The Age of the Reformation

by Preserved Smith

CHAPTER XIV

THE REFORMATION INTERPRETED

The purpose of the following list is not to give the titles of all general histories of the Reformation, but of those books and articles in which some noteworthy contribution has been made to the philosophical interpretation of the events. Many an excellent work of pure narrative character, and many of those dealing with some particular phase of the Reformation, are omitted. All the noteworthy historical works published prior to 1600 are listed in the bibliography to Chapter XII, section 2, and are not repeated here. The chronological order is here adopted, save that all the works of each writer are grouped together. In every case I enter the book under the year in which it first appeared, adding in parentheses the edition, if another, which I have used.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626): Essay lviii; also Essays i, iii, xxxv; Novum Organum Bk. i, aphorisms xv and lxv; Advancement of Learning, Bk. ix, and i.

Jacques-Auguste de Thou (Thuanus): Historiae sui temporis. 1604-20.

Hugo Grotius: Annales et historiae de rebus belgicis. 1657.
(Written 1611 ff).

William Camden: Annales Rerum Anglicarnm et Hibernicarum regnante
Elizabetha. Pars I, 1615; Pars II, 1625.

Agrippa d'Aubigné: Histoire Universelle. 1616-20.

Paolo Sarpi: Istoria del Concilio Tridentino. 1619. (P. Sarpi:
Histoire du Concile du Trente, French translation by Amelot de la
Houssaie. 1699).

Arrigo Caterino Davila: Storia delle guerre civili di Francia. 1630.

Giulio Bentivoglio: Guerra di Fiandria. 1632-39.

Famiano Strada: De bello belgico decades duo. 1632-47.

Francois Eudes, [called] de Mézeray: Histoire de France. 1643-51.

David Calderwood (1575-1650): History of the Kirk of Scotland, ed. T.
Thompson, 1842-9.

Lord Herbert of Cherbury: Life and Reign of Henry VIII. 1649.

Thomas Fuller: Church History, 1655. (Ed. Brewer, 6 vols. 1845).

J. Harrington: Oceana, 1656. (Harrington's Works, 1700, pp. 69, 388).

Sforza Pallavicino: Istoria del Concilio di Trento. 1656-7.

Annales ecclesiastici . . . auctore Reynaldo, ed. J. D. Mansi. Tomi 33-35. Lucae. 1755. (Oderic Reynaldus, who died 1671, was a continuator of Baronius, covering the period in church history 1198-1565).

Jean Claude: Défense de la Réformation. . . . 1673. (English translation: An historical defense of the Reformation. 1683).

Gilbert Burnet: History of the Reformation of the Church of England. 3 vols. 1679, 1681, 1715. (Ed. by Pocock, 6 vols. 1865 ff).

Louis Maimbourg: Histoire du Luthéranisme. 1680.

Pierre Jurieu: Histoire du Calvinisme et celle du Papisme mises en parallèle. 1683. (English translation, 2 vols. 1823).

Veit Ludwig von Seckendorf: Commentarius historicus et apologeticus de
Lutheranismo. 1688-92.

Jacques Benigne Bossuet: Histoire des variations des églises protestantes. 1688. (I have used the editions of 1812 and 1841).

Pierre Bayle: Dictionnaire historique et critique, 1697., s.v.
"Luther," "Calvin," &c.

Gabriel Daniel: Histoire de France. 1703.

Jeremy Collier: Ecclesiastical History, 2 vols. 1708-14. (ed.
Lathbury, 9 vols. 1852).

Rapin Thoyras: Histoire d'Angleterre. 1723ff.

Johann Lorenz Mosheim: Institutiones historiae christianae recentiores. 1741.

Montesquieu: Esprit des Lois, 1748, Livre xxiv, chaps. 2, 5, 25;
Livre xxv, chap. 2, 6, 11.

Frederick II (called The Great) of Prussia: De la Superstition et de la Religion. 1749. (Oeuvres, 1846, i, 204 ff).

Voltaire: Essai sur les moeurs et l' esprit des nations, et sur les principaux faits de l' histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu'à Louis XIII. 1754. (Cf. also a passage in his Dictionnaire philosophique).

David Hume: History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688. The volumes on the Tudor period came out in 1759.

William Robertson: A History of Scotland. 1759.

William Robertson: History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. 1769.

Edward Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 1776-88.
(On the Reformation, chap. liv, end).

Encyclopédie, 1778, s.v. "Luthéranisme." (Anonymous article).

Johann Gottfried von Herder: Das Weimarische Gesangbuch, 1778,
Vorrede.

Herder: Briefe das Studium der Theologie betreffend, 1784.
(Sämtliche Werke, Teil 14).

Herder: Briefe zur Beförderung der Humanität, 1793-7. (Samtliche
Werke, Teil 14).

Michael Ignaz Schmidt: Geschichte der Deutschen. Aeltere Geschichte (to 1544), 1778 ff. Neuere Geschichte (1544-1660), 1785 ff.

Jakob Gottlieb Planck: Geschichte des protestantischen Lehrbegriffs, 6 vols. 1783-1800.

[M. J. A. N. de Caritat, Marquis] De Condorcet: Esquisse d'un tableau historique des Progrès de l' Ésprit humain. 1794. (I use the fourth edition, 1798, pp. 200 ff.)

F. A. de Chateaubriand: Essai historique sur les Révolutions, 1797.
(Oeuvres, 1870).

Chateaubriand: Analyse raisonnée de l'histoire de France. (Oeuvres, 1865, Tome 8).

Friedrich von Hardenberg (called Novalis): Die Christenheit oder
Europa, 1799 (Novalis' Schriften hg. von Minor, 1907, Band ii. Also
English translation).

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832): Sämtliche Werke, Jubiläumsausgabe, no date, Stuttgart and Berlin, i, 242 and ii, 279, and other obiter dicta for which see the excellent index. See also Gespräche mit Eckermann, 1832, English translation in Bohn's library, p. 568.

Friedrich Schiller: Geschichte des Abfalles der Vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung. 1788. (2d ed., much changed, 1801; translation in Bohn's library). Cf. also Schiller's letter to Goethe, Sept. 17, 1800, in Schiller's Briefe, hg. von F. Jonas, 1895, vi, 200.

Christoph Martin Wieland (1733-1813). His opinion, in 1801 is given in Diary &c of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler, 3 vols., 1869, i, 109, and in "Charakteristik Lulhers," in Pantheon der Deutschen, 1794.

Charles de Villers: Essai sur l'esprit et l'influence de la Réforme de
Luther. 1803. (English translation by James Mill, 1805).

William Roscoe: Life and Pontificate of Leo X. 1805.

J. G. Fichte: Reden an die deutsche Nation, 1808. Nr. 6.

Mme. de Staël: De l'Allemagne. 1813.

E. M. Arndt: Ansichten und Aussichten der deutschen Geschichte. 1814.

Arndt: Vom Worte und vom Kirchenliede. 1819.

Arndt: Christliches und Türkisches. 1828, pp. 255 ff.

Arndt: Vergleichende Völkergeschichte. 1814.

Friedrich von Schlegel: Geschichte der alten und neuen Literatur. 1815. (Sämtliche Werke, 1822, ii, 244 ff).

Schlegel: Philosophie der Geschichte. 1829. (English translation in
Bohn's Library).

Joseph de Maistre: De l'église gallicane. 1820, cap. 2. (Oeuvres, 1884, ii, 3 ff).

De Maistre: Lettres sur l'Inquisition espagnole. 1815 ff. (Oeuvres ii).

John Lingard: History of England, vols. 4, 5. 1820 ff.

G. W. F. Hegel: Philosophie der Geschichte. Lectures delivered first 1822-3, published as vol. ix of his Werke by E. Gans, 1837. (English translation by J. Sibree, 1857, in Bohn's Library).

Leopold von Ranke: Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1491-1535. Band i, (bis 1514). 1824. Appendix: Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtschreiber.

Ranke: Die römischen Päpste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im XVI. und XVII. Jahrhiindert. 1834-6. (Many editions and translations of this and other works of Ranke).

Ranke: Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation. 1839-47.

Ranke: Zwölf Bücher Preussischer Geschichte. Band i und ii, 1874.

Ranke: Die Osmannen und die Spanische Monarchie im 16. und 17.
Jahrhundert. 1877.

C. H. de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon: Nouveau Christianisme,
Oeuvres, 1869, vii, 100 ff. (written 1825).

Henry Hallam: Constitutional History of England from the accession of
Henry VII to the death of George II. 1827.

Hallam: Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries. 1837-9.

A. Thierry: Vingt-cinq letters sur l'histoire de France. 1827.

François-Pierre-Guillaume Guizot: Histoire de la civilisation en
Europe. 1828. (English transl. by Hazlitt. 1846).

Guizot: Histoire de la civilisation en France. 4 vols. 1830.

Philipp Marheineke: Geschichte der deutschen Reformation. 4 vols. 1831-4.

Heinrich Leo: Geschichte der Niederlanden. 2 vols. 1832-5.

Leo: Lehrbuch der Universalgeschichte, 6 vols. 1835-44.

Friedrich von Raumer: Geschichte Europas seit dem Ende des 15.
Jahrhundert. 1832-50.

A. Vinet: Moralistes des 16. and 17. siècles. 1859 (Lectures given 1832-47).

H. Martin: Histoire de France. 1833-6.

Heinrich Heine: Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in
Deutschland. 1834.

Jules Michelet: Memoires de Luther écrits par lui-même, traduits et mis en ordre. 1835.

Michelet et Quinet: Les Jésuites. 1842.

Michelet: Histoire de France, vols. 8-10, 1855 ff.

J. H. Merle d'Aubigné: Histoire de la Réformation du 16. siècle. 5 vols. 1835-53. (English translation, 1846).

Thomas Babington Macauley: "On Ranke's History of the Popes," 1840, published in his Essays, 1842. There are also remarks on the effect of the Reformation in his History of England, 1848 ff.

John Carl Ludwig Gieseler: Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte. Band iii,
Abteilung 1, 1840. (Many later editions, and an English translation).

Jaime Balmes: El protestantismo comparado con el catolicismo en sus relaciones con la civilizacion Europea. 4 vols. 1842-4. (English translation as, Protestantism and Catholicism compared, 2d ed. 1851).

Thomas Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-worship. 1842.

Philarète Chasle: "La Renaissance sensuelle: Luther, Rabelais, Skelton,
Folengo," Revue des deux Mondes, March, 1842.

Edgar Quinet: Le génie des religions. 1842.

Quinet: (see Michelet).

Quinet: Le Christianisme et la Révolution française. 1845.

Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger: Die Reformation. 3 vols. 1846-8.

Döllinger: Luther, eine Skizze. 1851.

Döllinger: Kirche und Kirchen. 1861, p. 386.

Döllinger: Vorträge über die Wiedervereinigungsversuche zwischen den christlichen Kirchen und die Aussichten einer künftigen Union. 1872.

F. C. Baur: Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmengeschichte. 1847.

Baur: Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung. 1852.

Baur: Geschichte der christlichen Kirche, Band iv, 1863.

E. Forcade: "La Réforme et la Révolution," Revue des Deux Mondes,
Feb. 1849.

William Corbbett: A History of the Protestant "Reformation" in England and Ireland, showing how that event has impoverished and degraded the main body of the People in these countries. 1852.

Napoleon Roussel: Les nations catholiques et les nations protestantes comparées sous le triple rapport du bien-être, des lumières et de la moralité. 1854.

William H. Prescott: History of the Reign of Philip II, King of
Spain. 1855-72.

John Lothrop Motley: The Rise of the Dutch Republic. 1855.

Motley: History of the United Netherlands from the death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort. 1860-7.

Motley: Life and Death of John of Barneveldt. 1874.

James Anthony Froude: History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth. (Later: To the Spanish Armada). 1856-70.

Froude: Short Studies on Great Subjects. 1867-83.

Froude: The Divorce of Catharine of Aragon. 1891.

Froude: The Life and Letters of Erasmus. 1894.

Froude: Lectures on the Council of Trent. 1896.

Henry Thomas Buckle: History of Civilization in England. 1857-61.

Paul de Lagarde: "Ueber das Verhältnis des deutschen Staates zu Theologie, Kirche und Religion." Deutsche Schriften, 1886, pp. 48 ff. (Written in 1859, first printed 1873).

David Friedrich Strauss: Ulrich von Hutten. 1858.

Gustav Freytag: Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit. 1859-62.

Ferdinand Gregorovius: Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter. 1859-71.

Lord Acton: Many essays and articles, beginning about 1860, mostly collected in his History of Freedom and Other Essays, 1906, and Historical Essays and Studies, 1907.

Acton: Lectures on Modern History. 1906. (I use the 1912 edition; the lectures were delivered in 1899-1901).

Acton: Letters to Mary Gladstone, ed. H. Paul, 1904.

Jacob Burckhart: Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien. 1860.
(English translation by S. G. C. Middlemore, 1878). Twentieth ed. by
L. Geiger, 1919.

W. Stubbs: Lectures on European History. 1904. (Delivered 1860-70).

François Laurent: Études sur l'histoire de l'humanité. 18 vols. Vol. viii: La Réforme. (No date, circa 1862). Vol. xvii: La Religion de l'avenir. 1870. Vol. xviii: Philosophie de l'histoire. 1870. (pp. 340 ff).

John William Draper: History of the Intellectual Development of
Europe. 1863.

Draper: History of the Conflict of Science and Religion. 1874.

W. E. H. Lecky: History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of
Rationalism in Europe. 1865.

K. P. W Maurenbrecher: Karl V und die deutschen Protestanten. 1865.

Maurenbrecher: England im Reformationszeitalter. 1866.

Maurenbrecher: Studien und Skizzen zur Geschichte der
Reformationszeit. 1874.

Maurenbrecher: Geschichte der katholischen Reformation. 1880.

Henry Charles Lea: Superstition and Force. 1866.

Lea: Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy. 1867.

Lea: Chapters from the Religious History of Spain connected with the
Inquisition. 1890.

Lea: History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin
Church. 1896.

Lea: History of the Inquisition in Spain. 1906-7.

Lea: "The Eve of the Reformation," Cambridge Modern History, ii, 1902.

Ludwig Häusser: Geschichte des Zeitalters der Reformation. 1867-8.

Frederic Seebohm: The Oxford Reformers, 1867.

Seebohm: The Era of the Protestant Revolution. 1874.

H. H. Milman: Savonarola, Erasmus and other Essays. 1870.

Eichhoff: Dr. Martin Luther: 100 Stimmen namhafter Männer aus 4
Jahrhunderten. 1872.

George Park Fisher: The Reformation. 1873. (New ed. 1906).

John Richard Green: Short History of the English People. 1874.

Green: History of the English People, 4 vols. 1877-80.

John Addington Symonds: The Renaissance in Italy, 7 vols. 1875-86.

Symonds: "Renaissance," article in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th, 10th, 11th ed.

Johannes Janssen: Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgange des Mittelalters, 1876-88. (Twentieth ed. of vols. 1, 2; eighteenth ed. of vols. 3-8, by L. Pastor, 1913 ff).

Emile de Laveleye: Le protestantisme et le catholicisme dans leurs rapports avec la liberté et la prosperité des peuples, 1875.

Richard Watson Dixon: History of the Church of England from the abolition of the Roman jurisdiction, 6 vols. 1878-1902.

Friedrich Nietzsche: Menschliches, Allzumenschliches. 1878, p. 200.

Nietzsche: Die fröhliche Wissenschaft. 1882, Sections 35, 148, 149, 385. (And other obiter dicta, cf. Werke, vii, 401).

Pasquale Villari: Niccolò Machiavelli e i suoi tempi. 1878.
(English transl., 1891).

Ludwig (von) Pastor: Die kirchliche Unionsbestrebungen unter Karl V, 1879.

Pastor: Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgange des Mittelalters, 7 vols. 1886-1920. (English translation of German vols. 1-5, making 12 vols, ed. by Antrobus and Kerr).

H. M. Baird: The Rise of the Huguenots in France. 1879.

Baird: The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre. 1886.

Georg Christian Bernhard Pünjer: Geschichte der christlichen
Religionsphilosophie seit der Reformation. 2 Bände. 1880-3.
(English translation of the first volume as, History of the Christian
Philosophy of Religion from the Reformation to Kant, by W. Hastie.
1887).

J. E. Thorold Rogers: History of Agriculture and Prices in England, vol. iv, 1882, pp. 72 ff.

Rogers: The Economic Interpretation of History, 1888, pp. 83 ff.

K. W. Nitzsch: Geschichte des deutschen Volkes bis zum Augsburger
Religionsfriede, hg. von Matthäi, 1883-5.

Heinrich von Treitschke: "Luther und die deutsche Nation," 1883. (English translation in Germany, France, Russia and Islam, 1915, 227 ff. Other criticisms of the Reformation may be found in his other works, e.g., Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert, 1 Teil,[5] 1895, pp. 86, 391).

Charles Beard: The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in its relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge. 1883.

A. Stern: Die Socialisten der Reformationszeit. 1883.

Matthew Arnold: St. Paul and Protestantism. 1883.

Adolf (von) Harnack: Martin Luther in seiner Bedeutung für die
Geschichte der Wissenschaft und der Bildung. 1883 (Fifth ed. 1910).

Harnack: M. Luther und die Grundlegung der Reformation. 1917.

Harnack: Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, Band iii, 1890. (Fourth ed. 1910, and English translation by Neil Buchanan, 1897).

Harnack: Das Wesen des Christentums. 1900. (English translation, What is Christianity? 1901).

Harnack: "Die Bedeutung der Reformation innerhalb der allgemeinen
Religionsgeschichte," Reden und Aufsätze, Baud ii, Teil ii, 1904.

Harnack: "Die Reformation," Internationale Monatsschrift, xi, 1917.

M. Monnier: La Réforme, de Luther à Shakespeare. (Histoire de la littérature moderne). 1885.

Leo Tolstoy: Thoughts and Aphorisms. 1886-93. Tolstoy's Works,
English, 1905, xix, 137 f.

Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church. Vol. VI, The German
Reformation. 1888. Vol. VII, The Swiss Reformation. 1892.

F. von Bezold: Die Reformation. 1890. (In Oncken's Allgemeine
Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen).

F. von Bezold, E. Gotheim und R. Koser: Staat und Gesellschaft der neueren Zeit. 1908. (Die Kultur der Gegenwart, Teil ii, Abteilung V).

William Cunningham: Growth of English Industry and Commerce during the early and Middle Ages. 1890. (Fourth ed. 1905).

Cunningham: Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times. 1882. (3d ed. 1903).

Cunningham: Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects in Ancient
Times. 1898.

Cunningham: Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects in Modern
Times. 1900. (I also have the advantage of having taken notes of Dr.
Cunningham's lectures at Columbia University, November, 1914).

Rudolph Cristoph Eucken: Die Lebensanschauungen der grossen Denker. 1890. (7th ed. 1907: English translation, The Problem of Human Life, by W. Hough and Boyce Gibson, 1909).

F. Simmel: Soziale Differenzierung. 1890.

Robert Flint: History of the Philosophy of History. 1893.

C. Borgeaud: The Rise of Modern Democracy in Old and New England. Translated by Mrs. B. Hill. Preface by C. H. Firth. 1894. (First published in French periodicals 1890-1).

Herbert L. Osgood: "The Political Ideas of the Puritans," Political
Science Quarterly, vi, 1 ff., 201 ff., 1891.

Wilhelm Dilthey: "Auffassung und Analyse des Menschen im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert." Archiv für die Geschichte der Philosophie, iv, (1891) 604 ff., v, (1892), 337 ff.

Dilthey: "Die Glaubenslehre der Reformatoren," Preussiche Jahrbücher, lxxv, (1894), pp. 44 ff.

Dilthey: "Weltanschauung und Analyse des Menschen seit Renaissance und
Reformation." Gesammelte Schriften, ii, 1914.

E. A. Freeman: Historical Essays, 4th series, 1892.

Karl Lamprecht: Zum Verstãndnis der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen
Wandlungen in Deutschland vom. 14. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert. 1893.

Lamprecht: Deutsche Geschichte, Band 5, 1894-5.

Otto Pfleiderer: Philosophy and Development of Religion. (Gifford
Lectures at Edinburgh), 1894, vol. ii, pp. 321 ff.

Pfleiderer: "Luther as the founder of Protestant civilization." In Evolution and Theology, 1900, pp. 48-79. (Address given 1883).

E. Belfort Bax: German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages. 1894.

Bax: The Peasants' War in Germany. 1899.

Bax: The Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists. 1903. (Large portions of the three works by Bax have been reprinted in his German Culture Past and Present. 1915).

Brooks Adams: The Law of Civilisation and Decay. 1895.

Brooks Adams: The New Empire. 1902.

Karl Kautsky: Vorläufer des neuren Sozialismus, Band i, "Der
Kommunismus in der deutschen Reformation," 1895. (Communism in Central
Europe in the Time of the Reformation, transl. by J. L. and E. G.
Mulliken. 1897).

A. Berger: Die Kulturaufgaben der Reformation. 1895. ([2] 1908).

Berger: M. Luther in kulturgeschichtlicher Darstellung, 3 parts, 1895, 1907, 1919.

Berger: Ursachen und Ziele der deutschen Reformation. 1899.

Berger: Sind Humanismus und Protestantismus gegensätzig? 1899,

H. Hauser: "De l'humanisme et de la Réforme en France," Revue
Historique, July-Aug. 1897.

Karl Sell: "Die wissenschaftliche Aufgaben einer Geschichte der christlichen Religion," Preussische Jahrbücher, xcviii. (1899), 12 ff.

Sell: Christentum und Weltgeschichte seit der Reformation. 1910.

Sell: Der Zusammenhang von Reformation und politischer Freiheit. Abhandlungen in Theologischen Arbeiten aus dem rheinischen wissenschaftlichen Predigerverein. N. F. 12. 1910.

John Mackinnon Robertson: A Short History of Freethought. 1899. ([3] 1915).

Robertson: A Short History of Christianity. 1901. ([2] 1913).

S. N. Patten: The Development of English Thought. A Study in the
Economic Interpretation of History. 1899. (Fanciful).

Ferdinand Brunetière: "L'oeuvre littéraire de Calvin." Revue des Deux
Mondes, Oct. 15, 1900.

Brunetière: "L'oeuvre de Calvin." (1901). Discours de Combat, ii, 1908, pp. 121 ff.

Williston Walker: The Reformation. 1900.

Walker: A History of the Christian Church. 1918.

A. Loisy: L'Évangile et l'Église. 1901. (Answer to Harnack's Wesen des Christentums).

A. Lang: History of Scotland, i, 1901, p. 382.

A. F. Pollard: Henry VIII. 1902.

A. F. Pollard: Thomas Cranmer. 1904.

Pollard: Political History of England 1547-1603. 1910.

James Gairdner: The English Church in the Sixteenth Century (1509-58). 1902.

J. Gairdner: Chapters in the Cambridge Modern History, ii, 1902.

Gairdner: Lollardy and the Reformation. 4 vols. 1908 ff.

Mandell Creighton: A History of the Papacy, vol. 5, 1902.

E. Armstrong: The Emperor Charles V. 1902.

H. Lemonnier: Histoire de France (ed. par E. Lavisse), v, 1903-4.

James Harvey Robinson: "The Study of the Lutheran Revolt," American
Historical Review, viii, 205. 1903.

J. H. Robinson: "The Reformation," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911.

Auguste Sabatier: Les religions d'autorité et la religion de l'esprit. 1903. ([4] 1910. English translation 1904).

(H. M.) Alfred Baudrillart: L'Église catholique, la Renaissance, le Protestantisme. 1904. (English translation by Mrs. Philip Gibbs. 1908).

W. H. Frere: The English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James
I, 1904.

H. A. L. Fisher: A Political History of England 1486-1547. 1904.

Fisher: The Republican Tradition in Europe, 1911, pp. 34 ff.

J. H. Mariéjol: Histoire de France (ed. par E. Lavisse), Tome vi, 1904.

E. P. Cheyney: The European Background of American History, 1904, p. 168.

O. Hegemann: Luther in katholischem Urteil. 1904.

Friedrich Heinrich Suso Denifle: Luther and Luthertum in der ersten
Entwicklung, i, 1904; ii, hg. von A. M. Weiss, 1909.

Max Weber: "Die protestantische Ethik und der 'Geist' des Kapitalismus," Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, xx and xxi, 1905.

George Santayana: Reason in Religion, 1905, pp. 114-124.

Santayana: Winds of Doctrine, 1913, pp. 39-46.

Santayana: Egotism in German Philosophy, 1917, pp. 1 ff., 23.

P. Imbart de la Tour: Les Origines de la Réforme, 3 vols. 1905-13.

P. Imbart de la Tour: "Luther et l'Allemagne," in Revue de métaphysique et morale, 1918, p. 611.

David J. Hill: A History of Diplomacy in the International Development of Europe, vol. 2, 1906, pp. 422 f, 460.

A. W. Benn: A History of English Rationalism in the Eighteenth
Century, 1906, pp. 76 f.

J. Mackinnon: A History of Modern Liberty, Vol. iii, The Age of the
Reformation, 1906.

T. M. Lindsay: A History of the Reformation. 2 vols. 1906-7.

H. Böhmer: Luther im Lichte der neueren Forschung. 1906. (2d. ed. 1909, 3d. 1913, 5th 1918, each much changed).

Ernst Troeltsch: Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Entstehung der modernen Welt. 1906. (2d ed. 1911; English translation, "Protestantism and Progress." 1912).

Troeltsch: Protestantisches Christentum und Kirche in der Neuzeit, 1906. (Kultur der Gegenwart, I, Teil iv, 1). 2d ed. 1909.

Troeltsch: "Protestantismus und Kultur," in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 1912.

Troeltsch: Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen, 1912.

Troeltsch: "Renaissance und Reformation," Historische Zeitschrift, cx. 519 ff., 1913.

Troeltsch: "Die Kulturbedeutung des Kalvinimus," Internationale
Wochenschrift, iv, 1910.

Troeltsch: "Luther und der Protestantismus," Neue Rundschau, Oct. 1917.

T. Brieger: "Die Reformation." In Weltgeschichte 1500-1648, ed.
Pflugk-Harttung, 1907. (Published separately, enlarged, 1909).

F. Loofs: Luther's Stellung zum Mittelalter und zur Neuzeit. 1907.

Horst Stephan: Luther in den Wandlungen seiner Kirche. 1907.

A. Kalthoff: Das Zeitalter der Reformation. 1907.

Otto Pfleiderer: Die Entwicklung des Christentums. 1907.

Joseph Fabre: La pensée moderne, de Luther à Leibnitz. 1908.

F. Lepp: Schlagwörter des Reformationszeitalters. 1908.

Paul Sabatier: Les Modernistes, 1908 (Translated, Modernism, 1908, pp. 75 ff).

Paul Sabatier: L'Orientation religieuse de la France actuelle, 1911. (Translated, France Today, its Religious Orientation, 1913, pp. 49-51).

John Morley: Miscellanies, Fourth Series, 1908, pp. 120 ff.

R. Eckert: Luther im Urteil bedeutender Männer. 1908. (2d ed., expanded, 1917).

E. Boutroux: Science et religion dans la philosophie contemporaine, 1908, p. 13.

L. Zscharnack: "Reformation und Humanismus im Urteil der deutschen
Aufklärung," Protestantische Monatshefte, 1908, xii, 81 ff, 153 ff.

F. Rachfahl: "Kalvinismus und Kapitalismus," Internationale
Wochenschrift, iii, 1909.

E. Fueter: "Die Weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung des Calvinismus." Wissen und Leben, ii, 1909, pp. 269 ff.

E. Fueter: Geschichte der neueren Historiographie. 1911. (French translation, 1916).

E. Fueter: Geschichte des Europäischen Staatensystems 1492-1559. 1919.

W. Windelband: Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie, p. 395. (Kultur der Gegenwart, Teil I, Abt. 5, 1909).

Solamon Reinach: Orpheus, 1909.

Jacob Salwyn Schapiro: Social Reform and the Reformation. 1909.

F. Katzer: Luther und Kant. 1910.

Emil Knodt: Die Bedeutung Calvins und des Calvinismus für die protestantische Welt. 1910.

Jaeger: "Germanisierung des Christentums," Religion in Geschichte und
Gegenwart, 1910.

A. Dide: J. J. Rousseau, le Protestantisme et la Révolution française. (1910).

J. Rivain: Politique, Morale, Religion; Sur l'Esprit protestant;
Protestantisme et progrès; l'Église et l'État. 1910.

C. Burdach: "Sinn und Ursprung der Worte Renaissance und Reformation." Königliche-preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1910, pp. 594-646.

W. Köhler: Idee und Persönlichkeit in der Kirchengeschichte. 1910.

W. Köhler: "Luther," in Morgenrot der Reformation, hg. von
Pflugk-Harttung, 1912.

W. Köhler: Martin Luther und die deutsche Reformation. 1916.

W. Köhler in Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 1909. i, 2117 ff.

Köhler: "Erasmus," 1918. (Klassiker der Religion).

Köhler: Dr. M. Luther, der deutsche Reformator. 1917.

H. T. Andrews: "The Social Principles and Effects of the Reformation."
In Christ and Civilization, ed. J. B. Patten, Sir P. W. Bunting and
A. E. Garvie, 1910.

Fernand Mouret: Histoire générale de l'Église. Tome 5. La
Renaissance et la Réforme. 1910. ([2] 1914).

A. Humbert: Les Origines de la Théologie moderne, 1911.

Hartmann Grisar: Luther. 3 vols. 1911-13.

Preserved Smith: Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 1911.
(Especially the preface to the second edition, 1914).

Preserved Smith: "Justification by Faith," Harvard Theological
Review, 1913.

Preserved Smith: "Luther," International Encyclopaedia, 1915.

Preserved Smith: "The Reformation 1517-1917." Bibliotheca Sacra,
Jan. 1918.

Preserved Smith: "English Opinion of Luther," Harvard Theological
Review, 1917.

Hillaire Belloc: "The Results of the Reformation." Catholic World,
Jan. 1912.

P. Wernle: Renaissance und Reformation. 1912.

Alfred Plummer: The Continental Reformation. 1912.

Maxime Kowalewsky: Die ökonomische Entwicklung Europas bis zum Beginn der kapitalistischen Wirtschaftsform. Aus dem Russischen überstezt von A. Stein. Vol. vi, 1913, pp. 51 ff.

J. B. Bury: A History of Freedom of Thought. 1913.

G. L. Burr: "Anent the Middle Ages," American Historical Review, 1913.

Burr: "The Freedom of History," American Historical Review, Jan. 1917.

W. J. Ashley: Economic Organization of England, 1914, pp. 64 ff.

A. Elkan: "Entstehung und Entwicklung des Begriffs 'Gegenreformation,'" Historische Zeitschrift, cxii, pp. 473-93, 1914.

E. M. Hulme: The Renaissance, the Protestant Revolution and the
Catholic Reformation. 1914. (Second ed. 1915).

G. Wolf: Quellenkunde der deutschen Reformationsgeschichte, 2 vols. 1915, 1916.

A. E. Harvey: "Economic Self-interest in the German Anti-clericalism of the 15th and 16th Centuries," American Journal of Theology, 1915.

Harvey: "Economic Aspects of the Reformation," Lutheran Survey, Aug. 1, 1917, pp. 459-64.

Harvey: "Martin Luther in the Estimate of Modern Historians," American
Journal of Theology, July, 1918.

W. P. Paterson: "Religion," chap. 9 of German Culture, ed. by W. P.
Paterson, 1915.

John Dewey: German Philosophy and Politics. 1915.

H. Cohen: Deutschtum und Judentum. 1915.

G. Kawerau: Luther's Gedanken über den Krieg. 1916.

G. Monod: "La Réforme Catholique," Revue Historique, cxxi, 1916, esp. pp. 314 f.

F. S. Marvin: Progress and History, 1916. (Essays by various authors).

Shailer Mathews: The Spiritual Interpretation of History, 1916, esp. pp. 57 ff.

Frank Puaux: "La Réformation jugée par Claude et Jurieu." Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme, Juillet-Sept. 1917.

L. Marchaud: La Réformation: ses causes, sa nature, ses consequences. 1917.

N. Weiss: "Pour le Quatrième Centénaire de la Réformation," Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme, 1917, pp. 178 ff.

K. D. Macmillan: Protestantism in Germany. 1917.

Georg von Below: Die Ursachen der Reformation, 1917.

H. M. Gwatkin: "Reformation," in Encyclopaedia of Religion and
Ethics, 1917.

Alfred Fawkes: "Papacy," ibid.

Max Lenz: "Luthers weltgeschichtliche Stellung," Preussische
Jahrbücher, clxx, 1917.

Chalfant Robinson: "Some Economic Aspects of the Protestant Reformation
Doctrines." Princeton Theological Review, October 1917.

Arthur Cushman McGiffert: "Luther and the Unfinished Reformation."
Address given at Union Seminary Oct. 31, 1917, published in the Union
Seminary Bulletin, 1918.

Revue de Métaphysique et Morale, Sept.-Dec., 1918. Special number on the Reformation with important articles by C. A. Bernouilli, Imbart de la Tour, N. Weiss, F. Buisson, F. Watson, Frederic Palmer, E. Doumergue and others.

W. K. Boyd: "Political and Social Aspects of Luther's Message," South
Atlantic Quarterly, Jan., 1918.

H. Scholz: "Die Reformation und der deutsche Geist." Preussische
Jahrbücher, clxx, 1, 1918.

F. Heiler: Luther's Religionsgeschichtliche Bedeutung. 1918.

F. T. Teggart: The Processes of History, 1918, pp. 162 ff.

Lucy H. Humphrey: "French Estimates of Luther," Lutheran Quarterly,
April, 1918. (Interesting study).

J. Paquier: Luther et l'Allemagne. 1918.

Wilbur Cross Abbott: The Expansion of Europe 1415-1789. 2 vols. 1918.

H. E. Barnes: "History," Encyclopaedia Americana, 1919.

George Foot Moore: History of Religions: Judaism, Christianity,
Mohammedanism. 1919.

P. Hume Brown: Surveys of Scottish History. 1919. (Essays posthumously collected).

J. Haller: Die Ursachen der Reformation. 1919.

F. Arnold: Die deutsche Reformation in ihren Beziehungen zu den
Kulturverhältnissen des Mittelalters. 1919.

D. H. Bauslin: The Lutheran Movement of the Sixteenth Century. 1919.

{819}

INDEX

Aalst, 264.
Aberdeen, University of, 12.
Abgarus, 585.
Abyssinia, 405.
Acontius, J., 627.
Acton, Lord, 357, 377, 642, 737, 741.
Adams, B., 726.
Adrian VI, Pope,
appeal to Germany, 84 f., 378.
and Luther, 241, 378.
and Inquisition, 242, 378, 415.
pontificate, 378 f., 389.
in Spain, 427.
and art, 690.
Aerschot, Duke of, 269.
Aeschylus, 574.
Aesop, 574.
Africa, 10, 437, 441, 443, 445 f., 473, 525, 533, 616.
Agriculture, 540 ff.
Agrippa of Nettesheim, H. C., 420, 508, 510, 638 f.
Aigle, 161.
Aix-in-Provence, 203.
Alamanni, L., 373.
Albertinus, A., 453.
Albertus Magnus, 612.
Albigenses, 35.
Albuquerque, A. d', 443.
Alcalá, University of, 12, 400, 565, 673.
Aleander, J., 78, 80, 191, 195, 241.
Alençon, 195.
Charles, Duke of, 189.
Aleppo, 446.
Alesius, A., 354.
Alexander VI, Pope, 17 f., 407, 418, 435, 709.
Algiers, 449.
Allenstein, 618.
Almeida, F. d', 442.
Altdorf, 670.
Alva, Duke of,
defeats German Protestants, 120.
besieges Metz, 200.
regent of the Netherlands, 254, 257 ff., 672.
and England, 332, 335, 339 f.
art of war, 488.
Amazon, 438.
America, 275, 407, 416, 430, 435 ff., 457, 512, 523, 616, 651.
gold and silver from, 473 ff.
Amboise, 197.
Tumult of, 210 f.
Amboyna, 524.
Ameaux, 175.
Ammonius, A., 649.
Amsterdam, 244, 257, 261 f., 275, 531.
Amyot, 576.
Anabaptists, 82.
in Germany, 99 ff.
and Melanchthon, 117.
and polygamy, 120.
in Sweden, 138.
in Poland, 142.
in Transylvania, 145.
in Switzerland, 154 ff.
in Netherlands, 237, 243 f., 248 f., 295.
in England, 295, 308, 315.
in Italy, 376, 417.
and Council of Trent, 392.
and Bible, 573.
communism, 606.
persecuted, 644 f.
for toleration, 646.
judged by Bax and Kautsky, 726.
Andalusia, 433 f.
Andelot, 205.
Andrea del Sarto, 680.
Anghierra, P. M. d', 702.
Anjou, Francis, Dnke of, 269 f., 272, 274, 602.
Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, 287, 290 f., 293,
295, 298 f., 548, 588, 676.
Anne of Cleves, Queen of England, 306 f.
Anne, Queen of France, 182 f.
Anthology, 574.
Antwerp, 237, 239 ff., 245, 256 f., 260, 265, 284,
355, 442, 454, 467, 472, 565.
trade, 523 ff., 531 f., 537.
charity, 559.
art, 683.
Appenzell, 146.
Aquaviva, 410.
Aquinas, T., 34, 43, 47, 163, 529, 590, 624.
Arabs, 442 f., 448.
Aragon, 428.
Arbuthnot, A., 355.
Archangel, 526.
Arcimboldi, 136.
Aretino, P., 694.
Argyle, Earl of, 360.
Ariosto, 11, 19, 374, 502, 508 ff., 628, 692.
Aristarchus, 617.
Aristophanes, 574.
Aristotle, 49, 52, 63 f., 66, 513, 574, 590, 609, 612, 617, 623.
reaction against, 636 f.
Armentières, 256.
Armstrongs, 505.
Arndt, 718.
Arras, League of, 271 ff.
Art, 3, 674, 91. [Transcriber's note: 691?]
Gothic, 7.
rewards of artists, 472.
history of, 582 f.
painting, 674 ff.
architecture, 685 ff.
Reformation and Counter-reformation, 689 ff.
Artois, 239.
Arzila, 446.
Ascham, R., 327, 497 f., 634 f., 667 f., 671, 692.
Ashley, 729.
Asia, 447 f., 474, 616.
Aske, R., 304.
Askewe, A., 309.
Atahualpa, 440.
Atlantic, 10, 442, 490, 523.
Aubigné, M. d', 723.
Aubigné, T. A. d', 600 f.
Augsburg, 74, 113, 128, 454.
Diet of (1518), 46, 67.
Diet of (1530), 110, 116 ff.
Diet of (1548), 129, 239.
Diet of (1555), 130.
Religious Peace of, 114, 130 ff., 255, 650.
Confession, 116 f., 122, 130, 145, 299, 392.
banks, 520 f., 527 f.
pauperism, 559 f.
Augustine, 34, 65, 584, 606.
Augustinian Friars, 67, 240, 702, 708.
Australia, 443.
Austria, 74 ff., 79, 146, 158, 238.
Rudolph IV, Duke of, 44.
Don John of, 266 ff., 272.
Matthew, Archduke of, 268 ff.
Auvergne, 202.
Avicenna, 513.
Avignon, popes at, 14, 42.
Azores, 435, 441.
Aztecs, 438 f.

Babington, A., 338.
Bacon, F., 392, 487, 591 f., 609, 623, 626, 650, 666, 669.
on effect of the Reformation, 635 f.
Baden, 157, 238.
Badius, J., 471.
Balboa, 438.
Baldwin, J., 635.
Bale, J., 578.
Balearic Isles, 535.
Baltic, 523, 526.
Bamberg, 114, 658.
Bandini, P. A., 377.
Baptista Mantuanus, 667.
Baptists, 102.
Barbarossa, 449.
Barbary, 535.
Barcelona, 428, 535.
University of, 12, 400.
Barnabites, 397.
Barnes, R., 308.
Baronius, C., 585.
Barton, E., 290.
Basil III, Czar, 447.
Basle
joins Swiss Confederacy, 146.
center of humanism, 147, 150.
Reformation, 156 f., 160, 162.
Council of, 15 f., 40, 45, 147 f., 389.
University of, 11, 149.
Baur, F. C., 720 f.
Bavaria, 44, 74, 114, 127, 406, 454.
Bax, B., 725 f.
Baxter, R., 656, 729.
Bayard, 501.
Beard, C., 739.
Beaton, D., 356 f., 382.
Beatus Rhenanus, 53.
Becket, T., 59, 305.
Beda, N., 161.
Beirut, 446.
Beham, B., 103, 628.
Beham, H. S., 103, 628.
Belgium, 76, 555.
Belgrade, 449.
Bellay, J. du, 576, 579.
Bellay, M. du, 582, 704.
Bellay, R. du, 196.
Bellinis, 677.
Below, G. von, 739.
Bembo, P., 51, 374, 376.
Benedict, St., 397.
Bengal, 524.
Ben Mosheh, G., 565.
Benn, A. W., 742.
Ber, L., 106.
Berger, A. E., 728.
Bernard, St., 34, 397.
Berne, 146 ff., 153, 157 f., 160 f., 168 f., 179, 645.
Berni, F., 376.
Berquin, L. de, 193.
Berthelier, P., 175.
Berwick, 358.
Berwickshire, 362.
Besançon, University of, 672.
Bessarion, 52.
Beucklessen, 101 f.
Beza, T., 172, 181, 213, 565, 585, 598, 647, 671.
Bezold, 732.
Bible
first printed, 9.
number of editions, 26.
Vulgate, 26, 188, 392, 396, 566.
French, 26, 175, 188, 196, 570.
German, 26, 81, 86, 100, 111 f., 157, 569 f.
English, 37 f., 243, 284, 289, 300, 329, 354 ff., 359, 566, 570 f.
Swedish, 138.
Polish, 142.
Greek, 147, 188, 374, 420, 564 ff.
Dutch, 243.
Spanish, 245.
new Latin translations, 374, 565 f.
Italian, 374.
Hebrew, 565.
Complutensian Polyglot, 565 f.
authority of, 35, 37 f., 40, 165 f., 392, 571 ff.
exegesis and criticism of, 566 ff.
by Valla, 49, 566 f.
by Lefèvre, 52 f.
by Colet, 53.
by Reuchlin, 54.
by Erasmus, 60, 564 ff.
by Luther, 568 f.
new translations condemned, 192, 203, 284, 309, 420 ff.
price of, 468.
popularity, 571 f.
effect of bibliolatry, 573, 655 f.
illustrated by Raphael, 679.
Biblia Pauperum, 8, 26.
Biel, G., 160, 743.
Bijns, A., 246.
Bion, 574.
Blaurer, A., 179.
Blaurer, T., 134.
Blaurock, G., 645.
Blois, 197, 210.
States General, 222.
Blue Laws, 171 ff., 482 ff.
Boccaccio, 47 f., 422.
Bodin, J., 222, 582, 601 f., 608, 623.
on religion, 630.
on witchcraft, 657, 659 f.
Boece, H., 354.
Bohemia, 38 ff., 74, 144, 290.
Bohemian Brethren, 40 f., 142, 144.
Böhm, H., 87.
Böhmer, 739.
Boiardo, 376.
Bologna, 393.
University of, 11, 603, 613, 618, 627.
Concordat of, 42 f., 184, 230.
Bolsec, J., 167, 176, 375.
Bombasius, 564.
Boniface VIII, Pope, 14, 23, 41 f.
Bonivard, 168.
Bonn, 657.
Bonner, 604.
Books
numbers of, 9, 691 f.
prices of, 468.
royalties, 471 f.
literature, 691-8.
Borgeaud, C., 743.
Borgia family, 15, 676.
Caesar, 17, 590, 676.
Lucretia, 17, 676.
Borgia, F., 410.
Borneo, 524.
Borromeo, C., 386, 417.
Borthwick, D., 355 note.
Bossuet, 702 f.
Botero, J., 608.
Bothwell, Earl of, 366 ff.
Boucher, J., 190, 600, 605.
Bourbon, Anthony of, 205, 210, 213.
Bourbon, Charles, Constable of, 185, 205, 380.
Bourbon, Charles, Cardinal of, 223.
Bourgeoisie, 5, 236, 278, 549 ff.
Bourges, 195.
University of, 11, 162.
Pragmatic Sanction of, 42 f.
Archbishop of, 227.
Boyneburg, 313.
Brabant, 245, 253, 255, 264, 269, 274.
population, 454.
Brahe, T., 623.
Bramante, 686.
Brandenburg, 74, 468, 540.
population, 454.
Joachim I, Elector of, 77.
Joachim II, Elector of, 119, 127.
Albert of, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 113, 139.
John, Margrave of, 398.
Brandenburg-Culmbach, Albert of, 130.
Brant, S., 88.
Ship of Fools, 54, 147.
Brantôme, 211, 350, 582, 704.
Brask, J., 137.
Brazil, 405, 408, 435, 444.
Breda, 251.
Brederode, 257.
Brentano, 729.
Brenz, 645.
Brescia, 455, 565, 658.
Brethren of the Common Life, 12, 26, 32.
Briçonnet, W., 180 ff.
Brielle, 260.
Bristol, 323.
Brittany, 182, 195.
Brothers of Mercy, 397.
Browne, R., 345.
Brück, G., 116.
Bruges, 273, 559.
Bruno, 507, 623, 639 f.
Brunswick, Henry, Duke of, 120.
Brussels, 235, 242, 245, 253, 255 ff., 264, 266, 268,
272, 439, 502, 540.
Bucer, M., 110, 120, 122, 164, 169, 312 f., 322, 375,
508, 596, 645.
Buchanan, G., 354, 579 f., 603, 703.
Buckingham, Duke of, 280.
Buckle, H. T., 722.
Budé, W., 187, 190, 193 f., 667, 672.
Bugenhagen, J., 137.
Bullinger, H., 102, 123, 150, 160, 179, 299, 312,
326, 356, 420, 587.
Burckhardt, J., 732.
Burghley, W. Cecil, Lord, 327, 333 f., 337 f., 554, 635.
Burgos, 457.
Burgundy, Free County of, 76, 234, 257, 455, 553.
Philip the Good, Duke of, 234.
Charles the Bold, Duke of, 235.
Burgundy (France), 186.
Burnet, G., 701.
Burr, G. L., 732.
Busleiden, J., 672.
Butts, W., 470 f.

Cabot, S., 446. Cabral, 442. Cabrières, 203. Cadiz, 341, 524 f. Cairo, 446. Cajetan, T. de Vio, Cardinal, 46, 67 f., 393, 566, 605, 624. Calais, 200, 281, 302, 319, 332 Calcagnini, C., 620. Calderon, 433. Calendar, reform of the, 623 f. Calicut, 441 f. Calixtus III, Pope, 16. Calvin, G., 161. Calvin, I., 169. Calvin, J.: and German Theology, 32. doctrine of the eucharist, 110, 165 f. and Lutherans, 134. and Zwingli, 134, 159 f., 166. and Bohemian Brethren, 144. early life, 161 f. and Erasmus, 162, 164. and Luther, 162, 164 f. conversion, 162. Institutes of the Christian Religion, 162 ff., 169, 198, 208, 645. doctrine of predestination, 164 ff., 746. in Italy, 168, 376. in Geneva, 168 ff., 179. at Strassburg, 169. at Colloquy of Ratisbon, 169. marriage, 169. social reform, 170 ff., 483. persecutes, 175 ff., 645 f. and Servetus, 177 f. international position, 179 f. death and character, 180 f. and French Reformation, 189, 201, 230 f. and Rabelais, 194 f. and French Bible, 196. political theory, 211, 592, 596 f., 604. influence in Netherlands, 248. influence in England, 312, 326 f., 335. influence in Scotland, 359. and Bolsec, 375. and Council of Trent, 392. and Index, 420. on torture, 481. on amusements, 485. biblical exegesis, 569, 572. on usury, 609. and free thought, 626. and witchcraft, 656. and art, 690. judged by Gibbon, 710 f. judged by Christie, 731. Calvinism barred by Peace of Augsburg, 130. and Lutheranism, 134, 179 f. in Scandinavia, 138. in Poland, 142 f. international, 179 f. in France, 201 ff. in Netherlands, 247 ff. in Scotland, 353. in Spain, 416. in Italy, 417. political effect, 594, 707. and Capitalism, 728 f. Camden, 703. Cambrai Treaty of, 186. Archbishopric of, 252. Cambridge, University of, 56, 471, 604, 671, 687. and Reformation, 281 f. Cambridgeshire, 323. Camoens, 11, 444 f. Campanus, 626. Campeggio, 122. Canisius, P., 32, 406. Cano, S. del, 441. Canon Law, 43 f., 69, 71, 78. Canossa, 43. Cape of Good Hope, 10, 441. Cape Verde Islands, 435, 441. Capitalism, 3-5, 515-562. and Reformation, 515, 727 f., 748. origins, 515 ff. first great fortunes, 517 f. banking, 518 ff. mining, 522 f. commerce, 523 ff. manufacture, 536 ff. gilds, 537 ff. agriculture, 541 ff. bourgeoisie, 548 ff. proletariat, 552 ff. pauperism, 556 ff. Capito, W., 110, 150, 157, 189, 508, 645. Cappel First Peace of, 158. battle of, 158 f. Capuchins, 375, 397. Caracci, 689. Caracciolo, M., 78. Caraffa, J. P., see Paul IV. Cardan, J., 610 f., 614. Carlstadt, A. Bodenstein of, 69, 81, 83, 90, 108, 120, 136, 241, 420, 569. Carlyle, T., 718. Carpi, Berengar of, 613. Cartier, J., 446, 526. Cartwright, T., 343. Cassander, 248, 255. Castellio, S., 175, 646 f. Castiglione, B., 492, 501, 510. Castile, 412, 427 f. Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of, 200, 206, 372. Catechisms, 112, 142, 395, 406 f. Catharine of Aragon, Queen of England, 279, 286 f., 290 f., 321. Catharine Howard, Queen of England, 307. Catharine Parr, Queen of England, 307. Catharine de' Medici, Queen of France, marriage, 198 f. character, 211. policy, 211 ff. "flying squadron," 215. and St. Bartholomew, 217 f. as seen by Huguenots, 220 f. death, 224. and Pius V, 386. invents corsets, 497. and Machiavelli, 591. and art, 688. judged by Michelet, 717. Catholic Church (see also Papacy and Counter-reformation). revolt from, 4. history in later Middle Ages, 13-20. heir of the Roman Empire, 13, 747. abuses, 20 f. wealth, 21. temporal power, 29, 37, 70 f. attacked by Luther, 123, 388. intolerance, 641 ff. Celibacy, sacerdotal, effect on race, 13, 453. vow not kept, 25. rejected by Wyclif, 37. repudiated by Luther, 71, 81. in England, 306, 313. and Inquisition, 508. Cellarius, C., 561. Cellini, B., 504, 583, 653, 688. Censorship of the press, 417 ff., 423 f. Cerdagne, 426. Cerratani, B., 377. Cervantes, 433, 692. Ceuta, 446. Ceylon, 408, 524. Chambre Ardente, 203 f. Chancellor, R., 447. Chapuis, 288, 291. Charles V, Emperor, heir of Burgundy and Spain, 76, 126. elected emperor, 77. crowned, 78. religious policy, 79 ff., 116 ff., 121 f., 236, 322 note. conquers Tunis, 121. war with France, 121, 185 ff., 198, 427. Schmalkaldic War, 126, 383. abdicates, 132, 246. in Netherlands, 235, 238. suppresses rebellion of Ghent, 236 f. and England, 278 ff., 294, 317 f. and papacy, 378 ff. and Inquisition, 417. character, 427, 498. betrothed to Mary Tudor, 432. and Moors, 433. and Russia, 447. finance, 467. in Spain, 477. and Fuggers, 528. portrait, 678. Charles VIII, King of France, 17, 35. Charles IX, King of France, 143, 211 ff., 217 f. Charron, P., 633. Chartres, 227. Chateaubriand, Edict of, 204. Chaucer, G., 25. Cheshire, 323. Chesterton, G. K., 729. Cheyney, E. P., 742 f. Chieregato, F., 84, 377. Children, 510 f., 555. China, 443. Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 136. Christian III, King of Denmark, 119, 137. Christianity, 13, 583, 627, 744 f. Christie, R. C., 731. Cicero, 49, 488, 619. Ciceronians, 577 f. Cisneros, G. de, 401. Civita Vecchia, 535. Clement of Rome, 568. Clement V, Pope, 14. Clement VII, Pope, 186, 250. and Charles V, 236, 433. and Henry VIII, 287, 291 pontificate, 379 ff., 389. forbids duelling, 485 f. and Copernicus, 622. and art, 690. Clement VIII, Pope, 228. Clenoch, M., 325. Clergy morals, 25, 493 f. power of, 27 f. denounced by Wyclif, 37. attacked in Gravamina, 45. assailed by Luther, 71. in Netherlands, 236. reform in England, 314. in Scotland, 353 f., 356. pay of, 470. position of, 493 ff. spoliation, 550 f. Cleves, 44. William, Duke of, 306. Clocks and watches, invention of, 7 f., 688. Cochin, D., 738. Cochin (India), 442. Cochin-China, 408. Cochlaeus, 284, 588, 702. Coeur, J., 460. Cognac, League of, 186. Cole of Faversham, 167. Colet, J., 26, 53, 57, 280 f., 510, 665, 667. Coligni, G. de, 199, 205, 214 ff., 261. Cologne, 44, 54, 74, 252, 454. University of, 77, 241, 655, 666, 670. reformation of, 120, 127, 283. counter-reformation of, 128. Colonna family, 16. Vittoria, 375. Columbus, C., 3, 10 f., 62, 430, 434 f., 614 f. Commerce, 442 ff., 523 ff. Communism, 94, 155. Como, 658. Compass, invention of, 7, 614 f. Compostella, 499. Condé, Prince of, 211, 214 f. Condorcet, 713. Congo, 405. Constance, Council of, ends Great Schism, 14. deals with heresy, 14, 39 f. reforms, 14 f., 45. memory of, 148, 389, 703. Constantinople, 9, 16, 448. Consubstantiation, 33, 108. Contarini, G., 117, 122, 377, 382, 393, 402. Coornheert, D. V., 249, 251. Cop, 172. Copenhagen, University of, 12. Copernicus, N. Bible quoted against, 573. economic theory, 608. trigonometry, 610. life, 618. astronomy, 3, 618 ff. De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium, 620. reception of his theory, 621 ff., 632. influence on philosophy, 637 ff. Cordus, E., 558. Correggio, 680. Corsica, 456. Cortez, H., 438 f. Cossacks, 139 f. Cotta, U., 63. Counter-reformation, 377-424. turns back Protestants, 388. Spanish Spirit, 389. and art, 690 f. origin of word, 721. Courtenay, W., 36. Coutras, battle of, 223. Coverdale, M., 299 f., 327, 355, 570 f. Cox, R., 508. Cracow,140, 144. University of, 618. Craig, J., 603. Cranach, L., 376, 683. Cranmer, T., 290, 299, 313 f., 322 f., 495. Creighton, M., 741. Crépy, Peace of, 121, 198. Crespin, 585. Cromwell, T. alliance with France, 187. and Reformation, 289, 295 ff., 299 ff., 306 f. death, 307. fortune, 518. and Machiavelli, 591. Cuba, 438. Cugnatis, I. de, 502. Cumberland, 304. Cunningham, W., 729. Cusa, N. of, 48, 617, 640.

Damascus, 446.
Dancing, 500.
Daniel, G., 704.
Dante, 47, 423.
Danzig, 140 f., 454.
Darnley, Lord, 366 f.
Dauphiné, 202.
Davila, 704.
Delft, 264.
Demonology, 63, 653 ff.
Demosthenes, 574.
Denifle, 741.
Denmark
and Lübeck, 118.
early emigration, 135.
Reformation, 136 ff.
population, 458.
church property, 551.
Dessau, League of, 114.
Deventer, school, 56, 662.
Diaz, B., 10.
Digby, E., 639.
Digges, L., 614.
Dillenburg, 251, 258.
Dilthey, W., 730.
Diodorus, 574.
Dionysius the Areopagite, 50, 52 f.
Dispensations, papal, 22 f.
Dolet, S., 187, 203, 231, 629 f.
Döllinger, I., 723 f.
Dominic, St., 397, 399.
Dominicans, 148, 407, 702, 708.
Donatus, Latin grammar of, 8 f., 663.
Dordrecht, 240.
Doria, A., 449.
Douai, 186, 672.
Drake, F., 339 ff., 446.
Dress, 496 f.
Drinking, 485, 497 f.
Dublin, 347.
Dudley, Edmond, 279.
Dudley, Guilford, 317, 518.
Duelling, 485 f.
Dundee, 354.
Durand, 108.
Dürer, A., 510.
at Basle, 147.
in Netherlands, 240, 454, 466 ff., 537.
and Mexican spoils, 439.
property, 472.
art, 683 ff.

East Indies, 274 f., 409. Eck, J., 68 f., 77 f., 117 f., 122, 608. Eckhart, 30 f. Edinburgh, 355 f., 360, 367, 671. Treaty of, 361 f. Education, 661-73. method, 662 f., 667 f. curriculum, 663 f. effect of Reformation, 664 f., 670. Edward II, King of England, 296. Edward VI, King of England, foreign policy, 200. and Reformation, 286. birth, 299. reign, 310-7. and Scotland, 352. a law of, 483. and gilds, 540. and Bible, 572. schools, 666. accomplishments, 668. Edwards, J., 166 f. Egmont, L., Count of, 200, 251, 257, 259. Egmont, N. of, 240. Egypt, 449. Einsiedeln, 140, 150. Eisenach, 63, 81. Eleanor, Queen of France, 186. Elizabeth, Queen of England, and St. Bartholomew, 219. and Netherlands, 253, 267, 275. birth, 291. heir to the throne, 316 f. character, 324. religious policy, 324 ff., 336 ff. refuses to marry, 331. foreign policy, 332 ff. and popes, 335, 337 f., 386 f. and Ireland, 346, 348. and Knox, 361. and Mary, Queen of Scots, 368. censorship, 419. government, 477, 479. navy, 491. dancing, 500. commercial policy, 527. and Bible, 572. and liberty, 604 f. skepticism, 634. tolerance, 650. accomplishments, 668. and universities, 671. and art, 688. and Spenser, 693. Elizabeth of Valois, Queen of Spain, 226. Ely, H., 338. Elyot, T., 510, 667. Emden, 260. Emerson, R. W., 718. Empson, R., 279, 518. Emser, J., 702. England pays Peter's Pence, 21. church of, 41 f., 327, 330. literature, 135. and French Calvinists, 204, 214, 219. and Netherlands, 238, 248 f., 260, 275, 288, 339. foreign policy under Henry VIII, 277 ff., 288, 309. Reformation, 281 ff., 310 ff. Reformation Parliament, 288 ff. dissolution of monasteries, 296 f., 551. alliance with Schmalkaldic League, 300 f., 305 f. Pilgrimage of Grace, 302 ff. religious parties and statistics, 308, 311, 323, 325 f., 328. Book of Common Prayer, 312, 329 f., 344, 358. social disorders, 314 ff. Catholic reaction, 318 ff. war with France, 319, 332. conversion of masses to Protestantism, 327 f. Thirty-nine Articles, 329 f., 343. finances, 331 f., 522. war with Spain, 332, 339 ff., 433. rebellion of Northern Earls, 334 f., 550. buccaneers, 339 f., 533. Puritanism, 343 ff. and Scotland, 359, 361 f. censorship, 419. population, 453, 458. coinage, 462, 474. navy, 470, 490 f. criminal law, 481 f. army, 489. clergy, 494. brigandage, 505. commerce, 526 f., 532 ff. gilds, 540 f. inclosures, 543 ff. agriculture, 546 ff. serfs, 553. regulation of labor, 554. poor-relief, 561 f. and Polydore Vergil, 581. chronicles, 582. skeptics, 633 ff. witchcraft, 656, 658. schools, 665 f. universities, 671. Enzinas, F., 245. Epictetus, 574. Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum, 55. Erasmus, 51. Enchiridion Militis Christiani, 26, 57, 193, 684. on worship of saints, 28 f. and Colet, 53. early life and works, 56-61. Praise of Folly, 57. "philosophy of Christ," 58, 583, 698. Colloquies, 59 f., 667 f. Latin style, 60 f., 577 f. foresees Reformation, 61. and Luther, 104 ff., 134, 241, 649, 733. Diatribe on Free Will, 105, 167. edits New Testament, 147, 564 f. and Zwingli, 149 f., 153 f., 160. and Farel, 160 f. and Calvin, 162, 164. biblical criticism, 188. on persecution, 191, 642, 646 f. influence in France, 193. and Netherlands, 235, 239 ff. and Henry VIII, 277, 287 and English Reformation, 281 f. on polygamy, 287, 507. influence in Italy, 376. and Index, 420 ff. income, 471. on war, 488. on German inns, 499 f. anecdote, 502. on treatment of women, 509. political theory, 557, 592 f. edits Fathers, 575. on Roman capitol, 575. on books, 577. biographies, 582. and witchcraft, 655. on education, 667, 669, 672. portrait, 683. on hymn-singing, 690. wit, 693. Erastus, T., 594. Erfurt, 30, 82, 350, 454. University of, 63 f., 670. Eric XIV, King of Sweden, 138. Ermeland, 618. Esch, J., 242. Essex, 323. Earl of, 348. Esthonia, 139. Estienne family, 187, 203. Henry, 220. Henry, junior, 575. Robert, 565, 575 Eton, 662 f. Eucharist, doctrine of the, 86, 107 ff., 133, 160, 165 f., 206, 241, 301, 314, 711. Eucken, 740. Euclid, 574, 610. Eugene IV, Pope, 15. Euripides, 574. Exeter, 323. Exploration, 10 f., 434-50. Exsurge Domine, 77 f. Eyemouth, 362.

Faber, see Le Fèvre and Lefèvre.
Fagius, 312, 322.
Fallopius, 613.
Farel, W., 160 f., 164, 168 f., 176, 178, 195 f.
Farnese, A., 272 ff.
Farnese, O., 250.
Faust, 696 f.
Ferdinand, Emperor, 76, 238.
and Württemberg, 79, 119.
and Luther, 86.
opposes German reforms, 114.
elected King of Romans, 118.
tolerates Lutherans, 131.
becomes emperor, 132, 246.
in Hungary, 144.
and Elizabeth, 333.
and Council of Trent, 391, 394 f.
commercial grants, 528.
Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 76, 398, 412, 426, 590.
Ferrara, 375 f.
Alphonso, Duke of, 492.
Renée, Duchess of, 168, 376, 646.
University of, 618, 627.
Fichte, 718.
Ficino, M., 51.
Field, J., 623.
Figgis, N., 742.
Finland, 138, 458.
Fish, S., 283, 296.
Fisher, G. P., 739.
Fisher, H. A. L., 735.
Fisher, J., 282 f., 290, 294, 382.
Fisher, R., 635.
Fitzherbert, 543.
Flacius Illyricus, 133, 584.
Flanders, 239 f., 246, 257, 274, 288, 525.
Flemings, 270.
Flodden, battle of, 279, 353, 488.
Florence, 17 f., 372, 381, 456, 463 f., 514, 520, 686.
Florida, 437.
Flushing, 260.
Folengo, 374.
Formula of Concord, 133 f.
Forzio, B., 376.
Fox, E., 301.
Foxe, J., 327, 585 f., 701.
France
Universities, 11 f.
Reformation, 12, 187 ff.
invades Italy, 17, 185.
Gallican church, 42, 184, 215, 551.
war with Germany, 79, 116, 121, 123, 127, 185 ff., 198, 207.
relations with Switzerland, 147.
Calvin, 162.
condition, 182, 184.
royal pedigrees, 183.
Renaissance, 187.
expansion of, 199 f.
wars of religion, 210 ff., 455.
failure of Protestantism, 228 ff.
war with England, 279, 309, 319, 332.
civilization, 350.
and Scotland, 359.
and Council of Trent, 395.
Jesuits in, 405 f.
censorship, 419.
population, 455, 458.
wealth, 459 ff.
army, 459.
coinage, 462 f.
finance, 467, 470, 480, 522.
duelling, 486.
trade, 525 f.
serfs, 553.
poor-relief, 561.
memoirs, 582.
republicans, 597 ff.
skeptics, 628 ff.
Franche Comté, see Burgundy, Free County of.
Francis, St., 397, 399, 404.
Francis I, King of France,
candidate for imperial throne, 77.
and Zwingli, 157 f.
and Calvin, 162.
character, 184 f., 278 f.
and Lnther, 191, 231.
alliance with German Protestants, 197.
death, 198.
and Waldenses, 203.
army, 459, 489.
finance, 461, 467, 470.
on gambling, 485.
Collège de France, 672.
portrait, 678.
and art, 688.
Francis II, King of France, 210 f., 330, 359, 362.
Francis, Dauphin, 221.
Franciscans, 148, 397, 407.
Francke, S., 583, 627.
Franconia, 91.
Franeker, University of, 673.
Frankenhausen, 95.
Frankfort-on-the-Oder, University of, 11, 670.
Frankfort-on-the-Main, 31, 76, 321, 358, 523.
Treaty of, 122.
Frauenburg, 618.
Frederic III, Emperor, 45.
Frederic I, King of Denmark, 136 f.
Free Will, 105, 164 ff.
Freiburg-in-the-Breisgau, University of, 11.
Freiburg in Switzerland, 146, 168.
Freytag, G., 718 f.
Friesland, 235, 238, 259, 272.
Froben, J., 147, 190, 280.
Frobisher, M., 446.
Froude, J. A., 343, 367, 717.
Frundsherg, 380, 488.
Fugger, Bank of, 77, 461, 520 ff.
family, 461, 479, 522 f.
Anthony, 528.
James, 527 f.
Jerome, 528.
Raymond, 528.
Funk, 133.
Fust, J., 9.

Gaetano di Tiene, 397.
Galateo, J., 375.
Galen, 513, 574.
Galileo, 424, 621 f.
Gama, Vasco da, 3, 10 f., 441 ff.
Gambling, 485.
Gandia, Duke of, 517.
Garland, John of, 663.
Garv, N., 347.
Gascony, 216.
Gasquet, 740.
Gelasius, Pope, 418.
Gembloux, battle of, 269.
Geneva
evangelized by Zwingli's missionaries, 158, 160.
Calvin at, 168 ff.
constitution, 168 f.
theocracy, 170 ff.
immigration, 174 f., 204, 321.
Libertines, 175 f.
capital of Protestantism, 179.
under Beza, 181.
Knox at, 358 f.
dancing, 500.
witch persecution, 656, 658.
school, 668, 671 f.
university, 671.
Genoa, 381, 456, 468, 520, 525.
Gentillet, 591.
Germaine de Foix, Queen of Spain, 398.
German Theology, The, 31.
Germany
universities, 11, 53, 670 f.
mystics, 30 ff.
nationalism, 43 ff.
humanism, 53.
condition, 74 ff.
Peasants' War, 87-95, 552.
causes, 87 ff.
Twelve Articles, 92 f.
suppression, 94 f.
Luther, 97 f.
effect of, 155, 192, 531, 593 f.
rebellion of the Knights, 83 f., 505.
religious statistics, 132 f.
effect of religious controversy, 134.
French Calvinists in, 204.
and Netherlands, 237 ff.
Ascham's opinion of, 327.
civilization, 350.
and Italy, 371.
and Spain, 372.
Counter-reformation, 388.
and Council of Trent, 395.
Jesuits in, 405 ff.
censorship, 419.
and Reformation, 425.
population, 454, 458.
coinage, 463.
inns, 499 f.
mines, 522 f.
trade, 526 f.
agriculture, 543.
serfs, 553.
labor, 554 f.
poor-relief, 560 f.
constitution, 595 f.
reform of calendar, 624.
witch hunt, 657 f.
schools, 665.
books, 691.
Gertruidenberg, 251.
Gesner, C., 611 f.
Ghent, 236 f., 240, 256, 269 f., 272 f., 454.
Pacification of, 265, 270.
Ghislieri, see Pius V.
Giberti, M., 382.
Gibbon, E., 167, 710 f.
Gilbert, H., 532 f.
Gilbert, W., 615, 639.
Gilds, 3 ff., 263 f., 537 ff.
Giorgione, 677.
Gipsies, 558.
Giulio Romano, 680, 690.
Giustiniani, 280.
Glarus, 146, 149, 157.
Glasgow, 354; 368.
University of, 12.
Glencairn, Earl of, 360.
Gloucester, 323.
Goa, 408, 443, 445.
Goch, J. Pupper of, 420.
Goethe, J. W. von, 697, 711 f.
Gold, production of, 473 ff., 516 f.
Gonzalez, 588.
Gosson, 658.
Gotha, 128.
Gouge, J., 519.
Granada, 426, 433.
Granvelle, A. P., 250 ff.
Gratius, O., 55.
Gravamina, 45 f.
Gravelines, battle of, 200.
Great Schism, 14.
Greek, 16, 53, 667 ff.
classics, 574 ff.
Gregory VII, Pope, 43.
Gregory XI, Pope, 36, 44.
Gregory, XIII, Pope,
and St. Bartholomew, 218 f., 387.
and Elizabeth, 337 f., 387.
pontificate, 386 f.
reform of Calendar, 624.
Gregory XIV, Pope, 226.
Greifswald, University of, 11, 670.
Grenoble, 195.
Gresham, T., 534.
Grey, Lady Jane, 316 ff., 511.
Gribaldi, M., 178 f.
Grimani, 575.
Grisar, H., 741.
Grisons, Confederacy of, 146 f.
Groningen, 235, 238.
Groote, G., 32.
Grotius, H., 276, 704.
Gruet, J., 176.
Grumbach, 132.
Guadegni, T., 520.
Guam, 440.
Guelders, 235, 238, 262, 272.
Guicciardini, F., 373, 422, 580, 704.
Guicciardini, L., 454.
Guinea, 533.
Guinegate, 279.
Guines, 200, 280 f., 319.
Guise
Claude, Duke of, 199.
Francis, Duke of, 199 f., 210 f., 214, 319, 597.
Henry, Duke of, 217 f., 221, 223 f.
Guizot, 714.
Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, 137 f.
Gutenberg, J., 8 f.

Haarlem, 101, 262. Hagenau, 122. Hague, 240. Haiti (Espaniola, Hispaniola), 436, 533. Hales, J., 608. Hall, E., 284, 582, 703. Hallam, H., 723. Hamburg, 113, 454, 559. Hamilton, P., 354. Haring, C. H., 475. Harnack, A. von, 739. Harrington, 706. Harrison, 498, 547. Harzhorn, E., 420. Haug bank, 521. Hawkins, 339, 533. Health, public, 486 f., 511 ff. Hebrew, 53 f., 668, 672. Hegel, 719 f. Hegius, 662. Heidelberg, 67; Heilsberg, 618. Heimburg, Gregory of, 46. Heine, H., 112, 715 f. Helmont, 255. Helmstadt, University of, 670. Henlein, P., 688. Henry VII, King of England, 279, 517. Henry VIII, King of England, and France, 186, 279. character, 277 ff. and Luther, 277, 287 f., 472. Empson and Dudley, 279. and Scotland, 279, 356. and Charles V, 280 f. "Defender of the Faith," 283. divorce from Catharine, 286 f., 290 f., 704, 708. Supreme Head of the Church, 289 ff., 293. will, 316, 321. and Ireland, 346, 348. finances, 461. government, 477, 479. navy, 491. commercial policy, 526. and Polydore Vergil, 581. and Sanders, 588. and Melanchthon, 605. and education, 666. portrait, 683. Henry II, King of France character, 198 f. suppresses Protestantism, 203 f. death, 206 f. and Council of Trent, 393. income, 461. Henry III, King of France, 143, 219 ff., 600. Henry IV, King of France, 597. policy, 167, 212, 225. leader of Huguenots, 223 ff. character, 224 f. conversion, 227 f. Edict of Nantes, 228 f. Henry d'Albret, King of Navarre, 189. Henry, King of Portugal, 432, 446. Heracleides, 617. Herder, 718. Herodotus, 574. Hertford, 322. Hesse, 84, 113, 551. Philip, Landgrave of, suppresses Peasants' Revolt, 95. calls conference at Marburg, 109. attacks Würzburg and Bamberg, 114. signs Protest, 115. restores Ulrich of Wurttemberg, 119. commits bigamy, 119. expels Henry of Brunswick, 120. captivity, 128, 130. and Zwingli, 157. Heywood, J., 283. Hindoos, 443. Hippocrates, 513. Historiography in the sixteenth century, 579-588. humanistic, 579 ff. memoirs, 582. chronicles, 582. biography, 582 f. church history, 583 ff. later treatment of Reformation, see Reformation. Hobbes, T., 594. Höchstetter, C., 529. Hochstraten, J., 54. Hoen, 108, 240 f. Hofen, U. T. von, 160. Hoffberg, P. von, 538. Hoffmann, M., 101, 243. Holbein, H., 278, 548, 677, 683, 685. Holland, 76, 251. Anabaptists, 301. Reformation, 240, 250, 256, 270. war with Spain, 260, 263 f., 271 f., 274, 342. population, 454. Hollinshed, R., 582. Holyrood, 356. Homer, 574. Hooker, R., 344 f., 604, 606. Hooper, 314. Horn, Count of, 257, 259. Hotman, F., 218, 220, 223, 582, 598. Howard of Effingham, Lord, 342. Hübmaier, B., 92. Huguenots origin of the name, 208. character, 208 f. history, 210 ff. guaranteed liberty of worship, 228 f. in Netherlands, 248, 260. and England, 332. politics, 596 ff. caricatured, 685. judged by French secular historians, 704. judged by Michelet, 716. Hulst, F. van der, 242. Humanism patronized by papacy, 16. prepares for Reformation, 47, 61. turns against Luther, 102 ff. in Poland, 140. in Netherlands, 254 f. in Scotland, 354. decay, 692. Hume, D., 708 ff. Hungary, 144, 350, 449, 463. universities, 12. Huss, J. protected by a university, 12. death, 14, 39. life and work, 38 ff. influence on Luther, 41, 69, 71 f., 86, 744. influence in Poland, 140. followers in Bohemia, 144. on Index, 420. Hussites, 75, 80, 649. Hütlin, M., 558. Hutten, U. von, 684. mocks Julius II, 24. publishes Valla's Donation of Constantine, 49, 55, 70. character and work, 55 f. supports rebellion of knights, 83. incites peasants, 91. and Luther, 96. taunts Erasmus, 105. commercial ideas, 530. Hutton, M., 604. Huxley, 730.

Iceland, 137.
Idria, 528.
Imbart de la Tour, P., 736.
Incas, 439 f.
Independents, 102, 345 f.
Index of Prohibited Books, 32, 245, 381, 383, 388, 395,
420 ff., 591.
Congregation of, 422.
Index Expurgatorius, 422 f.
effect, 423 f.
and Copernicus, 622.
and Weyer, 659.
India, 10, 441 ff., 446, 523, 616.
Indians (American), 436 ff.
Individualism, 6, 28, 515, 677, 749.
Indulgences,
letters of first printed, 9.
theory and practice of, 23 f.
denounced by Wyclif, 37.
denounced by Huss, 39.
Erasmus's opinion of, 57.
attacked by Luther, 66 f.
in Denmark, 136.
in Switzerland, 151.
in Netherlands, 236.
and Fuggers, 527.
Inghirami, 51.
Ingolstadt, 51.
University of, 11, 406.
Innocent III, Pope, 14, 35.
Innocent VIII, Pope, 16 f., 35, 654.
Inquisition
in Netherlands, 242 ff., 257.
Spanish, 242, 412 ff., 431.
in Venice, 376.
and Loyola, 400.
medieval, 412.
procedure, 413.
penalties, 414.
number of victims, 414 f.
scope, 415.
in Spanish dependencies, 416.
Roman, 416 f.
Index, 420, 423.
in Portugal, 445.
suppresses books on anatomy, 613.
and philosophy, 628.
and Bruno, 639.
judged by modern Catholics, 642 f.
and witchcraft, 655, 658.
judged by Froude, 717.
Institoris, H., 654.
Intelligence, growth of, 12 f.
Intelligentsia, 551 f.
Inventions, 6 ff.
Ireland, 346-9, 453, 535.
Jesuits in, 405.
and Inquisition, 417.
Isabella, Queen of Castile, 76, 412, 426.
Isabella of Portgual, Queen of Spain, 432.
Isocrates, 574.
Italy
first printers in, 9.
lack of national feeling, 43, 372.
and Renaissance, 47, 372 f., 425.
decadence, 135.
invaded by France, 17, 185.
civilization, 350.
and Reformation, 371 ff.
Jesuits in, 405.
population, 455 f., 458.
coinage, 463 f.
hospitals, 514.
banks, 519 f.
trade, 525.
reform of calendar, 624.
universities, 673.
Ivan IV, Czar, 143, 447, 748.
Ivry, battle of, 225.

Jagiello dynasty, 139.
James IV, King of Scotland, 279, 352.
James V, King of Scotland, 199, 210, 352 f., 355 f., 580.
James VI, King of Scotland, 367, 369 f., 484, 505, 660.
James, W., 167, 740.
Jane Seymour, Queen of England, 299.
Janizaries, 449, 489.
Jansen, 276.
Jansenists, 406.
Janssen, J., 740.
Japan, 405, 408, 443, 616.
Jarnac, battle of, 215.
Java, 443, 616.
Jena, University of, 670.
Jerome, St., 192, 684.
Jerome of Prague, 14, 40.
Jerusalem, 400, 402, 499.
Jesus Christ, 13, 29, 63.
Jesuits, 396-411.
in Poland, 143 f.
in Bohemia, 144.
in France, 202, 216, 231.
in Netherlands, 249.
in England, 328, 336 f.
origins, 381, 402 f.
and Paul IV, 384.
at Council of Trent, 393 f.
typical, 398.
organization, 403 f.
obedience, 404 f.
growth, 405 f.
combat heresy, 405 ff.
foreign missions, 407 ff.
decay, 409 ff.
casuistry, 411, 506.
in Portugal, 445.
and tyrannicide, 605.
and philosophy, 628.
colleges, 666, 670 f.
art, 691.
judged by Michelet, 717.
Jetzer, J., 148, 708.
Jewel, J., 327, 344, 656.
Jews, 415 ff., 426, 445, 649.
Joan d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, 205, 213.
Joan of Arc, 581.
Joanna, Queen of Spain, 76, 477.
John the Baptist, 63.
John XXIII, Pope, 39.
John III, King of Portugal, 409, 445.
John III, King of Sweden, 138.
Jonas, J., 420, 508.
Josephus, 574.
Jovius, P., 580 ff., 703.
Jud, L., 157.
Julius II, Pope, 18 f., 24, 51, 686, 709.
Julius III, Pope, 383 f., 393, 420.
Justification by faith only,
Lefèvre, 53, 65.
Luther, 65 f., 86, 570, 625, 724, 745.
Contarini, 122.
At Ratisbon Colloquy, 127.
in France, 196, 206.
in England, 301, 314.
in Italy, 375, 377.
at Council of Trent, 392 f.
historical estimate of the doctrine, 745 f.

Kaiserberg, G. of, 530.
Kant, I., 165, 625, 715 f.
Kaulbach, 715.
Kautsky, K., 726.
Kawerau, O., 737.
Keller, L., 508.
Kempis, Thomas à, Imitation of Christ, 26, 32 f., 401.
Kent, 322.
Kett, 314.
Khair-ed-Din, 449.
Knodt, 729.
Knollys, 603.
Knox, J., 167.
at Geneva, 174, 358 f.
in England, 313, 325, 358.
political theory, 325, 363 f., 366, 602 ff.
character, 357 f.
early life, 358.
Monstrous Regiment of Women, 361.
and Mary, 364 ff.
on women, 361, 509.
and Buchanan, 580.
as an historian, 586 f.
Koberger, A., 510.
Köhler, W., 739.
Kohlhase, J., 505.
Königsberg, 526, 670.
Koran, 420, 584.
Kovalewsky, 729.
Kurdistan, 449.
Kurtz, 737.
Küstrin, J. von, 127, 130.

La Boétie, 599 f. Lactantius, 667. Ladrones, 440. Lagarde, P. de, 736. Lamprecht, K., 737. Lancaster, John of, 36. Landau, 495. Landstuhl, 84. Lang, A., 367. Lang, M., 557. Languedoc, 216. La Rochelle, 216, 219, 229, 260, 526. Las Casas, B. de, 436. Laski, J., 141, 312. Lasso, O., 689. Lateran Council, Fifth, 19, 418 f., 628. Latimer, H., 294, 299, 322, 495, 504. Latin, 53, 63, 451, 663 ff. classics, 574 ff. La Tour, 354. Laurent, 739. Laveleye, E. de, 737. Laynez, 394, 401. Lea, H. C., 423, 731. Lecky, 723. Lefèvre d'Étaples, J., early life, 52. biblical work, 52, 188, 196, 566, 570. justification by faith, 53, 65. and Farel, 160. and Calvin, 162. and French Reformation, 188 ff., 196 f. Le Fèvre, P., 400, 406. Leghorn, 535. Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 275, 331. Leinster, 348. Leipheim, 95. Leipzig University of, 38, 671. debate, 68 f., 77, 191. Interim, 129. Lemnius, S., 502 f. Lemonnier, 732. Leo X. character and policy, 19, 77. finance, 22. Concordat of Bologna, 43. and Diet of Augsburg (1518), 46. and indulgences, 66 ff. condemns Luther, 77. and Charles V, 81, 236. death, 84. attacked by Sachs, 86. and Henry VIII, 283. Oratory of Divine Love, 397. and Sapienza, 673. portrait, 678. and art, 688. Leo, Emperor, 744. Leon, P. de, 437. Leonardo da Vinci, income, 472. scientific work, 612 f., 637 f. anatomy, 613. physics, 613 f. astronomy, 617. on necromancy, 658. art, 674 ff. Lepanto, battle of, 266, 432, 490. Lerma, Duke of, 517 f. Leslie, J., 354. Lessing, 712. Levant, 442. Lewis, King of Hungary, 144. Leyden, 263. John of, 101 f. University of, 275, 673. L'Hôpital, M. de, 213, 215, 597. Liège, 235, 260. Lilienstayn, J., 40. Lille, 186, 559. Lima, 416. Lincolnshire, 303, 323. Lisbon, 9, 408, 442, 444, 524. Lister, G., 240. Lithuania, 138 ff. Livonia, 139. Livy, 667. Lochleven, 368. Loisy, A., 739, 741. Lollards, 38, 354, 649. Lombardy, 456. London, 288, 317, 332. first printers in, 9. Netherlanders in, 253. and Reformation, 281, 301, 322 f. population, 453. credit, 467. and theater, 485. brothels, 506. death-rate, 511 f. trade, 524, 533 f., 539, 548. pauperism, 559. Loretto, 499. Lorraine, 257. Charles, Cardinal of, 199, 210 f. Lotto, L., 376. Lotzer, 92. Louis XI, King of France, 42, 556. Louis XII, King of France, 19, 182 f. Louvain, University of, 77, 241, 245, 253, 378, 420, 422, 668, 672. Loyola, I., early life, 398 f. conversion, 399 f. and Luther, 400, 405. first disciples, 400 f. Spiritual Exercises, 401 f. founds Company of Jesus, 402 f. death, 405. autobiography, 588. judged by Lagarde, 736. Lübeck, 113, 118 f., 454. Lublin, 140. Union of, 141. Lucca, 420, 456. Lucerne, 146, 153. Ludolph of Saxony, 399. Luther, C. von Bora, 123, 288. Luther, M. career changes in his life-time, 3. alludes to New World, 11, 497. and University of Wittenberg, 12. influenced by mystics, 32 ff. nationalism, 44, 46 f. early life, 62 ff. becomes a friar, 64. inner development, 64 ff. journey to Italy, 64, 514. summoned to Augsburg (1518), 67 f. debates with Eck, 68 f. condemned by Catholic church, 77. burns bull and Canon Law, 78. at Diet of Worms, 79 f., 132, 398, 441, 741. under ban of the Empire, 81. at Wartburg, 81. opposes radicals, 82 ff., 96 ff. and Peasants' War, 91, 93, 97 f., 557 f. wins German ruling classes, 111. reforms church service and government, 112 f. illnesses, 123. marriage, 123 f., 284. death, 124, 322 note. real estate and income, 468, 471. anecdotes, 495 f., 580. closes brothels, 506 f. doctrines, opinions and character doctrine of eucharist, 36 (see controversy with Zwingli). justification by faith only, 65. declares councils can err, 69. literary genius, 111, 125. political theory, 116, 549, 594 ff., 606. opinion of polygamy, 120, 286, 507, 703. virulence, 123. character, 124 f. opinion of theater, 485. on Sunday observance, 171. on Aristotle, 637. opinion of war, 487. on hunting, 500. on Reformation, 504, 700 f. on lying, 506. on marriage, 506, 508 f. on education, 511, 665, 667. commercial ideas, 530 f., 608. on poor relief, 560. biblical criticism, 568 f., 572. refutes Koran, 584. on Copernican theory, 621. philosophy, 624 ff. on toleration, 642 ff. on witchcraft, 652, 655 f. on art and music, 687, 690. writings translates Valla on Donation of Constantine, 49. lectures on Bible, 64. Ninety-five Theses, 67, 281. Address to the Christian Nobility, 70 ff., 376, 530, 560. Babylonian Captivity of Church, 72 f., 120, 164, 282. translation of Bible, 73 f., 81, 111 f., 569 f. On Monastic Vows, 81. Bondage of the Will, 105 f., 164. hymns, 112, 354, 689, 737. catechisms, 112, 164, 407. Jack Sausage, 120. Schmalkaldic Articles, 121. Against the Papacy at Rome, 123. Table Talk, 124. influence and relations with contemporaries Lefèvre, 53. Hutten, 56. general influence, 62, 80 f., 83, 698. Sachs, 86 f. deserted by humanists, 102 ff. and Erasmus, 104 ff., 241, 649. and Zwingli, 107 ff., 150 ff., 154, 159 f. and Melanchthon, 133. invited to Denmark, 136. hailed by Bohemian Brethren, 144. and Calvin, 162, 165, 179 f. More, 167. influence in France, 188 ff., 203. influence in Netherlands, 239 ff. and Henry VIII, 277, 282 f., 285, 287. influence in England, 281 ff., 299 f., 312, 326, 635. influence in Scotland, 354 ff. influence in Italy, 373 ff., 380. influence on Catholic reform, 388. Index, 420. Loyola, 400, 405. Lemnius, 503. and Raphael, 678 f. and Dürer, 684. caricatured, 685. and Faust, 697. judged by posterity, Sleidan, 587, 705. earily biographers, 588. Des Périers, 629. Montaigne, 631 f. Charron, 633. Bruno, 639. R. Burton, 700. early Catholics, 702. Bossuet, 703. Vettori, 704. Guicciardini, 704. Brantôme, 704. Robertson, 709. Hume, 710. Gibbon, 710 f. Wieland, 711. Goethe, 712. Lessing, 712. Condorcet, 713. and French Revolution, 713 ff. and Romantic Movement, 715 ff. Mme. de Staël, 715. Heine, 715 f. Michelet, 716 f. Carlyle, 718. Emerson, 718. Herder, 718. Arndt, 718. German patriots, 718 f. Hegel, 720. Döllinger, 723 f. Bax, 725 f. Nietzsche, 730 f. Troeltsch, 733. Santayana, 734. Imhart de la Tour, 736. Lagarde, 736. The Great War, 737 f. Paquier, 738. Harnack, 739. Loisy, 739. W. James, 740. Grisar, 741. Acton, 741. secularization of the world, 748. Lutheranism, in England, 38, 308, 330. in Germany, 111, 133 f. in France, 195 ff. in Netherlands, 243 ff. in Italy, 376 f., 417. and papacy, 383. in Spain, 415 f. political theory, 594, 707. Luxemburg, 76, 238. Lyly, J., 635. Lyndsay, D., 351, 355 note, 356, 615. Lyons, 512, 523, 526, 556. Waldenses, 35. and Reformation, 192, 195, 218.

Maastricht, 258, 273. MacAlpine, J., 354. Macaulay, 432, 717. McGiffert, A. C., 739. Machiavelli, N. The Prince, 295, 589. and Index, 421 f. on war, 487 ff. ethics, 505 f. on classics, 576. as an historian, 580. political theory, 589 ff., 599, 601 f., 608. and Christianity, 628, 649. Mackinnon, 742. Madagascar, 443. Madeira, 441, 444. Madrid, 9. Treaty of, 185 f., 379. Madgeburg, 63, 66, 129. Magdeburg Centuries, 584 f. Magellan, F., 3, 440 f., 615. Magni, O., 138. Magrath, 417. Maitland, 365. Majorca, 415. Malabar, 524. Malacca, 443. Malay Peninsula, 446, 616. Maldonato, 106. Malines, 252 f., 262. Malory, T. La Morte d'Arthur, 692. Malta, 456. Manchester, 538. Manners, 500 ff. Manresa, 399, 401. Manichaeans, 418. Mansfeld, 62, 523, 662. Mantua, 121. Benedict of, 376. Isabella d'Este, Marchioness of, 376, 572. Manz, F., 645. Marburg, Colloquy at, 109 f. University of, 287, 354, 670. Marcellus II, Pope, 384. Marcion, 583, 744. Marcourt, A. de, 197. Marcus Aurelius, 574. Margaret d 'Angoulême, Queen of Navarre, 29, 324, 572, 676. and Reformation, 189 f., 194 f. Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland, 330, 352. Mariana, 605. Marignano, battle of, 147, 150, 185, 488. Marlowe, C., 635, 697. Marnix, P. van, 263. Marot, C., 187, 194, 197, 203, 232, 693. Marranos, 240, 445. Marriage, prohibited degrees, 22 f. Protestant regulation of, 112, 173. Catholic reform, 395. esteemed, 507 f. Marsiglio of Padua, 43. Mary, Mother of Jesus, worshiped, 29, 63, 148, 358, 495. Mary of Burgundy, Empress, 76, 235. Mary Tudor, Queen of England, 287, 291. foreign policy, 200, 319. and Netherlands, 248 f. succession, 316 f. marriage, 318 f., 432. religious policy, 319 ff. and Knox, 358, 361. censorship, 419. commercial policy, 526. and universities, 671. Mary Tudor, Queen of France, 281, 316, 432. Mary of Hapsburg, Queen of Hungary, 237, 244, 249. Mary of Lorraine, Queen of Scotland, 199, 352, 359, 361. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, and England, 325, 330, 333 f., 336, 338, 340, 352, 365, 368. execution, 339 f., 368 f. marriage with Francis II, 210, 351, 359. birth, 356. and Knox, 364 ff. marriage with Darnley, 366. marriage with Bothwell, 367 f. Casket Letters, 367 f. deposed, 367, 602 f. dress, 466. and Buchanan, 580. Martyr, Peter, see Vermigli and Anghierra. Marx, C., 724 f. Masuccio, 50. Mathesius, 588. Mathews, S., 725. Matthews, T., 300. Matthys, J., 101 f. Maurenbrecher, 740. Maurer, H., 91. Maurolycus, 611. Maximilian I, Emperor, and Julius II, 19. and Luther, 68. policy, 75 f. death, 77. and Netherlands, 235, 238, 486. Maximilian II, Emperor, 132, 144, 258. Mayence, 8 f., 74, 666, 670. Albert, Elector of, 66, 79, 496. Berthold, Elector of, 418. Mayenne, Duke of, 225 ff., 492. Mayr, C., 528. Meaux, 192, 195, 202, 218. Mecca, 446. Medici, de', family, 15, 17, 519. Lorenzo the Magnificent, 19, 682. Lorenzo II, 198 f. Alexander, 250, 381. Cosimo, 372. Medina, 446, 513 ff. Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 341. Mediterranean, 442, 523. Melanchthon, P. doctrine of eucharist, 70. and Luther, 81, 111, 124, 133. and Peasants' War, 98, 558. at Marburg Colloquy, 109. drafts Augsburg Confession, 117. on polygamy, 120, 287. reforms Cologne, 121. negotiates with Catholics, 122. attacked by Lutherans, 129, 133. and Zwingli, 134. and Calvin, 164. and Servetus, 178. and France, 187, 203. and England, 299, 301, 312, 326 f. and Scotland, 356. on Index, 420. salary, 471. and Lemnius, 503. and Bible, 569. political theory, 596, 605. and Copernicus, 621 f. persecutes, 644 f. on education, 667. Mendelssohn, 715. Mercator, G., 616. Merindol, 203. Metz, 184, 200. Mexico, 416, 438 f., 474 f. Meyerbeer, 715. Mézeray, de, 704. Michaelangelo, 472, 681 ff., 686, 690. Michelet, J., 398, 716 f. Middleburg, 263. Milan, 185 f., 372, 380 f., 416 f., 456. Milne, W., 359. Miltitz, C. von, 68. Milton, J., 74, 423, 608, 668. Mirabilia Urbis Romae, 74. Mirandola, Pico della, 51 ff., 108, 374, 606. Miritzsch, M., 240. Mississippi, 437. Modena, 456. Mohács, battle of, 144. Mohammedanism, 433, 448, 583 f., 627, 707 f., 745. Moluccas, 408, 443. Monarchy, 476 f., 549. Moncontour, battle of, 215. Money value of, in the sixteenth century, 461 ff., 472 f. coins, 462 ff. interest, 467 f. power of, 548. Monod, G., 735. Monopolies, 85, 88, 528 ff. Mons, battle of, 216, 261. Montaigne, M. de, and New World, 11. and Reformation, 231 f. on torture, 482. on classics, 576 f. and La Boétie, 599 f. skepticism, 631 f. on toleration, 648. on witchcraft, 660 f. Montauban, 219. 229. Montbéliard, 161. Monte, A. C. del, 382. Montesquieu, 707. Montluc, B. de, 216, 582. Moutmorency, A. de, 185, 187, 517. Montpellier, 229. Mook, battle of, 263. Moors, 426, 428, 433 f. Morals, 503 ff. of clergy, 25, 493 f. Morata, O., 374. Moravians, see Bohemian Brethren. Moray, Earl of, 334, 367 f. More, T. Utopia, 11, 26, 509, 558, 606 f., 648, 698. debt to Lefèvre, 53. and Reformation, 167, 281 ff., 295, 299. on Henry VIII, 279, 295. death, 294 f. on persecution, 294 f., 648. drinks only water, 497. on hunting, 500. marriages, 508 f. and Bibles, 571. and religion, 633 f., 649. and witchcraft, 655. portrait, 683. judged by Robertson, 731 Moriscos, 415, 433 f., 517. Morley, Lord, 592. Mornay, P. Duplessis, 264, 598 f. Morocco, 446. Morone, 394. Mortmain, Statute of, 41. Morton, Earl of, 360. Moschus, 574. Moscow, 512. Mosheim, 712. Motley, 718. Mountjoy, Lord, 277. Mühlberg, battle of, 128, 238. Mühlhausen in Thuringia, 94. Mülhausen in Alsace, 160. Munich, 666. Münster, 101 f., 244. Münster, S., 420, 565. Münster, T., 82, 91, 94 f., 97, 112, 594, 701. Muret, 576. Murner, T., 472, 694. Muscovy, 139, 143 f., 447. Music, 689. Mutian, 54, 103. Myconius, 160, 313. Mystics, 29-34, 744.

Naarden, 262.
Namur, 267.
Nanak, 745.
Nantes
University of, 11.
Edict of, 228 f., 406, 650.
Naples
French in, 42, 186.
Spanish, 372, 380, 416 f.
Reformation, 375 f.
population, 456.
Narva, 534.
Nash, T., 635.
Nassau, 251.
Louis of, 257 ff., 263.
Nationalism
rise of, 5.
effect on church, 41-47.
in France, 182.
Naumburg, Bishop of, 120.
Negroes, 437, 525, 533.
Neo-Platonism, 51, 54.
Nesbit, J., 354.
Netherlands
mystics, 32 f.
Charles V, 78.
and French Calvinists, 204, 216.
constitution, 234 ff.
Mary, Regent of, 237, 244, 249.
Margaret of Austria, Regent of, 237.
relations with the Empire, 237 f.
Reformation, 239 ff., 271 ff.
and Spain, 246 ff., 254 ff., 488.
and Alva, 258 ff.
Northern Provinces declare independence, 272 ff., 602.
"Beggars," 256 ff., 342.
and England, 332, 344 f.
civilization, 350.
Jesuits, 405 f.
censorship, 419.
population, 453, 458.
post office, 486.
commerce, 531 ff.
agriculture, 547.
serfs, 553.
poor-relief, 559 f.
reform of calendar, 624.
Newcastle, 358.
Nice, Truce of, 121, 198.
Nicholas V, Pope, 16, 45, 566.
Nicoletto, 374.
Nietzsche, F., 730 f.
Niklashausen, Piper of, 87.
Nîmes, 219.
Bishop of, 205.
Nobility, 236, 491 f., 550.
Nola, 639.
Norfolk, 323.
Duke of, 334 f.
Norman, R., 615.
Normandy, 202.
North, T., 576.
Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, 316 f., 321.
Norway, 135, 137,458.
Norwich, 254, 315.
Novara, battle of, 150.
Noyen, 161.
Nuremberg, 74, 79, 86, 90, 128, 454, 483, 688.
humanism, 54.
Diet of (1522), 84 f., 528.
Diet of (1524), 85 f.
"godless painters," 103, 628.
revolts from Rome, 113.
Peace of, 118.
Dürer, 472, 684.
poor-relief, 560.

Occam, William of, 35 f., 43, 108, 625, 743.
Ochino, B., 174, 312, 375, 397, 420.
Oecolampadius, J., 108 ff., 156 f., 159, 161, 299,
312, 420, 508, 626.
Oldenbarneveldt, J. van, 275, 602.
Olivetan, 162, 196, 570.
Orange, Anne, Princess of, 251, 253.
Orange, Charlotte, Princess of, 251.
Orange, William, Prince of, 167, 246, 250 ff., 258.
character, 251, 274.
elected Statholder of Holland, 261.
death, 274, 340.
and England, 339.
Orellana, 438.
Orinoco, 436.
Orleans, University of, 162.
Reformation, 197, 202, 218.
States General, 212 f.
Osgood, H. L., 743.
Osiander, A., 420, 620, 623.
Oudewater, 264.
Overyssel, 235.
Oxford, University of, 36, 38, 281, 471, 639, 671, 687.
Oxfordshire, 314.

Pacific Ocean, 438, 440. Paciolus, L., 610. Pack, O. von, 114. Paderborn, University of, 670. Padua, University of, 618, 627. Paget, Lord, 310. Palatinate, 74, 79, 84, 121, 127. Frederic III, Elector Palatine, 121, 128. Palermo, 416. Palestrina, 384, 689. Palma, University of, 12. Pampeluna, 399 f. Papacy history of in the later Middle Ages, 13-20. triumphs over Councils, 15. secularization, 15. patronizes art and letters, 16. denounced by Wyclif, 37. rejected by Bohemian Brethren, 40. attacked by Marsiglio, 43. assailed by Valla, 49. rejected by Luther, 68 ff., 123, 388. dependent on Spain, 372. history, 1522-90, 377-88. and Turks, 449. finance, 480. judged by Creighton and Acton, 642, 741. Paquier, 738. Paracelsus, T., 513, 632, 638 f. Paraguay, 408. Paré, A., 513 f. Paris first printers at, 9. university of, 11, 42, 161, 190 f., 202 ff., 227, 250, 400, 422, 561, 566, 600, 642, 664. College of Montaigu, 161, 400 f., 669. Parlement of, 42, 184 f., 191, 227, 229, 406. and Reformation, 192, 195 ff., 213, 217, 221, 228. Jesuits, 202. besieged by Henry IV, 225 f., 455. population, 455. credit, 467. constabulary, 482. brothels, 507. hospitals, 514. trade, 539. Parker, 604. Parma, Duke of, 226, 456. Parma, Margaret of, 250, 256 f. Pascal, B., 398. Passau, Convention of, 130. Pastor, A., 626. Pastor, L. von, 740 f. Patten, S. N., 726. Paul the Apostle, 13, 52 f., 65, 98, 150, 356, 377, 418, 742. Paul II, Pope, 16. Paul III, 250. and oecumenical council, 121, 389 f. and Luther, 123. alliance with Charles V, 127. and Margaret of Navarre, 189. and Rabelais, 194. and England, 292 ff. pontificate, 381 ff. reforms, 381 ff. foreign policy, 383. and Jesuits, 401. and Inquisition, 416. and American Indians, 436. and Sapienza, 471, 673. and artists, 472, 504. and Copernicus, 620, 622. and philosophy, 628. Paul IV, 382, 384, 397, 417, 421 f. Paulet, Sir A., 339. Paulus Diaconus, 608. Pauperism, 558 ff. Pausanias, 574. Pavia, battle of, 94, 185, 372, 379, 459. Penz, G., 103, 628. Périers, Des, 629. Perrin, A., 176. Persia, 449. Perth, 360. Peru, 416, 438 ff., 474 f. Pescia, Domenico da, 18. Petrarch, 47. Petri, L., 138. Petri, O., 137. Pfefferkorn, J., 54. Philibert, E., 249. Philip IV of France, 14, 42. Philip the Handsome of Hapsburg, 76, 235. Philip II, King of Spain, 130, 132. and France, 212, 226 ff., 252. on St. Bartholomew, 218. and Netherlands, 246 ff., 272 ff., 602. marriage with Mary of England, 318 f. and Elizabethan England, 331 ff., 338, 362, 533. and papacy, 384 ff. and Council of Trent, 395. finances, 431. character and policy, 431 ff. and Portugal, 446. and Turks, 449 f. portrait, 678. Philippine Islands, 440 f. Philosophy, 624-40. Reformers, 624 ff. skeptics, 627 ff. science, 637 ff. Piacenza, 250, 456 Picardy, 161, 202. Piccolomini family, 15. Piedmont, 35. Pindar, 574. Pinkie, battle of, 359. Pirckheimer, W., 104, 106, 683. Pisa, 627. Council of (1409), 14. Schismatic Council of (1511), 19. Pistoia, 488. Pius II, Pope, 16, 24 f., 42, 350. Pius IV, Pope, 384 ff., 393 ff. Pius V, Pope, 334 f., 338, 386 f., 417, 422. Pizarro, 439 f. Plato, 51, 150, 418, 574, 606, 629. Pliny the Elder, 667. Plutarch, 574, 576, 619. Pocock, R., 48. Podiebrad, 40. Poggio, 51, 421. Poissy, Colloquy of, 213 f., 598. Poitiers, Diana of, 199. Poitou, 216. Poland, pays Peter's Pence, 21. suzerain of Prussia, 113. literature, 135. constitution, 138 f. wars, 139 f., 447. Reformation, 140-44. Henry III, 143, 219. civilization, 350. Counter-reformation, 388. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits, 405. population, 458. gilds, 540. reform of calendar, 624. Pole, R., 318 ff., 377, 382, 396, 591, 604. Political theory, 588-609. the state as power, 589 ff. republicanism, 592 ff. church and state, 593 ff. constitution, 595 ff. tyrannicide, 606. radicals, 606 f. economic, 607 ff. Pollard, A. F., 742. Polybius, 574. Polygamy, 102, 120, 507, 574. Pomponazzi, P., 105, 627, 649. Ponet, J., 604 f. Pontano, 508. Pontoise, Estates of, 598. Porta, J. B., della, 614. Portsmouth, 322. Portugal exploration, 10, 435. literature, 135. civilization, 350. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits, 405. colonies, 407 ff., 435, 441 ff. Inquisition, 416, 445. annexed to Spain, 432, 446. decadence, 444 ff. population, 458. navy,490. commerce, 524. reform of calendar, 624. Porzio, S., 627. Posen, 140, 144. Post Office, 468 f., 486. Praemunire, Statute of, 41 f., 289. Prague, University of, 38, 639. Predestination, doctrine of, 164 ff., 176, 249, 682. Prescott, 718. Pressburg, University of, 12. Prices, 88, 315, 464 ff. wheat, 464 f. animals, 465. groceries, 466. drygoods, 466 f. metals, 467. real estate, 468. books, 468. rise of, 473, 516 f., 608. Priscillian, 564. Printing, 3, 8 ff., 239, 349 f., 418 f. Probst, J., 240, 242. Proletariat, 552 ff. Prostitution, 506 f. Protestantism origin of the name, 115. period of expansion, 132, 388 f. varieties of, 179 f. in France, 229 ff. judged by Renan, 742. Provisors, Statute of, 41, 289. Prudentius, 667. Prussia, 113, 133, 139, 141, 350. Ptolemy, 574, 616 note, 617. Puglia, Francis da, 18. Pulci, 628. Puritans, 167, 286, 328, 339, 343 ff, 358, 483, 486, 604, 690.

Quakers, 102.
Quinet, E., 718.
Quirini, 595.

Rabelais, F., 187.
and Reformation, 194 f., 197, 231 f.
given a benefice, 471.
anarchism, 606.
philosophy, 629.
love of life, 694.
Racau, 142.
Racovian catechism, 142.
Radewyn, 32.
Raleigh, W., 532.
Ramus, P., 637.
Ranke, L. von, 343, 367, 379, 721 f.
Raphael, Sanzi, 472, 492, 677 ff., 686.
Ratisbon
League of, 114.
Diet of, 122.
Book of, 122.
Colloquy of, 127, 169.
Recorde, R., 616
Reinach, S., 735.
Reformation
antecedents, 4 ff.
causes, 20-29, 743 f.
and Renaissance, 47, 187 f., 231 ff., 730, 732 f., 749 f.
and morals, 503 f.
and capitalism, 515.
historiography in 16th century, 585 ff.
and state, 593 ff.
and education, 664 ff.
and art, 684 f., 689 f.
and books, 691.
parallels to, 744 f.
religious changes, 745 ff.
political and economic changes, 747 f.
intellectual changes, 749 f.
the word, 700.
various interpretations, 699-750.
Protestant, 699 ff., 739 f.
Catholic, 701 ff., 740 f.
political, 703 ff.
economic, 106, 708, 724 ff.
rationalist, 706 ff.
French Revolutionary, 713 ff.
romantic, 715 ff.
liberal, 716 ff., 742.
scientific, 719 ff.
Darwinian, 729 ff.
Teutonic, 736 f., 747.
Reformation of the Emperor Frederic III, 90.
Reformation of the Emperor Sigismund, 89 f.
Reinhold, E., 621, 623.
Rembrandt, 276.
Renaissance, 4.
and Reformation, 47, 187 f., 231 ff., 730, 732 f., 743, 749 f.
in France, 187.
in Netherlands, 239.
Renan, 742.
Renard, 320 f.
Renaudie, 210 f.
Reni, G., 689.
Requesens, L., 263.
Reuchlin, J., 54 f., 103.
Reval, 534.
Rheims, 252, 672.
Rheticus, G. J., 610, 620 ff.
Rhodes, 449.
Ribadeneira, 588.
Riccio, D., 366.
Richmond, Duke of, 287, 471.
Ridley, 299, 322.
Riga, 144, 534.
Rink, M., 100.
Ritschl, 723.
Robertson, J. M., 731.
Robertson, W., 367, 709.
Robespierre, 716.
Robinson, J. H., 743.
Rode, H..240.
Rodrigo, 416.
Rogers, J., 322.
Rohrbach, J., 94, 98.
Rome
and Luther, 64, 67.
sack of, 185, 372, 380, 456.
population, 456.
university of, 471, 673.
administration, 481, 504.
pilgrimages, 499.
prostitutes, 507.
and Copernicus, 618.
St. Peter's Church, 686.
Pasquino and Marforio, 693.
Rönnow, 137.
Ronsard, P. de, 231 f., 693.
Rosenblatt, W., 508.
Rostock, University of, 670.
Roth, C., 529.
Rotterdam, 235, 260.
Rouen, 197, 214.
Rousillon, 426.
Rovere family, 15, 18.
Rubeanus, C., 55, 103 f.
Rudolph II, Emperor, 268.
Russell, B., 735.
Russia, 446 f., 534, 551.
Ruthenians, 138.
Rüxner, G., 90.
Ruysbroeck, John of, 32, 34.

Saal, M. von der, 120. Sabatier, P., 737 f., 742. Sachs, H., 86 f., 696. Sacraments Catholic doctrine of, 27, 745. Protestant doctrine of, 72 ff., 301, 314, 625, 745 f. Sacro Bosco, J. de, 615. Sadoleto, 169, 566. St. Andrews, 355, 358, 360. St. Bartholomew, massacre of, 217 f., 261 f., 387, 597. St. David's, 323. St. Gall, 101, 157, 160, 645. St. Quentin, battle of, 200. Saints, worship of, 28 f., 57, 206, 747. Salamanca, University of, 400, 673. Salerno, University of, 11. Salisbury, 323. Salmeron, 393, 401. Samosata, Paul of, 627. Sanchez, F., 639. Samson, B., 151. Sanders, N., 325, 588, 702. Sandomir, 142. San Gallo, 686. Santayana, G., 734 f. Saracens, 448. Saragossa, University of, 12. Sardinia, 456. Sarpi, P., 377, 390, 395, 423, 705 f. Satyre Menippée, 226 f. Savonarola, 16 ff., 51, 580, 649 Savoy, 35, 168, 372, 395, 455 f., 658. Charles III, Duke of, 168. Louise of, 185. Saxony division into Albertine and Ernestine, 119 note. Albertine George, Duke of, 24, 56, 119, 191, 283, 528, 554 f., 700. Henry, Duke of, 119. Maurice, Duke and Elector of, 119. alliance with Charles V, 127 f. attacks John Frederic, 128. becomes elector, 128. captures Magdeburg, 129. turns against Charles V, 130, 393. death, 130. and Council of Trent, 393. Ernestine nationalism, 44. indulgences, 66. mentioned, 74. Peasants' War, 91 ff. Anabaptists, 103, 644. becomes Lutheran, 113. brigandage, 505. church property, 551. Frederic, Elector of, 77, 82, 93. supports Luther, 66, 79, 81, 104, 113, 283. John, Elector of, 113, 283, 595, 644. signs Protest, 115. votes against Ferdinand, 118. John Frederic the Elder, Elector and Duke of, 305. expels Bishop of Naumburg, 120. defeated and captured by Charles V, 128. freed, 130. loses electoral vote, 128. John Frederic the Younger, Duke of, 132. Scaliger, J. J., 575, 585. Scandinavia, 21, 135 ff., 350. Schaffhausen, 146, 157, 160. Schärtlin, 128. Scheldt barred by Holland, 274. Schenck, M., 134. Schenitz, J., 518. Schleswig-Holstein, 136. Schmalkalden, League of, 118 ff., 187, 197, 300 f., 305 f. Schmalkaldic War, 126 ff., 198, 200, 376, 383, 393. Schmidt, 712. Schönberg, 622. Schools, 12, 471, 662 ff. Schoonhoven, 264. Schwenckfeld, C. von, 164. Schwyz, 146, 153. Science, 609-24. inductive method, 609. mathematics, 609 ff. zoölogy, 611 f. anatomy, 612 f. physics, 613 ff. geography, 615 f. astronomy, 616 ff. schools, 666. Scotland and England, 279, 309, 351 f., 358 f., 369. condition, 350 ff. and France, 351 f., 358 f. Reformation, 352 ff., 359 ff., 369 f. the kirk, 364, 369 f. Black Acts, 369. population, 453 f., 458. theater, 485. duelling, 486. brigandage, 505. serfdom, 553. Scott, R., 659 f. Scotus, Duns, 34. Sea power, 490 f. Sebastian, King of Portugal, 446. Seckendorf, 701. Selim I, Sultan, 449, 748. Sell, K., 737. Semblançay, 518. Seneca, 162. Serfdom, 89 f., 97 f., 552 f. Seripando, 417. Servetus, M., 177 f., 613, 626 f., 645. Severn, 322. Seville, 341, 416, 457, 524 f. University of, 12. Seymour, T., 315. Shakespeare, W., 424, 581, 693, 698. Sicily, 416, 455. Sickingen, F. von, 56, 83 f., 505, 550, 684. Sidney, H., 348. Sidney, P., 336, 501. Siena, 375, 381. Sievershausen, battle of, 130. Sigismund, Emperor, 39. Sigismund I, King of Poland, 139 ff. Sigismund II, King of Poland, 141 ff. Sigismund III, King of Poland, 144. Sigüenza, University of, 12. Sikhism, 745. Silver, production of, 473 ff., 516 f. Simmel, F., 726. Simons, M., 244. Sixtus IV, Pope, 16, 412. Sixtus V, Pope, 223, 341, 387 f., 504 f., 670. Skelton, J., 283. Sleidan, 587 f., 704 f. Smith, H.. 635. Socinians, 376. Somascians, 397. Somerset, E. Seymour, Duke of, 310, 352, 359. Sophocles, 574. Soto, H. de, 437. Sozini, F., 145, 375, 626. Sozini, L., 142, 145, 375. Spain universities, 12, 673. Charles V, 76. literature, 135. and Netherlands, 238, 246 ff., 430, 488. and England, 318 f., 332, 339 ff., 348, 431 f. Armada, 341 f., 387, 433. civilization, 350. and papacy, 378 ff. and Counter-reformation, 389. Jesuits, 405. colonies, 407, 425, 430 f., 435 ff. Inquisition, 412 ff. censorship, 419. unification, 426. revolt of Communes, 78, 427 f., 477, 550, 552. revolt of Hermandad, 78, 428, 552. empire, 430. Cortes, 428 f. and Portugal, 432 f. and Moors, 433 f. population, 455 ff. coinage, 463. finances, 480, 522. navy, 490 f. clergy, 494. trade, 524 f. the Mesta, 624. reform of calendar, 624. judged by Froude, 717. Spencer, H., 718. Spenser, E., 327, 347, 692 f. Spinoza, B., 276. Spires, 666. Diet of (1526), 114. Diet of (1529), 109, 115, 644. Diet of (1542), 122. Diet of (1544), 123. Sprenger, J., 654. Spurs, battle of the, 279. Staël, de, 715. Sterling, 356. Steven Báthory, King of Poland, 144. Stevin, S., 610, 614. Stockholm, 9, 136. Stourbridge, 523. Stow, J., 582. Strabo, 574. Strassburg, 31, 101, 110, 113, 169, 260, 464, 506, 658. Strauss, D. F., 719. Stühlingen, 91, 93. Stunica, D., 622. Suffolk, 323. Charles Brandon, Duke of, 316. Henry Grey, Duke of, 316. Suleiman, Sultan, 187, 449. Sully, Duke of, 215, 218, 228. Sumatra, 443, 616. Surrey, Earl of, 693. Suso, H., 31. Sussex, 323. Swabia, 93 ff., 119. Sweden universities, 12. Reformation, 113, 137 f. Christian II, 136. war with Poland, 139. population, 458. a law of, 511. church property, 551. Switzerland, 88, 146 f. Reformation, 146-181. civilization, 350. population, 454. Symonds, J. A., 398, 730. Syria, 449, 535.

Taborites, 40.
Tacitus, 574, 606.
Tangier, 446.
Tapper, 254.
Tartaglia, N., 610, 614.
Tartars, 139, 447.
Tasso, T., 374, 449, 628, 692 f.
Tauler, J., 31, 65.
Tetzel, J., 66 f.
Teutonic Order, 31, 44 f., 113, 139, 618.
Tewkesbury, J., 299.
Theater, 485, 695 ff.
Theatines, 384, 397.
Theocritus, 574.
Theognis, 574.
Thierry, 718.
Thorn, 618.
Edict of, 140.
Thou, de, 217, 703.
Thucydides, 574.
Tierra del Fuego, 616.
Tintoretto, 677.
Titian, 677 f.
Tobacco, 498.
Toledo, 428, 457.
Enriquez de, 502.
Toleration, 641-51.
Peace of Augsburg, 131.
Edict of Nantes, 229 f.
and Bible, 573.
intolerance of Catholics, 641 ff.
intolerance of Protestants, 643 ff.
Renaissance, 649.
Reformation, 650 f., 750.
Tolstoy, L., 730.
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 435.
Torgau, League of, 114.
Torquemada, 643.
Toul, 184, 200.
Toulouse, 214.
Tournai, 235, 274.
Tours, 195, 197.
Transubstantiation,
rejected by Wyclif, 37.
rejected by Taborites, 40.
attacked by Melanchthon and Luther, 70, 72.
Lateran Council, 108.
in Augsburg Confession, 117.
in England, 306, 314.
and Council of Trent, 393.
Transylvania, 144 f.
Treitschke, 736 f., 742.
Trent, Council of, 388-96.
and Protestants, 127, 383, 389 f., 393.
decrees in France, 215.
reforms, 231, 382, 388, 393 ff., 486.
decrees in England, 333 f.
opening, 381, 390.
and Pius IV, 385.
preparation, 389 ff.
constitution, 390 f.
dogmatic decrees, 391 ff., 566.
result, 395 f.
and Index, 420 ff.
and charity, 561.
political theory, 606.
and reason, 625.
and Louvain, 672.
and art, 690.
judged by Sarpi, 705.
Trèves, 74, 84, 657 f.
University of, 11, 666.
Diet of Trèves-Cologne, 530.
Trie, William, 177.
Trinity College, Dublin, 349, 671.
Troeltsch, E., 732 ff.
Tübingen, University of, 11.
Tunis, 121.
Tunstall, C., 38, 282, 284, 305
Turks,
capture Constantinople, 16.
war with Germany, 46, 116, 122, 132.
war with Hungary, 144.
conquer Transylvania, 145.
alliance with France, 200.
and papacy, 383.
and Spain, 432.
empire, 448 ff.
army, 489.
trade, 535.
Tuscany, 372.
Duke of, 613.
Tyler, Wat, 37.
Tyndale, W., 284 f., 300, 304, 355, 570 f., 596.

Udal, N., 471, 663.
Ukraine, 140.
Ulm, 113, 128.
Ulster, 348.
Unitarians, 142 f., 145, 177, 375, 626, 646.
Universities
in fifteenth century, 11 f.
and Reformation, 12.
reform of, 72.
and Henry VIII, 287.
pay of professors, 471.
in sixteenth century, 668 ff.
Unterwalden, 146, 153.
Upsala, University of, 12.
Uri, 146, 153.
Ursulines, 397.
Usingen, 637.
Usury, 72, 529 f., 608 f.
Utrecht, 235, 238, 240, 252, 268, 272, 274.
Union of, 272, 650.

Vaga, P. del, 690.
Valais, 146 f.
Valangin, 161.
Valdes, J. de, 376.
Valence, University of, 11.
Valencia, 428.
University of, 12.
Valla, L., 16, 48 ff., 649.
Donation of Constantine, 48,70.
Annotations on New Testament, 49, 566 f.
Dialogue on Free Will, 50, 105.
On Monastic Life, 50.
On Pleasure, 50.
Vallière, J., 191.
Van Dyke, 276.
Varthema, L. de, 446.
Vasari, G., 582 f., 676, 679.
Vassy, massacre of, 214.
Velasco, 457.
Velasquez, 433.
Venezuela, 457.
Venice, 372, 402, 512.
war with Julius II, 19.
alliance with France, 186.
and Reformation, 375 f.
Inquisition, 417, 658.
trade, 442, 525, 535.
population, 456.
coinage, 463 f.
bank, 522.
church property, 551.
art, 677.
Verdun, 184, 200.
Vergerio, P. P., 377, 390.
Vergil, Polydore, 581, 703.
Vermigli, P. M., 213, 312, 322, 375.
Verona, 455.
Vespucci, A., 436, 606 f.
Vettori, 704.
Vienna, 448 f.
Concordat of, 45.
University of, 149, 406, 666, 670.
Vienne, 168, 177.
Vieta, F., 610 f.
Villalar, battle of, 428.
Villavicenzio, L. da, 561.
Villers, C. de, 714.
Villiers, 258 f.
Vilvorde, 284 f.
Vitrier, J., 26, 57.
Vives, L., 559 f., 574, 606, 609, 667.
Voes, H., 242.
Volmar, M., 162.
Voltaire, 388, 707 f.
Volterra, D. da, 690.

Wages and salaries, 469 ff., 556 f.
Waitz, 737.
Waldenses, 35, 82, 203.
Waldo, P., 35.
Waldseemüller, M., 616.
Wales, 298, 323, 453, 458, 559.
Arthur, Prince of, 286 f.
Walker, W., 739.
Walloons, 260, 270 f.
Walsingham, 305, 499.
Walsingham, F., 347.
Warham, W., 557.
Warsaw, Compact of, 143, 650.
Waterford, 347.
Wealth of the world, 458 ff.
Weber, M., 728.
Wedderburn, James, 355.
Wedderburn, John, 355.
Weinsberg, 94.
Weiss, N., 738.
Welser bank, 520 f.
Werner, 715.
Wernle, 739.
Westeras, Diet of, 137.
West Indies, 274, 436 f., 524, 535.
Westmoreland, 304.
Weyer, J., 658 f.
White, Andrew D., 731.
Widmanstetter, A., 622.
Wied, H. von, 120.
Wieland, 711.
Wilna, 144.
Wilson, W., 743.
Winchester, 323, 662.
Wishart, G., 357 f.
Witchcraft, 63, 422, 651-61.
ancient magic, 651 f.
the witch, 652 f.
the devil, 653.
the Inquisition, 655.
Protestantism, 655 f.
the witch hunt, 656 ff.
growing skepticism, 658 ff.
Wittenberg, 66, 81 ff., 96 f., 128, 240, 301, 322 note,
354 f., 390, 461, 464, 560 f.
University of, 11, 64, 287, 471, 494, 502, 509,
620 ff., 639, 670, 696 f.
Concord, 110.
Articles, 301.
Wolsey, T., 243, 518, 671.
character and policy, 280 f., 292, 294.
and Reformation, 282 f., 355.
death, 288.
Women, position of, 361, 509 f.
Worms, 284.
Concordat of, 43.
Diet of (1495), 75.
Diet of (1521), 78 ff., 96, 282, 398.
Diet of (1545), 123.
Edict of, 81, 85, 114, 116, 241, 479.
Colloquy of, 122, 134.
Wullenwever, G., 118.
Württemberg, 79, 128.
Ulrich, Duke of, 79, 90, 119.
Wurzach, 95.
Würzburg, 114, 350, 454, 658.
Wyatt, Sir T. (conspirator), 318.
Wyatt, Sir T. (poet), 693.
Wyclif, J., 12.
life and doctrine, 36 ff., 42, 284.
condemned at Constance, 39 f.
and Reformation, 41, 289, 354, 744.
and Bible, 571.

Xavier, F., 400, 408 f., 499, 736.
Xenophon,574.
Ximénez, 426, 565.

Yorkshire, 302 f., 544.
Ypres, 560.

Zapolya, J., 144.
Zasius, U., 103.
Zeeland, 256, 260, 263 f., 270 ff.
Zierickzee, 264.
Zug, 146, 153.
Zuiderzee, battle of, 262.
Zütphen, 262, 272.
Henry of, 240.
Zurich
Anabaptists, 101, 154, 645.
joins Swiss Confederacy, 146.
Zwingli, 151.
Reformation, 152 ff.
theocracy, 156.
defeat at Cappel, 158 ff.
Bullinger, 160.
English Bible printed at, 300.
dancing, 500.
brothels, 506.
university, 671.
Zwickau, 82 f.
Zwilling, G., 81, 83.
Zwingli, A., 152.
Zwingli, U.
and Luther, 108 ff., 151 f., 154.
death, 110, 159.
and Melanchthon, 134.
and Calvin, 164, 166.
early life, 148 ff.
mocks indulgences, 150 f.
at Zurich, 151.
a Reformer, 152 ff.
marriage, 152.
and Erasmus, 153.
and Anabaptists, 154 ff., 645.
political schemes, 157 f.
True and False Religion, 158.
Exposition of the Christian Faith, 158.
First Peace of Cappel, 158.
at battle of Cappel, 158 f.
character, 159.
influence in France, 196.
doctrine of the eucharist, 108 ff., 154, 241.
influence in England, 284, 299.
and Council of Trent, 392.
on Index, 420.
biblical exegesis, 569.
political theory, 596.
on usury, 608 f.
on reason, 626.
on education, 671.
judged by Bossuet, 703.
judged by Voltaire, 708.
judged by Gibbon, 710.
Zwolle, 240.