔯𝔢𝔡𝔢𝔫, 𝔷𝔢𝔯=ſ𝔱𝔬[ſ𝔷]𝔢𝔫. In narrow measure divide 𝔤𝔢=𝔟𝔢𝔫, 𝔱𝔯𝔞=𝔤𝔢𝔫, 𝔥𝔢=𝔟𝔲𝔫𝔤, 𝔩𝔢=𝔟𝔢𝔫𝔡, 𝔪𝔞̈=𝔥𝔢𝔫, ſ𝔞=𝔤𝔢𝔫, 𝔗𝔲̈=[𝔠𝔥]𝔢𝔯, 𝔩𝔬̈=ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔢𝔫. (See under [paragraph 2] of this Appendix, ‘Reformed Spelling’, for three identical letters coming together. See also under 7, 11, 14.)
5. Spaced words.—In these the following compound letters should never be spaced: [𝔠𝔥], [𝔠𝔨], [ſ𝔱], [ſ𝔷], [𝔱𝔷]. The following are spaced: 𝔣𝔣, 𝔣𝔦, 𝔣𝔩, 𝔩𝔩, ſ𝔦, ſſ. That is, two different consonants coming together (except 𝔣 and 𝔩) are not spaced; but a consonant and vowel, and double consonants, are to be spaced.
6. Prepositional and other prefixes in German.—When 𝔞𝔲𝔣 precedes a part of speech commencing with 𝔣, the two 𝔣’s should not form one letter. Print 𝔞𝔲𝔣𝔣𝔞𝔥𝔯𝔢𝔫, not 𝔞𝔲[𝔣𝔣]𝔞𝔥𝔯𝔢𝔫.
So also, when 𝔞𝔲𝔰 is prefix to a part of speech beginning with an ſ, it should not form with the latter an [ſ𝔷] or [ſſ] if German type is used. Print 𝔞𝔲𝔰ſ𝔭𝔯𝔢[𝔠𝔥]𝔢𝔫, not 𝔞𝔲[ſ𝔷]𝔭𝔯𝔢[𝔠𝔥]𝔢𝔫 or 𝔞𝔲[ſſ]𝔭𝔯𝔢[𝔠𝔥]𝔢𝔫.
If 𝔢𝔫𝔱 precedes a part of speech beginning with 𝔷, the 𝔱 and 𝔷 do not form one letter, but remain separate: 𝔢𝔫𝔱𝔷𝔴𝔢𝔦𝔢𝔫, not 𝔢𝔫[𝔱𝔷]𝔴𝔢𝔦𝔢𝔫.
7. Suffixes 𝔩𝔦[𝔠𝔥], 𝔷𝔦𝔤.—The letter 𝔩 in the former should not be joined to a preceding 𝔣, nor the letter 𝔷 in the latter to a preceding 𝔱. Print 𝔳𝔢𝔯𝔴𝔢𝔯𝔣𝔩𝔦[𝔠𝔥], not 𝔳𝔢𝔯𝔴𝔢𝔯[𝔣𝔩]𝔦[𝔠𝔥]; 𝔞[𝔠𝔥]𝔱𝔷𝔢𝔥𝔫, 𝔞[𝔠𝔥]𝔱𝔷𝔦𝔤, not 𝔞[𝔠𝔥][𝔱𝔷]𝔢𝔥𝔫, 𝔞[𝔠𝔥][𝔱𝔷]𝔦𝔤. So also, in dividing, put 𝔳𝔢𝔯𝔴𝔢𝔯𝔣=𝔩𝔦[𝔠𝔥] (or 𝔳𝔢𝔯=𝔴𝔢𝔯𝔣𝔩𝔦[𝔠𝔥]) and 𝔞[𝔠𝔥]𝔱=𝔷𝔢𝔥𝔫, 𝔞[𝔠𝔥]𝔱=𝔷𝔦𝔤.
8. German in Roman type.—In Roman type [ſ𝔷] is now rendered ß (better than ſs)[88]; [ſſ] becomes ss; and in spaced words all letters (except ß) are separated. When Roman capital letters are used, [ſ𝔷] becomes SZ. Thus MASZE (𝔐𝔞[ſ𝔷]𝔢, measures) (with long a), not MASSE (𝔐𝔞ſſ𝔢, substance) (with short a).
9. Metal-rules in German.—Spaces are always put before and after a rule in a sentence, wide spaces in a widely spaced line, thin spaces in a narrowly spaced one, exactly as with words, thus: 𝔈𝔯 ſ𝔞𝔤𝔱𝔢 — 𝔫𝔦[𝔠𝔥]𝔱 𝔬𝔥𝔫𝔢 ℨ𝔞𝔲𝔡𝔢𝔯𝔫 —, 𝔡𝔞[ſ𝔷] 𝔢𝔯 𝔤𝔢𝔥𝔢𝔫 𝔪𝔲̈ſſ𝔢.[89]
Rules are not put after colons.
10. Quotation marks in German.—The commencement of a quotation is indicated by commas followed by a thin space; the close by turned commas. A quotation within a quotation is usually rendered by a single Roman comma at commencement, and by a turned Roman comma at the end[90]; thus: 𝔈𝔯 ſ𝔞𝔤𝔱𝔢 𝔪𝔦𝔯: „𝔊𝔢𝔥𝔢 𝔫𝔦[𝔠𝔥]𝔱 𝔥𝔦𝔫, 𝔡𝔢𝔫𝔫 𝔢𝔰 𝔥𝔢𝔦[ſ𝔷]𝔱, 𝔡𝔞[ſ𝔷] 𝔢𝔰 𝔡𝔬𝔯𝔱 𝔳𝔬𝔫 ,𝔊𝔢𝔦𝔰𝔱𝔢𝔯𝔫‛ ſ𝔭𝔲𝔨𝔱.‟[91]
11. [𝔩𝔩].—This is always printed as one letter at the end of a syllable or word, as also in the body of a word if the latter is not a compound, thus: 𝔖𝔠𝔥𝔞[𝔩𝔩]𝔩𝔬[𝔠𝔥] (now, however, written 𝔖𝔠𝔥𝔞[𝔩𝔩]𝔬[𝔠𝔥], but divided 𝔖𝔠𝔥𝔞[𝔩𝔩]=𝔩𝔬[𝔠𝔥]); 𝔴𝔦[𝔩𝔩], ſ𝔬[𝔩𝔩]; 𝔴𝔬[𝔩𝔩]𝔢𝔫, ſ𝔬[𝔩𝔩]𝔢𝔫. But in compound words, in which the first 𝔩 ends a syllable and the second 𝔩 commences the next one, the two 𝔩’s must be separated, thus: 𝔳𝔦𝔢𝔩𝔩𝔢𝔦[𝔠𝔥]𝔱 (divided 𝔳𝔦𝔢𝔩=𝔩𝔢𝔦[𝔠𝔥]𝔱).
12. ſſ, 𝔰ſ.—Both in Roman type = ss. The first (ſſ) is used after short vowels, thus: 𝔢ſſ𝔢𝔫, 𝔪𝔲̈ſſ𝔢𝔫.
The second (𝔰ſ) is employed when the first s ends one syllable and the second commences the next, each syllable giving sense taken singly, i.e. in compounds, thus: 𝔈𝔦𝔰ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔬𝔩𝔩𝔢 (ice-block), 𝔡𝔞𝔰ſ𝔢𝔩𝔟𝔢, 𝔡𝔢𝔰ſ𝔢𝔩𝔟𝔢𝔫.
13. [ſ𝔷].—After long vowels or diphthongs and if followed by 𝔢 or 𝔦 of a less strongly accented syllable[92]: ſ𝔭𝔞[ſ𝔷]𝔢𝔫, 𝔤𝔯𝔲̈[ſ𝔷]𝔢𝔫, 𝔟𝔢𝔦[ſ𝔷]𝔢𝔫, 𝔖𝔲̈[ſ𝔷]𝔦𝔤𝔨𝔢𝔦𝔱; also after short or long vowels or diphthongs if followed by 𝔱: 𝔥𝔞[ſ𝔷]𝔱, ſ𝔭𝔞[ſ𝔷]𝔱, 𝔨𝔲̈[ſ𝔷]𝔱, 𝔤𝔯𝔲̈[ſ𝔷]𝔱, 𝔦[ſ𝔷]𝔱, 𝔤𝔢𝔫𝔦𝔢[ſ𝔷]𝔱, 𝔟𝔢𝔦[ſ𝔷]𝔱; and also at the end of words or first part of compounds, whether the preceding vowel be long or short: 𝔖[𝔠𝔥]𝔩𝔬[ſ𝔷], 𝔤𝔯𝔬[ſ𝔷], 𝔢[ſ𝔷]𝔟𝔞𝔯, 𝔣𝔞[ſ𝔷]𝔩𝔦[𝔠𝔥].
14. Double letters.—[𝔠𝔥], [𝔠𝔨], [𝔣𝔣], [𝔣𝔦], [𝔣𝔩], [𝔩𝔩], [ſ𝔦], [ſſ], [ſ𝔱], [ſ𝔷], [𝔱𝔷]. No triple letters, like the English ffi, ffl, are used in German.—ffi, ssi, are usually printed 𝔣[𝔣𝔦], ſ[ſ𝔦], as 𝔭[𝔣𝔦]𝔣[𝔣𝔦]𝔤, 𝔟𝔦ſ[ſ𝔦]𝔤; ffl is printed 𝔣𝔣𝔩, as 𝔱𝔯𝔢𝔣𝔣𝔩𝔦[𝔠𝔥].
As regards [𝔣𝔩], the 𝔣 and 𝔩 must be separated if the latter belongs to a suffix, thus: ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔩𝔞𝔣𝔩𝔬𝔰, not ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔩𝔞[𝔣𝔩]𝔬𝔰.
15. ſ, 𝔰.—The long s is used at the beginning, the short s at the end of syllables (ſ𝔞𝔤𝔢𝔫, 𝔩𝔞ſ𝔢𝔫, 𝔩𝔞𝔰, 𝔡𝔞𝔰, ℌ𝔞̈𝔲𝔰𝔠𝔥𝔢𝔫).
16. Abbreviations in German.—The most common are: 𝔲ſ𝔴. (= 𝔲𝔫𝔡 ſ𝔬 𝔴𝔢𝔦𝔱𝔢𝔯, and so on, et cetera); 𝔷. 𝔅. (= 𝔷𝔲𝔪 𝔅𝔢𝔦ſ𝔭𝔦𝔢𝔩, for example); 𝔡. 𝔥. (= 𝔡𝔞𝔰 𝔥𝔢𝔦[ſ𝔷]𝔱, that is to say); 𝔡. 𝔦. (= 𝔡𝔞𝔰 𝔦ſ𝔱, that is); 𝔡𝔤𝔩. (= 𝔡𝔢𝔯𝔤𝔩𝔢𝔦[𝔠𝔥]𝔢𝔫, such like, similar cases); 𝔲. 𝔞. 𝔪. (= 𝔲𝔫𝔡 𝔞𝔫𝔡𝔢𝔯𝔢 𝔪𝔢𝔥𝔯, and others); ſ. (= ſ𝔦𝔢𝔥𝔢, see); ſ. 𝔬. (= ſ𝔦𝔢𝔥𝔢 𝔬𝔟𝔢𝔫, see above); ſ. 𝔲. (= ſ𝔦𝔢𝔥𝔢 𝔲𝔫𝔱𝔢𝔫, see below); 𝔲. 𝔬̈. (= 𝔲𝔫𝔡 𝔬̈𝔣𝔱𝔢𝔯, passim); ſ𝔬𝔤. (= ſ𝔬𝔤𝔢𝔫𝔞𝔫𝔫𝔱, so-called); 𝔟𝔷𝔴. (= 𝔟𝔢𝔷𝔦𝔢𝔥𝔲𝔫𝔤𝔰𝔴𝔢𝔦ſ𝔢, respectively); 𝔄𝔲[𝔣𝔩]. (= 𝔄𝔲[𝔣𝔩]𝔞𝔤𝔢, unaltered edition); 𝔄𝔲𝔰𝔤. (= 𝔄𝔲𝔰𝔤𝔞𝔟𝔢, revised edition); 𝔄𝔟𝔱. (= 𝔄𝔟𝔱𝔢𝔦𝔩𝔲𝔫𝔤, division); 𝔄𝔟ſ𝔠𝔥𝔫. (= 𝔄𝔟ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔫𝔦𝔱𝔱, section); 𝔞. 𝔞. 𝔒. (= 𝔞𝔪 𝔞𝔫𝔤𝔢𝔣𝔲̈𝔥𝔯𝔱𝔢𝔫 𝔒𝔯𝔱𝔢, in the place cited); 𝔅𝔡. (= 𝔅𝔞𝔫𝔡, volume); ℌ𝔰. (= ℌ𝔞𝔫𝔡ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔯𝔦𝔣𝔱, manuscript); ℌ𝔰𝔰. (= ℌ𝔞𝔫𝔡ſ[𝔠𝔥]𝔯𝔦𝔣𝔱𝔢𝔫, manuscripts)[93].
After ordinal numbers a full point is put where we put ‘1st, 2nd’, &c., thus: 1. ℌ𝔢𝔣𝔱 (or 1. ℌ., = 𝔢𝔯ſ𝔱𝔢𝔰 ℌ𝔢𝔣𝔱, first number); 2. 𝔅𝔞𝔫𝔡 (or 2. 𝔅𝔡., = 𝔷𝔴𝔢𝔦𝔱𝔢𝔯 𝔅𝔞𝔫𝔡, second volume). This full point is often mistaken by compositors and readers for a full stop.
For & in ‘&c.’ the Germans have a special character &, thus: &𝔠.; but 𝔲ſ𝔴. now generally takes its place.
17. The Apostrophe.—Print 𝔦ſ𝔱’𝔰, 𝔤𝔢𝔥𝔱’𝔰 (for 𝔦ſ𝔱 𝔢𝔰, 𝔤𝔢𝔥𝔱 𝔢𝔰); but where a preposition and the article 𝔡𝔞𝔰 are merged, omit the apostrophe; thus 𝔞𝔫𝔰 (for 𝔞𝔫 𝔡𝔞𝔰), 𝔦𝔫𝔰 (for 𝔦𝔫 𝔡𝔞𝔰), 𝔡𝔲𝔯[𝔠𝔥]𝔰 (for 𝔡𝔲𝔯[𝔠𝔥] 𝔡𝔞𝔰), 𝔣𝔲̈𝔯𝔰 (for 𝔣𝔲̈𝔯 𝔡𝔞𝔰), (not 𝔞𝔫’𝔰, 𝔦𝔫’𝔰, 𝔡𝔲𝔯[𝔠𝔥]’𝔰, 𝔣𝔲̈𝔯’𝔰).
After proper names ending in 𝔰, [ſ𝔷], 𝔷, used possessively, put an apostrophe, omitting the apostrophal s; thus 𝔙𝔬[ſ𝔷]’ 𝔏𝔲𝔦ſ𝔢, 𝔇𝔢𝔪𝔬ſ𝔱𝔥𝔢𝔫𝔢𝔰’ ℜ𝔢𝔡𝔢𝔫, ℌ𝔬𝔯𝔞𝔷’ 𝔒𝔡𝔢𝔫 (Voss’s Louise, Demosthenes’ Speeches, Horace’s Odes). But put 𝔖𝔠𝔥𝔦𝔩𝔩𝔢𝔯𝔰 𝔊𝔢𝔡𝔦[𝔠𝔥]𝔱𝔢 (Schiller’s Poems).
18. The Comma.—In German, commas must invariably be put before 𝔡𝔞[ſ𝔷] and before relative clauses (beginning with 𝔡𝔢𝔯, 𝔡𝔦𝔢, 𝔡𝔞𝔰, 𝔴𝔢𝔩[𝔠𝔥]𝔢𝔯, 𝔴𝔢𝔩[𝔠𝔥]𝔢, 𝔴𝔢𝔩[𝔠𝔥]𝔢𝔰, 𝔴𝔬𝔪𝔦𝔱, 𝔴𝔬𝔡𝔲𝔯[𝔠𝔥], 𝔴𝔬𝔯𝔞𝔫, 𝔴𝔬𝔯𝔞𝔲𝔰, &c. &c.). This is frequently forgotten by English compositors.
19. §.—This mark (in English, ‘section’) is called in German ‘Paragraph’.