GLOSSARY
[Chinese ideographs have been attached to the names of all the more important political terms, as given in the following list. Proper names may be found with their correct ideographs in Who's Who in China and the Supplement thereto, cited above. Place-names have been given in the Chinese Postal transliteration; all other names and terms are given in the Wade-Giles spelling, but with the tones omitted. In a few cases, the spelling of a name has been well established by long newspaper usage, by the caprice or decision of a man in re-spelling his own name, or by common practice which has become standard English. Examples are tuchün, Kuomintang (instead of Kuo-min Tang or Kuo-min-tang) and T. V. Soong. Capitalization and hyphenation follow, as closely as possible, the practices established by the Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography, Peking and Kunming.]
Chan-ti Tang-chêng Wei-yüan-hui 戰地黨政委員會 the (Kuomintang) Party and (National) Government War Area Commission; the Chungking agency for the government of those parts of China technically occupied by the Japanese; under the Military Affairs Commission
chang 長 a chief, or head
Ch'ang-wu Wei-yüan 常務委員 a Standing Committee, or administrative committee
Ch'ang-wu Tz'ŭ-chang 常務次長 an Administrative Vice-Minister (of a pu)
chên 鎮 a unit of local government; "community"; the equivalent of a hsiang
Chên-chi Wei-yüan-hui 振濟委員會 the (National) Relief Commission
Chêng-chih-pu 政治部 the Political Department (of the Military Affairs Commission); the important and powerful agency which coordinates civilian aid to the war from Chungking, in propaganda, civilian mobilization, etc.; competitive with the Chinese Communists
Chêng-wu Ch'u 政務處 a Political Affairs Department; the political secretariat of a Yüan
Chêng-wu Tz'ŭ-chang 政務次長 a Political Vice-Minister (of a pu)
Ch'i Chün-tzŭ 七君子 the "Seven Gentlemen"; the leaders of the National Salvation movement
chia 甲 a group of households; a unit in the pao-chia system of local government
Chiao-t'ung Pu 交通部 Ministry of Communications
Ch'iao-wu Wei-yüan-hui 僑務委員會 Commission on Overseas Chinese Affairs (under the Executive Yüan)
Chiao-yü Pu 教育部 Ministry of Education (under the Executive Yüan)
chien-ch'a 監察 one of the five powers of government in the plans of Sun Yat-sen; a combination of impeachment, audit, supervisory investigation and other functions
Chien-ch'a Yüan 監察院 the Control (or Censoral) Yüan; one of the five major divisions of the government
Chien Kuo Ta Kang 建國大綱 the Outline of National Reconstruction, a manifesto by Sun Yat-sen which charted the subsequent formal policies of the Kuomintang
ch'ih 恥 self-respect; honor
Chin-ch'a-chi Pien-ch'ü Lin-shih Hsing-chêng Wei-yüan-hui 晉察冀邊區臨時行政委員會 "Provisional Executive Committee of the Shansi-Chahar-Hopei Border Region"; formal style of the Border Region, q.v.
Ching-chi Pu 經濟部 Ministry of Economic Affairs (under the Executive Yüan)
Chiu Kuo 救國 National Salvation; an anti-aggression movement organized outside the Kuomintang
Chu-hsi 主席 chairman; refers particularly to the Kuo-min Chêng-fu Chu-hsi (President of the National Government)
ch'ü 區 a unit of local government above the pao, chia, and hsiang, but below the hsien ("county"); a township; with reference to the Party organization of the Kuomintang, a district
ch'ü-fên 區分 sub-district; the lowest territorial unit in Kuomintang organization
ch'üan 權 "power," i.e., of the people, as contrasted with the nêng (capacity) of the government; the distinction is Sun Yat-sen's, and applies to the political process
Ch'üan-hsü Pu 銓敘部 the Ministry of Personnel; under the Examination Yüan
Ch'üan-hsü T'ing 銓敘廳 Administration of Personnel (for the military); under the Military Affairs Commission
Ch'üan-kuo Hui-i 全國會議 the (Chinese Communist) National Party Convention
Ch'üan-kuo Ta-hui 全國大會 the (Chinese Communist) National Party Congress
Ch'üan-kuo Tai-piao Ta-hui 全國代表大會 the (Kuomintang) Party Congress
Chün-chêng-pu 軍政部 the Ministry of War; under the joint jurisdiction of the Executive Yüan and the Military Affairs Commission
Chün-fa Chih-hsing Tsung-chien-pu 軍法執行總監部 the Directorate-General of Courts Martial; under the Military Affairs Commission
Chün-hsün-pu 軍訓部 Department of Military Training; under the Military Affairs Commission
Chün-ling-pu 軍令部 Department of Military Operation; office of the Chinese high command; under the Military Affairs Commission
Chün-shih Ts'an-i-yüan 軍事參議院 Military Advisory Council; under the Military Affairs Commission
Chün-shih Wei-yüan-hui 軍事委員會 the Military Affairs Commission; the chief politico-military organ of the National Government
Chung-hua Min-kuo Kuo-min Chêng-fu 中華民國國民政府 literally: the Republic of China, National Government; the style of the National Government under the Kuomintang
Chung-hua Min-kuo Lin-shih Chêng-fu 中華民國國民政府 the "Provisional Government of the Republic of China," Peking, 1937-1940; pro-Japanese
Chung-hua Min-kuo T'ê-ch'ü 中華民國特區政府 "Special District Government of the Chinese Republic"; the first formal style of the Chinese Soviet area in the Northwest after the intra-national armistice
Chung-hua Min-kuo Hsiu-chêng Kuo-min Chêng-fu 中華民國修正國民政府 the "Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China"; the National Government of Wang Ch'ing-wei at Nanking; pro-Japanese
Chung-hua Min-kuo Wei-hsin Chêng-fu 中華民國維新政府 the "Reformed Government of the Republic of China," Nanking, 1938-1940; pro-Japanese
Chung-hua Su-wei-ai Kung-ho-kuo 中華蘇維埃共和國 the Chinese Soviet Republic
Chung-kuo Kê-ming Tang 中國革命黨 the Chinese Revolutionary Party; style of the Kuomintang, 1914-1920; style of the Third Party, 1929-1930
Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang Kê-ming Hsing-chêng Wei-yüan-hui 中國國民黨革命行政委員會 the Revolutionary Action Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang; first style of the Third Party
Chung-kuo Kung-yeh Ho-tso Hsieh-hui 中國工業合作協會 the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives
Chung-yang Chêng-chih Hsüeh-hsiao 中央政治學校 the Central Political Institute; under the Kuomintang
Chung-yang Chêng-chih Wei-yüan-hui 中央政治委員會 the Central Political Council; the agency whereby the Kuomintang exercised its power over the National Government until the Supreme National Defense Council was created
Chung-yang Chien-ch'a Wei-yüan-hui 中央監察委員會 the (Kuomintang) Central Control Committee
Chung-yang Chih-hsing Wei-yüan-hui 中央執行委員會 the (Kuomintang) Central Executive Committee
Chung-yang Hsüan-ch'uan Pu 中央宣傳部 the (Kuomintang) Party-Ministry of Publicity [or Central Publicity Board]
Chung-yang Wei-yüan-hui 中央委員會 the (Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee
fa pi 法幣 (National Government) legal tender notes
fang 坊 a territorial unit of municipal government; roughly, a precinct
Fu-hsing Shê 復興社 the Regeneration Club; former center of the so-called Blue Shirts
Fu-hsüeh Wei-yüan-hui 撫郋委員會 the Pensions Commission; under the Military Affairs Commission
Fu I-chang 副議長 Deputy Speaker (of the People's Political Council)
Fu Mi-shu-chang 副秘書長 a Deputy Secretary-General
Fu-yüan-chang 副院長 the Vice-President of a Yüan (one of the five divisions of the government)
Hai-chün Tsung-ssŭ-ling-pu 海軍總司令部 Office of the Naval Commander-in-Chief, successor to the Ministry of the Navy which manages the up-river remnants of the Chinese fleet; under the Military Affairs Commission
Hang-k'ung Wei-yüan-hui 航空委員會 the (National) Aviation Commission; under the Military Affairs Commission
Hou-fang Ch'in-wu-pu 後方勤務部 the [Rear-Area] Service Department under the Military Affairs Commission
hsiang 鄉 a unit of local government, also termed chên; a village or community
hsiao-tsu 小粗 the "small-group"; the lowest fraction of Kuomintang organization
Hsieh-ho-hui 協和會 the Concordia Society; the propaganda agency of Manchoukuo
hsien 縣 district; roughly comparable to the American county
Hsien-fa Ts'ao-an 憲法草案 the Draft Permanent Constitution; the official sponsored project for the new constitution, known most widely in the version of the Double Five Draft of May 5, 1936
Hsin-min-hui 新民會 a political "party" organized by pro-Japanese elements in North China
Hsin Min Chu I 新民主義 a pro-Japanese doctrine taught in occupied North China
Hsin Shêng-huo Yün-tung 新生活運動 the New Life Movement
Hsin-ssŭ-chün 新四軍 New Fourth Army; a guerrilla force under Communist influence; operating in the Yangtze lowlands, it clashed with Chinese National forces early in 1941, and was formally disbanded
Hsing-chêng Fa-yüan 行政法院 the Administrative Court; under the Judicial Yüan
Hsing-chêng Yüan 行政院 the Executive Yüan, greatest of the five divisions of the government
Hsün-lien T'uan 訓練團 the Training Corps (of the Kuomintang)
Hsün-lien Wei-yüan-hui 訓練委員會 the (Central) Training Committee (of the Kuomintang)
Huangpu 黃埔 the name of a military academy (in Cantonese, Whampoa), now applied to the Generalissimo's protégés as a political faction
hui 會 a meeting, guild, league, or society
Hui-i 會議 a deliberative body; particularly, a City Council (Shih-chêng Hui-i)
i 議 propriety; ethics; justice
I-chang 議長 Speaker (of the People's Political Council)
I Ho Ch'üan 義和拳 the "Boxers" of 1900
Kan Shih 幹事 the police executive in a hsiang or chên
K'ang-chan Chien-kuo Kang-ling 抗戰建馘綱領 the Program of Resistance and Reconstruction; the formal declaration of government policy during the invasion; adopted at Hankow in March, 1938
K'ao-hsüan Wei-yüan-hui 考選委員會 the Examinations Commission; under the Examination Yüan
K'ao-shih Yüan 考試會 the Examination Yüan; one of the five major divisions of the government
Kung-ch'an Ch'ing-nien T'uan 共產青年團 the Communist Youth Corps
Kung-ch'an Tang 共產黨 the (Chinese) Communist Party
Kung-wu-yüan Ch'eng-chieh Wei-yüan-hui 公務員懲戒委員會 the Commission for the Disciplinary Punishment of Public Officers (under the Judicial Yüan), a lower agency than the Commission for the Disciplinary Punishment of Public Officials (attached to the Council of State)
Kuo-chia Chu-i P'ai 國家主義派 the "Nationalist Party"; Parti Républicain Nationaliste de la Jeune Chine
Kuo-chia Shê-hui Tang 國家社會黨 the (Chinese) National Social(ist) Party
Kuo-fang Tsui-kao Wei-yüan-hui 國防最高委員會 the Supreme National Defense Council; the quasi-governmental agency whereby the Kuomintang controls the National Government; established in 1938 as a war measure, it supersedes the Chung-yang Chêng-chih Wei-yüan-hui (Central Political Council)
Kuo-li Chung-yang Yen-chiu Yüan 國立中央研究院 the Academia Sinica; the national scientific and scholastic body, attached to the Council of State
Kuo-min Chêng-fu Wei-yüan-hui 國民政府委員會 "National Government Council"; commonly termed Council of State, this is the highest strictly governmental agency in China
Kuo-min Chêng-fu Chu-hsi 國民政府主席 "chairman of the National Government"; more formally, President of the National Government of China; ex-officio chairman of the Council of State, and ceremonial chief of the government
Kuo-min Ching-shên Tsung-tung-yüan 國民精神總動員 the National Spiritual Mobilization
Kuo-min Hui-i 國民會議 the National People's Convention of XX (1931), which adopted the Provisional Constitution
Kuo-min Ts'an-chêng Hui 國民參政會 the People's Political Council; advisory legislature inaugurated in Hankow
Kuo-min Ta-hui 國民大會 the National Congress or People's Congress; this term designates both the constituent body which shall adopt the projected Constitution, and a subsequent constitutional legislature meeting triennially
lao-pai-hsing 老百姓 old inhabitants; common people; archaically or etymologically, the Old Hundred Names
li 禮 rites; ceremonies; ideological conformity
Li-fa Wei-yüan 立法委會 members of the quasi-cameral plenary session of the Legislative Yüan; experts in legal matters, they combine the function of legislators with that of consultants in codification
Li-ja Yüan 立法會 the Legislative Yüan; one of the five divisions of the government
lien 廉 integrity
lü 旅 a brigade
Mêng-ku Lien-ho Tzŭ-chih Chêng-fu 蒙古聯合自治政府 the "Federated Autonomous Government of Mongolia"; pro-Japanese
Mêng Tsang Wei-yüan-hui 蒙藏委員會 Commission on Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs (under the Executive Yüan)
Mi-shu-chang 秘書長 a Secretary-General
Mi-shu Ch'u 秘書處 a Secretariat; particularly important in the case of the Executive Yüan
min ch'üan chu-i 民權主義 the "principle of democracy," by Sun Yat-sen; second of the San Min Chu I
min-shêng chu-i 民生主義 the "principle of the people's livelihood," by Sun Yat-sen; third of the San Min Chu I
Min-ts'u Chieh-fang Hsing-chêng Wei-yüan-hui 民族解放行政委員會 the Acting Commission for the National Emancipation of China; third, final, formal style of the Third Party
min ts'u chu-i 民族主義 the "principle of nationalism," by Sun Yat-sen; first of the San Min Chu I
Nei-chêng Pu 內政部 the Ministry of the Interior (or of home affairs); under the Executive Yüan
nêng 能 "capacity" (see ch'üan)
Nung Lin Pu 農林部 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (under the Executive Yüan)
Pa-lu-chün 八路軍 "Eighth Route Army"; the chief Chinese Communist force, formerly the Chinese Red Army and now the Eighteenth Army Corps
pao 保 a unit of local government; roughly, a neighborhood
pao-chia 保甲 a system of local government embodying principles of collective responsibility and mutual aid within interlocking groups of households and neighborhoods
Pien-ch'ü 邊區 Frontier Area or Border Region; the former translation is used for the Communist zone in the Northwest, and the latter for the guerrilla government in North China
Pu 部 a Ministry (under the Yüan), Department (under the Military Affairs Commission), or equivalent organ of government; the term is one of long standing in Chinese government
Pu Chang 部長 Minister; head of a pu
San Min Chu I 三民主義 the three principles of the people; Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy, now the official state dogma of China
San Min Chu I Ch'ing-nien T'uan 三民主義青年團 the San Min Chu I Youth Corps
Shan-kan-ning Pien-ch'ü Chêng-fu 陝甘寧邊區政府 the "Government of the Shensi-Kansu-Ninghsia Frontier Area"; second formal style of the Communist zone in the Northwest
Shan-pei Hsing-chêng-ch'ü 陝北行政區 the "Administrative Area of North Shensi"; third formal style of the Communist zone in the Northwest (Frontier Area)
Shê-hui Yün-tung Pu 社會運動部 the (Kuomintang) Party-Ministry of Social Movements
Shên-ch'a Wei-yüan-hui 審查委員會 the (Chinese Communist Party) Control Committee
Shêng 省 a province
Shêng-chang 省長 Governor; the civilian head of a province; now superseded by a Provincial Chairman
Shêng Chêng-fu 省政府 a Provincial Government
Shih 市 a Municipality
Shih-chang 市長 a Mayor
Sui-ching Chu-jên 綏靖主任 a Pacification Commissioner; the chief military officer of a province
Ssŭ-fa Hsing-chêng-pu 司法行政部 the Ministry of Justice, literally the "executive ministry of the judiciary"; under the Judicial Yüan in the National Government, but under the executive in the Reorganized Government of Wang Ch'ing-wei
Ssŭ-fa Yüan 司法院 the Judicial Yüan, one of the five divisions of the government
ssŭ p'ai 四派 the "four cliques" (in the People's Political Council)
ssŭ tang 四黨 the "four parties" (in the People's Political Council)
Ta-min-hui 大民會 a political "party" organized by pro-Japanese elements in Central China
tang chih 黨治 "party government"; the single-party tutelary dictatorship of the Kuomintang
Tai-piao Ta-hui 代表大會 the (Chinese Communist) "Council of Party Delegates"
Tangpu 黨部 (local) Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang
Ti-san Tang 第三黨 the Third Party; a popular name
Ts'ai-chêng Pu 財政部 Ministry of Finance
Ts'an-chêng-hui 參政會 a People's Political Council; preceded by a term indicating the level at which established, e.g., Shêng Ts'an-chêng-hui, Provincial People's Political Council
Ts'an-chün Ch'u 參軍處 Office of Military Affairs; a military secretariat attached to the Council of State
Ts'an-i-hui 參議會 an Advisory Council, as in the Municipality
Tsui-kao Fa-yüan 最高法院 the Supreme Court; under the Judicial Yüan
Tsung-li 總理 the [Party] Leader; the formal office held by Sun Yat-sen in the Kuomintang; his in perpetuity, the title is used as a respectful form of reference to Sun
Tsung-ts'ai 總裁 the [Party] Chief, or leader; title vested in Chiang K'ai-shek as formal head of the Kuomintang by the Emergency Party Congress, Hankow, March, 1938
t'uan 團 a regiment
tuchün 督軍 the military chief of a province, a war-lord
Wai-chiao Pu [also written Waichiaopu] 外交部 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; under the Executive Yüan
Wang Tao 王道 "the kingly way," a cardinal concept of traditional Chinese political thought; now, reinterpreted, the state philosophy of Manchoukuo
Wei-shêng Shu 衛生暑 National Health Administration (in the Ministry of the Interior)
Wei-yüan-chang 委會長 chairman (of a committee, commission, etc.); this title often refers to Generalissimo Chiang in his capacity of Chairman of the Military Affairs Commission
Wên-kuan Ch'u 文官處 Office of Civil Affairs; a civilian secretariat attached to the Council of State
wu-ch'üan hsien-fa 五權憲法 the "five power constitution"; the five-fold separation of powers taught by Sun Yat-sen and applied by the National Government
Yüan 院 literally "board"; one of the five divisions of the National Government of China
Yüan-chang 院長 the President of a Yüan
Yüeh Fa 約法 the Provisional Constitution, adopted in 1931