The nutrition of man

by R. H. Chittenden

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Edward Curtis, M.D. Nature and Health: Henry Holt & Co., New York. 1906. p. 39.

[2] The data composing this table are taken from Bulletin 28 (Revised Edition), United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations.

[3] Stohmann: Ueber den Wärmewerth der Bestandtheile der Nahrungsmittel. Zeitschr. f. Biol., Band 31, p. 373.

[4] See Rubner: Calorimetrische Untersuchungen. Zeitschr. f. Biol., Band 21, p. 250. Also, Rubner: Die Quelle der thierischen Wärme. Ibid., Band 30, p. 73.

[5] Pawlow: The Work of the Digestive Glands. Translated by Thompson. London, 1902.

[6] Emil Fischer: Bedeutung der Stereochemie für die Physiologie. Zeitschr. für physiologische Chemie, Band 26, p. 60.

[7] The Physiology of Digestion. By William Beaumont, M.D. Second Edition, 1847, p. 100.

[8] W. B. Cannon: The Movements of the Stomach studied by means of the Röntgen Rays. American Journal of Physiology, vol. 1, p. 359.

[9] W. B. Cannon: The Passage of different Food-stuffs from the Stomach and through the Small Intestine. American Journal of Physiology, vol. 12, p. 387.

[10] Emil Abderhalden: Abbau und Aufbau der Eiweisskörper im thierischen Organismus. Zeitschr. f. physiologische Chemie, Band 44, p. 27.

[11] Otto Cohnheim: Zur Spaltung des Nahrungseiweisses im Darm. Zeitschrift f. physiologische Chemie, Band 49, p. 64.

[12] Bergell and Lewin: Zeitschrift für experimentelle Pathologie und Therapie, Band 3, p. 425.

[13] Franz Hofmeister: Ueber Resorption und Assimilation der Nährstoffe. Archiv f. d. exper. Pathol. u. Pharm., Band 25, p. 240.

[14] J. B. Leathes: Problems in Animal Metabolism. Blakiston’s Son and Co., 1906, p. 123.

[15] Taken from Sir Michael Foster’s “Lectures on the History of Physiology during the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries.” Cambridge, 1901, p. 12.

[16] See Foster’s Lectures, p. 136.

[17] Quoted from Foster’s Lectures, p. 195.

[18] See C. Voit: Hermann’s Handbuch der physiologie des Gesammt-Stoffwechsels. Band 6, Theil 1, p. 269, 1881.

[19] Loc. cit., p. 270.

[20] See M. Jacoby: Ueber die Bedeutung der intracellulären Fermente für die Physiologie und Pathologie. Ergebnisse der Physiologie, Erster Jahrgang, 1. Abtheilung, p. 230.

[21] These data were furnished the writer by Dr. Thomas B Osborne, and represent in large measure the results of his own chemical work.

[22] Taken from Landergren: Untersuchungen über die Eiweissumsetzung des Menschen. Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie, Band 14, p. 112; and from A Magnus-Levy: v. Noorden’s Handbuch der Pathologie des Stoffwechsels, 1906, p. 312.

[23] Expressed in this form from Voit’s figures by A Magnus-Levy. Loc. cit., p. 311.

[24] Taken from Johansson, Landergren, Sondén, and Tiegerstedt: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Stoffwechsels beim hungernden Menschen. Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie, Band 7, p. 29.

[25] The carbon output represents the total carbon of the expired air, urine, and excrement.

[26] Leathes: Problems in Animal Metabolism. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 157.

[27] Sivén: Zur Kenntniss des Stoffwechsels beim erwachsenen Menschen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Eiweissbedarfs. Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie, Band 11, p. 308.

[28] C. Voit: Hermann’s Handbuch der Physiologie des Gesammtstoffwechsels, Band 6, p. 130.

[29] Landergren: Untersuchungen über die Eiweissumsetzung des Menschen, Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie, Band 14, p. 114.

[30] An experiment by Miura, quoted from A. Magnus-Levy in v. Noorden’s Handbuch der Pathologie des Stoffwechsels, 1906, p. 331.

[31] Max Dapper: Ueber Fleischmast beim Menschen. Inaug. Disser. Marburg, 1902.

[32] Zeitschrift für klinische Medizin, Band 44, p. 22.

[33] For an account of the respiration calorimeter and the great diversity of apparatus accessory thereto, together with a description of the methods of measurement, analysis, etc., see Publication No. 42, Carnegie Institution of Washington, “A Respiration Calorimeter with Appliances for the Direct Determination of Oxygen.” By W. O. Atwater and F. G. Benedict.

[34] In the experiment, the body lost 29.16 grams of proteid = 165 calories, but gained fat and glycogen = 393 calories. Hence, there were 229 calories gained from body material.

[35] See Armsby: Principles of Animal Nutrition, p. 368.

[36] Taken from Armsby: Principles of Animal Nutrition, p. 383.

[37] Atwater and Benedict: Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy in the Human Body 1900–1902. Bulletin No. 136, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1903, p. 141.

[38] Loc. cit., pp. 130 and 131.

[39] See W. O. Atwater and H. C. Sherman: The effect of severe and prolonged muscular work on food consumption, digestion, and metabolism. Bulletin No. 98, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

[40] Atwater and Sherman. Loc. cit., p. 51.

[41] L. Schnyder: Muskelkraft und Gaswechsel. Zeitschrift für Biologie, Band 33, p. 289.

[42] G. Katzenstein: Ueber die Einwirkung der Muskelthätigkeit auf den Stoffverbrauch des Menschen. Pflüger’s Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie, Band 49, p. 330. Also Magnus-Levy: v. Noorden’s Handbuch der Pathologie der Stoffwechsel, p. 233.

[43] See Gesammelte Schriften von Adolf Fick. Ueber die Entstehung der Muskelkraft. Band 2, p. 85. Würzburg, 1903.

[44] Pflüger: Die Quelle der Muskelkraft. Pflüger’s Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie, Band 50, p. 98.

[45] Argutinsky: Muskelarbeit und Stickstoffumsatz. Ibid., Band 46, p. 552.

[46] Bunge: Textbook of Physiological and Pathological Chemistry. Second English Edition, 1902, p. 352.

[47] Quoted from Leathes: Problems in Animal Metabolism, p. 100.

[48] This and the following account of Weston are taken from Bulletin No. 98, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations. The effect of severe and prolonged muscular work on food consumption, digestion, and metabolism. By W. O. Atwater and H. C. Sherman, p. 13.

[49] See Leo Langstein: Die Kohlehydratbildung aus Eiweiss. Ergebnisse der Physiologie, Band 3, Erster Theil, p. 456.

See also, Lüthje: Zur Frage der Zuckerbildung aus Eiweiss. Archiv für d. gesammte Physiologie, Band 106, p. 160.

[50] See Voit: Hermann’s Handbuch der Physiologie, Band 6, p. 301.

[51] Eduard Pflüger: Ueber einige Gesetze des Eiweissstoffwechsels (mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Lehre vom sogenannten “circulirenden Eiweiss”). Archiv f. d. gesammte Physiologie, Band 54, p. 333.

[52] Otto Folin: Laws Governing the Chemical Composition of Urine. American Journal of Physiology, vol. 13, p. 66. A theory of Protein Metabolism. Ibid., vol. 13, p. 117.

[53] Bulletin No. 149. Woods and Mansfield. Studies of the Food of Maine Lumbermen. U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1904.

[54] Bulletin No. 75. Atwater and Bryant. Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1900.

[55] Felix Hirschfeld: Untersuchungen über den Eiweissbedarf des Menschen. Pflüger’s Archiv f. d. gesammte Physiologie, Band 41, p. 533.

[56] Carl Voit: Ueber die Kost eines Vegetariers. Zeitschrift für Biologie, Band 25, p. 232.

[57] Klemperer: Untersuchungen über Stoffwechsel und Ernährung in Krankheiten. Zeitschrift für klin. Medizin, Band 16, p. 550.

[58] L. Breisacher: Ueber die Grösse des Eiweissbedarfs beim Menschen. Deutsche med. Wochenschrift. 1891. No. 48.

[59] W. Caspari: Physiologische Studien über Vegetarianismus. Bonn. 1905. p. 13.

[60] In presenting the general results of these experiments, the writer has drawn freely from his book, “Physiological Economy in Nutrition,” published by the Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York, 1904.

[61] In presenting the general results of these experiments, the writer has drawn freely from his book, “Physiological Economy in Nutrition,” published by the Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York, 1904.

[62] The coffee was prepared with milk and sugar.

[63] Through the kindness of Professor Fisher, the writer has had the opportunity of reading the report of this work, which at this writing is not published, and he has drawn upon it freely for the following statements of fact.

[64] Edward Curtis, M. D.: Nature and Health. New York, Henry Holt & Co. 1906. p. 71.

[65] Bulletin No. 107, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1901, from which the descriptions given have been taken.

[66] A Digest of Japanese Investigations on the Nutrition of Man. Bulletin No. 159, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1905.

[67] Ueber die Folgen einer ausreichenden, aber eiweissarmen Nahrung. Ein Beitrag zur Lehre vom Eiweissbedarf. Virchow’s Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie, Band 132, p. 91.

[68] Theodor Rosenheim: Ueber den Gesundheitsschädigenden Einfluss eiweissarmer Nahrung. DuBois-Reymond’s Archiv für Physiologie, 1891, p. 341. Also, Weiterer Untersuchungen über die Schädlichkeit eiweissarmer Nahrung. Pflüger’s Archiv f. d. gesammte Physiologie, Band 54, p. 61, 1893.

[69] B. H. Jägerroos: Ueber die Folgen einer ausreichenden, aber eiweissarmen Nahrung. Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie, Band 13, p. 375, 1902.

[70] Chalmers Watson, M.D., and Andrew Hunter, M.B.: Observations on Diet. The Influence of Diet on Growth and Nutrition. Journal of Physiology, Vol. XXXIV, p. 112, 1906.

[71] The fuel value of the food was calculated from the data given in Bulletin No. 28, U. S. Department of Agriculture. All figures for nitrogen were obtained by exact chemical analysis.

[72] All through the balance periods the dogs were catheterized each morning to insure complete collection of the twenty-four hours’ urine.

[73] See Osborne and Clapp: The Chemistry of the Protein Bodies of the Wheat Kernel. American Journal of Physiology, vol. 17, p. 231.

[74] There is an unavoidable error here, since the excrement contains not only undigested food, but also contains some nitrogenous matter derived from the secretions of the intestine, etc.

[75] Edward Curtis, M.D.: Nature and Health, p. 70. Henry Holt & Company, New York, 1906.

[76] Aran Coirce: British Medical Journal, April 7, 1906, p. 829.

[77] Irving Fisher: A new method for indicating food values. American Journal of Physiology, vol. 15, p. 417, 1906.

[78] Aran Coirce: British Medical Journal, April 7, 1906, p. 829.

[79] Dr. med. et phil. R. O. Neumann: Experimentelle Beiträge zur Lehre von dem täglichen Nahrungsbedarf des Menschen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der notwendigen Eiweissmenge. Archiv für Hygiene, Band 45, p. 1, 1902.

[80] C. A. Herter: Character of the Bacterial Flora of Carnivorous and Herbivorous Animals. Science, December 28, 1906, p. 859.

[81] Dr. S. Fenger: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Stoffwechsels im Greisenalter. Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie, Band 16, p. 222, 1904.