FOOTNOTES:
[1] Cf. Ward, Seal Cylinders, p. 24 ff.
[2] Cf. Pinches, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, 1910, p. 42.
[3] “Sargon” (i.e. Sharru-ukîn) was the name given to this ancient king by the later Assyrian scribes.
[4] Cf. however Fisher in Records of the Past, Vol. II, part iv, p. 116.
[5] Cf. Fisher, Excavations at Nippur, p. 1; and Prestwich, Geology (Map).
[6] Cf. Comptes Rendus, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 1894, p. 409.
[7] Ward, Cylinder-Seals, p. 30, Fig. [55].
[8] Cf. note on page 86.
[9] Cf. Clay, American Journal of Semitic Languages, XXIII, p. 269.
[10] Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, Fig. 289.
[12] Cf. Ungnad in Orient. Lit. XI., 1908, cols. 533-537.
[13] Cf. Botta, Nineveh, II, Plates 108, 110; Layard, Series II, Plates 9, 32.
[14] Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, Fig. 179.
[15] Cf. No. 43, Nineveh Gallery, British Museum.
[16] Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, II, p. 153.
[17] Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, Fig. 93.
[18] For representations of birds on Assyrian bas-reliefs, cf. Botta, Nineveh, II, Plates 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, and Layard, Series II, Plates 9, 32, 40.
[19] Cf. p. 185.
[20] Layard, Nineveh, p. 74 ff.
[21] Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 236.
[22] It has been argued that the burnt condition of human remains discovered in Mesopotamia is in all cases to be regarded as the effect of a general conflagration, and that in fact cremation was never practised. But if such be the case, then the pottery buried with the burnt human remains would similarly bear the marks of burning. In many cases the pottery apparently affords no definite evidence for or against the theory, but Dr. Koldewey informs me that the vessels containing the burnt remains of human beings at Surghul, showed no trace of their having been in the fire themselves, so here at all events we have clear and incontrovertible evidence of the practice of cremation in Babylonia.
[23] Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 317.
[24] For description of the ziggurat, cf. p. [133] ff.
[25] Cf. however, Jastrow, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. XXVII, pp. 147 ff.
[26] Clay, Records of the Past, Vol. II, Part II, pp. 47 ff.
[27] For a description of the famous Ishtar-Gate, and for further details regarding Nebuchadnezzar’s palace, cf. pp. [136], [137], [149].
[28] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 44, p. 11.
[29] For an account of this temple, cf. chapter on Architecture, pp. [141] ff.
[30] Cf. further, pp. 176 ff.
[31] Cf. Andrae, Mitteilungen, No. 38, pp. 23 ff.
[32] Cf. further pp. 144 ff.
[33] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 42, p. 42.
[34] Ibidem, No. 42, p. 35.
[35] Ibidem, No. 43, p. 34.
[36] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 44, p. 34.
[37] The Zend-Avesta is practically the equivalent of the Bible and prayer-book of the Zoroastrians. The Zoroastrian faith flourished as early as the sixth century B.C., and probably became the religion of the later Achaemenian kings.
[38] The Pehlevi language and literature belongs to the middle Persian period, i.e. from the third to the ninth century or so A.D. The language is related to old Persian on the one hand, and to modern Persian on the other. The Zend as it were bridged over the gulf between modern and ancient Persian, and was of the greatest assistance in the decipherment of the old Persian language as found in the cuneiform inscriptions.
[39] Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions, p. 8.
[40] Squeezes are made by means of a series of layers of thick paper, which has been moistened, the impression being gained by applying the substance thus formed to the inscription and beating it in with a brush.
[41] A partial duplicate of this inscription on the Behistun Rock is inscribed on a dolerite block discovered by the German excavators at Babylon; it contains many interesting additions.
[42] The term “Assyrian” is used, as a large part of the earlier Babylonian literature comes down to us through Assyrian hands, being copied and as it were republished by Assyrian scribes. Assyrian and Babylonian were different dialects of the same language; similarly Assyrian and Babylonian cuneiform exhibit great differences in style, Babylonian being more cursive and generally therefore more difficult to read.
[43] Cf. A. J. Booth, Trilingual Inscriptions; Rogers, History, pp. 175 ff.; Sayce, Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions, pp. 1-35; Harper, Biblical World, XVI, pp. 294-7, 371-3 (a short and concise summary).
[44] For references to texts in which these signs occur, cf. G. A. Barton in Harper’s Old Testament and Semitic Studies, Vol. II, pp. 241 ff.
[45] Cf. Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania IV, Series D, for this Babylonian boundary-stone and for a full discussion of the subject generally.
[46] An eponym was an official of high rank—sometimes the king himself—who held office for a year, and whose name was used to date all documents drawn up in that year. He corresponded to the Roman consul and the Athenian archon.
[47] Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 517.
[48] A “plano-convex” brick is a brick which is flat on one side and convex or oval on the other, its general appearance resembling an oblong cake, or a small pillow.
[49] Cf. De Sarzec et Heuzey, Une Villa Royale Chaldéenne, p. 47.
[50] Cf. Loftus, Travels, p. 189.
[51] Loftus, Travels, p. 187.
[52] Cf. Heuzey, Une Villa Royale, p. 48.
[53] Heuzey, Une Villa Royale, pp. 47, 48.
[54] In the northern fortification wall, and according to Koldewey, there only on the Kasr, great building blocks of limestone were also discovered.
[55] J. R. A. S., 1855, p. 266.
[56] Ibidem, p. 407.
[57] Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 57.
[58] Ibid., p. 87.
[59] Cf. King, Sumer and Akkad, p. 88.
[60] Cf. Taylor in J. R. A. S., 1855, pp. 261 ff.
[61] Cf. J. R. A. S., 1855, pp. 405 ff.
[62] Cf. however Andrae, Der Anu-Adad Tempel, p. 80.
[63] Cf. Pinches, Hastings Dict., Religion and Morals, “Architecture,” Perrot and Chipiez, II, p. 393; Layard, Discoveries, pp. 348 ff.
[64] Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, pp. 25, 26.
[65] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 44, p. 30.
[66] Cf. Découvertes, Pl. 22 bis, Figs. 2b, 3b.
[67] Cf. Andrae, Der Anu-Adad Tempel, p. 80.
[68] Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 286.
[69] Loftus, Chaldæa and Susiana, p. 133; J. R. A. S., XV, pp. 265, 266.
[70] Loftus, pp. 187 ff.
[71] Cf. p. 80.
[72] Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 372.
[73] Ibidem, p. 402.
[74] Cf. Taylor, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1853, p. 269.
[75] Loftus, Travels, pp. 174 ff.
[76] Cf. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1855, p. 406.
[77] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 43, p. 7.
[78] Cf. Layard, Discoveries, p. 590; Dieulafoy, L’Art Antique, V, pp. 57 ff.; Perrot and Chipiez, p. 214.
[79] Place discovered an eight-sided column at Karambs, but it apparently belonged to the Parthian period (Place, Nineveh, II, pp. 169 ff.).
[80] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 40, p. 25.
[81] Cf. Ibid., No. 40, p. 24.
[82] Cf. Ibid., No. 42, p. 40.
[83] Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, pp. 397 ff.
[84] Cf. J.R.A.S., 1855, p. 266.
[85] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 8, p. 4.
[86] Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, p. 231.
[88] Cf. Andrae, Mitteilungen, No. 27, pp. 29-32.
[89] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 40, p. 29.
[90] Cf. Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Vol. I, part ii, Pl. XVI.
[91] Hilprecht, Explorations, pp. 474, 475.
[92] Cf. also above, Fig. [28], A.
[93] Cf. above, p. 33.
[94] For a rough sketch, cf. Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, II, 79.
[95] Cf. p. 45.
[96] Cf. Rawlinson, Five Monarchies, pp. 151-62.
[97] Cf. E. J. Banks, Scientific American, Aug. 19, 1905, p. 137; American Journal of Semitic Languages, XXI, p. 59.
[98] Comptes rendus, 1907, p. 399.
[99] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 29.
[100] Cf. Découvertes, Pl. 24, Fig. 2.
[101] Revue Archéologique, 1894, I, 108.
[102] Cf. Heuzey, in Mon. Mem. Acad. Insc. Fondation Piot, XII, pp. 19-28, and C. R. Acad. Inser., 1905, p. 75.
[103] Cf. Mon. Piot., t. VII, Pl. 1, Fig. 1, and Louvre Cat., p. 324.
[104] Cf. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, XV, p. 410.
[105] Cf. Sayce, Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions, p. 58.
[106] Cf. Découvertes, Pl. 28, Figs. 1 and 2.
[107] Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 539.
[108] Cf. Louvre Cat., No. 173; and Mon. Piot., t. VII, Pl. I, Fig. 1.
[109] Cf. Harper, American Journal of Semitic Languages, XX, pp. 266, 267.
[110] Cf. King, Sumer and Akkad, p. 26; and Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 156.
[111] Layard, Discoveries, p. 357.
[112] Cf. Boscawen, Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, 1876, p. 347.
[113] Layard, Discoveries, p. 177.
[114] Cf. the Taylor Cylinder of Sennacherib.
[115] For an admirable reproduction of the best half of the Balâwât Gates, a good introduction, and translation of text, cf. Birch and Pinches, The Bronze Ornaments of the Palace Gates of Balâwât. Cf. also Delitzsch, Beiträge zur Assyriologie.
[116] For translation, cf. Ungnad, Or. Lit., IX (1906), 534-8.
[117] Cf. Delitzsch, Records of the Past, 1903, pp. 323 ff.
[118] Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 129.
[119] Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 14.
[120] Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, pp. 54, 99.
[121] Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, p. 277.
[122] Layard, Nineveh I, p. 64; II, pp. 306, 307.
[123] Layard, Nineveh, II, p. 15.
[124] Ibid., I, p. 130.
[125] Cf. Delitzsch, Mitteilungen, No. 6, pp. 13-17; and Diodorus II, 8.
[126] Cf. Koldewey, Mitteilungen, No. 3, pp. 5, 10, 11.
[127] Layard, Monuments, Series II, Pl. 55, 6; and Layard, Discoveries, p. 167.
[128] Discoveries, p. 166.
[129] A considerable number of the seal-impressions here reproduced are taken from Dr. W. Hayes Ward’s monumental work on cylinder-seals in Western Asia, by the author’s generous permission.
[130] Scarabs, p. 5.
[131] Ward, The Seal-Cylinders of Western Asia, p. 1.
[132] Cf. Ward, Seal-Cylinders, p. 69.
[133] Cf. Seal-Cylinders, p. 48, Fig. 127.
[134] Cf. Ward, p. 128.
[135] Cf. Mitteilung., No. 9, p. 6.
[136] Cf. Menant, Pierres Gravées, II, p. 132; Ward, p. 193.
[137] Cf. Ward, p. 197.
[138] Cf. Heuzey, Cat., pp. 387 ff.
[139] For the early history of inlaid jewellery cf. Dalton, Archæologia, LVIII, pp. 237-74.
[140] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 44, p. 24.
[141] Cf. also the Assyrian seal reproduced in Fig. [76].
[142] Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 208.
[143] Cf. Heuzey, Catalogue des Figurines de terre cuite du Musée du Louvre, Pl. I, Fig. 2.
[144] For the other two, cf. Ibidem, Pl. I, Figs. 1 and 3.
[145] Cf. Heuzey, Les Figurines Antiques de terre cuite, Pl. II, Fig. 3.
[146] Cf. Koldewey, Mitteilungen, No. 5, pp. 19, 20.
[147] Cf. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 35 ff.
[148] Cf. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 37.
[149] Cf. Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition, Vol. I, part ii, Pl. XX.
[150] Cf. Découvertes, Description, p. 118; Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 170.
[151] Cf. p. 243.
[152] Cf. Layard, Discoveries, p. 197.
[153] Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 407.
[154] Hilprecht, The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A, Vol. I, part ii, Pl. 27.
[155] Cf. E. J. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 139.
[156] Ibidem, p. 140.
[157] Cf. E. J. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 140.
[158] Cf. Comptes Rendus, Académie des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres 1904, p. 115.
[159] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 40, p. 8.
[160] Cf. Ibid., No. 26, p. 19.
[161] Cf. Heuzey, Catalogue des Antiquités Chaldéennes, p. 249.
[162] Prince, Journal of the American Oriental Society, XXVI, p. 93.
[163] Cf. American Journal of Semitic Languages, April, 1905, p. 173.
[164] Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, Fig. 139 c.
[165] Cf. Heuzey, Comptes Rendus, 1908, pp. 415-22.
[166] Cf. Comptes Rendus, p. 418, Fig. C.
[167] Cf. Sayce, Archæology of Cuneiform Inscriptions, pp. 65, 66.
[168] Cf. Botta, II, Pl. 155.
[169] An interesting bead of black marble, measuring 1-1/2 × 5/8 inches was discovered at Ashur; it bears an inscription of Shalmaneser, the purport of which is that that king brought the bead from a temple in Syria.
[170] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 7, p. 18.
[171] Cf. Botta, Monument, II, Pls. 90, 93.
[172] Cf. Rawlinson, Five Monarchies, II, p. 49.
[173] Cf. Rawlinson, Five Monarchies, II, p. 43.
[174] Cf. p. 17.
[175] Cf. p. 10.
[176] Cf. Johns, An Assyrian Doomsday Book, p. 19.
[177] Cf. Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 426; and Wilkinson, I, p. 281.
[178] Cf. Genouillac, p. xlix.
[179] Cf. p. 346.
[180] Cf. Genouillac, p. lii.
[181] This work comprises an autographed text, transliteration, translation, glossary, index of subjects, list of proper names, signs and numerals, together with a map, frontispiece, and photograph of text.
[182] Cf. Jastrow, Religion, pp. 116 ff.
[183] Cf. Johns, Doomsday Book, p. 26.
[184] Ibid., p. 20.
[185] Cf. Jastrow, pp. 191 ff.
[186] Jastrow, Religion, p. 226.
[187] Ibid., p. 83.
[188] Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, pp. 391, 392.
[189] Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, pp. 391 ff.
[190] Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, p. 398.
[191] Ibid., p. 407.
[192] Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 21, p. 49.