Mandan Village Dialects
[The two villages are Mih-tutta-hángkusch and Ruhptáre; the variants are distinguished by prefixing thereto (M) and (R) respectively.—Trans.]
Blanket (white woolen): (M) manhi̍chtä-schóttä; (R) waráchschóttä (ach guttural).
Board (plank): (M) mánnaopschi̍hdä; (R) mánna-gapschi̍hdä.
Boat: (M) minnanke (an French; ke short); (R) mánna-kinihnde (de distinct and short).
Bow: (M) woraërúhpa, waraërúhpa, or baraëruhpa; (R) warauïruhpa-gapschihde (e distinctly pronounced).
Child: (M) suck-chámahä (ch guttural); (R) sucke-hi̍nnichä (e ½).
A child who cries constantly: (M) suck-chámahä-nattach-sinhusch (ach guttural; n French): (R) suckchinick-saráh-sinhusch (e ½; in the second word n is French).
Cloth (blue or black) (M): manhi̍chtä-psi̍h; (R) warách-psi̍h.
Cloth (green): (M) wi̍ratohä; (R) warách-tohä̍.
Cloth (scarlet): (M) manhi̍chtä-sä̍; (R) warách-sä̍.
Clothes (article of dress): (M) i̍hmaschuntä (un like French oun); (R) ihmakotä̍.
Cotton cloth (Indian): (M) maächtepáhpe; (R) marachpáhpina (ach guttural).
Cover the fire: (M) uáradä-wakatachta; (R) uaráhdä-wáchkuhárata (the two last words run together).
Covering of a lodge: (M) ti̍hähnachtah (ach guttural; ta long); (R) tihä̍h-karastáh.
Cut meat for drying (v): (M) wahgap-chi̍hda (ach guttural); (R) wahgap-schi̍hdä.
Dress yourself (imperative): (M) i̍nni-maschuntä̍-okáwaschacktá; (R) onni̍wakottä-okawakostá.
Dried meat: (M) móh-ihp-ka; (R) wah-i̍h-hip-kä.
Ear of corn (maize): (M) húhpatka; (R) húhpan.
Entrance to a lodge (tambour): (M) berrä-páhchu (r with the point of the tongue; ch guttural); (R) berrä-óschiduhdä.
Fort (of the white men): (M) mannach-kinihnde (ach guttural; e distinctly pronounced); (R) mannách-kini̍hnde (e distinctly pronounced).
Four inner posts of a lodge: (M) tidock-húhdä; (R) mahun-kih-häddä (un like French oun; the last three syllables run together.)
Give me water: (M) mönnih-mámakutta; (R) mönni̍h-mam-makúhta.
Go and tell this: (M) náhha-ki̍nahta; (R) náhha-kiki̍nihta.
He beats the drum: (M) bäräch-dot-kisch (ach guttural; r with the point of the tongue); (R) bärächt-ki̍h-osch (ach guttural; r with the point of the tongue).
He dances: (M): wánapisch; (R) wáh-ana-pohsch.
He has arrived: (M) kirihsch; (R) kiri-osch.
He is dead: (M) tä̍hrusch; (R) tä̍h-isch.
He is here: (M) mánkahusch (an French); (R) a̍hkamehusch (e distinctly pronounced).
He is victorious: (M) wachkaná-hrusch; (R) wachkanná-asch (ach guttural).
He rises (stands up): (M) nán-teh-isch (an French); (R) náh-etosch (e barely audible).
He seeks (tries): kichkárarusch (ich German); (R) kikáraasch.
Hoe: (M) chúnapa; (R) a̍hhudäne (e ½).
I have found the bones: (M) wahuh-kärrewa-huhsch; (R) húh-kärräwáni-isch (the two last words run together).
I have given (rejeté): (M) kahärre-isch; (R) kahä̍rre-usch.
I have said it (said so): (M) ä̍h-pisch; (R) wahä̍nni-waä̍h-äs (run together).
I have scraped it (a hide): (M) warrúh-hintuhsch; (R) wapácho-husch (ch guttural).
I have seen: wahähsch; (R) waháusch (German).
I sell: (M) wi̍h-káhrusch: (R)wi̍h-tusch.
I sew: (M) i̍wa-tarakosch; (R) kikáh-akosch (a barely audible).
I shall tell him (say to him): (M) wakinnahktusch (run together); (R) waki̍kinihktusch.
I sleep: (M) wahánarusch; (R) wahána-asch.
I talk with you: (M) waháh-dohrusch; (R) wáhko-haráhrusch.
I think it is so: (M) on-usch-ka-iwa-paschidéhhusch (n French); (R) o̍nschka-ewadehusch.
I throw out the dirt: (M) wapattikosch; (R) wacktóhsch (wack short).
I sit: (M) wakich-kanakosch (ich guttural); (R) kikánakosch.
It is sold (the meat): (M) dá-cherä-pusch (ch guttural; r with the point of the tongue); (R) dáhktun-wehdusch (un like French oun).
Lower part of a hill: (M) káh-werisch-kat (e ½);(R) mahä̍h-kar-astá (r with the point of the tongue).
Medicine: (M) chóppenih (ch guttural); (R) chóppenih-hosch (ch guttural).
This is medicine: (M) chóppenisch (ch guttural); (R) chóppeni-osch (e short and ½).
One year old buffalo cow: (M) ninkiï-patú (in like i nasal; ii separated); (R) ninkiï-páhtune (e barely audible).
Otter: (M) pä̍hchtekeh, or pä̍chtackä (ach guttural); (R) chóhpäckä (o full).
Pray go there! (M) dahhini-ä̍häta; (R) hä̍nni-ä̍äta.
Pretty: (M) schi̍h-óchadisch (run together); (R) schi̍do-óchorusch (r with the point of the tongue).
Put on your leggings and moccasins: énni-ki̍htata; (R) onni̍h-kihtata.
Robe: (M) mi̍h-ihä (run together); (R) má-i-hä.
Scaffold (frame): (M) maschóttä; (R) waschtähn (w like ua; occasionally an e is heard at the end).
Seat yourself: (M) kichkánackta (ich German); (R) nunschiman-hihárata. (n and an French).
Shield: (M) waki̍h; (R) waki̍hdä, or wähkachkopä (ach guttural).
Small brook: (M) passách-kschukkä (ach guttural); (R) passá-ihi̍nikän.
Sow (v): (M) wahih-häddisch; (R) bóhwachtosch (ach guttural).
Thank (jemand zum danke streichen): (M) wáhki-ähsch; (R) owáh-kuhunsch (un like French oun).
The water is high (or deep): (M) mönni̍h-pä̍hosch; (R) monnih-kuwuhosch.
They come: (M) hóhrusch (r with the point of the tongue); (R) hóh-usch.
They have shot: (M) erúhpa-ka-tähsch (r with the point of the tongue); (R) erúhpa-ka-tamm-unusch (un like French oun).
They strike one another violently: (M) o̍hki-sa-charakosch (ch guttural; r with the point of the tongue); (R) ki̍hkawo-sin-hosch (in like i nasal).
Thread (n): (M) wäï-wattarakänn; (R) wi̍hkikankähne (n French; e ½).
We have arrived: (M) núhtisch; (R) wä̍h-te-usch (e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).
You have said (singular): ähtisch; (R) ähto-sch.
You tell the truth: (M) on-usch-kasch; (R) unsch-kusch (un like French oun).
Young cow: (M) ptin-chámahä (in like i nasal; ch guttural); (R) ptin-ihi̍nikä (n as before).
MINNITARRIS, or Grosventres[258]
Abode (dwelling place; shooting stand), uakö̍h-schähs.
Above, a̍h-kuka (ah strongly emphasized).
Abyss (precipice), awarä̍ta-dach-api̍hsäs.
Ahead (forward), wi̍h-akuwatáhs.
All (the whole, all together), ä̍hsa (sa short).
Alone (single), i̍chsaki (saki short).
Always, ti̍h-achkuss.
American, Mahtschi-ichti̍ä.
Another, iháh-s (s slightly hissed).
Answer (v), wih-a-kákiwähs (the whole short and run together).
Antelope park (the), o̍h-chidäi (dai run together).
Anxiety (fear), wah-erei̍chu-pascháhsis (sis distinctly pronounced).
Approach stealthily (v), uïtadähs (ui somewhat separated).
Arm, a̍hra (r with the point of the tongue).
Arrow, bi̍dda-arúhtischa (scha short).
Ashes, wirásipa (the whole short).
Ask (v), kiwáschusch (wa very short; chusch low).
Awake (v, intr), mah-kä̍i-sähs. (kai shrill, with the point of the tongue).
Axe, waïpsá.
Back (adverb), kiï̍ss (ii separated); i.e., he is back.
Back (n, or v; to move with a jerk?), äschitá.
Backward, epéhtïqua (e ½; qua run together and short).
Bad (angry), natatähs.
Bald, a̍hchtu-rukotis (ahch long).
Ball (bullet), o̍hwassa-werúchaarúhtischa; or simply arúhtischa.
Ball (for playing), maóh-tape (run together; e distinctly pronounced).
Ball-game of the women, ma-úhtape (e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).
Bathe (v), wirichpi̍ (pi short).
Bear (v; give birth), eïmattúhäs (indistinct and short).
Beard, ih-ih-tass (pronounced together).
Beautiful, saki̍chtiss (ich with the point of the tongue).
Behind (back of us), wapi̍-tikua.
Belly, i̍hchi.
Below (beneath), mechtáhchqua (e ½; qua together).
Bend (v), rúhskupiss.
Berdash, biatti̍ (ti short; bi separated from a).
Beside (near), watáh-óhtiruch.
Best (all genders), akussaki̍ss.
Between, nu-uáh-taru (the whole run together; taru low and without emphasis).
Big with young, same word as for pregnant.
Bile, wáh-aruschi̍de (schi long; de short and low).
Billiard game (Billard-spiel), máh-kache (e ½; the whole short).
Bird, sakkanka.
Bitter, arauiss.
Black, schüpi̍scha (scha short).
Bladder, arachi.
Blind, ischtá-läjiss (ji French); i.e., no eyes.
Blond (of hair), arrasi̍hdiss.
Blood, i̍hdi; bloody, i̍hdi-saki̍ss.
Bloom, (v), ohrakapakiss.
Blow out (v; blow), kah-sahs.
Blue, tóhhiss.
Blush (v), ehtu-wihähs.
Boil (v), birruáss (very short; ass soft).
Bone (n), hädú (du very short and explosive; ha almost like German hai).
Bough, birá-arukaká(kaka short).
Bow, berúcha-paruiï̍.
Bow-lance, bidúcha-háski.
Box on the ear, ji̍h-tarricki̍ (ii separated; second word short).
Braid (v), naksútti.
Break (v; shatter), irúchupiss.
Breast (female), a̍hsi (si short).
Breast (the whole breast), i̍hwaki (ki short, almost like ke).
Breath, idi̍achis (i with emphasis).
Brilliant (splendid), hopháh-hischötts (second word low and short).
Broad, schúchkass.
Brook, ahji-karischtá (ji French).
Broom (for sweeping), mahchschi̍a-i̍hcha.
Brother (eldest), ih-akáss.
Brother (youngest), hä̍hderusch (r with the point of the tongue, as always).
Brown, takápiäs (i and a somewhat separated).
Bud (n), bi̍dda-ächpú (the whole short).
Burn (v, reflexive), a̍hotiss (ah and o separated).
Burn (v, tr or intr; destroy by fire), arach-púpiss (run together).
Buttock, ischi̍ttarucka (tarucka short).
Buy (v), mah-éh-ho.
Call (v; call anyone), haä̍hdaha (a and ah separated; daha short).
Calm (n), há-hei-hischess (hei German, together; ha with emphasis; the whole pronounced together).
Candle (light), biddá-i-awacháhtä (the whole run together).
Canoe, máhn-ti (mahn nasal; n French; ti short).
Carrion (a dead animal), wah-puhä̍s (s barely audible).
Catch (v; capture), dúhchsiss.
Caught (taken pri̍soner), náhchke (nahch long and with emphasis; e ½ and short).
Chew (v), marúchtuas (as moderated).
Child, máh-karischtá.
Chill (v; be cold, freeze), mih-áhkapahts (run together).
Chin, wi̍hchka.
Circle (n), kaki̍chis (short).
Clap (v; with the hands), lacksútti.
Clasp (v; enclose), kidachpáhs.
Claws (of an animal), isä̍chpo.
Clear, kischi̍ss.
Clear (bright), awacháhtis.
Clouds (masses of cloud), achpáhchä (cha short).
Coal, bi̍dda-apuckschá (scha short and explosive).
Coals (glowing), bi̍dda-arra-áracha (the whole run together, short explosive).
Cold (adj), siddi̍h-as (first word with emphasis; as moderated).
Color (n), o̍hdä.
Comb (n), máh-ara-ä̍chkidochokä.
Come (v), húhs; come here, hú.
Console (v), di̍ddä-ätá (the whole short).
Corpse, tä̍es (a and e separated).
Cough (v), máh-hoáss (last word short).
Count (v), kirruwi̍ss.
Cover (v; cover up), i̍ruchupiss.
Cowardly, maä̍h-sa-kiáss.
Crooked, schakupi̍ (pi very short).
Crop (maw), ahpichti̍a (ich German, not guttural; final a ½).
Cure (v), kirai̍schachkais (rai and kais run together; the whole short).
Curly (of hair), araschiki̍äs (emphasis on i).
Curry (v; tan), mánpachu (an French; pachu low and short).
Cut (v), pá-sakiss (run together).
Cut down (v), wahk-ksakkes (run together; kes short).
Cut down (v; fell), bidda-rachkoáss.
Dance (n), mahdischi̍ (schi short, explosive).
Dark, haphähischäs.
Daughter, same word as for maiden.
Dawn (daybreak), lackscháhwaräs (run together; ras not very short).
Day, áhtas.
Dead, arrutä̍hs.
Deaf, ach-ko-chi-táh-us (the whole run together).
Dear (costly), ei̍hwassi-akuss (e short; ih with strong emphasis; the whole run together).
Death, tä̍es (a and e separated).
Death's head (totenkopf), dokaráhcha-atú (atu short and explosive).
Decoy (v; an animal), watáhchiwahuhs.
Delay (v; make late), arrukü̍hdak-schüpi̍ss.
Dependent, awahä̍hrichka (ka short).
Devastate (v), háh-wihä̍hs.
Devil (evil spirit), i̍hsichka-wahä̍ddisch.
Dew, bi̍ddi-bitáss (tass with strong emphasis).
Die, (v), tä̍es (a and e separated; e ½).
Dirty, awach-sákiss (words pronounced in quick succession).
Dirty (v), awachsákkis.
Dive (v), sippi̍ss.
Divide (v), i̍hwakisshähs (most of the word without emphasis).
Door, biddä̍.
Double, rúhpassakua (kua together, German, short).
Drag (v), rúh-sirruä (ru and a separated; a very short).
Draw (v; draw a load), dúh-särruäs (u separated from as).
Draw (v; draw water), aúschähs (au almost like full o; s indistinct).
Dream (n), same word as for verb.
Dream (v), mah-schi̍hrähs.
Dress (clothing), wa-ich-kikschiss (the whole pronounced together), or wikit-schi̍wiss (schiwiss short).
Drink (v), hä̍-ihs (ha loud cry; ihs lower).
Drive (v), nak-hi̍as (hi and as separated; i with strong emphasis).
Drop (of water; or v), chä̍hs.
Drown (v; be drowned), nachpáhka-nacksá.
Drum (n), biddá-charriki (the whole very short).
Dry (adj), u̍hsiss (siss short).
Dumb, idä̍htas.
Dung, pä̍hri (ri very short).
Dust, abá.
Ear, achpá (pa very short).
Ear-ornament, wa-achpóhksche (o very full; e ½).
Early, a̍ntarähts (an French; tarahts low, especially rahts).
Earth, auá (strong emphasis on a; a and u separated, almost like awa).
Egg (of a bird), sakkáh-karáhka; or sakkáh-kanáhka.
Elbow, ischpachä̍.
Empty (adj), wa-aúscha-rä̍hschi̍s (au together).
Enemy, mah-ehá (e almost like i).
Englishman, Waschi̍-pachsi̍ttako (sittako very short).
Enough, kochk-kats (k half modulated; kats low; the whole run together).
Entangle, (v; involve), chachaodi̍ss.
Entertain (v), sakkii̍uahs.
Even (flat), arusuchka.
Evening, o̍hksies (o full; sies distinctly pronounced; e ½).
Everywhere, chakáhäta.
Exchange (v; or mistake), koatóhk-madiäsisch-eschiwáhwarähs (o full; i and a separated; i with emphasis; a ½).
Expectorate (v; vomit), aruschúha (final a short).
Eye, ischtá.
Eye-ball, ischtárusche-pischa (e ½).
Eye-lash, ischách-pi.
Eyelid, ischtarach-pé.
Face (sight), jïtá.
Fade (v; wither), chéhdis (cheh with strong emphasis; dis short and low).
Fail (v; miss a shot), dachkisi̍ss.
Fall (v), patthiss.
Fall (v; of the leaves), beréhpehahsi̍ss (second e ½).
Fan (of feathers), o̍hhiddi-ächkidda-kóhdi (iddi and idda very short).
Far (distant), téh-i-schiss (run together).
Far (distant), téh-schiss.
Fat (stout), schuwi̍ (wi very short and with strong emphasis).
Father, a̍htuch (ah nasal).
Feather, maïs-chóhki (the whole pronounced together).
Female (of animals), wuü̍chka.
Festival (corn festival), wah-rui̍kohke (u and i separated; e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).
Fin, wóa-éschu (schu short).
Find (v), óhrapiss (o full; piss indistinct and low).
Finger, maschákke-arussáwi (e ½).
Finger (fore), mati̍-wa-óhwi (waohwi together).
Finger (little), maschákke-káhscha (a only ½, almost like e).
Finger (middle), maschákke-eruhaski (the whole very short and run together).
Finger (third), maschákke-náhschidasche (e ½); i.e., the finger without a name.
Fire, bidá-a (da-a short and explosive).
Fire-brand, bida-assá (assa short and explosive).
Fish (n), buá (a with strong emphasis and rather full, like o).
Fish (v), wóhrak-schi̍ass (ass like att and indistinct).
Fish (v; catch fish), wóhrak-schi̍es (es together; and distinctly pronounced).
Fish-hook, woh-ich-tikúhe (pronounced together).
Fist, scháhki-waóhpa-kichkähs (ich German, with the point of the tongue; the whole run together).
Flame, bi̍da-adaä̍ëchi (e ½).
Flat, súhchkas.
Flatter (v), saráhki-páhchus (ki and us lower in tone).
Flee (v; escape), karáhs (s barely audible).
Flesh, erúkschitti (short; schitti short and low).
Flint, o̍wassa-widuchá.
Flood (v; overflow), biddi-uhahahs.
Foam, biddi-puchä̍ (biddi short).
Fog, nakahotä̍.
Force (v; compel), issi̍h-achkehs (the whole short, indistinct, and run together).
Forehead, ih-chi̍.
Forest, bi̍dda-wahukáh.
Forget (v), uichkaráhchischess.
Foot, ittsi̍ (si very short).
Foot-path, adii̍h (a short).
Free, arrudi̍tass (di accented; tass sinks in tone).
Freeze (v), maruchán-kapan (an French; kapan indistinct and lower).
Frenchman, Uaschi̍, or Waschi̍.
Friend, marakoá (koa short).
Frost (hoar frost), macháurakiss (au together).
Full, ma-ássiss.
Full-moon, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-áhchkakóhri (ri pronounced lower).
Fully, a̍otti (a and o separated; ti low and short).
Gay-colored (variegated), pohji̍ss (j French).
Go (v), dähts (indistinct and low at the end).
God (lord of life), ehsich-kawáh-hiddisch (hiddisch without accent or emphasis and low; ich German and not guttural).[259]
Good, sakki̍ss (kiss very short; ss barely audible).
Grandson, matauapi̍scha.
Grape-vine, bi̍dda-páheri (pah together; e ½; ri short).
Grass, miká (mi very short; ka strong explosive).
Gray, sáotta.
Gray-haired, arrahascheháh-attakits (e ½; its low; the whole short).
Great, hatskits (low).
Green, maëilö̍üichka (ich with the point of the tongue).
Ground, same word as for earth.
Gums, ihch-schá-arúh-idú (last four syllables run together; idu very short).
Gun, o̍hwa-tsawirúcha (second word short and low); rifle, a̍rruhappissúa (u and a separated).
Gut (intestines), schi̍hpa (pa short).
Gut (v; gut an animal), ehri-hatáhs.
Hail (n), múhkach-pittauï̍ (run together).
Hair, ará (nasal).
Half, súhta (ta short and low).
Hand, waschaki̍.
Hard, sa-su-ki̍ss (sa short; the whole short and run together).
Hate (v), arre-ä̍-wahs (arre short; e ½; the whole pronounced together).
Haul (v; fetch), kiki̍hriss.
Head, ah-tú (ah nasal; tu very short explosive).
Headache, ah-tú-areä (e ½; last word short and indistinct).
Hear (v), ui̍hkikess.
Heart, waratá.
Hearty (stout-hearted), uútahs (uu separated; s somewhat like t).
Heat (n), sauä̍hs (a and u separated).
Heat (v; inflame), mi̍h-sa-uähs.
Heaven (sky), achpáhchi-tóhä.
Heavy, taksi̍äs (as short; i and as separated; i with emphasis).
Heel, issä̍hki (ki short).
Help (v), a̍h-pewahais (second word pronounced softly and short; hais German, together; e distinctly pronounced).
Hem (v; clear one's throat), áhpatsekickschiss (strong emphasis on ah; e ½).
Hide (v), a-áchoass (ass low; the whole run together).
High, wáhkuss.
Hill of the children, Máh-karistáhti.
Hoarse, erúhschiäs (short and run together; final s distinct).
Hole, máh-arhoppe (e has almost full value).
Hollow (adj), cháhkupiss.
Hoof (cloven), esi̍chpu (e like i).
Hoop (of wood), wirrawáh-apé (ape very short; e ½).
Hope (v), ihwati̍ss.
Horn, aaschi̍ (aa separated); or aanschi̍; (a and an French and separated).
Horns, máhroka-ánschi (an French; second a barely audible).
Hot, sawáis (German; the whole short and run together).
House (lodge), atti̍, (i short).
Hunger, wah-ahri̍tis; i.e., they are all hungry; mari̍htis, I am hungry.
Hunt (v), wáhri-iwaráhs (second i barely audible).
Hunter, wáhri-irakurähs (second i barely audible).
Hurl (v; or overthrow), mih-pati̍ss.
Hurricane, hóhsi-ichti̍as (ich German and not guttural; i with strong accent; i and a separated).
I, mi̍h.
Ice, warúchi.
In (come in), bidä̍ht.
Incurable, arrukischidä̍hset (dah prolonged with emphasis; arru short).
Indistinct (of seeing), i-ä̍ss.
Interior, awahuká (awa short).
Intoxicate, waráchapahs.
Iron, u̍hwassa (sa short).
Island, wiritáhä.
Itch (n), chediä̍ss (e distinctly pronounced).
Jar (vessel), biddachá.
Jaw, mara-oróhpa (o full; the whole run together).
Joy, naatássakiss (aa separated).
Kernel, súhwa (wa short).
Kindle (v), arachahähs.
Knee, wachóh-acha (choh together; the whole pronounced together).
Kneel (v), äschuwissä̍.
Knife, máhtsi.
Know (v), ahchkähs (first a ½, almost like a umlaut).
Know (v; be acquainted with), a̍wachkähs (kahs low and moderated).
Knuckle (n), watsi̍-orussáh (short and run together).
Lame (limping), ashkáus (kaus almost like kohs).
Lament (v), arra-aki̍wiät; i.e., he weeps from pain.
Lance, bi̍dda-tirutä̍ (last word short).
Land, same word as for earth.
Laugh (v), káhs (German throughout).
Lay (v; lay down), rúhscha (scha short).
Leader (chief), uassä̍-issis.
Leaf, a̍hpa.
Lean (v), ihtáhkachta (ta short).
Leap (v; spring), sich-chi̍ss (sich short; chiss likewise).
Left (adverb), i̍rach-ki̍scha (the whole short; scha short).
Lick (v), náhsipiss.
Lie (v; deceive), wittapáss.
Life, nachkúss.
Lift (v), dóhkiss (rather indistinct).
Light (v), awachath-hähs (run together).
Light (nimble), dagóchtiss (go German guttural).
Lightning, karichkáhs (ich hissed as in German and not guttural).
Like (v), kiráschiss.
Lip, i̍hdä-ätá (ta short).
Little, kohsch-táss (o full).
Long, háski; this word was undoubtedly borrowed from the Mandans.
Loose (of clothes), ichti̍ass (ich German, with the point of the tongue; i with emphasis and separated from ass).
Maiden, bi̍h-akáhsa (final a ½); they also use akáhscha for akáhsa.
Maize, kóhchatä (o full); this word was certainly borrowed from the Mandans.
Man, matséh, or matsä̍h.
Man (human being), massä̍, or matsä̍h.
Meal (eat?), babuti̍ss.
Medicine, chupáhs (ch guttural).
Medicine-feast, mah-chupáh-ääs.
Medicine-feast (the Okippe of the Mandans), akupéhri (ku very short; ri short and with the point of the tongue).
Medicine-lodge, atechupáhs.
Medicine-man, madséh-akuchupáhs.
Medicine-stone, wi̍hdä-katachi̍ (da and chi very short).
Melt (v), suki̍ss.
Messenger, dáchkahts (a peculiarly modulated).
Milk (n), ma-áhtsi-biddi̍ (short and run together; biddi very short).
Mirror, ma-ich-ki̍h-ka (ich with the point of the tongue; ka short).
Mistake (v; lose one's way), wachkaráhchisschess (schess low and soft).
Moon, wáhch-kubbedi̍h (the whole short and run togeher; e ½).
Moonshine, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-sihsah (sah lowered).
Morning, kirahkutá (ta short).
Mother, ächká (ach not guttural, but ch hissed).
Mountain, awacháüi (the whole together).
Mouth, bi̍h.
Much, ahúss.
Murder (v; kill), tawahs (wa like ua).
Music (beat the drum), wi̍rrachárriki (the whole short).
My, watawá.
Nail (on the hand), wascháckächpú.
Nail (on the foot), wassi̍chpu.
Naked, widdi-bikkikoáejes (e ½; a and e separated; je French; s ½).
Name, náhji (nah with emphasis; ji French, low and short).
Nape (of the neck), machpóh-ottä (together; otta short).
Narrow, kari̍schtass (ss indistinct).
Navel, watarächpá.
Neck (throat), a̍hperu (peru very short).
Negro, waschi̍h (or uaschih)-ischüpi̍scha.
Nest (of bird), ichki̍schi (schi short).
Nettle (n), wáh-ächáhke (e ½).
New, hiddáhs (short, s low).
New-moon, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-kiddahi̍ss.
Night, aúk-sïe (auk together, with emphasis; u somewhat like i; si together; e ½, separated and somewhat like a).
Noon, widdiwáh-péirapi (pei together and shrill; the whole short and rapid); i.e., the sun is in the middle.
Nose, apá (short).
Nostril, apáre-hopö̍ (e ½; the whole short).
Not (no), dä̍hsches (e ½; s soft).
Old, chiäs (as soft and low).
Old man, itháka-chiäs.
Old woman, káhru-chiäs.
Oldest (the oldest), akouáh-ichti̍äs (o and u separated; ch guttural; ti together; as together).
On the other side, tsóo-ka (ka lowers in tone, short; oo somewhat separated).
On the other side of the hill, awa-itá-sohqua (qua together).
Outside (without), atáhjikua (ji French; kua together).
Over, máh-kuka (run together).
Oversleep (v; neglect by sleeping), hä̍ddauitti̍äs (ti and as separated, ti with emphasis).
Pain (n), hädú-ade-ä̍ss (e ½; strong emphasis on ass; the whole run together).
Paint (v), warahk-hiriss.
Pair, rúhpassa (passa low and short).
Palate (roof of the mouth), nóotisch-karuscháscha (oo separated and full; karuschascha short; scha sinks in tone).
Pardon (v; forgive), kirä̍h-schachkähs (run together).
Partizan (leader of a war party), akuri̍hdi (di short).
Past (over; go past), eischiss (ei very shrill, with the point of the tongue, with strong emphasis).
Peace, make-itteruchpahk-hatsch (e ½; hatsch low and indistinct, like hahts).
People (men, folk), ruchpáhga (ga German guttural).
Pinch (v; to carouse?), wirúskapis (pis distinctly pronounced).
Pipe (tobacco-pipe), éikipi (ei very shrill, almost like i and with strong accent; kipi low and short).
Plant (v), awa-áuschess (au together).
Play (v), bidáchatichke (ich German, with the point of the tongue; e ½).
Pluck (v; feathers), i̍hruketiss (e ½).
Pointed, apsáss.
Polish (v; adorn), ächkikschi̍ss.
Pond (or pool), bi̍ddicha-kúp-hä.
Pouch (for ammunition), beädse-i̍schi (e distinctly pronounced).
Pouch (painted, of leather), wákiischi (run together).
Pouch (of leather), wassitó-üschi.
Powder (gun-powder), birá-sipa.
Prairie, ama-awesuchka (e distinctly pronounced).
Pregnant, äcdichti̍äs (i with emphasis; i and as separated).
Press (v), sasuck-hähs (run together).
Press out (v; express?), núhbiris.
Pretty, sacki̍chtiss (ich with the point of the tongue).
Prick (v; or sting), mah-aráchpüwiss.
Prisoner, náhkehäs (e ½).
Proud, ichóa-ischi-saki̍ssas (o and a separated; ischi short).
Pulse, dúschi-schi̍äs (i with strong accent; i and as separated).
Push (v; thrust), páki-di̍äs (di and as separated; the whole run together).
Quarrel (v; fight), aúk-schass-hähs (auk with strong emphasis; the whole run together).
Quarter (of the moon), wáhchkubbedi̍h-erúschkapiss.
Quick, hih-itats (run together; tats low; the whole short).
Quiver, arúhtischa-i̍schi.
Rain (v), charä̍hs.
Rainbow, bi̍ddi-apóka; i.e., the cap of the water.
Rattle (sysyquoy, gourd rattle), éi-poh-chä (ei like ai, together; a loud, shrill fore-tone).
Reconcile (v), make-ikáh-as (e ½; the whole pronounced together).
Red, heischi̍ss (hei together and pronounced very shrilly with the point of the tongue).
Refuse (v; deny), e-ischi̍-arähs (the whole run together); i.e., I will not.
Rib, wirrúh-tirrú (the whole very short).
Ring (v), tawóes (o and e separated; es together and ½).
Ripe (of fruit), a̍otiss (ao separated; the whole short and run together).
River, a̍nji-ischti̍äss (first i often silent; j French).
Roast (v; or n), wahweriti̍ (e ½).
Rock (cliff), bi-hách-pa (hach guttural, yet almost like ha).
Root, äscháhwichkä (wich German, with the point of the tongue).
Rot (v), karä̍hs.
Rotten (lazy), nah-ta-chéh-piss.
Row (v; paddle), wáh-tirachóhke (e distinctly pronounced).
Run (v), tiriä̍s (s very low and barely audible).
Saddle (for a horse), matanáh-chukchä-rubidá.
Sand, póhcha-ka (ka short).
Scaffold (for the dead), mánsachti (man French, long; ti very short).
Scalp (n), biddarú (ru with the point of the tongue, short, and soft).
Scalp (v), addadúhs.
Scar, oh-áttass.
Scratch (v), rúchkapiss.
Scream (v), saski̍ss.
Sea, bi̍ddi-akichti̍a (biddi very short; first a barely audible; ti and a separated).
Secret (adj), a-achóas (together; as ½ and low).
See (v), i̍kahs.
Seize (v; attack), wapach-ti̍siss.
Shade (shadow), arru-oͣhkse (e ½; o between a and o).
Shake (v; rock), chakáhrachkuss.
Shallow (water), biddi-chä̍hpis.
Sharp (keen), apsáss (second a modulated).
Shield (pare-flèche), widáhki (ki short).
Shin (shin-bone), wassóhpa (pa short).
Shiver (v; with cold), wi̍htarichtiss (ich German, with the point of the tongue).
Shoot (with a bow), bi̍dda-arúhschischa-iwáhre-i̍ss (e ½).
Shoot (with a gun), o̍hwassabérucha-ihwáhre-i̍ss (e ½).
Shooting-star, ichkaró-han-kar-ä̍hs (ich German, with the point of the tongue; an French; the whole run together).
Shore (bank), biddi-däh-tadu; (first and last words very short).
Short, párruwi (short and rapidly pronounced).
Shoulder, ah-tirú (tiru very short).
Show (v; instruct in a matter), kikúhs-ki̍ss (short and run together).
Sick, ächurä̍hs (u and a separated).
Side, itá-sú (su very short).
Sigh (v), idi̍ahiss (di and a separated; emphasis on i).
Sing (v), mah-páh-hiss.
Sister, ittawi̍a (first i barely audible; i and a separated, emphasis on i not very strong).
Sit (v), amáhgis (mah very long; gis German guttural).
Skin (hide of animal), dachpi̍.
Sledge, bi̍dda-wa-ádussadua (the whole run together; the last word indistinct and short).
Sleep (v), hi̍ddawiss, or heidabi̍ss (hei shrill, with the point of the tongue).
Slow, hóp-ha (ha short).
Small, kari̍schta.
Smell (v; sniff, scent), wúhpiss.
Smoke (n), pi-ä̍hs.
Smoke (v; tobacco), aúpe-hihs (ua together; e ½).
Smooth, a̍h-atats (run together).
Snarl (v; growl), eháhte (final e distinctly pronounced; first e short).
Sneeze (v), mahhachpi̍ss.
Snore (v), appatáhchis.
Snow (n), máh-a (short and run together).
Sole (of the foot), ittsi̍-wahú (wahu very short).
Son, idischá.
Sore-throat, a̍hperu-arreä̍ss (first e distinctly pronounced; last word very short).
Spark (n), bi̍dda-alánka (bidda very short; an French; lan prolonged).
Speak (v), i̍ddähs.
Speech (language), máh-arúhdä (run together).
Spirits (distilled), widi̍h-araüi.
Spittle, arukschuá (strong accent on a).
Split (v; wood), bi̍dda-kiriki.
Spring (the season), ama-arä̍hs (run together).
Spring (source), mahá.
Spy (v; listen), achkochä-ruktahs.
Squint (v), ischtä̍rruchtahs.
Star, ichká (ich German, with the point of the tongue; ka short).
Start (v; start game), kárahäs.
Steep, nacháppäischass (a and i somewhat separated).
Step-father, same word as for father.
Step-mother, same word as for mother.
Stick (n), bidda-káhscha (scha short).
Stifle (v; choke, repress), dút-hapiss.
Still, há-chä-hi-schi̍ss (pronounced together).
Stinginess, márachzats (zats low and indistinct; the whole nasal).
Stomach, bi̍hwaki (bi with stronger accent; i short; waki sinks in tone).
Stone (n), bih-i̍ (i very short and explosive).
Stop (v; stop up), kipáhtakiss.
Storm (n), maapischi̍a (aa separated; final a short and low).
Straight, zawóchtsitz (tsitz low).
Strike (v), niki̍ss.
Strong, iss-hi̍h-äs (run together; strong emphasis on hih; as very short and low).
Stump, schohkiss (o full and long).
Stupid, wahruchtahs.
Summer, abba-adä̍hs (abba very short).
Sun, maápi-widdi̍ (aa separated).
Sunrise, widdi̍-atä̍hs (widdi very short).
Sunset, widdi̍-eihwachpiss (ei shrill; pronounced together as in German).
Swallow (v; choke), dáh-aschúhtis.
Swamp, biddichti̍a-karä̍hs (i with strong emphasis; ti and a separated).
Sweat (v), sabähs.
Sweat-medicine, bih-óh-aku-es (the whole short and run together; oh with strong accent; akues sinks in tone; es short and low).
Sweep (v; clean), maschi̍-arachahs.
Sweet, si-kóh-as (si and as short).
Swim (v), biddi-di̍hris (biddi very short; the whole run together).
Swollen (swell), póh-ats (ats very soft and low).
Tail (of a bird), i̍hpi.
Tail (of a quadruped), si̍hta (second i barely audible; ta short; sih long).
Tattooing (n), arukpi̍ (pi with strong emphasis and very short).
Teach (v), kikúhs-ki̍ (ki very short, explosive).
Tear (v; tear or break to pieces), duuchä̍hschis (uu separated; schis low).
Tear out (v), rúhkitiss.
Tears, istá-biddi-huhs (short and run together).
Teeth, ihch-schá (ihch German, with the point of the tongue; scha short and explosive).
Testicle, a̍hschuka (ka short).
There, hidóhs.
Thick (stout), ichti̍häs (tih together).
Thin, chahpis.
Thorn, wah-apsáh.
Throat, nóhtischka (ka short).
Thumb, scháhkitta, or mascháktá (ta very short).
Thunder, tachúrakiss.
Tickle (v), wihscheschúkhäs (e ½; has soft and modulated).
Tie (v; fasten), warut-hiss (run together).
Tinder-box, bi̍discha (scha short).
Tobacco, aópi (ao somewhat separated; pi short).
Tobacco-pouch, áopischi.
Toe, ittsikansa (an French, and prolonged; sa short).
To-morrow, a̍htaruck.
Tongue, däh-eschi (dah with strong emphasis, e ½; and short; eschi short; the whole run together).
Toothache, ihch-schá-adä̍hs.
Top (summit), awa-áhguka (awa nasal; gu guttural; guka short).
Toughness, erúhpupiss.
Track (of an animal), etsitti̍.
Trade (n), maschaki̍ (i short).
Trader, akuwa-éh-hu (kuwa and hu short).
Tree, widá (da short and with emphasis), or bida.
Tremble (v), tadichti̍ss (ich German, with the point of the tongue).
True, káh-tähs.
Ugly, i-schi̍-äs (run together).
Unmarried, u̍h-arä̍hschis; i.e., he has no wife.
Unripe, sáhs (nasal).
Until (unto), arudähs.
Urine, wä-ä̍h-chiss (chiss guttural, short, and low).
Valley, arúcha-kupi̍ (pi short).
Vein (artery), akáhscha.
Village, awati̍ (ti short).
Void (adj; stale; or cool, moderate), wi̍htau-auschirähsches (wih with emphasis; au together).
Wait (v; await), áh-kuch-takahs (ah nasal, with strong emphasis).
War, matauáh-ehá (e ½; aua has each vowel separated); i.e., they are my enemies.
War-club (casse-tête; with the iron point), bi̍dda-i̍hktärrä (tarra very short; bidda likewise), or bi̍dda-aspapsá.
War-club (of stone covered with leather), biï̍-dakútse (bii very short; e ½), or wa-óh-upake (e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).
War-club (of wood with knots), bi̍dda-pahuachi (the whole short).
War-whistle, i̍h-akóhschi (short).
War-whoop, i̍h-kiriki̍ss.
Warmth, same word as for warm.
Warrior, wassaréhrickschack.
Wash (v), kiruski̍schis.
Water, biddi̍, or bidi̍.
Weary, wahr-häkatis (the whole run together).
Weather (it is good weather), wáhpe-saki̍ss (e ½, almost like i).
Weep (v), éhwüass (eh with strong emphasis).
Wet, scharä̍hs.
What? how? toháhsi (nasal).
Whip, mata-i̍hki.
Whirlpool, bi̍ddi-arúhwiddi (widdi very short; likewise biddi).
Whirlwind, hoh-si-paruwi̍ (wi short).
Whistle (or flute), bi̍dda-kóhotse (o full; ot short; e ½).
Whistle, (v; or pipe), i̍h-akóhsche (a barely audible; e ½).
White, ächóhtakiss (o full; takiss short).
Whole, chákahä-tan (an French).
Widow, there is no corresponding word.
Wind (n), hoh-si̍ (si short).
Wind (v; of game), mah-wóh-piss.
Wing (n), ächpá (pa very short).
Winter, má-arahts.
Woman (wife), bi̍a (a subdued).
Wood, biddá, bidá, or widá.
Work (v), wah-hid-a̍hch-kuss (German).
Wound (n), oh-átta (ta short).
Wound (v), uh-uss.
Wrap up (v), wah-ipúh-wiss.
Wrinkle (n, or adj; wrinkled), chi̍hpiss.
Turn (v; twist), wipatáh-üiss (run together).
Turn back (v; return), kiwi-achkúhs (run together).
Yawn (v), büidahts (u and i separated; the whole indistinct).
Year, máh-ara (the whole run together; ara very short).
Yellow, zi̍hdits (dits very low).
Yes, äi̍ (together; a shrill sound).
Young, they say small.
Clothing and Ornaments
Bracelets of metal, itråuwassa (sa short; the whole short).
Breechcloth, edde̍-ipschake (edde very short; e distinctly pronounced).
Buffalo robe, waschi̍.
Buffalo robe (painted), waschi̍-i̍rutsicki.
Girdle (belt), ma-i-páschagih (gih guttural).
Gloves (or mittens), chu-ti̍ (ti short and explosive).
Hair-ornament (flat ornament for the back of the head), arraúhwassa (arra with the point of the tongue; in last word a is only ½).
Hair-ornament (on the temples), ächidúhwassa.
Head-dress (feather crown), wahaschu-lakukárahä.
Leather-shirt, wacháhpi-wa-itóhchi.
Leggings, wacháhpi-hu-psi̍h.
Moccasins, huupá (uu somewhat separated).
Necklace of bear's claws, lachpitzi̍-sichpo-ahpöä (run together).
Plants
Ash, wüschpá.
Poplar, máhchku.
Prairie turnip (pomme blanche, psoralea esculenta), ahi̍.
Reed (arundo), wüskapa-ah.
Willow (salix), bi̍dda-hahsi̍ (si very short).
Animals
Antelope (cabri̍), u̍hchi; or o̍hchiki̍hdapi (dapi short).
Badger, amakáh.
Bat, äschuattischi̍a (short).
Bear (black), haschidá.
Bear (grizzly), lachpitzi̍.
Beaver, wi̍rapa.
Bighorn, ansichti̍a (ti and a separated; strong emphasis on ti; first i barely audible).
Buffalo, witä̍.
Buffalo (bull), ki̍hrapi (pi short).
Buffalo (calf), nahksi̍hdi.
Buffalo (cow), üichti̍a (ich with the point of the tongue, German; i and a separated).
Crane (gray), api̍ssa.
Crane, (white), api̍ssa-tocki (tocki lower and short).
Crow, a̍hrischa (scha short).
Deer (black-tailed), si̍h-tschüpischa.
Deer (common; general term), si̍h-tatacke (e distinctly pronounced).
Deer (stag or buck), si̍h-tatacke-ki̍hrape (e distinctly pronounced); the doe, si̍h-tatackte-mi̍chka (ich German, with the point of the tongue).
Dog, maschúkka.
Duck, mi̍hchahka.
Eagle (war eagle), mah-eschó (e short).
Fox (black), éhchokuschi-sü̍pischa.
Fox (cross-fox), éhchokuschi-cháchi.
Fox (gray), éhchokuschi-sáotta.
Fox (prairie), éhchochka.
Fox (red), éhchokuschi.
Gopher (arctomys hoodii), dáhksassi (sassi even and without accent).
Hare (white), i̍htaki.
Hedge-hog, apäh-dii (run together; dii slightly separated, almost like di).
Horse, eisóh-waschukka (ei very shrill, with the tongue; second word very short).
Horse (young), éhsu-wassucka-náhnka (some pronounced first word ehsu, others eisoh).
Lizard, wahkachpa.
Lynx (wildcat), si̍h-ta-chahe (sih with strong accent; e ½; the whole run together).
Magpie (pica), i̍h-pe (ih with strong emphasis; e ½).
Mink, dacksúa (u with strong emphasis; u and a separated).
Mole, appa-apsá.
Mole (gopher), kippapúhdi.
Moose (orignal), apatapá.
Mouse, éhtaho (taho low and short; eh with strong emphasis).
Mule, achichtia (ich German, with the point of the tongue).
Muskrat, zi̍h-zirúkka (strong accent on zih).
Nighthawk (goatsucker, caprimulgidae), péhriska, or pä̍hriska.
Otter, bi̍dda-póhkä.
Owl, etáh-kupä̍.
Owl (German uhu, strix bubo; western horned owl?), itáhkupä.
Panther, itupáh-ächti̍a (ach with the point of the tongue; i and a separated; i with strong emphasis).
Pigeon (great), máh-adach-kakichti̍a.
Prairie-dog, sihchpá.
Prairie-hen, sihská.
Rabbit, i̍htach-schüpi̍scha.
Raccoon, si̍h-tachächä (sih with strong emphasis).
Rat (common, or house rat), ä̍hta-hichti̍a (ti with strong accent, and separated from a).
Rat (wood rat), ai̍hta-hiti̍a (ti and a separated; i with emphasis).
Skunk, chúchkä.
Snake, mapúckscha (scha short).
Snake (rattle-snake), arrussidi̍awattú (the whole very short; i and a separated; i with strong accent).
Swan, dúhwisch-scha (the whole run together; duh long and with emphasis; sch very short).
Toad, schánke-káhru (an French; e ½; likewise u).
Troupial (red-shouldered), ichpáhka-hischi̍.
Turkey (wild), sihs-kichti̍a (run together; ich with the point of the tongue; ti and a separated).
Turtle, wattáchä.
Waxwing (bombycilla), máhsi-pi̍schakurúhti.
Weasel (stoat), o̍hsisa (oh with special emphasis and force).
Wolf (black), sä̍h-tschüpischá.
Wolf (gray), sä̍hscha (scha short).
Wolf (prairie), bóh-sa (boh long and full; sa very short).
Wolf (white), sä̍hsch-attácki.
Wolverene (gulo), eh-tupáh.
Woodpecker, toschká.
Names of Tribes
Arrapahos, I̍ta-i̍ddi.
Arrikkaras, Arakárahu.
Assiniboins, Haduschi̍h-idi (run together; idi short).
Blackfeet, Issi-schüpi̍scha.
Chayennes, Itáh-ischipáhji (first i very short; the whole short and low).
Crows (general term), Haideróhka.
Crows (the one band), Gi̍hchaitsá; i.e., the fighters for the stomach.
Crows (the other band), Haideróhke; i.e., those who dwell in the middle.
Dacota, Schaónni.
Grosventres of the Prairie, Eirichti̍-aruchpáhga (ei together; tih with emphasis; the whole short).
Krihs, Schahi̍.
Mandans (inhabitants of Mihtutta-hangkusch), Awatirátácka (tacka short).
Mandans (inhabitants of Ruhptare), A̍wa-ichpawati̍ (awa very short; ich with the point of the tongue; pawati short; ti very short).
Pahnis, Sä̍jeruchpaga (j French; ga guttural).
Names of Rivers
Grand, Birridsipáhji (ji French).
Heart, Nah-táh-schi (schi short).
Knife, Maëttseruáhji (e ½; ji French).
Missouri, Amáhti (ti short).
Muscleshell, Mató-káhsi (o full; si low and short).
Teton, Bi̍ddi-schu-wah-áhji.
Upper Little Missouri, Amáhtikasche (mah nasal; e ½; sche short).
White, Biddi-attakáhsi, or Aúkatakáhsch.
White earth, O̍h-katakáhsi (si barely audible).
Yellowstone, Wi̍sih-dáschi.
Numerals
One, nowassá (low).
Two, dúupa (uu separated); usually pronounced rúhpa.
Three, náhwi (wi very short).
Four, tohpá (o full; pa short and explosive).
Five, kechú (e distinctly pronounced; u short and explosive).
Six, akahuá (kah long; wa together and short).
Seven, scháchpu.
Eight, dúhpachpi (pi short).
Nine, nowássachpi (pi short).
Ten, piraká.
Twenty, dúchpa-pirakas (as low).
Thirty, dá-wi̍a-pi̍raka.
Forty, tochpáh-pi̍raka.
Fifty, kechóa-pi̍raka.
Hundred, pirikchti̍a (ti together and with strong accent; ti and a separated).
Two-hundred, pirikichtia-rúhpa.
Thousand, pirakichti̍a-achkakóhri.
I eat, mah-woh-tü̍wiss (tuwiss very short).
You eat, máh-raruti.
He eats, mah-aruti̍ss.
We eat, máh-woh-tüwihas (final word short).
They eat, máh-ruta-áss (ruta-ass pronounced together).