The Age of the Reformation

by Preserved Smith

CHAPTER XII

MAIN CURRENTS OF THOUGHT

SECTION 1. Biblical and Classical Scholarship

Novum Instrumentum omne, diligenter ab Erasmo Rot. recognitum et emendatum. Basileae. 1516. (Nearly 300 editions catalogued in the Bibliotheca Erasmiana. In Erasmi Opera Omnia, 1703, vol. VI.)

Novum testamentum graece et latine in academia Complutensi noviter impressum. 1514. Vetus testamentum multiplici lingua nunc primum impressum. In hac praeclarissima Complutensi universitate. 1517.

C. R. Gregory: Die Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. 3 parts. 1900-9.

Articles "Bible," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia of
Religion and Ethics, Protestantische Realencyklopädie, and Die
Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart.

E. von Dobschütz: The Influence of the Bible on Civilization. 1913.

F. Falk: Die Bibel am Ausgange des Mittelalters, ihre Kenntnis und ihre Verbreitung. 1905.

Martin Luther's Deutsche Bibel, in Sämmtliche Werke, Weimar, separately numbered, vols. i, ii, iii, v.

K. Fullerton: "Luther's doctrine and criticism of Scripture," Bibliotheca Sacra, Jan. and April, 1906.

H. Zerener: Studien über das beginnende Eindringen der lutherischen
Bibelübersetzung in der deutschen Literatur. 1911.

Lutherstudien zur 4. Jahrhundertfeier der Reformation, von den Mitarbeitern der Weimarer Lutherausgabe. 1917. pp. 203 ff.

K. A. Meissinger: Luther's Exegese in der Frühzeit. 1911.

O. Reichert: Martin Luther's Deutsche Bibel. 1910.

Sir H. H. Howorth: "The Biblical Canon according to the Continental
Reformers," Journal of Theological Studies, ix, 188 ff. (1907-8).

J. P. Hentz: History of the Lutheran Version of the Bible. 1910.

D. Lortsch: Histoire de la Bible en France. 1910.

A. W. Pollard: Records of the English Bible. 1911.

S. C. Macauley: "The English Bible," Quarterly Review, Oct. 1911, pp. 505 ff.

W. Canton: The Bible and the Anglo-Saxon People. 1914.

H. T. Peck: A History of Classical Philology. 1911.

Sir J. E. Sandys: "Scholarship," chap. ix in Shakespeare's England, 1916.

Sir J. E. Sandys: A History of Classical Scholarship. Vol. ii, 1908.
(Standard).

H. Hallam: Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries. 1837-9. (Very comprehensive, in part antiquated, somewhat external but on the whole excellent).

SECTION 2. History

TREATISES:

E. Fueter: Geschichte der Neueren Historiographie. 1911. French translation, revised, 1916. (Work of brilliance: philosophical, reliable, readable).

M. Ritter: "Studien über die Entwicklung der Geschichtswissenschaft." Historische Zeitschrift, cit. (1912). 261 ff.

E. Menke-Glückert: Die Geschichtschreibung der Reformation und Gegenreformation. Bodin und die Begründung der Geschichtsmethodologie durch Bartholomäus Keckermann. 1912.

P. Joachimsen: Geschichtsauffassung und Geschichtschreibung in
Deutschland unter dem Einfluss des Humanismus. Teil I. 1910.

G. L. Burr: "The Freedom of History," American Historical Review, xxii, 261 f. 1916.

A. Morel-Fatio: Historiographie de Charles-Quint. 1913.

F. C. Baur: Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung. 1852.

L. von Ranke: Zur Kritik neueren Geschichtschreiber.[2] 1874.

G. Wolf: Quellenkunde der deutschen Reformationsgeschichte. Vol. i, 1915; vol. ii, 1916.

Article, "History" in Encyclopedia Americana, ed. of 1919.

ORIGINALS.

N. Machiavelli: Istorie fiorentine. (to 1492). First ed. 1561-64.
Numerous editions, and English translation by C. E. Detmold: The
Historical, Political and Diplomatic Writings of N. Machiavelli. 4
vols. 1882.

Francesco Guicciardini: Storia fiorentina. (1378-1509). First published 1859. Istoria d' Italia. (1492-1534). First edition 1561-64; numerous editions since, and English translation by G. Fenton: The historie of Guicciardini. 1599.

Benvenuto Cellini: Life, translated by R. H. H. Cust. 2 vols. 1910.
(The original text first correctly published by O. Bacci, 1901. Many
English translations).

Paulus Jovius: Historiarum sui temporis libri. xlv. (1493-1347). 1550-52.

Polydore Vergil: Anglicae Historiae libri. xxvii, (to 1538). First edition, to 1509, Basle, 1534; 2d ed. 1555. (I use the edition of 1570. The best criticism is in H. A. L. Fisher's Political History of England 1485-1547, pp. 152 ff.)

Polydore Vergil: De rerum inventoribus libri octo. 1536. 2d ed., enlarged, 1557.

Caesar Baronius: Annales Ecclesiastici (to 1198). Rome. 1588-1607.

Ecclesiastica Historia . . . secundum centurias, a M. Flacio, et aliis. Magdeburg. 1559-74.

H. Bullinger: Reformationsgeschichte, hg. von J. J. Hottinger und H.
H. Vögeli. 3 vols. 1838-40. (Index to this in preparation by W.
Wuhrmann; Bullinger's Correspondence will also soon appear).

Joan. Sleidani: De statu religionis et reipublicae, Carolo Quinto Caesare, commentariorum libri xxvi. 1555. (My edition, 1785, 3 vols., was owned formerly by I. Döllinger).

Joannis Cochlaei: Historia de Actis et scriptis M. Lutheri 1517-46.
Coloniae. 1549. (Critique in A. Herte's dissertation, Die
Lutherbiographie des J. Cochlaeus. 1915).

J. Mathesius: Siebzehn Predigten von den Historien des Herrn Doctoris
Martini Luthers. 1st ed. 1566; new ed. by Lösche. 1898.

Mémoires de Martin et de Guillaume du Bellay: (1513-52). 1st ed. 1569. Critical ed. by V. L. Bourrilly and Fleury Vindry, 1908 ff.

Blaise de Monluc: Commentaires (1521-76); 1st ed. 1592; critical ed. by P. Courtreault. 1911-14.

Oeuvres de P. de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme, ed. L. Lalanne. 11 vols. 1864 ff.

J. J. Scaliger: Opus novum de emendatione temporum. 1583, 1593.

Histoire ecclésiastique des églises françaises réformées. Pub. par Baum et Cunitz. 3 vols. 1883-9. (Attributed, with probability, to Beza; first published 1580).

Jean Bodin: Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, 1566.

Peter Martyr d' Anghiera: Opus epistolarum. 1530. (This rare edition at Harvard. The work is a history in the form of letters, partly fictitious, partly genuine. Cf. J. Bernays: Peter Martyr Anghierensis und sein Opus Epistolarum. 1891).

Ignatius de Loyola: Autobiography. Monumenta Societatis Jesu, ser. iv, tom. 1, 1904. English translation ed. by J. F. X. O'Connor. 1900.

George Buchanan: Rerum scoticarum historia. Edinburgh. 1582. (Cf. M. Meyer-Cohn: G. Buchanan als Publizist und Historiker Maria Stuarts. 1913).

John Knox: The History of the Reformation of Religion within the realm of Scotland. (First incomplete edition, 1586; critical complete edition by D. Laing, 1846, in vol. 1 of Knox's Works. Cf. A. Lang: "Knox as Historian," Scottish Historical Review, ii, 1905, pp. 113 ff).

John Foxe: Acts and Monuments of the Christian Martyrs. 1563.
(The MS that I have compared with Fox is Harleian MS 419 of the British
Museum, endorsed: "John Fox's Collection of Letters and Papers on
Theological Matters," fol. 125).

Nicholas Sanders: De origine et progressu schismatis Anglicani. 1585.

Edward Hall: The Union of the Noble and Illustrious Families of
Lancaster and York, 1542. Published as Hall's Chronicle, 1809.

Raphael Holinshed: Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland. Vol. 1, 1577.

John Stow: The Chronicles of England from Brute unto this present year of Christ 1580. Second edition, The Annals of England, 1592.

SECTION 3. Political Theory

SOURCES:

Erasmus: Institutio principis christiani, in Opera omnia, 1703, iv, 561.

The Utopia of Sir Thomas More (English and Latin) edited by G. Sampson with an introduction by A. Guthkelch. 1910.

N. Machiavelli: The Prince. (Innumerable editions and translations).

H. Jordan: Luthers Staatsauffassung. 1917. (Extracts from his works).

Zwingli: De vera et falsa religione, Werke ed. Egli, Finsler und
Köhler, iii, (1914), 590 ff.

Calvin: Institutio, ed. 1541, cap. xvi.

L. Vives: De communione rerum. 1535.

Vindiciae contra Tyrannos, sive de principis in populum populique in principem legitima potestate. Stephano Iunio Bruto Celta Auctore. 1580.

Francisci Hotmani: Francogallia. Nune quartum ab auctore recognita. 1586.

E. de la Boétie: Discours de la servitude volontaire. In Oeuvres complètes pub. par P. Bonnefon. 1892, pp. 1 ff.

De Jure Magistratuum in subditos [by Beza]. 1573

The Works of Mr. Richard Hooker, ed. J. Keble. 3 vols. 1888.

J. Bodin: Les six livres de la république. 1577.

G. Buchanan: De Jure Regni apud Scotos. 1579.

J. de Mariana: De rege et regis institutione. 1599.

LITERATURE:

Lord Acton: "Freedom in Christianity," (1877), in The History of
Freedom and other Essays, ed. J. N. Figgis and R. V. Lawrence. 1907.

W. A. Dunning: A History of Political Theories. Ancient and
Medieval. 1902. From Luther to Montesquieu. 1905.

J. N. Figgis: Studies in Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius.[2] 1916.

J. Mackinnon: A History of Modern Liberty. Vol. 2. The Age of the
Reformation. 1907.

L. Cardauns: Die Lehre vom Widerstandsrecht des Volkes gegen die rechtmässige Obrigkeit im Luthertum und im Calvinismus des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts. 1903.

R. Chauviré: Jean Bodin, Auteur de la République. 1914.

J. Kreutzer: Zwinglis Lehre von der Obrigkeit. 1909.

F. Meinecke: "Luther über christlichen Geminwesen und christlichen
Staat," Historische Zeitschrift, Band 121, pp. 1 ff, 1920.

J. Faulkner: "Luther and Economic Questions," Papers of the Am. Ch.
Hist. Soc., 2d ser. vol. ii, 1910.

K. D. Macmillan: Protestantism in Germany. 1917.

K. Sell: "Der Zusammenhang von Reformation und politischer Freiheit." Abh. in Theolog. Arbeiten aus dem rhein. wiss. Predigerverein. Neue Folge. 12. 1910.

L. H. Waring: The Political Theories of Martin Luther. 1910.

G. von Schulthess-Rechberg: Luther, Zwingli und Calvin in ihren
Ansichten über das Verhältnis von Staat und Kirche. 1910.

K. Rieker: "Staat und Kirche nach lutherischer, reformierter, moderner
Anschauung," Hist. Vierteljahrschrift, i, 370 ff. 1898.

E. Troeltsch: Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen. 1912.

H. L. Osgood: "The Political Ideas of the Puritans." Political
Science Quarterly, vi, 1891.

E. Treumann: Die Monarchomachen. Erne Darstellung der revolutionären Staatslehren des xvi Jahrhundert 1573-1599. 1885.

A. Elkan: Die Publizistik der Bartholomäusnacht und Mornays Vindiciae contra tyrannos. 1905.

H. D. Foster: "The Political Theories of the Calvinists," American
Historical Review, xxi, 481 ff. (1916).

Paul van Dyke: "The Estates of Pontoise," English Historical Review, 1913, pp. 472 ff.

E. Armstrong: "Political Theory of the Huguenots," English Historical
Review, iv, 13 ff, 1889.

K. Gläser: "Beiträge zur Geschichte der politischen Literatur Frankreichs in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhundert." Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur. Vols. 31, 32, 33, 39, 45; 1904-18.

W. Sohm: "Die Soziallehren Melanchthons." Historische Zeitschrift, cxv, pp. 64-76. 1915.

Lord Acton: History of Freedom, pp. 212-31. (Reprint of introduction to L. A. Burd's edition of the Prince of Machiavelli.) 1907.

John Morley: Miscellanies, 4th series. 1908. 1 ff. "Machiavelli."

Dr. Armaingaud: Montaigne Pamphlétaire. L'Énigme du Contr'un. 1910.

J. Jastrow: "Kopernikus' Münz- und Geld-theorie." Archiv für
Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, xxxviii, 734 ff. 1904.

K. Kautsky: Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the
Reformation. 1897.

E. Jenks: A Short History of English Law. 1912.

A. Esmein: Histoire du Droit Français.[6] 1905. (And later editions).

S. Schröder: Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte.[5] 1907.

Walter Platzhoff: Die Theorie von der Mordbefugnis der Obrigkeit im
XVI. Jahrhundert. Ebinger's Historische Studien, 1906.

O. H. Pannkoke: "The Economic Teachings of the Reformation." In a collection of essays entitled Four Hundred Years, 1917.

G. Schmoller: Zur Geschichte der nationalökonomischen Ansichten in
Deutschland während der Reformationsperiode. 1860.

F. G. Ward: Darstellung und Würdigung der Ansichten Luthers über Staat und Gesellschaft. 1898.

SECTION 4. Science

J. P. Richter: The Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci. 2 vols. 1883.

Les Manuscrits de Léonard de Vinci de la bibliothèque de l'Institut. Publiés en facsimile avec transcription littérale, traduction française . . . par Ch. Ravaisson-Molien. 6 vols. 1881-91.

Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks; arranged and rendered into English by E. McCurdy. 1906.

Leonardo de Vinci: Notes et Dessins sur la Génération. 1901.

Léonard de Vinci: Feuillets inédits conservés à Windsor. 22 vols. 1901 ff.

Institute di Studi Vinciani:—Per il IVo centenario della morte di Leonardo da Vinci. 1919.

A. C. Klebs: Leonardo da Vinci and his anatomical studies. 1916.

Hieronymi Cardani: Opera Omnia. 1663. 10 vols.

W. W. R Ball: A Short Account of the History of Mathematics. 1901.

M. Cantor: Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Mathematik. Vol. 2 (1200-1668). 1900.

H. G. Zeuthen: Geschichte der Mathematik in 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. 1903.

Articles, "Algebra" and "Mathematics" in Encyclopedia Britannica.

Maximilien Marie: Histoire des sciences mathématiques et physiques, vols. 2 and 3. 1883-4.

F. Cajori: History of Mathematics.[2] 1919.

David E. Smith: Rara arithmetica. A catalogue of the arithmetics written before the year MDCI, with a description of those in the library of G. A. Plimpton. 1908.

F. Dannemann: Grundriss einer Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften.[2]. 2 vols. 1902.

W. A. Locy: Biology and its makers.[3] 1915.

W. A. Locy: The Main Currents of Zoölogy. 1918.

E. L. Greene: Landmarks of Botanical History. Part 1. 1909.
(Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 54).

J. V. Carus: Geschichte der Zoölogie bis auf Joh. Müller und Ch.
Darwin. 1872.

F. Cajori: A History of Physics in Its Elementary Branches. 1899.

Conradi Gesneri: Historiae Animalium, libb. iii, 3 vols. 1551-8.

Wm. Gilbert . . . on the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies . . . a translation by P. F. Mottelay. 1893.

E. Gerland: Geschichte der Physik von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Ausgange des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts. 1913. (Work of high philosophical and scientific value).

J. C. Brown: A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times Till the
Present Day. 1913.

F. J. Moore: A History of Chemistry. 1918.

T. E. Thorpe: A History of Chemistry. 2 vols. 1909-10.

Quaestiones Novae in Libellum de Sphaera Johannis de Sacro Bosco, collectae ab Ariele Bicardo. Wittenberg, 1550. (Library of Mr. G. A. Plimpton, New York).

S. Günther: Geschichte der Erdkunde. 1904.

Articles, "Geography" and "Map" in Encyclopaedia Britannica.

L. Gallois: Les géographes allemands de la Renaissance, 1890.

N. Copernici De Revolutionibus orbium caelestium libri vi. (First edition 1543; I use the edition of Basle, 1566).

L. Prowe: Nikolaus Coppernicus. 3 vols. 1883-4. (Standard).

Wohlwill: "Melanchthon und Kopernicus," in Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, iii, 260, 1904.

Luther on Copernicus, Bindseil: Lutheri Colloquia, 3 vols. 1863-66, vol. ii, p. 149. (This is the best text; the stronger form of the same saying, in which Luther called Copernicus a fool, seems to have been retouched by Aurifaber).

A. D. White: The Warfare of Science and Theology, 2 vols. 1896.
Vol. i, pp. 114 ff.

A. Müller: Nikolaus Copernicus. 1898.

Dorothy Stimson: The Gradual Acceptance of the Copernican Theory of the Universe. 1917. (Excellent).

W. W. Bryant: History of Astronomy. 1907.

Article, "Navigation," in Encyclopaedia Britannica.

SECTION 5. Philosophy

The Works of Luther, Melanchthon, Calvin, Zwingli, &c.

The Workes of Sir Thomas More, 1357. (Passage quoted, p. 329h).

De Trinitatis Erroribus per M. Servetum. (Printed, 1531; I use the MS copy at Harvard).

M. Serveti Christianismi Restitutio. (I use the MS copy at Harvard).

E. P. K. Müller: Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche. 1903.

Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, translated by T. A. Buckley. 1851.

Thomas Cajetan's commentary on Aquinas, in the standard edition of the Summa, 1880 ff.

Catechism of the Council of Trent, translated into English by J. Donovan. 1829.

Altensteig: Lexicon Theologicum. 1583.

A. Harnack: A History of Dogma, translated from the third edition by
N. Buchanan. 7 vols. 1901.

A. Harnack: Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte.[4] 1910. Vol. iii.

E. Troeltsch: Geschichte der christlichen Religion. 1909. (Kultur der Gegenwart).

E. M. Jones: Spiritual Reformers of the 16th and 17th Centuries. 1914.

O. Ritschl: Dogmengeschichte des Protestantismus, i, ii, Hälfte, 1912.

A. C. McGiffert: Protestant Thought before Kant. 1911.

J. Gottschick: Luther's Theologie. 1914.

Francis Bacon: Novum Organum, Bk. I, aphorisms xv, lxv, and lxxix;
Essays i, (Truth), iii, (of Unity in Religion), xxxv, (Prophecy).
Advancement of Learning, Bk. ix.

Montaigne's Essays, passim (numerous editions and excellent English translation by Florio).

W. Lyly: Euphues and Atheos (edited by E. Arber, 1904).

R. Ascham: The Schoolmaster. 1761.

Janssen-Pastor[20] ii, 461f (on the Godless Painters of Nuremberg; cf. also M. Thausing: A Dürer, translated by F. A. Eaton, 1882, ii. 248 f.)

François Rabelais: Oeuvres (numerous editions and translations).

J. M. Robertson: A Short History of Freethought.[2] 2 vols. 1906.

Colloque de Jean Bodin des Secrets caches et des Choses Sublimes. Traduction française du Colloquium Heptaplomeres, par R. Chauviré. 1914.

F. von Bezold: "Jean Bodins Colloquium Heptaplomeres und der Atheismus des 16. Jahrhunderts," Historische Zeitschrift, cxiii, 260-315.

Jordani Bruni Opera, ed. Fiorentino. 3 vols. 1879-91.

Giordano Brunos Gesammelte Werke, verdeutscht und erläutert von L. Kuhlenbeck. 6 vols. 1907-10.

W. Boulting: Giordano Bruno: His Life, Thought and Martyrdom. (1916).

L. Kuhlenbeck: Giorduno Bruno, seine Lehre von Gott, von der
Unsterblichkeit und von der Willensfreiheit. 1913.

W. Pater: Gaston de la Tour. 1896.

J. R. Charbonnel: L'Éthique de Giordano Bruno et le deuxième dialogue de Spaccio, traduction. 1919.

J. Owen: The Skeptics of the Italian Renaissance.[2] 1893.

J. Owen: The Skeptics of the French Renaissance. 1893.

A. M. Fairbairn; "Tendencies of European Thought in the Age of the
Reformation," Cambridge Modern History, ii, chap. 19.

Allegemeine Geschichte der Philosophie. (Kultur der Gegenwart, Teil i, Abt. V.) 1909. W. Windelband: Die neuere Philosophie.

E. Cassirer: Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neuen Zeit. Vol. i.[2] 1911. (Excellent. First edition, 1906-7).

R. Adamson: A Short History of Logic. 1911.

H. Höffding: A History of Modern Philosophy. English translation. 2 vols. 1900.

R. Eucken: The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers.
English translation. 1909.

J. M. Baldwin: Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology. 3 vols. 1901-5.

J. R. Charbonnel: La pensée italienne au XVIe siècle. 1919.

A. Bonilla y San Martin: Luis Vives y la filosofía del renacimiento. 1903.