The Lake-Dwellings of Europe / Being the Rhind Lectures in Archæology for 1888

by Robert Munro

INDEX.

Aalzum, Description of Terp at, [336]
Aar, River, diverted into the Lake of Bienne, [22]
Abbaye, Lake-dwelling at, [51]
Achilty, Crannog in, [442]
Achray L., Crannog in, [442]
Aconnick, Crannog in, [389]
Acrussel, Crannog in, [389]
Adze (iron), [386], [391]
Æppli, Mr., first draws attention to the
lacustrine remains at Ober-Meilen, [4]
Aghakilconnel, Crannog in, [389]
Aghaloughan. (See Lough Ravel.)
Aghnamullen, Crannog at, [389]
Aiguebellette, Lake-dwellings at, [104]
Airrieoulland, Crannog of, [434], [442]
Alberti, Dr., [219], [227]
Alesia (Alise St. Renne), Fortress of, [546]
Allen L., Crannog in, [389]
Allensbach, Lake-dwellings at, [132]
Allevi, Marquis, on remains at Offida, [270]
Alt-Friesack, Lake-dwelling of Slavish period at, [317]
Alt-Gortzig, Lake-dwelling at, [323]
Altnau, Lake-dwelling at, [145]
Amber (generally as beads), [5], [12], [16], [25], [28], [45], [53], [58], [63],
[68], [77], [102], [134], [141], [153], [194], [198], [226], [308], [343], [359],
[366], [373], [386], [392], [403]
——, as heads of pins, [224]
——, Bead of, with portion of wire attached, [59]
——, Disc of, [146]
——, in Terremare, [275]
Amiet, Mr., [73]
Ammonite, Fossil, as ornament, [41], [503]
Amphibolite, Implements of, [65]
Amrein, Professor, on lake-dwelling in Baldeggersee, [81]
Amulets of human skulls, [537], [542]
——, of stone from Ballinderry, [362]
Anchor, Wooden, [207]
Ancient Scottish lake-dwellings quoted, [338], [408]
Angelucci, Angelo, [188], [195]
Anglo-Saxon coins in Terpen, [342]
—— ——, in Scottish crannog, [432]
Anière, Lake-dwelling at, [90]
Animal's head in iron, [378]
Animals, Breeding of, [534]
Animals, Wild, in lake-dwellings, [535]
Annagh L., Crannog in, [389]
Annecy, Lake-dwellings in, [103]
Annone, Palafittes in, [204]
Anvils of bronze, [16], [28], [523]
——, of iron, [393]
——, of stone, [174], [411], [473]
—— ——, set in a wooden casing, [44]
Ansa canalicularis, [172]
Anse lunate, [221], [229], [232], [234], [272]
Anse, Various forms of, [226]
Arbon (Bleiche), Lake-dwelling at, [145]
Archæology, First application of scientific methods to, [1]
Archbold, Rev. C., on crannog in Lough Faughan, [363]
Ard L., Crannog in, [442]
Ardakillen, Crannog of, [364], [368], [389]
——, Objects from, sent to Museum of R.I.A., [369]
Ardmore Bay, Submerged crannog in, [389], [443]
Arisaig L., Crannog in, [443]
Armilla sacra, [93], [531]
Armlets. (See Bracelets.)
Arquà-Petrarca, Lake-dwellings at, [230]
Arraschsee, Lake-dwellings in, [328]
Arrow Lough, Crannog in, [399]
Arrow-points, [47], [99], [160], [227], [236], [238], [286], [386], [500], [516]
Arthur L., Crannog in, [480]
Aryssee, Lake-dwelling in, [325], [330], [478]
Arzruni, Dr., on composition of jade, [508]
Asia Minor, Lake-dwellings in, [553]
Ásott-halom, Terramara of, [168]
Asphalt for fixing arrow-points, flint saws, etc., [126], [157], [236]
——, Jug mended with, [121]
——, largely used in Stone Age, [501]
——, Lumps of, [151]
——, made of birch bark, [346], [501]
Ass, Remains of, at Auvernier, [535]
Attersee, Lake-dwellings in, [162]
Aube, Gaulish graves in, [546]
Aufham, Lake-dwelling at, [162]
Aughlish, Crannog at, [390]
Auvernier, Lake-dwelling at, [42], [516], [520], [523], [526]
——, Remarkable pendant from, [520]
——, Sepulchre at, [539]
Axes. (See Hatchets and Celts.)
——, of stone, perforation of, [505]

Backgammon men, [366], [484]
Badeplatz, Lake-dwelling at, [80]
Baldegg L., Lake-dwellings in, [81]
Ball of stone like cannon-ball, [321]
Ballaghmore, Crannog at, [390]
Ballinafad, Crannog at, [390]
Ballinahinch, Crannog at, [390]
Ballinderry, Crannog at, [359], [390]
Ballinlough, Crannog at, [374], [390]
Ballydoolough, Crannog in, [375], [390]
Ballygawley L., Crannog in, [390]
Ballyhoe L., Crannog in, [390]
Ballykinler, Crannog at, [390]
Ballylough, Crannog at, [390]
Bally-na-huish Castle, [487]
Ballywoolen, Crannog at, [390]
Banchory L., Crannog in, [443], [484]
Bardello, Lake-dwelling of, [197]
Barean L., Crannog in, [443]
Barhapple L., Crannog in, [436], [443]
Barlockhart L., Crannog in, [443], [447]
Barnsallzie L., Crannog in, [443]
Barnwall, Mr., [352]
Barthelémy, M., on Coins from La Tène, [296]
Barton Mere, Pile-dwellings in, [457]
Basins of bronze. (See Dishes.)
Bâtons de commandement, [531]
Battaerd, Mr., on terpen, [335], [338]
Battle-axe, [371], [374]
Battleknowes, Crannog at, [443]
Bauschanze, Lake-dwelling at, [8], [12]
Baye, Baron de, on trepanning, [537]
Bayern, M., on lake-dwellings in Asia Minor, [553]
Bayonet of iron, etc., [393]
Beads of amber. (See Amber.)
——, of burnt clay, ornamented, [156]
——, Enamelled, from Toome Bar, [488]
——, of glass. (See Glass.)
——, of glass or vitreous paste, [208], [292], [357], [373],
[386], [401], [417], [425], [434], [435]
——, of glass, with bronze tube, [402]
——, of Jura limestone, [136]
——, like coral from Schussenried, [151]
Beams, Wooden mortised, [10], [97], [138], [213], [405], [422], [437], [447], [476]
——, in steinbergs, [21], [142]
——, tied with birch thongs, [328]
Beaver, [51], [70], [76], [128], [156], [163], [182], [185], [194], [317], [329], [474]
——, Rubbing implement made of jawbone of, [74]
Beaver-traps, [179-184]
Beaulieu, Lake-dwelling at, [88]
Beauregard, Comte de, [95]
Behla, Dr., on Burgwälle, [332]
Bell (bronze) found on Lough-na-Glack, [359]
Bell-like object from Lake Bourget, [101] (Fig. 21, No. 5)
Bellanda, Terramara of, [269], [271]
Bellerive, Lake-dwelling at, [90]
Bellevue, Lake-dwelling at, [88]
Belotte, Lake-dwelling at, [90]
Benacci, Cemeteries at, [550]
Benn, Mr., on crannog in Lough Ravel, [370], [487]
Berks, Lake-dwellings in, [467]
Berlingen, Lake-dwelling at, [132]
Berru, Casque de, [548]
Bertrand, M., on the Casque de Berru, [548]
Bevaix, Lake-dwellings of, [49], [536]
Bialka, Lake-dwelling at, [324]
Biandrono, Lake-dwelling at, [197]
Biberfalle, [179]
Bibracte, Ancient fortress of, [548]
Bienne, Lake of, [20-38]
Bierma, Messrs. W. and J., [339]
Biga, Etruscan, [527], [534]
Billigheim, Lake-dwelling at, [303]
Bingham, Sir R., attack on an Irish crannog, [482]
Bipschal, Lake-dwelling at, [37]
Birch, W., Esq., [455]
Birch bark, Object of, [121]
—— ——, Product from, [346]
—— ——, Rolls of, [329]
—— ——, surrounding pebbles, [178]
Black cairn, submerged in Beauly Firth, [443]
Blake, Mr. Carter, [462], [463]
Board of Works in Ireland, Discoveries by, [363]
Boar's teeth decorating garments, [541]
Boat fastened with copper wire, [139]
Boat L., Crannog in, [394]
Bodio Centrale, Lake-dwelling of, [195]
Bodmann, Lake-dwellings at, [135], [500], [533]
Boece on Loch Lomond, [447]
Bog-butter, [378], [386]
Bog-ore, [392]
Boghall, Crannog at, [443]
Bohemia, Objects of La Tène types found in, [549]
Bohermeen, Crannog at, [390]
Bola L., Stone-dwellings in, [390]
Bolengo, Torbiera di, [210]
Bone carved with devices, [352], [369]
——, implements from Holderness, [472]
Boni, Dr. Carlo, [248], [256]
Bonin, Lake-dwelling at, [316]
Bonslack, Lake-dwelling at, [325], [328]
Bonstetten, Baron de, [67], [546], [550]
Bordeaux, Marsh-dwelling in, [108]
Borel, M., [47-53], [281], [511]
Borgo-Ticino, Lake-dwelling at, [209]
Borgue, Crannog at, [443]
Boring-stones known in Stone Age, [79], [505]
Bosisio, Torbiera di, [186], [204]
Bos primigenius in Britain, [458], [459], [463], [474]
Bottighofen, Lake-dwelling at, [145]
Bourget L., Lake-dwellings in, [95-103], [516], [523], [529], [531], [533]
Bows, Wooden, [13], [25], [107], [113], [136], [317], [372], [500]
Boynton, Thomas, Esq., on lake-dwellings in Holderness, [469]
Brabbia, Torbiera della, Lake-dwelling in, [198]
Brachycephalic skulls, [537]
Bracelets, forms peculiar to Western Switzerland, [519]
——, from La Tène, [292]
——, of bronze, [519], et passim
——, of glass, [292], [402], [446], [549]
——, of jet, [417], [425], [473], [474], [519]
——, of lead, [300]
——, of marble beads, [162]
——, of silver, [488]
——, of tin, [68], [102], [519]
——, with terminal hook, [59], [224]
Brass vessels, [366], [371], [483-485]
Bread, Cakes of, [121], [127], [221], [536]
Breagho, Crannog at, [390]
Brenna, Objects in peat beds of, [186]
Brenno, Torbiera di, [203]
Bricks of 13th century, [316]
Bridle-bits, [59], [156], [393], [524]
——, in La Tène, [293]
——, in Terpen, [342]
——, lackered with bronze, [294]
——, of iron and bronze, [415]
Brière, Dr., on bridle-bits, [59], [526]
Brittany, Jade in dolmens of, [506]
Brooch, with Celtic ornamentation, [370]
——, Circular, [432]
——, Penannular, [400]
——, of silver, [372]
——, of an oval form, [385]
Brora L., Crannog in, [443]
Brügg, La Tène objects found at, [546]
Bruich L., Crannog in, [443]
Bucheim, Fräulein, [308]
Buckets in miniature, [367]
Buckles, rings, etc., from La Tène, [292]
Bullettino Palet. It., founded, [251]
Bullets of lead, [359]
Bunbury, Sir Charles F., [455], [493]
Burgäschisee, Lake-dwellings in, [74]
Burns-Begg on palafitte in Loch Leven, [492]
Burgwälle, [276], [315], [317], [331]
Burnett, Sir J. H., on crannog in Loch of Leys, [484]
Burnside, Mr., [359]
Burki, Mr., [45]
Burrian, Broch of, [453]
Büsch, Sergeant, falsification of objects, [306]
Bussensee, Lake-dwelling in, [146]
Buston, Crannog at, [425]
Button of bronze, Remarkable form of, [436]
——, with two eyes, [371]
Buttons, Varieties of, at Polada, [236]
Buttons of bronze, [102] (et passim)
——, in La Tène, [292]
Butzow, Lake-dwelling at, [312]
Bythinersee, Lake-dwelling in, [323]
Byzantine money, [342]
Cadrezzate, Lake-dwellings at, [200]
Cæsar, on use of piles by the Britons, [491]
Cairns in Lake of Morat, [67-74]
——, in the Lakes of Carinthia, [169]
Cake-shaped objects of earthenware, [234]
Calegari on terremare, [248]
Caliga (Roman), [461], [462]
Camlough, Crannog at, [390]
Campeggine, Terramara at, [249]
Canestrini on terremare, [248]
Cannel-coal, Objects of, [163] (See Jet)
Cannor, Canmor, or Kinnord L., Crannogs in, [444], [480], [483]
Canoes, [18], [30], [37], [38], [52], [66], [69], [83], [113], [135], [177], [207],
[210], [233], [359], [367], [368], [371], [376], [388], [390], [391], [392],
[393], [403], [413], [428], [431], [438], [440], [445], [481], [485]
——, General remarks on, [479]
——, Repaired, [480]
Capriano, Torbiera di, [205]
Carbonate of copper, Celts of, [70]
Carbrook mere, [467]
Cargaghoge, Crannog at, [390]
Carinthia, Pile-dwellings in lakes of, [168]
Carlingwark L., Crannog in, [444]
Carlovingian period, Objects of, [302]
Carniola, Lake-dwellings in, [168]
Carrard, M., [93]
Carved wood, [411], [446]
Casale-Zaffanella, Terramara of, [260]
Casaroldo, Terramara of, [251], [271]
Cascina, Pile structures at, [238]
Casks with iron hoops in terpen, [342]
Castelfranco, Professor, [189], [194], [200], [204], [213], [534], [550]
Castellaccio, Terramara at, [250], [269]
Castelnuovo, Terramara at, [249]
Castiglione di Marano, Terramara at, [271]
Castione, Terramara at, and investigations in, [248], [252]
Castle Loch, Crannog at, [444]
Castleforbes, Crannog at, [390]
Castlefore L., Crannog in, [390]
Castletown, Crannog at, [444]
Cat, Remains of, [156], [238], [264]
——, Domestic, not in Swiss lake-dwellings, [535]
Caucasus, Lake-dwellings in, [553]
Cauldron (bronze), [444]
——, (iron), [386], [392], [393]
Causeways to crannogs, [395]
——, submerged, [446], [449]
Cavazzocca, Sig. Alberto, [219], [227]
Cavedoni on terremare, [248]
Cazalis de Fondouce, M., [95]
Cazzago-Brabbia, Lake-dwelling of, [195]
Céligny, Lake-dwelling at, [88]
Celts, bronze, passim, in early lake-dwellings, [517]
——, ——, flat forms only in Transition period, [84], [85], [93], [514]
——, ——, with cutting edge parallel to wings, [13], [43], [143]
——, ——, socketed with loop transverse to cutting edge,

[59], [91], [100]
——, ——, from crannogs, etc., [316], [319], [386], [393], [411]
——, Copper, [16], [30], [40], [114], [128], [130], [139], [141], [160], [177], [198], [512-516]
——, ——, with double-cutting edge, [33], [523]
——, of flint, [47], [136], [139], [145], [308], [310], [321]
——, Iron, socketed, and with loop, [388]
——, of stone, [501], et passim, in early lake-dwellings
—— ——, Mounting of, [501]
—— ——, with double-cutting edge, [214]
—— ——, from crannogs, [386], [393], [394], [411]
Cend L., Crannog in, [393]
Chable à Perron, Lake-dwelling at, [60]
Chains (iron), [290], [300], [351], [368]
Chalmers, Mr. George, on Scottish Crannogs, [396]
Chamblandes, Sepulchres of lake-dwellers at, [541]
Chamblon Mount, Lake-dwellings at foot of, [59]
Champ Martin, Lake-dwelling at, [66]
Champréveyres, Lake-dwelling at, [42], [516]
Chantre, M. E., [95], [299], [553]
Chariot, [63], [64], [524], [527], [548]
Charpignat, Lake-dwelling at, [97]
Châtaignier, Lake-dwelling at, [88]
Château Beauregard, Lake-dwelling at, [90]
Châtelard (Bevaix), Lake-dwelling at, [52]
——, sur Lutry, Sepulchres at, [542]
Chatillon (Bourget), Lake-dwellings at, [96]
——, (Annecy), Lake-dwelling at, [104]
Cheseaux, Lake-dwelling at, [60]
Chevroux, Lake-dwellings at, [64], [527]
Chez les Moines, Lake-dwelling at, [53]
Chiavichetto, Terramara at, [267]
Chierici on terremare, [248], [249], [269], [271], [276], [338]
Chimneys of ovens, [538]
Chisels (La Tène), [288]
Chloromelanite, [65], [135], [141], [144], [193], [200], [507]
Christian relics found on crannogs, [451]
Cimbe L., Crannog in, [392], [492]
Circular stones, Perforated, [114], [157], [163], [198]
Cité de Geneve, Lake-dwelling of, [89]
Clairvaux, Lake-dwelling of, [104]
Clasps of bronze, [522]
Clay weights, kidney-shaped, [214]
Cleland, Professor, [451]
Clement, Dr., [51], [53]
Clendy, Lake-dwelling at, [60]
Clogherny, Crannog at, [390]
Cloncorick L., Crannog in, [390]
Cloneygonnell. (See Tonymore.)
Cloonbo L., Crannogs in, [390]
Cloonboniagh L., Crannog in, [391]
Cloonfinlough, Crannogs in, [366-368], [391]
Cloonfinnen L., Crannog in, [391]
Cloonfree L., Crannogs in, [365], [391]
Cloonturk L., Crannogs in, [391]
Closeburn, Remains at, [445]
Cloth, Impressions of, [386], [498]
Cloughwater, Crannog in, [391]
Clunie L., Crannog in, [445]
Coal-Bog, Crannog in, [378], [391], [489]
Cogozzo, Terramara at, [261]
Coins, [12], [31], [60], [190], [195], [218], [226], [281], [294],
[342], [366], [395], [403], [432], [462], [543], [549]
Cold Ash Common, Pile structures at, [467]
Collessie, remains at, [445]
Colomb, Mr., [87]
Colombier, Lake-dwelling at, [42]
Comabbio L., Remains in, [201]
Combs of bone or horn, [32], [141], [226], [317], [340], [359], [366], [369], [373], [431], [446]
——, for comparison with those from Scottish crannogs, [453]
——, Mode of making, [504]
——, of bronze, [16], [72], [224], [341], [355], [522]
——, of wood, [55], [64], [75], [216], [302], [352], [446], [499]
Commandostab, [319]
Commerce among lake-dwellers, [533]
Concise, Lake-dwellings at, [54], [523], [537]
Conjux, Lake-dwelling at, [95]
Constance, Lake of, [124-146]
——, Lake-dwellings in Bay of, [133]
Conturabia, Lake-dwellings in peat moor of, [209]
Coolcranoge, Crannog at, [391]
Coolnaman, Antique wooden machine found at, [182]
Copper Age, Theory of, examined, [512-516]
——, Objects of, [13], [16], [30], [33], [34], [40], [48], [49], [66], [81], [104],
[114], [128], [130], [139], [141], [146], [147], [160], [177], [198]
Coppet, Lake-dwelling at, [88]
Coppi, Professor, on terramara of Gorzano, [248], [262]
Coral, [151], [315]
Corbière, La, Lake-dwellings at, [63]
Corcelettes, Lake-dwellings at, [57], [523], [525], [526], [534]
Corcreevy, Crannog at, [359], [391]
Cordenons, Professor, on lake-dwellings at Arquà-Petrarca, [230]
Cornalia, Sig., [186], [276]
Cornaseer, Crannog at, [391]
Corncockle, Crannog at, [445]
Correction des Eaux du Jura, [20-24]
Corrib L., Stone-dwellings in, [391]
Cortaillod, Lake-dwellings at, [44], [521], [523], [529]
Costa de Beauregard, Le Comte, on age of the palafittes in the Lake of Bourget, [99]
Cot L., Crannog in, [445]
Cottbus, Quern from, [315]
Coudré, Lake-dwelling at, [93]
Coulters of iron, [359]
Counter of bone, [300]
Crahay, Professor, [305]
Craigywarren, Crannog at, [391]
Crane Island, [395]
Craniology of Swiss lake-dwellers, [537]
Crannagh L., [391]
——, Macknavin, [391], [486]
Crannog-boy, [391]
Crannog Mac Samhradhain, [391]
Crannog-nan-Duini, [391]
Crannogs, Irish, [349]
——, ——, List of, [389-395]
——, ——, attacked by the English, [481], [482]
——, Scottish, Discovery of, [396]
——, ——, List of, [442-449]
——, ——, Critical examination of relics from, [449]
——, ——, Celtic origin of, [452]
——, in Scotland and Ireland, Late occupancy of, [481]
—— —— ——, relation to ethnology, [489]
—— —— ——, Antiquity of, [486]
—— —— ——, Structure of, [475]
—— —— ——, Access to, [477]
—— —— ——, General remarks on, [494]
Cranokis, name given to crannogs in Scottish annals, [486]
Creenagh L., Crannog in, [391]
Crescents, [12], [18] (et passim)
——, as religious emblems, [532]
——, of stone, [25]
Crespellani Cav., [248], [256]
Crêt, Lake-dwelling at, [42]
Creuse la (Crasaz), Lake-dwelling at, [63]
Creux de la Dullive, Lake-dwellings at, [88]
——, de Tougues, Lake-dwellings at, [90]
Croix gammée, [385], [415]
Cross, Form of, on pottery, [234]
——, Greek form of, on a piece of wood, [446]
——, of tin, [224], [523]
——, Sculptured, [392]
Crossbow, Bolts of, [431]
Crowland, Lake-dwelling at, [459]
Croy, Crannog at, [445]
Crozier (brass), [374]
Crucibles, [18], [89], [114], [123], [160], [174], [370], [373],
[376], [387], [391], [392], [417], [430], [436], [523]
Cudrefin, Lake-dwelling at, [66]
——, Canoes at, [481]
Cuirass, [389]
Cullina, Crannog at, [391]
Cully, Lake-dwelling at, [86]
Cups of bronze, [48], [63], [71], [290], [385], [522]
——, of horn, [82], [114], [504]
Cups of human skulls, [33], [37], [537]
——, Trilocular, [18], [44], [193]
Cup-marked stones, [60], [411]
Curry-comb, [300]
Currygrane, Crannog at, [391]
Czarnisee, Lake-dwelling in, [325], [327]
Czeszewo, Lake-dwelling at, [321]
Dabersee, Lake-dwelling in, [317], [331]
Dacian village represented on the column of Trajan, [537]
Daggers, [501], [516] (et passim)
——, of brass, mounted with gold, [444]
——, of bronze, with horn handles, [236]
——, of flint, with solid handles, [308], [311]
——, of horn, double-pronged, [157]
——, of iron, ornamented with silver wire, [25]
——, Unique form of, [28]
Danubian basin, Lake-dwellings in, [152]
Dardel-Thorens, M., [39], [40], [277], [296]
Dawkins, Professor Boyd, [459], [467]
Day, Mr., on antiquities at Toome Bar. [487]
Deer, Antlers of, with eighteen points, [391]
Dehoff, Herr, [132], [136]
Delfortrie, M., [108]
Dereen L., Crannog in, [391]
Derreskit L., Crannog in, [391]
Derryhollow. (See Lough Ravel.)
Derschbach, Lake-dwelling at, [80]
Deschmann, Dr. Karl, [168], [170], [184]
Desor, Professor, [28], [42], [45], [49], [66], [95], [153],
[187], [200], [277], [297], [497], [551]
"Desor," or "Del Moresco," Lake-dwelling of, [195]
Despine, Baron, [95]
Dhu L., Crannog in, [396], [445]
Dice, [296], [340]
Dingelsdorf, Lake-dwelling at, [135]
Dirks, M., on terpen, [336]
Discs of bone, ornamented, [42], [156]
——, of bone or bronze, [527]
Discoidal stones, [218], [531]
Dishes of bronze, [16], [29], [48], [58], [63], [71], [102],
[290], [355], [385], [399], [446], [461], [522]
——, of Scandinavian origin, [534]
——, of wood, [403], [411], [431], [504]
Dithmarschen, Pile structures in, [344]
Division of labour, [127], [533]
Dog of Lake-dwellings, [535]
Dolay L., Crannog in, [445]
Dolby, Mr., [468]
Dolichocephalic skulls, [537]
Dom, Dr., on asphalt, [151]
Domestic fowl not in Swiss Lake-dwellings, [535]
Doon L., Canoes in, [445]
Door of wood, [113], [365]
Douanne. (See Twann.)
Dowalton L., Crannogs in, [398], [445], [477]
Drumaleague L., Crannogs in, [364], [391]
Drumdarragh, Crannog at, [377], [391], [489]
Drumgay, Crannog at, [392]
Drumkeery, Crannog at, [392]
Drumkelin, Supposed crannog at, [392], [489]
Drumlane, Crannog at, [392]
Drumskimly, Crannog at, [392]
Drumsloe, Crannog at, [392]
Dumbleton, Rev. Mr., [464]
Dunraven, Earl of, [451]
Dunshaughlin. (See Lagore.)
Durkheim, Lake-dwellings at, [303]
Earn L., Crannog in, [445]
Eaux-Vives, Lake-dwellings at, [89]
Eburodunum, Roman city of, [60]
Effernan, Crannog at, [392]
Egelsee, Lake-dwellings in, [118]
Egg, Lake-dwelling at, [135]
Eggs, Shells of, in terpen, [343]
Egg-shaped stones, [139]
Eich, Lake-dwelling at, [76]
Eldrig L., Crannog in, [445]
Elk, Horns of, used as polishers, [177]
——, Irish, [366], [372], [374]
Ellan-na-glack, [448]
Embroidered cloth, [116]
Enamel work, [355], [385]
Epaulettes, [198]
Eriska, Submarine crannog at, [443], [445]
Erlenbach, Lake-dwelling at, [19]
Ermatingen, Lake-dwelling at, [132]
Estavayer, Lake-dwellings at, [61], [523], [527]
Este, Gaulish remains in museum of, [548]
Etruscan remains, [63], [64], [249], [522], [534]
Evans, Dr., [55], [432], [523]
Excenevrez, Lake-dwelling at, [92]
Exposition International, Paris, [106]
Eyes L., Crannogs in, [376], [392]
Fabretti on graffiti on pottery, [550]
Fabrique Canton, Lake-dwelling at, [90]
Factories of special objects, [47], [136], [138], [141], [533]
Fahrstedter Wurth, [344]
Faoug, Circular wooden structure at, [71]
——, Lake-dwelling at, [70]
Farnham, Lord, [372]
Fasnacloich, Remains at, [445]
Faughan L., Crannog in, [363], [392]
Fauna of Lagore, [351]
——, of Swiss lake-dwellings, [534]
——, of terremare, [273]
Favre, M., [28]
Federatt, Remains at, [445]
Federsee, Lake-dwellings in, [147]
Feldbach, Lake-dwelling at, [130]
Fell L., Crannog in, [445]
Fellenberg, Dr. von, [26], [27], [31], [34], [36], [70], [511], [546]
Felsite, Implements of, [65]
Fence Wood, Dwellings in ponds at, [468]
Fenland, Lake-dwellings in, [459]
Fergus L., Crannog in, [445]
Fergusson, Sir James, [419]
Fermanagh, Crannogs in, [375]
Ferrule of brass, [414]
Fibulæ, [16], [28], [48], [63], [66], [102], [138], [142], [156], [197], [198], [203],
[205], [213], [224], [226], [290], [323], [329], [342], [393], [415], [543], [546]
——, of Bronze Age, [521]
——, of Scandinavian type, [58], [534]
Figures of animals of clay, [25], [59], [160], [533]
——, of bronze, [90], [138], [296], [533]
File of bronze,

[97]
——, of iron, [288]
Fimon, Lake-dwelling of, [227]
Findruine, Brooch of, [376]
Finger rings of gold, [432]
Fiollets, les, Lake-dwelling at, [97]
Fischbach, Lake-dwelling at, [144]
Fischer on distribution of jade, [507]
Fish-hooks of Stone Age, [75], [127], [141], [176], [504]
——, of bronze, [16], [48], [72], et passim
——, in La Tène, [290]
Fish-spears of horn, with two or four prongs, [136]
——, of bronze, [221]
——, of iron, [290]
Flax-combs, [13], [48], [66], [79], [127], [131]
Flemington L., Crannog in, [445]
Flint, Objects of, in British lake-dwellings, [378], [391],
[392], [411], [422], [430], [436], [458], [473]
Flon, Lake-dwelling at, [87]
Flora of Swiss lake-dwellings, [536]
Flute of bone, [343]
Font, Lake-dwelling at, [60]
Fontanellato, terramara of Iron Age at, [275]
Fontega, Wooden machines from, [181]
Foreign objects in lake-dwellings, [524]
Forel, Lake-dwelling at, [64]
Forel, M., [83]
Forel, Dr., on stations in Lake of Geneva, [83-93]
——, on sepulchres near Morges, [540]
Forfar L., Remains in, [445], [483]
Forgeries of objects in Switzerland, [64]
Fork, Iron, [64], [543]
Forrer, Mr. R., on copper objects, [514], [527]
Fort L., Crannog in, [392]
Foster, Mr. W. K., [190]
Founders of lake-dwellings, [552]
Foundry materials, [18], [28], [44], [89], [98], [174], [523]
Fourdrignier, M., on Gaulish cemetery, [546]
Fox, General Lane (Pitt-Rivers), [460]
Fraas, Professor, on fauna from Schussenried, [151]
Frai d'Aigue, Lake-dwelling at, [87]
Frank, Oberförster, [147], [152], [502], [509]
Franks, Mr., on pottery from pile-structures in London, [461]
——, on "late Celtic" remains, [551]
Frauenpfahl, Lake-dwelling at, [135]
Freiburg, Jade at, [508]
Freuchie L., Crannog in, [445]
Freudenberg, Dr., [217]
Friar's Carse, Crannog at, [438], [445]
Friedrichsbruch Moor, Wooden machine found in, [180]
Fromm, Herr, [307]
Fruits from lake-dwellings, [536]
Fry's Island, [391]
Fullah L., Crannog in, [445]
Funshinagh L., Crannog in, [392]
Fuschlsee, Lake-dwelling in, [164], [492]
Gabiule, Lake-dwelling at, [90]
Gaff tipped with iron, [290]
Gägelow, Lake-dwelling at, [310]
Gaienhofen, Lake-dwelling at, [133]
Galbally, Crannog at, [392]
Gallo-Roman remains, [31], [96], [108]
Gangways, [407], [421], [437], [446], [477]
Garda, Lake of, [216-227], [536]
Gastaldi, Professor, [186], [206], [239]
Gauls in North Italy, [549]
Geneva, Lake of, Stations in, [82-94]
Gerlafingen (Gerofin), Lake-dwellings at, [28], [511]
Geserichsee, Lake-dwellings in, [325]
Giacometti, Dr., [266]
Gillespie, Rev. James, [480]
Gimlet of iron, [300]
Girdles, [16], [28]
Guile L., Crannog in, [392]
Gladiator, The dying, [293]
Glass L., Stone island in, [445]
Glass, [16], [28], [30], [45], [52], [53], [57], [58], [68], [77], [78], [102], [134], [142],
[156], [192], [226], [292], [342], [392], [402], [417], [425], [434], [446], [543]
——, bracelets, [293], [402], [446], [549]
——, of the 6th or 7th century, [543]
——, slag, [345]
——, with gold enamel, [139]
Glebe island, Crannog of, [389]
Glencar L., Crannogs in, [392]
Gletterens, Lake-dwelling at, [66]
Goiran, Mr. A., [536]
Gok-chai, Lake of, [553]
Gold, Objects of, [16], [31], [53], [57], [63], [68], [432], [522]
——, in crucible, [430]
——, as mounting on a bronze spear, [487]
——, on a dagger, [444]
——, Coins of, [295], [342], [432]
——, Pins of, [393]
——, Torque of, [293]
Gortalough, Crannog of, [392]
Gorzano, Terramara of, [262], [264]
Gosse, Dr., [89]
Gottolengo, Terramara of, [267]
Gouge (iron), [413]
Grain, Enormous quantity of found at Wangen, [127]
——, Cultivation of, [497]
Grainger, Canon, [380]
Grands Roseaux (Paladru), Lake-dwelling of, [298]
Granech L., Crannog in, [445]
Grangier, Professor, [60], [63], [66]
Grantstown, Crannog at, [392]
Grapes. (See Vine.)
Graseren, Lake-dwelling at, [25]
Graves, Mr., on inscribed pins from Ballinderry, [361]
Greaves and other mediæval objects, [316]
Green Knowe, [445]
Green L., Crannog in, [392]
Greifensee, Lake-dwelling in, [123]
Greng-Insel, Lake-dwelling of, [69]
Greng-Mühle, Lake-dwelling of, [70]
Gresine, Lake-dwelling at, [96]
Greybeards, [359]
Grigor, Dr., [390]
Grindstones found on Crannogs, [376], [393], [429]
Grose's antiquities of Scotland quoted, [440]
Gross, Dr., [26], [28], [31], [36], [40], [44], [57], [497], [498], [507], [510], [526], [539]
Gross Moos, [21], [22], [67], [278]
Grosser-Hafner, Lake-dwelling of, [8], [10], [527], [543]
Grossesee, Lake-dwelling in, [323]
Gueglie, [204]
Guevaux, Lake-dwelling at, [73]
Gun-barrel, [359]
——, locks, [386]
Guns, [389]
Gundolzen, Lake-dwelling at, [133]
Gur L., Crannog in, [358], [392], [487]
Gynag L., Crannog in, [445]
Hackett L., Crannog in, [392], [492]
Hadrian, Coin of, [366]
Hafting stone celts, method of, [125], [501]
Hagenow, Mr. von, on lake-dwellings at Ryck, [312]
Hagneck, Lake-dwelling at, [30]
Hagnau, Lake-dwelling at, [144]
Hag's Castle, [394]
Haltnau, Lake-dwelling at, [144], [498]
Hammers of bronze, [16], [29], [44], [59], [63], [98], [100]
——, of iron, [288], [374], [401]
Hammer-stones, [114], [422], et passim
Hargham Mere, [467]
Harp, Portions of, [361], [369], [378]
Harpoon of bone, [26], [37], et passim
—— ——, with one barb, [97]
——, of bronze, [221]
——, of iron, [142], [543]
Hartmann, Dr., on structure of Wurthen, [347]
Hatchets of flint. (See Celts.)
——, of bronze, Evolution of, [517]
——, of iron, [286], [300], [315], [317], [318], [323], [331],
[351], [354], [366], [386], [413], [431], [461]
Haumessergrund, [10]
Hauterive, Lake-dwelling at, [41], [529]
Hay, Mr. Robert, [425]
Hayes, Mr., [360]
Hearths, [365], [407], [420], [437], [446], [452]
Hearthstones, [394]
Heer, Professor, [498], [536]
Hegar, Lake of, [313]
Hegne, Lake-dwelling at, [132]
Heierli, Mr., [527], [541]
Heimenlachen, Lake-dwellings at, [123]
Helbig, Mr., [249], [552]
Helmet, [316]
——, Supposed ornament for, [286]
Hemmenhofen, Lake-dwelling at, [133]
Herodotus on Lake Prasias, [553]
Heron L., Crannog in, [445]
Heydeck, Professor, [325]
Hilbert L., Stone-dwelling in, [392]
Hildebrandt, Dr., [179]
Himmereich, Remains at, [116]
Hinterhausen, Lake-dwelling at, [135]
Hippen, [142], [543]
Hippocrates on the Phasis, [553]
Hochstetter, Professor von, [168], [169]
Hof bei Stein, Lake-dwelling of, [128]
Hogsetter, Remains at, [445]
Hohenhöwen, Sword-pin found on, [527]
Holderness, Lake-dwellings in, [469], [474], [490]
Hook, Reaping, [386]
Hooks, Wooden, peculiar forms of, [115], [326]
Horn, Various objects of, [504]
——, fixers for stone celts, [25], [26], [47], [53], [64], [70], [75], [502]
Hornstaad, Lake-dwelling at, [133]
Horse, Domesticated, in Bronze Age, [524]
——, Remains of, [534], [536]
——, bits, [24], [25], [28], [58], [59], [63], [313], [524], [543], [546]
——, shoes, [142], [156], [300], [302], [317], [365], [371], [543]
——, trappings, [293], [525], [527]
Hradischt, La Tène objects at, [549]
Huesmann, Mr., [344]
Human remains, [18], [32], [33], [37], [51], [55], [70], [76], [94], [130], [132], [203],
[238], [297], [304], [351], [367], [368], [463], [504], [536], [539]
Hungary, Pile-structures in, [166]
Huts, [113], [121], [217], [392], [508]
Il Bor, Lake-dwelling at, [219], [227]
Ile de St. Pierre, Lake-dwelling at, [30], [543]
Ile des Lapins, [31]
Images of animals and human beings, [533]
——, of pottery, [174]
Immenstaad, Lake-dwelling at, [144], [507]
Ingots, [61], [89], [102], [167], [523]
Inishrush, Crannog of, [392]
Inkwyl, Lake-dwelling of, [73], [74], [492]
Insects, Horny cases of, [275], [418]
Insel Mainau, Lake-dwellings at, [135]
Inselchen, Lake-dwelling at, [76]
Irgenhausen, Lake-dwelling at, [116], [498], [509]
Irlet, Mr., [37]
Iron Age, Lake-dwellings of, [542]
——, Large lump of, [370]
——, Objects of, [10], [12], [21], [24], [25], [38], [42], [47], [64], [66], [69], [88], [89],
[103], [138], [139], [142], [156], [163], [165], [197], [203], [313], [316],
[317], [326], [329], [354], [356], [370], [431], [461], [543], [544]
——, on piles at Conturabia, [209]
——, Oxide of in powder, [151]
——, Slag, [276], [345], [347], [373], [376], [377]
Island on wooden framework, [438], [444], [446]
——, Floating, [447]
Isola dei Cipressi, [204]
——, Lecchi, Lake-dwellings at, [219]
——, Virginia (Camilla), [188]
Iznang, Lake-dwelling at, [133]
Jade, [193], [198], [200], [506], [507]
——, Problem of, [505]
——, its varieties, [506]
——, where found in Europe, [508]
Jadeite, Implements of, [30], [32], [36], [40], [47], [64], [65],
[69], [125], [141], [144], [145], [150], [498], [507]
Jahn, Mr., [75], [498], [550]
Javelins, La Tène forms, [285]
Jeitteles, Mr., [164]
Jenner, Mr., [32], [74]
Jet, Objects of, [59], [417], [425], [434], [436], [437], [473], [474], [519]
Jones, Professor T. Rupert, [467]
Jones, Rev. Harry, [457]
Joristown, Crannog at, [393]
Jura Lakes, Investigations in, [20]
Kamienski, Major, [317]
Kasiski, Major, [313]
Keiser, Mr., [74]
Keller, Dr., [3], [7], [49], [51], [62], [111], [281], [297], [505], [511], [534], [551]
"Keller," or Del Gaggio, Lake-dwelling of, [195]
Kelly, Mr., on Ardakillen crannog, [368]
Keménytetö, Terramara of, [168]
Kerkhoffs, M., on the "Crahay jaw," [305]
Kesswil, Lake-dwelling at, [144]
Keutschachersee, Lake-dwellings in, [168]
Keys, [300], [302], [389], [393], [423], [543]
Kielziebar L., Crannog in, [445]
Kilbirnie L., Crannog in, [446]
Kilchonan, Island in loch of, [446]
Kilglass, Crannog at, [393]
Kilknock, Crannog at, [393]
Killynure, Crannog at, [393]
Kilmore, Crannog at, [393]
Kilnamaddo. (See Coal-bog.)
Kinahan, Mr. G. H.,

[374], [476], [486], [492]
Kinder L., Crannog in, [446]
Kinellan L., Crannog in, [446]
King, Captain Cooper, on remains in drained lake, [467]
Kinord. (See Caumor.)
Kirkor, Mr. Adam, [324]
Kleiner Hafner, Lake-dwelling of, [8]
Klemm, Mr. Hofrath, on glass, [142], [543]
Kloppsee, Lake-dwelling in, [318]
Knife of bronze, with handle containing less tin, [93]
—— ——, Remarkable form of, [523]
Knives of bronze, passim
—— ——, Double-edged, [221]
—— ——, Elegance of, [518]
—— ——, socketed, rare in Eastern Switzerland, [102], [518]
—— ——, and iron, [70], [544]
——, of flint, half-moon shaped, [157], [534]
——, of iron (La Tène), [288]
—— ——, Remarkable forms of, [156]
Knobs of bone ornamented, [431]
Knockany, Crannog at, [393]
Kocksee, Lake-dwelling in, [325], [328]
Kohn and Mehlis, MM., [323]
Koller, Lake-dwelling at, [80]
Kollmann, Professor, on human remains, [18], [130], [536]
Komorowo, Lake-dwelling at, [323]
Kopp, The Brothers, [45]
Kostersitz, Captain V., [218]
Kowalewo, Lake-dwelling at, [325]
Kownatkensee, Lake-dwelling at, [325], [327]
Krähenried, Lake-dwelling at, [124]
Kreuzlingen, Lake-dwelling at, [133], [145]
Kuczorgó (Tószeg), Terramara of, [166]
Kühne, Mr., [316]
Kwaczala, Lake-dwelling at, [324]
Lachmann, Dr., [139], [141], [142]
Ladders, [37], [213]
Ladle of iron, [290], [355]
Laggan L., Crannog in, [446]
Lagiewnicki, Lake-dwelling at, [323]
——, pottery of Burgwälle type, found at, [323]
Lagore, Crannog of, [349], [350], [393]
Lagozza, Lake-dwelling in, [212], [500]
Laibach-Moor, Lake-dwellings in, [169], [498], [500], [507], [513], [533]
Lake, Artificial, in Galloway, [445]
Lake-dwellers of Europe, their culture and civilisation, [495]
—— ——, Early, not Celtic, [550]
Lake-dwellings of Stone Age, Area of, [497]
—— ——, of North Germany related with Burgwälle, [317], [329], [332]
—— ——, in Italy, [186]
—— ——, of Bronze Age, [516]; diminish in number, but increase in size, [538]
—— ——, of Iron Age show no Transition period, [542]
—— ——, British and Continental, Difference in structure of, [492]
—— ——, liable to conflagrations, [496]
—— ——, of Slavish period, [493]
—— ——, Absence of in Spain and Northern Europe, [493]
Lake stone-dwellings, [374], [441]
Lakes, Filling up of, [110]
Lamplugh, Mr., on changes in watershed of Holderness, [469]
Lance-handles, Mountings of, [285], [384]
——, heads (La Tène), [284]
—— ——, of Bronze Age, [516]
Landerdon, Lake-dwelling at, [36]
Landschlacht, Lake-dwelling at, [145]
Landstuhl, Lake-dwelling at, [303]
Lane L., Crannog in, [393]
Lankorsz, Lake-dwelling at, [325]
Lapos-halom, Terramara at, [166]
"Late Celtic" period, [549]
Lattmoor, Lake-dwelling in, [306]
Lattringen, Lake-dwelling at, [26], [510]
Lazise, Lake-dwelling at, [238]
Lead, [16], [57], [415], [423]
——, Bracelet of, [300]
——, Pendant of, [224]
——, Pigs of, [16], [57], [342]
Leather, [315], [316], [347], [402], [417], [434], [461]
Lecco, Lake of, [203]
Ledaig, Crannog at, [446]
Leesborough, Crannog at, [393]
Leiner, Mr., [133], [136], [141]
Leipzig, Jade found near, [508]
Lenaghan, Crannog at, [393]
Lepkowsky, Professor, [321]
Les Uttins, Lake-dwelling at, [59]
Letten, Remarkable find at, [19]
Leven L., Pile-structure in, [446], [492]
Ley, Mr., [136]
Leys, Loch of, Crannog in, [443], [484]
Lignite. (See Jet.)
Ligurians, [194]
Lime, Carbonate of, [151]
Limmat, Objects found in bed of, [20]
Linch pins, [293]
Lindau, Lake-dwelling at, [144]
Lindenschmit, Professor, [303], [306]
—— ——, on bone skates, [462]
Lioy, Sig. P., on Lake-dwellings at Fimon, [227]
Lisch, Dr., [306], [312], [330]
Lisanisk, Island of, [358], [393]
Lisnacroghera, Crannog at, [379], [393]
Llangorse, Lake of, Crannog in, [464], [490]
Llyn Savathan, [465]
Lochanacrannog, [393]
Loch-an-Eilan, [448], [483]
Lochavoullin, Crannog in, [448]
Lochindorb, Crannog in, [447], [483]
Loch-inch-Cryndil, Crannog in, [446]
Loch-in-Dunty, Crannog in, [446]
Lochlea, Crannog in, [393]
Lochlee, Crannog of, [403], [447]
——, Age of crannog, [488]
——, Canoe found at, [479]
——, Gangway to, [407]
——, Relics from, [411]
——, Structure of, [406]
——, Structure of island, [409]
Lochmaben, Crannog in, [447]
Loch-na-mial, Crannog in, [447]
Loch-of-the-Clans, Crannogs in, [446]
Lochore, Crannog at, [447]
Lochrutton, Crannog in, [447]
Lochspouts, Crannog in, [418]
Lochwood, Remains at, [447]
Lochy L., Crannog in, [447]
Lock, Portions of, [300], [354], [431], [445]
Locras, Lake-dwellings at, [31], [33], [498], [510], [513], [536], [537]
Löhle, Herr Casper, [124]
Lomond L., Remains in, [447]
London, Pile structures in, [460], [490]
Lonkorreckersee, Lake-dwellings in, [325]
Lorenz, Mr., [216]
"Lo Spariss," [201]
Lotus L., Crannog in, [447], [480]
Loughannaderriga, Crannog in, [393]
Loughavarra, Crannog in, [393]
Loughavilly, Crannog in, [393]
Lough Cam, Stone-dwellings in, [393]
Loughinsholin, Crannog in, [393]
Lough MacHugh, Crannog in, [364]
Loughmagarry, Crannog in, [393]
Lough-na-Glack, [358], [393]
Lough Oughter, Crannogs in, [393]
Loughran's Island, [393]
Loughrea, Crannogs in, [374], [393], [487]
Loughtamend, Crannog of, [393]
Loughtown L., Crannogs in, [364], [393]
Lübbinchenersee, Lake-dwellings in, [317]
Lubbock, Sir John, on Scottish lake-dwellings, [491]
Lübtowsee, Lake-dwellings in, [315]
Ludwigshafen, Lake-dwellings at, [138]
Luissel, Lake of, Remains in, [94], [516]
Luschan, Mr. Von., [166]
Lüscherz. (See Locras.)
Lutzelstetten, Lake-dwelling at, [135]
Lyell, Sir Charles, [305]
Lynch L., Crannog in, [393]
Mace, or perforated stone ball, [163]
Macfadzean, Mr. James, [419]
Machermore L., Crannogs in, [447]
Machine for boring stones, [40], [505]
MacHugh L., Crannog in, [394]
Mackinlay, Mr. J., [396]
Maclagan, Miss, [443]
Macnean L., Crannogs in, [394]
Maestricht, Lake-dwelling at, [304]
Maggi, Leopoldi, Professor, [202]
Maggiolino, Lake-dwelling at, [205]
Magnin, M., [88]
Malahide Castle, Objects from Lagore at, [355]
Malcomson, Dr., [372]
Mallets, Wooden, [107], [411]
Mammern, Lake-dwelling at, [130]
Man Island, [395]
Mann, Mr., [307], [311]
Männedorf, Lake-dwelling at, [4], [18]
Manacles, [355], [359]
Manorhamilton, Crannog at, [394]
Mantovani, Sig., on terremare, [249]
Manzell, Lake-dwelling at, [144]
Mapleton, Rev. R. I., [445]
Marble, Ornaments of, [162]
Marbles, Round stones like, [296]
Margarethen, Lake-dwelling at, [76]
Mariazell, Lake-dwelling at, [76]
Marine dwellings, [311], [333], [389], [443]
Marinoni, Dr. Camillo, [188], [197], [205], [267]
Markelfingen, Lake-dwelling at, [132]
Marlacoo, Crannog at, [394]
Marmirolo, Terramara of Iron Age at, [276]
Marne, Graves of La Tène period in, [546]
Marsh-dwelling at Bordeaux, [108]
Martinati, Cav., [218], [238]
Marzabotto, Gallic graves at, [550]
Mask L., Stone-dwelling in, [394]
Matthys, M. Ed., [34]
Mattirolo, Professor, [273]
Maurach, Lake-dwelling at, [141], [507], [533]
Maxwell, Sir William, [398]
——, Sir Herbert, [434], [490]
Mayence, Lake-dwelling at, [303]
Mehlis, Mr. C., [303]
Meimart, Lake-dwelling at, [97]
Melvin L., Crannog in, [394]
Mercurago, Lake-dwelling at, [186], [206]
Meres of Norfolk and Suffolk, [490]
Merkel, Professor F., [180]
Merlach (Meyriez), Lake-dwelling at, [69]
Merovingian graves in terpen, [343]
Merton L., Crannog in, [447]
Meschinelli, Dr., [180]
Messikommer, Mr. J., [111], [114], [118], [123], [130], [131], [145], [498], [509]
——, Mr. H., [114]
Messery, Lake-dwelling at, [92]
Mestorf, Fraülein, [167]
Metallurgical appliances, [523]
Meuron, M. de, [57]
Meyer, Mr. A. B., on jade implements, [506]
Meyriez, Lake-dwelling at, [69]
Mies, Lake-dwelling at, [88]
Milan, Gallic remains in Museum of, [548]
Millstones, [430], [485]
Mincio, Lake-dwelling in, [224]
Mindlisee, Lake-dwelling in, [146]
Miracles, The, Crannog at, [376], [395]
Mire, M. Jules le, [105]
Mirrors of metal, [461], [528]
——, of stone, [402], [422], [528]
Mochrum L., Crannogs in, [447]
Moeringen, Lake-dwelling at, [27], [516], [523], [525]
Moinenoe, Crannog at, [394]
Mombello, Lake-dwelling at, [202]
Monaincha, Crannog at, [394]
Monalty L., Crannogs in, [358], [394]
Monate L., Lake-dwellings in, [200]
Mondsee, Lake-dwellings in, [500], [513]
Monea, Crannog at, [394]
Money, Mr. Walter, [468]
Mongavlin, Crannog at, [394]
Mongenet, Torbiera di, [210]
Monivaird L., Crannog in, [447]
Monnivert, Lake-dwelling at, [87]
Monod, M., [93]
Monruz, Lake-dwelling at, [42]
Montale, Terramara at, [256]
Monte Venere, Terramara of, [250]
Montilier, Lake-dwellings at, [523], [529]
Montreux, Graves at, [540]
Moosburg, Lake-dwelling at, [144]
Moosseedorfsee, Lake-dwellings in, [74], [498], [504]
Morall, L., Crannog in, [447]
Morant, Mr., [394]
Morat (Murten), Lake of, [67-73]
Morel-Fatio, M., [57], [541]
Morges, Lake-dwellings at, [82], [527], [531], [540], [544]
Morlot, M., [61], [73], [75], [82], [124], [498]
Moro, Professor, [206]
Mortar, [311], [373]
Mortilliet, M. G. de, [186], [187], [200]
Morton, Crannog at, [448]
Moss stems, Objects made of, [418]
Motier, Lake-dwelling at, [73]
Moulds, [18], [44], [70], [83], [96], [98], [329], [358], [370], [373], [374], [523]
——, of bronze, [44], [83], [523]
——, for hatchets, [70], [370]
——, for knives, [100]
——, for swords, [96]
Moulin, Lake-dwellings at, [52], [90]
Moulin L. (drained), [448]
Moulin-Pâquis. (See Excenevrez.)
Mont Beuvray, [548]
Mountblairy, [448]
Mourne L., Crannogs in, [379], [386], [394]
Moy L., Crannog in, [448]
Moynagh L., Crannog in, [394]
Much, Dr., [157], [166], [512]
Mucknoe, Crannog at, [394]
Muickenagh, Crannog at, [394]
Muintir Eolais, Crannog of, [394]
Müller, Mr., [20], [27]
Mulvany, Mr., on Irish crannogs, [363]
Münsterlingen, Lake-dwelling at, [145]
Mür, Lake-dwelling at, [73]
Murten (Morat), Lake-dwelling at, [68]
Musical instrument, Parts of a, [359]
Nägeli, Dr., [132]
Nagy, Rév, Terramara at, [168]
Nahinch L., Crannog in, [374], [394]
Naneevin L., Crannog in, [374], [394]
Nant, Mediæval objects found at, [73]
Necklace of bronze, [45], [102], [224], [293], [321], [520]
——, of Bronze Age, [520]
——, of bronze and copper, [48]
——, of glass and amber, [344]

Owel L., Canoe found in, [394], [479]
Ox, Celtic shorthorn, [451]
Pad L., Crannog in, [394]
Paladru, Lake of, remains in, [298], [493]
Palafitta barbarica, [276]
Palatinate, Lake-dwellings in, [303]
Paleostrum, Lake, [554]
Palmer, Dr., on Cold Ash Common, [467], [493]
Pan of brass, [444]
Pâquis, Lake-dwelling at, [88]
Parazzi, Arciprete, on terremare, [260], [271]
Parma, Terremare at, [271]
Patella of bronze, [399]
Paul V., Pope, Bulla of, [366]
Pavement, Wooden, [406], [420], [439]
Pebbles of white quartz, [216]
Peel Bog, Remains in, [448]
Pegs, Wooden, used in crannogs, [413]
Pendant of curious composition, [48]
——, of involved rings, [49], [524]
——, of jet, [425], [451]
——, of lead, [224]
——, Phallic, [210]
——, Remarkable form of, [520]
Pendants of bronze, [519], passim
People of Bronze Age, [536], [538]
Percolators, [68], [234], [529]
Perforation of stones and horn, [174], [504]
Perrin, M., on Lake Bourget, [95], [97]
Persanzig, Lake-dwelling at, [313]
——, Wooden structures at, [314], [478]
Peschiera, Lake-dwelling at, [216], [220], [224], [521]
Petrie, Dr., [349]
——, Mr. Flinders, [502]
Peruzzi, Mr. Martin, [170]
Pfäffikon, Lake of, [111]
Pfeffer, Dr., on animal remains from Wurthen, [346]
Phaleræ, [527]
Phallic pendant, [210]
Phasis, Lake-dwellings in, [553]
Philip of Macedon, Coins of, [296]
Pianta, La, Lake-dwelling at, [61]
Piceno, Terremare in district of, [270]
Picks of horn, [473]
Pierra-Portay, Sepulchres at, [542]
Pierre de Cour, Lake-dwelling at, [87]
Pigments, [417], [542]
Pigorini, Professor, [166], [224], [238], [251], [254], [270], [336], [478]
Pile-driver of wood,

[45]
Pile-dwellings known in Britain, [446], [492]
Pile-structures in W. Friesland, [334]
Piles with iron spikes, [209]
Pillichordy, Captain, swords found by, [55]
Pin of bone ornamented, [431]
——, of bronze with glass setting, [432]
Pins, passim
——, double-stemmed, [30], [63], [292]
——, of bronze, horn, and silver, [63]
——, varieties of, [522]
Pins with cup-shaped heads, [14], [71]
——, with wheel-shaped heads, [102], [227]
——, with disc-shaped and spiral heads, [224], [226]
Pin-holders, [521]
Pincers of bronze, [290], [518]
Pipes, [296], [359], [374]
Pirn-shaped objects of clay, [18], [25], [76], [143]
Pleyte, Dr., [335]
Pliny on the Chauci, [333]
Plongeon, Lake-dwelling at, [544]
Plunket, Mr., on remains in coal-bog, [378]
Poel, Island of, [311]
Poignard of iron, [85]
Pointe de la Bise, Lake-dwelling at, [90]
Pointers of bone, passim
——, double-pointed, [163]
Polada, Lake-dwelling at, [232], [500], [502], [513]
Pole (wooden) of carriage, [293]
Polishing implements of bone and horn, [128], [177]
—— ——, of stone, Peculiar forms of, [193], [201]
Pont de la Thielle, Lake-dwelling at, [39]
Pont, Mr. Timothy, [435]
Ponti, Sig., [190], [195]
Poppy, Cakes made of seeds of, [536]
Port, Lake-dwelling at, [38], [52], [103]
Portalban, Lake-dwelling at, [66]
Portemonnaie, [16], [66]
Porto di Pacengo, Lake-dwellings at, [219]
Potin, Coins of, [296]
Pot (iron) of a triangular shape, [389]
——, hangers, [290]
Pots of bronze and iron, [290]
Potsdam, Jade found at, [508]
Potter's wheel, [290], [315]
Pottery, passim
——, of Bronze Age, [528]
——, Mended, [121], [529]
——, of Stone Age, [499]
——, Toy dishes of, [530]
——, ornamented with birch bark, [75], [499]
—— ——, with string marks, [25], [34], [66], [328]
—— ——, with impression like fern-leaves, [103]
—— ——, with potter's fingers, [58]
—— ——, with plaited reed-work, [190]
—— ——, with pitted impressions, [441]
——, with incised lines for receiving white substances, [68], [160], [172]
——, with several colours in panels, [102]
——, with tin strips, [529]
——, suggestive of being made on wheel, [134], [166], [302], [417]
——, with Roman name stamped on it, [544]
——, with graffiti, [553]
Poulson, Mr., on changes in Holderness, [469]
Pourtalés, Count, [67], [69]
Pozzolo, Lake-dwellings at, [201]
Pragatto, Terramara at, [271]
Prasias, Pile-dwellings in Lake of, [553]
Probchensee, Lake-dwellings in, [325], [328]
Promenthoux, Lake-dwellings at, [88]
Przezdiecki, Count, [323]
Przyborowski, Professor, [324]
Pulszky, F. von, on Copper Age, [512]
Pupikofer, Rev. Mr., [118]
Puschacher, Lake-dwelling at, [163]
Pusiano, Pile-dwellings in Lake of, [204]
Pustenga, Torbiera di, [198]
Quaglia, Sig. G., [189], [198], [200]
——, Dr. B., [197]
——, Sig. Angelo, [198]
Querns (handmills), [26], [308], [311], [315], [345], [351], [357], [359],
[365], [372], [376], [390], [392], [394], [395], [403], [411], [422], [430]
Quertz, Lake-dwelling at, [325]
Quien L., Crannog in, [448]
Rabut, M., on palafittes in Lake Bourget, [95]
Raddatzsee, Burgwall in, [315]
Raeber, Mr. B., 123, [124]
Rahan's L., Crannog in, [394]
Rambotti, Dr., on Polada, [227], [233]
Ramor, L., Crannog in, [394]
Ranchet Abate, [188]
"Ranchet," Lake-dwelling of, [197]
Rannoch L., Crannog in, [448]
"Rapax," Mark of 21st legion, [208]
Rattles of earthenware, [528]
Rau, Dr. L. von, [527]
Rauenegg, Lake-dwelling at, [133]
Rautenburg, Dr., on animal remains from Terpen, [346]
Ravel L., Crannog in, [370], [394]
Ravenstone L., Crannog in, [448]
Razor hammered out of fragment of a bracelet, [48], [58]
——, Double-bladed, [58], [221]
——, in wooden case, [71]
——, with curved handle, [66]
Razors of bronze, [518], et passim
——, of iron, La Tène, [288]
Reerasta, Chalice from, [451]
Reeves, Dr., on structure of a crannog, [475]
Regazzoni, Professor, [189], [195], [203], [213]
Regensburg, Large ornamented ring from [533]
Reindeer, Horns of, [136], [312], [316], [328], [331], [467], [488]
Religion of lake-dwellers, [531]
Reniform rings, [84], [531]
Rescobie L., Crannog in, [448]
Restaurant Lacustre, Objects at, [96], [102]
Revilliod, M., [88], [93]
Revon, M., [93], [95]
Rey, M. Henri, [61]
Riedsee, Lake-dwelling in, [122]
Rigaux, M., [303]
Ring-supports of clay for dishes, [523]
——, tubes, [531]
Rings, Large hollow bronze (ornamented), [16], [45], [71], [532]
——, of bone and bronze, passim
Rinn L., Crannogs in, [394]
Rion, Lake-dwellings in, [553]
Robenhausen, Lake-dwelling at, [111], [498], [504], [507], [509], [513], [523], [536]
Robertson, Dr. J., on Scottish crannogs, [396], [447], [483]
Robinson, Mr., on crannogs in Lough Mourne, [386]
Rocca di Garda, Lake-dwellings at, [219]
Rochat, M., 54, [60]
Rock-crystal, Objects of, [157], [193], [425], [451]
Roediger, Mr., on jade at Freiburg, [508]
Rolle, Lake-dwelling at, [87]
Rolleston, Professor, [451], [467], [488]
Roman remains, [12], [20], [30], [31], [50], [53], [60], [63], [66], [67], [73], [77],
[96], [103], [130], [138], [190], [195], [218], [278], [290], [342], [543]
——, pottery, Manufacture of, [96]
——, with inscriptions, [96], [130]
Romanshorn, Lake-dwelling at, [144]
Romer, Dr., on terremare in Hungary, [167]
Rose, Mr. C. B., on osseous remains from various meres, [467]
Roseaux (Morges), Lake-dwelling of, [85], [514]
Roselet, Lake-dwelling at, [104]
Ross L., Crannog in, [395]
Roteglia, Terramara of, [250]
Roth, Mr., [73]
Rothfarb, Lake-dwelling at, [145]
Rothiemurchus L., Crannog in, [448]
Roughan L., Crannog in, [357], [395], [487]
Round Island, [391]
Roundlets of human skulls, [537]
Rouskey L., Crannog in, [395]
Rousselet, M., [52], [53]
Runic writing on horn pins, [363]
Rütimeyer, Professor, [534], [535]
Ryck, Lake-dwelling at, [312]
Rye found at Peschiera, [218]
Sabione, Lake-dwelling at, [200]
Säblenadeln, [527]
Sacken, Baron von, [170], [218]
Saham Mere, [467]
Salt-mining at Salzburg, [502]
Samian ware (terra sigillata), [12], [142], [340], [403], [417], [423], [434], [461]
Samow, Moor of, [180]
Sandstone blocks with cavities, [429]
San Felice di Scovola, Lake-dwelling at, [219]
San Giovanni del Bosco, [210]
San Martino, Torbiera di, [210]
Sanquhar, Black Loch of, [449], [477]
Sauge, La, Lake-dwelling at, [67]
Saussurite, Implements of, [65], [141]
Saut, Le, Lake-dwelling at, [97]
Saverough, Knowe of, [453]
Saws of bronze, [63], [98]
Saws of bronze, Rarity of, [517]
——, of flint, [502-504], et passim
—— ——, compound, [34], [236], [502]
—— ——, in casing of reindeer horn, [136]
—— ——, half-moon shaped, [148], [157], [308], [534]
—— ——, one with remarkable arrangement of teeth, [236]
—— ——, one 9½ inches long, [142]
——, of iron (La Tène), [288]
Sawing stones, Method of, in Stone Age, [505]
Scabbard, Bronze tips of, [48], [52], [99], [516]
Scales, A pair of, [393]
Scandinavian types, Objects of, [148], [157], [308], [319], [534]
Sceattæ, [342]
Schab, Mr. Sigmund von, [153]
Schachen (Bodmann), Lake-dwelling at, [138]
Schaffis, Lake-dwelling at, [36], [504], [510], [537]
Schanz, Lake-dwelling of, [131]
Scharfling, Lake-dwelling at, [162]
Schenk, Mr. B., [128], [131]
Schenken, Lake-dwelling at, [76]
Schliemann, Dr., [508]
Schnurornament, [25], [34], [66], [328]
Schussenried, Lake-dwelling at, [147], [492], [498], [500], [502], [507], [511], [534]
Schwab, Col., [8], [20], [24], [27], [31], [38], [42], [45], [63], [67], [277]
Schwartz, Mr., [323]
Schwurring, [531]
Scur L., Crannog in, [370], [395]
See, Lake-dwelling at, [157]
Seewalchen, Lake-dwelling at, [162]
Seidenschnur, Herr, [310]
Selce romboidale, [236], [238]
Sempach, Lake of, [76]
Sepulchres of lake-dwellers, [538], [542]
Serrade, [204]
Shears, [300], [302], [342], [414]
Sheaths, [284], [380], [516]
Sheep, Four-horned, [343], [351]
——, rearing of, [535]
Shells, Perforated, [237], [541]
Shields, [286], [351]
Shillings of Queen Mary, [394]
Shin L., Crannog in, [449]
Shirley, Mr., [358], [487]
Shoes, Leather, [368], [403], [417], [461]
Shore Island, [487]
Shovel, Wooden, [315]
Shuttle of bone, [317]
Sickles of bronze, [518], passim
——, with raised button more frequent in Lake Bourget, [99]
——, Handles of, [59], [518]
——, of iron, [85], [288]
Sickle-like object of flint, [136]
——, of jawbone, [64]
Sievers, Count, on lake-dwellings in Arraschsee, [328]
Silber, Col. von, [217]
Silesia, Jade found in, [508]
Silver, Coins of, [296], [342], [395]
——, Ornaments of, [324], [369], [488]
Simony, Mr., [162]
Sipplingen, Lake-dwelling at, [138], [507], [543]
Situlæ, [16], [522]
Skates of bone, [75], [167], [315], [317], [328], [342], [344], [462], [494]
Skertchley, Mr., on lake-dwellings in Fenland, [459]
Slavish pottery, Characteristics of, [331], [332]
Smeermaas machoire, [305]
Soapstone, [208]
Sock of a plough, [371]
Soldinersee, Lake-dwelling in, [316]
Soldo, Gallic graves at, [550]
Sordelli, Professor, [194], [201], [216]
Southwark Street, London, Pile structures in, [464]
Spandau, Lake-dwelling at, [318], [321], [330]
Spatula of bronze, [414]
Spears or lance-heads of bronze, passim
—— ——, La Tène forms, [285]
—— ——, British, [384], [414], [431], [458], [473], [487], [544]
Spindle with coiled thread, [32], [34], [498]
Spindle-whorls, passim
——, of Bronze Age, [530]
——, of cannel coal, [430]
——, of lead, [423]
Spinie L., Crannog in, [449]
Spirals of bronze (Lochspouts), [423]
Split piles indicate Bronze Age, [121]
Spoons of pottery, [213], [226]
——, Wooden, [302]
Spurs of the cock, [343]
——, Riding, [197], [198], [293], [300], [302], [313], [316], [389]
Staad, Lake-dwelling at, [135]
Stair, Earl of, [436]
St. Andreas, Lake-dwelling at, [80]
St. Aubin, Lake-dwelling at, [53]
St. Blaise, Lake-dwelling at, [40], [513], [523]
St. Catherina, Lake-dwelling at, [139]
St. Jean, Lake-dwelling at, [36]
St. John's L., Crannogs in, [395]
St. Prex, Lake-dwelling at, [87]
——, Graves at, [540]
Starnberg, Lake-dwelling of, [153], [526], [543]
Steatite, [216], [270], [276]
Steckborn, Lake-dwelling at, [130], [498]
Stefani, Cav. Stefano de, [219-226]
Steinberg, passim
Stirrup of iron, [316]
Stone Age, Implements of, [500-502]
—— ——, Three periods of, [49], [510]
——, building over the Isle of the Loch of Banchory, [485]
——, carved with devices, [393]
——, circular and flat like a cheese, [411]
——, disc, showing commencement of perforation, [174]
Stone implements, with hollowed surfaces, [391], [448]
——, lake-dwellings, [374], [441]
Stones, Method of perforating, [504]
——, Sawing of, [505]
——, with curious scratchings, [216]
Stool (wooden) with six legs, [238]
Stoppani, Professor, [187], [197], [200], [203], [219]
Stradonic, La Tène objects at, [549]
Stravithy, Crannog at, [449]
Streitzigsee, Piles in, [315]
Strobel, Professor, [240], [250], [273], [535]
Strokestown crannogs, [365]
Structure of crannogs, [475]
Structures, Submerged, [300], [314],

[316], [317], [318], [326], [327]
Stuart, Dr., [397], [447]
Studer, Dr., [534], [536]
Studs of bronze, [16], [24], [45], [72], [227], [522]
Styria, Jade found in, [508]
Submarine crannogs, [389], [443]
Sugiez-Zollhaus, Lake-dwelling at, [73]
Sunonness L., Crannog in, [449]
Surenbach, Lake-dwelling at, [18]
Süsstrunk, Mr., [67], [70], [71]
Sutz, Lake-dwelling at, [25], [511], [536], [543]
Swan Island, [104]
——, Knowe, [425]
Swastika, [385], [415], [538]
Swords of bronze, [13], [28], [31], [33], [44], [47], [55], [58], [64], [83], [92],
[94], [97], [99], [130], [144], [177], [211], [319], [487], [516]
——, partly of bronze and partly of iron, [31], [516]
——, with spiral handles, [516]
——, of iron, [28], [139], [282], [316], [351], [354], [371], [382], [393], [543-552]
Sword-needles, [12], [16], [28], [85], [527]
Sydney, Lord, attacks an Irish crannog, [481]
Széchenyi, Count, [164]
Szelevény, Terramara at, [168]
Szontagsee, Lake-dwelling in, [325], [328]
Table of oak (Wangen), [127]
Talbot, Lord, on Lagore crannog, [352], [354]
Talogh L., Crannog in, [395]
Tassoni, Pietro and Giacomo, discover a terramara, [260]
Tay L., Crannog in, [449]
Tène, La, Lake-dwellings of Stone Age at, [39]
——, oppidum, Description of, [277-298]
——, Human skulls at, [537]
——, Mixed people at, [546]
——, Relics from, form a specific group, [546]
——, Distribution of this group in Europe, [548]
Tergast, Dr., on Warfen, [343]
Ternati, Lake of, [201]
Terpen, Description of, [333-344]
——, Relics from, similar to those found at London Wall, [464], [494]
Terramaricoli, Culture and civilisation of, [272]
Terremare, Description of, [238], [276]
Terreneuve, Lake-dwellings at, [87]
Thielle, Pont de la, Lake-dwelling at, [39]
——, La Tène objects at, [546]
Thonon, Lake-dwellings at, [93], [531]
Thrasimene, Lake of, [276]
Three-ages-system, [1 to 3]
—— —— ——, Proofs of, in lake-dwellings, [496]
Thuille, Lake of, [104]
Tiberias, Coins of, [12]
Tiefenau, La Tène objects at, [546]
Tile with Roman letters, [462]
Tin, Objects of, [16], [42], [45], [55], [58], [59], [63], [68], [89], [90], [102], [224], [519], [523], [524]
——, Strips of, used to ornament pottery, [42], [45], [58], [63], [68], [87], [96], [102], [529]
Tinelli, Dr. Carlo, [202]
Token of brass, [359]
Tolsta, Crannog at, [449]
Tonymore, Crannog in lake of, [372], [390]
Toome Bar, Remains at, [395], [487]
Toporovan, Lake of, [553]
Torlundie L., Crannog in, [449]
Torques of bronze, [102], [224], [293], [321], [520]
——, of gold, [281], [293]
Torre Bairo, Torbiera di, [210]
Tortoise, Shell of, [147], [185]
Tószeg, Terramara at, [166], [276]
Tougues, Lake-dwellings at, [90]
Towey Mere, [467]
Trachsal, Dr., on La Tène coins, [295]
Trajan's Column, Representation of pile village on, [333], [537]
Trana, Torbiera di, [211]
Transition period, [510], [512]
Trapa natans, [116], [185], [229]
Traube, Mr. H., on jade, [508]
Tray, Wooden, [411]
Trepanning, [537]
Treytel, Lake-dwelling at, [53]
Trillick. (See Drumdarragh.)
Trilocular dishes, [18], [44], [193]
Triquetrum, [385]
Tröltsch, Major v., [527]
Troy, Jade found in, [508]
——, Pottery from, [174]
Troyon, Mr. F., [45], [49], [51], [54], [60], [82], [92], [94]
Tubes of bronze, with rings arranged symmetrically, [102], [531]
Tuilière, Lake-dwelling at, [50]
Tulewosee, Lake-dwelling in, [325], [327]
Tullah L., Crannog in, [449]
Tully L., Crannogs in, [395]
Tullyline, Crannog at, [395]
Tummell L., Crannog in, [449]
Turgi, Lake-dwelling of, [130]
Twann, Lake-dwelling at, [136]
Tweezer of bronze, [366]

Ubaghs, M., on Remains at Maestricht, [304]
Ueberlingersee, [135-164]
Uetikon, Lake-dwelling at, [19]
Uhlmann, Dr., [69], [74], [498], [534]
Ullepitsch, Mr., [169]
Ullersberger, Mr., [139], [141]
Unger, Professor Franz, [218]
Unter-Uhldingen, Lake-dwelling at, [141], [507], [543]
Uriconium, Roman city of, [453]
Urr L., Crannog in, [449]
Valcuvia, Torbiera di, [202]
Vallamand, Lake-dwelling at, [71]
Vallier, M., on Lake Paladru, [298]
Valvasor, [168]
Varano, Lake of, Palafittes in, [201]
Varese, Lake of, [187]
Vase, with marks of potter's fingers, [58]
Vaux, Des, Lake-dwelling at, [50]
Veagh L., Crannog in, [395]
Vegetarians at Lagozza, [216]
Vennacher L., Crannog in, [449]
Venoge, Lake-dwelling at, [87]
Venturi on terremare, [239]
Verchère de Reffye on weapons from Alesia, [550]
Versoix, Lake-dwelling at, [88]
Vespasian, Coins of, [12]
Vessels of bronze, [16], [29], [48], [71], [102], [446], [461]
——, of pottery with graduated holes, [59], [71]
Vevey, M. Béat de, [61]
Vie à l'Ane, Lake-dwelling at, [90]
Vieugy, Lake-dwelling at, [104]
Villa, Sig. Antonio, [186]
——, Sig. G. B., [204], [205]
Villa Cappella, Terramara at, [269]
Vimfou, Lake-dwelling at, [312]
Vine, [194], [218], [273], [498], [536]
Vinelz, Lake-dwelling at, [33], [504], [513], [536]
Vingelz, Lake-dwelling at, [38], [481]
Virchow, Professor, [167], [303], [308], [313], [316], [317], [328], [329], [536], [537]
Virchowsee, Burgwall in, [315]
Vitreous paste, Oval objects of, [441]
Vitrified forts, [331]
——, fort over crannog, [443]
Vivianite, Amorphous, [38], [343]
——, Crystals of, in bones, [184]
Vouga, Mr. A., [40], [64], [66]
——, Mr. E., [278], [293], [294], [297]
Vully, Mount, [67]

Wabrzezno, Lake-dwelling at, [325]
Waggons, portions of, [107], [293]
Wakeman, Mr. W. F., [349], [375], [385], [489]
Wallfisch, Island of, [311]
Wallhausen, Lake-dwellings at, [135], [533]
Wangen, Lake-dwelling at, [124], [497], [502], [504]
Warfen in East Friesland, [343]
Warlubie, Lake-dwelling at, [324]
Water-chestnut, [116], [185], [229]
Wattie, Rev. James, [480]
Wauwyl, Lake-dwelling at, [78], [492], [536]
Wavre, M. W., [281]
Wax used in casting, [58], [524]
Weaving materials, [102], [114], [116], [216], [302], [498], et passim
Wedges of wood used to fix the handles of perforated stone celts, [151]
Weerd, Insel, Lake-dwelling at, [128], [536]
Weichmann-Kadow, Dr., [312]
Werbelinsee, Lake-dwelling in, [313]
Weyeregg, Lake-dwelling at, [163]
Weyoch L., Crannog in, [449]
Wheel-like objects of pottery, [16]
—— ——, of tin, [16], [55], [58], [59], [90]
Wheels for waggon for chariot, [45], [208], [293]
Whetstones, passim
Whistles, [109], [131], [167]
White Loch of Ravenstone, Crannog in, [438]
Wiesentheid, Lake-dwelling at, [303]
Wilde, Sir W. R., [349], [373], [478], [486]
Wilson, Rev. George, [448]
Wingreis (Vingrave), Lake-dwelling at, [37], [481]
Wismar, Lake-dwellings at, [306], [330]
Wollishofen, Lake-dwelling at, [9], [12], [478], [505], [522], [527]
Wood, Martin, Mr., [487]
Wooden bench, [127]
——, dishes mended with clasps of brass, [431]
——, huts, [379], [392]
——, objects from Terpen, [342]
——, structure, Peculiar, in Barton Mere, [458]
——, understructures like loghouses, [252], [300], [314], [316], [317], [318], [326], [327]
Wretham Mere, Lake-dwelling in, [455]
Wurmbrand, Count, [162], [166]
Würmsee, Lake-dwelling in, [153]
Wurthen, Dr. Hartmann on, [344]
Würzburg, Lake-dwelling at, [303]
Yetholm L., Crannog in, [449]
Yoan L., Crannog in, [395]
Yoke for cattle, [25], [113], [499]
Zintgraff, Mr., [40]
Zug, Lake of, [79]
——, Lake-dwelling at, [79]
Zürich, Lake of, [1-20]
Zweieren, Lake-dwelling at, [80]
Zwirndreher, [177]

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Catalogues of Cassell & Company's Publications, which may be had at all Booksellers', or will be sent post free on application to the Publishers:—

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"Come, ye Children." By the Rev. Benjamin Waugh. Illustrated. 5s.

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Gleanings after Harvest. Studies and Sketches. By the Rev. John R. Vernon, M.A. Illustrated. 6s.

Gospel of Grace, The. By a Lindesie. Cloth, 2s. 6d.

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My Hereafter. By the Very Rev. Dean Bickersteth.
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Holy Land and the Bible, The. A Book of Scripture Illustrations gathered in Palestine. By the Rev. Cunningham Geikie, D.D. With Map. Two Vols. 24s.

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Marriage Ring, The. By William Landels, D.D. Bound in white leatherette. New and Cheaper Edition, 3s. 6d.

Moses and Geology; or, the Harmony of the Bible with Science. By the Rev. Samuel Kinns, Ph.D., F.R.A.S. Illustrated. Cheap Edition, 6s.

My Comfort in Sorrow. By Hugh Macmillan, D.D., LL.D., &c., Author of "Bible Teachings in Nature," &c. Cloth, 1s.

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"Quiver" Yearly Volume, The. With about 600 Original Illustrations and Coloured Frontispiece. 7s. 6d. Also Monthly, 6d.

St. George for England; and other Sermons preached to Children. Fifth Edition. By the Rev. T. Teignmouth Shore, M.A., Canon of Worcester. 5s.

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Shall We Know One Another in Heaven? By the Rt. Rev. J. C. Ryle, D.D., Bishop of Liverpool. New and Enlarged Edition. Paper Covers, 6d.

Signa Christi: Evidences of Christianity set forth in the Person and Work of Christ. By James Aitchison. 5s.

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Energy and Motion: A Text-Book of Elementary Mechanics. By William Paice, M.A. Illustrated, 1s. 6d.

English Literature, A First Sketch of, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. By Prof. Henry Morley. 7s. 6d.

Euclid, Cassell's. Edited by Prof. Wallace, M.A. 1s.

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Gaudeamus. Songs for Colleges and Schools. Edited by John Farmer. 5s. Words only, paper, 6d.; cloth, 9d.

Geometry, First Elements of Experimental. By Paul Bert. Illustrated. 1s. 6d.

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Footnotes

[ [1] Corr.-Blatt, p. 14, 1884. Antiqua, 1883, i. pp. 31, 55; and ii. pp. 47, 54. B. 336 and 462.

[ [2] Antiqua, 1883, p. 61.

[ [3] Matériaux, vol. xvi. p. 257.

[ [4] Dr. Gross in Corresp.—Blatt, 1882, p. 99.

[ [5] Antiqua, 1884, pp. 42 and 85.

[ [6] Antiqua, 1884, p. 59.

[ [7] Antiqua, 1885, p. 165.

[ [8] Bul. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat., vol. xi.

[ [9] In 1861 Mr. Troyon carried on researches, under the superintendence of qualified persons, to prevent falsifications, which were frequently indulged in by the railway workers. And as the result, he enumerates the genuine objects collected as follows:—

A	complete hatchet with a wooden handle, horn-holder, and serpentine axe; various horn handles, some bifurcated, still retaining their axes and chisels; a portion of wood pointed, fixed in a hatchet handle instead of the stone.
2	pointers of wood with horn handles.
6	hammers of staghorn, with remnants of their wooden handles.
8	bone arrow-points, with remains of mastic.
40	handles of horn for chisels, minus the tools.
200	axe-holders.
20	horn tynes used as chisels.
121	pointers of bone, from one to four inches in length.
46	chisels of bone.
4	boars' tusks, sharpened in form of a knife-blade.
	Some bone pins and various ornaments.
145	hatchets and chisels of stone.
20	flint arrow-points and scrapers.
12	circular stones perforated; some rubbers and polishers.
	Many bones of animals; but no trace of metal. (B. 39a.)

[ [10] Corr.-Blatt, 1881.

[ [11] "Recherches sur les Antiquités d'Yverdon," Mitt. der Antiq. Gesel., Zürich, vol. xiv.

[ [12] Anzeiger, 1871, p. 280.

[ [13] Ibid., 1878, p. 803.

[ [14] Antiqua, 1885, p. 162.

[ [15] Antiqua, 1885, p. 97; and 1887, pp. 35, 51.

[ [16] Zeitschrift für Ethn., vol. xvi., Verhand., p. 84; Antiqua, 1884, p. 167.

[ [17] Antiqua, 1886, pp. 12 and 21.

[ [18] Anzeiger, 1858, p. 57; "Supplément au Recueil d'Antiquités Suisses, 1860."

[ [19] The catastrophe which befell Zug in the summer of 1887, by which a portion of the town slipped into the lake, has completely carried away the site of this lake-dwelling station.

[ [20] This mould is in two parts, and it is remarkable as having been found at different times. The first half was found by Mr. F. A. Forel on the 25th of February, 1855, and the second by his son, Dr. Forel, on the 18th of October, 1859. (B. 31, p. 111.)

[ [21] Das Ausland, 1884, p. 479; Antiqua, 1884, p. 70.

[ [22] Antiqua, 1885, p. 1.

[ [23] Corr.-Blatt, vol. xv. p. 55.

[ [24] Antiqua, 1884, p. 140.

[ [25] Antiqua, 1883, p. 14; and ibid., 1885, p. 2.

[ [26] Matériaux, vol. xvii. p. 321.

[ [27] Vereins für Vater. Naturkunde, Stuttgart, 1878, p. 95.

[ [28] "Kupferzeit in Europa," p. 9.

[ [29] Mitt. Anth. Ges. Wien, vol. xv. p. 120.

[ [30] Pigorini, B. 298e; Virchow, B. 293; Mestorf, "Der Intern. Anthrop. und Arch. Cong. in Buda-Pesth."

[ [31] Mitt. des Hist. Vereins für Krain, October and November, 1864.

[ [32] Zeit. für Eth., vol. v., Verhand., p. 119.

[ [33] Zeit. für Eth., vol. vi., Verhand., p. 180, 1874.

[ [34] Ibid., vol. ix., Verhand., p. 168.

[ [35] Atti della Soc. Veneto Trentina di Sc. Nat., vol. xi., 1889.

[ [36] Dr. Meschinelli, in reply to my observations on the Laibach machine, the advanced proofs of which I sent to him, rejects the beaver-trap theory as a possible explanation of the use of the Fontega machines, but suggests that they might have been used as traps for catching wild-fowl. (B. 469.)

[ [37] Atti della Soc. It. di Sc. Nat., vol. ii. p. 177.

[ [38] So called by the Congress of Italian Naturalists who met here in 1878, after Virginia Ponti, wife of the proprietor.

[ [39] Atti della Soc. It. di Sc. Nat., vol. ii.

[ [40] B. 90, and Giornale dell' Ing. Arch. ed Agri., an. xii.

[ [41] Brizio, "La Grotta del Farnè."

[ [42] Bul. Palet. It., 1883, p. 17.

[ [43] Atti della Soc. It. di Sc. Nat., vol. vii.

[ [44] Brizio, "La Grotta del Farnè," p. 45.

[ [45] Antiqua, 1886, p. 65.

[ [46] Antiqua, 1884, p. 128; and Bul. de la Soc. suisse de Num., 1884, No. 7.

[ [47] Rev. archéologique, 1884. p. 194.

[ [48] Acad. de Lyon, tome xi. p. 229.

[ [49] Association Française pour l'avancement des Sciences, 1885, vol. i. p. 175.

[ [50] Matériaux, etc., vol. xi. p. 95.

[ [51] Bul. Soc. Anth., 1884. See also "Crannia Ethnica": "Les Préhistoriques" (Mortillet); Bul. Soc. Anth., 1874, 22nd Jan.

[ [52] "Antiquity of Man," 4th edition, p. 241.

[ [53] In a footnote on page 241 of his "Antiquity of Man," Sir Charles states that the Memoir of Professor Crahay was published in 1836, in the Bulletin de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, tome iii. p. 43. I find, however, that in this reference Crahay merely notices in a few lines the finding of the bones of the elephant in the excavations above referred to, and makes no mention whatever of the human jaw.

[ [54] Das Ausland, 1877, p. 960.

[ [55] "Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings," p. 219.

[ [56] Zeit. für Ethn., Verhand., p. 39, vol. viii.

[ [57] Zeit. für Ethn., vol. vi., Verhand., p. 228.

[ [58] Ibid., vol. x., Verhand., p. 52.

[ [59] "Die vorgeschichtlichen Rundwälle im östlichen Deutschland." Berlin, 1888.

[ [60] Zeit. für Eth., vol. vi., Verhand., p. 115, and vol. vii., Verhand., p. 127.

[ [61] Ibid., vol. ix., Verhand., p. 449.

[ [62] Behla, "Die vergeschichtlichen Rundwälle," p. 8.

[ [63] Ibid., p. 22.

[ [64] "Nat. Hist.," lib. xvi. 1.

[ [65] Inter. Cong, d'Anthrop. et d'Arch., Ses. V., p. 212.

[ [66] "Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings," p. 273.

[ [67] Cong. Inter. d'Anthrop. et d'Arch., Ses. V., 1871, p. 212.

[ [68] A comb precisely similar to the one here figured (No. 30) is described and figured by Ossowski as coming from the cavern of Wierzchowska-Górna in Poland. Antiqua, 1887, p. 41, and pl. vii. Fig. 10.

[ [69] Handelingen van het Friesch Genootschap, 1886-7, p. 12.

[ [70] "Die heidnischen Alterthümer Ostfrieslands." Emden, 1879.

[ [71] Journ. R. H. A. A., vol. v., 4th S., p. 325.

[ [72] Archæological Journal, vol. xx. p. 170.

[ [73] Proc. R. I. A., vol. v. p. 215.

[ [74] R. H. Arch. As., vol. v., 4th S., p. 330.

[ [75] Three iron pots were found on this crannog, one of them being of a triangular shape.

[ [76] Various mediæval objects collected in the mud on and near the crannog sites: iron cuirass, matchlock guns, pistols, antique keys, spurs, implements of iron, bronze ladle, bronze spear-head. The swords and gun-barrels were found sticking up in the mud from the lake-bottom.

[ [77] A great many piles covering an oval enclosure about 100 feet in diameter. On submarine crannogs, see Kinahan's "Manual of the Geology of Ireland," p. 264, and Note 83 (p. 443) of Scottish list of crannogs.

[ [78] O'Flahertie in his history mentions that the ancient castle of the O'Flaherties of Bunowen, in Ballinahinch Lake, was built on an artificial island.

[ [79] Two crannogs, one large and the other small. The former is only separated from the mainland by a shallow channel, and is accessible in summer by a narrow causeway. On it were found "two fine specimens of bronze pins, besides other articles of less interest in lead and iron, and a flint spear-head."

[ [80] A stockaded enclosure, about 35 feet in diameter, lying some 12 or 14 feet below the bog surface. "A magnificent pair of quern stones" and a large bowl-shaped vessel of oak are known to have been found on it.

[ [81] A curious wooden flooring, buried 14 feet in the bog. It rested on "a thick deposit of hazel and birch branches." Over it was a "collection of stone slabs, closely fitted together with a substratum of blue clay, but all laid on planks of timber forming part of the floor. On this there were quantities of ashes, proving that this was the fire-place of the ancient dwelling."

[ [82] "With piles round the margin and amongst the stones on its surface were found querns, some perfect, some in a broken state." A canoe became visible at a depth of 2½ to 3 feet when the water of the lake was unusually low.

[ [83] A small crannog discovered by turf-cutters, and "interesting from the fact of instruments made of iron and stone having been found together." Among other things were a bronze pin, fragments of crucibles, bits of anthracite coal, a socketed iron implement, two small flint knives, a stone celt, a round flat stone with an oblong-worked indentation on each side, and several bits of rude pottery.

[ [84] An artificial island, 30 yards in diameter, thickly planted with timber and surrounded with piles. In 1870 a canoe was found on the shore of this islet, embedded in the mud and half destroyed by fire. In the stuff lying on its floor were found some iron tools—an adze, a hammer (both with handles), a socketed chisel, two whetstones, and some fragments of iron.

[ [85] A small lake, scarcely a mile in circumference, and about three miles from Cavan. About a hundred yards from shore a heap of stones, surrounded by circles of stockades about fifty feet in diameter. In the moss near the lake two canoes were found 21 and 18 feet long.

[ [86] This lake is in the parish of Clonbroney, and contains two crannogs, called "Round Island" and "Fry's Island." The former is 18½ yards in diameter, and the "wooden piles, though in a pulpy and rotten state, are still to be seen. In the lake a small canoe, 9½ feet long, an iron spear, the nether stone of a grain-rubber, and the antlers (with eighteen points) of a deer were found embedded in the silt."

[ [87] This is a small lake, three and a half miles north of Enniskillen, about a mile in length and half a mile in breadth. It contains three crannogs, the largest of which is 105 feet in diameter. "Here were found querns, whetstones, worked pieces of deer-horn, some fragments of iron plated with bronze, many pieces of ornamented pottery, some of which were furnished with ears or handles; a very curious stone (apparently a tombstone), sculptured with a cross and ornamented with four human heads, and scroll work, and a large boulder, upon which a cross-like figure had been picked or punched out."

[ [88] A large crannog, covering about an acre, but only partly artificial. About thirty thousand piles used in strengthening the island, which had a jetty, and near this a canoe was found. The principal relics are—some stone hammers, three pieces of flint scrapers, a bead of amber and another of glass, a small stone ring the size of a finger-ring, fragments of pottery, a crucible, some articles of brass, and portions of bog-ore. The piles were cut by very sharp metal implements.

[ [89] In 1833 Captain W. Mudge, R.N., discovered here a wooden hut made of a framework of large oak beams mortised at the four corners. It measured 12 feet square and 9 feet high, and about half way up there was a flooring which divided the space into two storeys. The roof of this unique hut was buried in the peat 16 feet from the surface, and its base rested on a substratum of brushwood resembling a crannog. ([See p. 489]).

[ [90] Two crannogs, one large, 100 feet in diameter. An iron cauldron, found near the shore of lake, made on the same principle as the usual bronze cauldrons, of beaten iron, and riveted.

[ [91] Ornamented quern stone found on the crannog.

[ [92] "Six stone and two bronze celts, an iron spear-head and a bayonet, three fibulæ, one bridle-bit and two cheek-plates made of bronze," found on this island.

[ [93] From this crannog the following objects were presented to the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy:—"A piece of circular grindstone, block of flint, old iron key, two portions of blades of iron swords, and a piece of bone spike."

[ [94] A well-defined stockade, with horizontal beams. A canoe and the following objects recorded from this crannog:—"Two iron swords; a small anvil, very bright and clean; a pair of scales and several hammers; several gold pins; metal dishes; small axe-heads; an iron cauldron of a low dilated shape; a stone of yellowish-white colour, beautifully polished, about twelve inches long, three and a half broad, and two thick, accurately squared at the sides, having a round hole about one and a quarter inch deep and half inch in diameter at each end, the top surface and one of the sides being covered with carved devices; and a quern."

[ [95] "In another crannog in Rahan's Lake," says Mr. Morant, "we found five Queen Mary shillings, fused into a mass; a bronze pin; a flat spear-head, and a stone celt. We also found the hearth-stones and a quantity of ashes. The piles around the island are still visible above the water."

[ [96] Contained three or four crannogs. "In the one opposite Cloncahir were found several querns of different sizes and patterns (chiefly flat-shaped, ornamented with the usual cross design, varied more or less), and many of these were taken away by Mr. Kane to preserve at Mohill Castle. When the water was at a low level a slight examination was made in regard to the construction of the crannog. It was found that there were two, possibly three, concentric circles of piles of small size, enclosing an area considerably larger than that of the present island, and the space so enclosed seemed to have been filled with rough unhewn logs of wood up to about the present summer level of the water. Upon this had been deposited a stratum of stones and gravel, amongst which were found the querns already mentioned. In the same lake are three other crannogs—Man Island, Crane Island, and another."

[ [97] Three silver coins of the reigns of Edward I., II., and III. found on this crannog.

[ [98] Three crannogs in this loch, two close to each other, and are approached by a causeway which terminates about sixteen feet from the crannogs, both about twenty-five feet in diameter. On the margin of this crannog, under water, a bronze spear-head was found, 5¾ inches long, and a looped celt 4 inches long.

[ [99] Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. xv. p. 153.

[ [100] Among the objects from Lagore mentioned by Lord Talbot (Fig. 103) is a peculiar iron pipe, described as of unknown use. It is rather remarkable that it and this bayonet-like object from Buston should be the counterparts of a kind of padlock in use in the earlier Middle Ages, which acted in the following manner:—When a spring-bolt (like that of the object from Buston) was passed through the tube upwards, the spike attached to the latter passed through the perforation in the former. Inside the tube there were two small prominences, which when the bolt was pushed sufficiently home caught the tips of its springs and prevented its return. In this state the padlock was securely locked, and it could only be opened by a key consisting of another but smaller tube, which, when passed through the other end of the larger tube and over the springs, pressed the latter close to the body of the bolt until their tips became clear of the internal catches, and so allowed the spring-bolt to be extracted.

[ [101] Vol. i. p. 146.

[ [102] This crannog is of a rectangular shape, 43 feet by 41 feet, and formed of layers of large trunks laid transversely.

[ [103] See Note 3, p. 447.

[ [104] The question of submarine crannogs is still obscure, and the few facts that have come to light leave the matter in doubt as to whether the structures were originally constructed in the water or on dry land and subsequently submerged, in consequence of changes in the relative levels of sea and land. The only remains of this character that I know of in Britain are—(1) a cairn of stones on a substratum of wood near the island of Eriska, at the mouth of Loch Crerar; (2) the Black Cairn, in the Beauly Firth; and (3) some stumps of piles in Ardmore Bay, county Waterford. The mound at Eriska, which was found on examination to be of circular shape and 60 feet in diameter, was dry at low water, but submerged at spring-tides to the extent of five feet. Some ashes and charcoal and the broken bones of sheep and small oxen were the only relics of human occupancy found. The Black Cairn is noticed in the Statistical Account of Scotland, and also by Miss Maclagan. It is about four hundred yards within flood-mark. The top is only visible at low water, and the base is said to be composed of very large wooden beams.

[ [105] Mr. Wallace describes the island as entirely artificial, "raised upon piles and cross-beams, about fifty yards from the shore, and 189 feet long, with an average of 112 feet wide. The water immediately surrounding it is deep, and the margin of the island rises perpendicularly from the deep water, which is about seven or eight feet deep on the north and east sides, and ten or twelve feet on the south and west. The piles and cross-beams, on which it has been raised, lie like a pavement all round it, inclining to the centre. The beams are of oak, pine, and birch. Those of pine and oak are the largest. Between the beams, and all over the island, numerous pieces of charcoal were picked up. The island rises in the centre, and, after clearing away part of the luxuriant nettles and long grass, portions of a walled structure were disclosed. No trace of lime-cement could be detected, but the stones were large and well placed together. The ruins of this building raised the island to the height of seven feet above the present water-mark." The island is noticed in the historical annals, and in 1596 gave refuge to the Earl of Arran. The occurrence of vitrified materials on the surface gives to this crannog, according to Mr. Wallace, peculiar interest. I could understand this interest had it been proved that vitrified buildings had been constructed over the crannog. In the construction of the crannog, of course, stones taken from the shore were used, and in this way the vitrified materials might be accounted for, or, what is more probable, they are the slag of a smelting furnace. The following are Mr. Wallace's words: "I visited the island in July, 1885, and scarcely had I set my foot on shore when I found a small piece of true vitrified rock; and great was my astonishment when I discovered that the whole island was covered with fragments of different sizes of the same material. It was found among the piles and cross-beams in great quantities. Several larger masses—one measuring four feet by three—were found on the western margin of the island, and deeply embedded among the stones and above the piles and cross-beams, close to the water's edge. After careful examination the vitrified material was found to differ in no way from that forming our vitrified forts. Between the crannog and the shore there is a smaller island of large stones, which is only visible when the loch is exceptionally low, as it was this season. This island, which measures 90 feet by 60 feet, appears to be entirely built of stones. The sides, like those of the larger island, are perpendicular. One piece of vitrified rock was found here. The distance between the islands is about sixty feet, and between the smaller one and the shore about twenty feet."

[ [106] Upon the partial drainage of Carlingwark Loch, in 1765, various kinds of artificial structures were observed, as wooden roadways, dams built of stone and clay, and a couple of islets constructed on a framework of black oak. In the mud were also found various relics, as a brass dagger, 22 inches long, mounted with gold plaiting; a brass pan; a remarkable cauldron ([Fig. 172]), containing bronze and iron implements; and several large stag-heads.

[ [107] "In draining a lake at the east end of the parish of Croy, an artificial mound appeared within a few yards of the shore, about sixty feet in circumference and five in height. It was formed of alternate strata of stones, earth, and oak; piles of oak being driven in the ground were kept strongly fixed by transverse beams of smaller size. Over these were round stones, and on the surface some inches of fine black mould. Some fragments of brass rings, pieces of pottery, and the bolt of a lock of no ordinary size, were found on the mound. At about a hundred yards distance there is a circle of large piles of oak, driven deep in the earth, apparently the commencement of a second mound; but for what purpose they were intended it is impossible to conjecture. At the same time a canoe, of most beautiful workmanship, was found, which some modern Goth has since cut down for mean and servile purposes."

[ [108] See note 3, p. 443.

[ [109] Artificial lake, with two islands, said to be seats of Fergus, Lord of Galloway.

[ [110] Rev. R. J. Mapleton thus sums up his observations:—"Altogether, I think that it is evident that the crannog was entirely composed of rock and walling, with the middle part filled up with smaller stones; that there existed considerable works of wood on the east, south, and west sides, at least, but whether a rampart outside or a building on the structure itself, is not quite clear; that there was a partial causeway, now under water, and the interval either filled in with brushwood or passed over in a canoe."

[ [111] "In Loch Kinder there is an artificial mount of stones, rising six or seven feet above the surface of the water, and resting on a frame of large oaks, which is visible when the weather is clear and calm."

[ [112] An oval-shaped crannog, 50 feet long by 28 feet broad, constructed of layers of young trees laid transversely. Three fire-places were exposed over the structure, and among the rubbish were found two broken combs made of wood, one of which is here figured ([Fig. 173]), and a piece of wood with a Greek cross, with crosslets burnt on it.

[ [113] Half a century ago Loch Leven was lowered nine feet by drainage, and at the present time the remains of the lake-dwelling are always from one to three feet under water. The mound measures 35 yards by 20 yards, and 1½ to 2 feet in height. In this area were detected the stumps of two rows of piles, twelve feet apart, and each pile was four or five feet apart. Also, in a line stretching to the shore, which is about sixty yards distant, there were one or two piles encountered, as if forming part of a gangway. The lake-bottom is here firm, and not liable to compression, so that the structure, whether ancient or modern, was really a pile-building. The only relics are a bit of carved wood, which might have been a handle, and a fragment of archaic-like pottery.

[ [114] The island is oval in shape, 180 feet long and 135 feet broad in the widest part. Fire-places, wooden floorings, and other woodworks were exposed, and a few relics, viz. an ornamented bone comb ([Fig. 174]), a flat loop of bronze, part of the rim of a large vessel of cast bronze 3 inches in length, and portion of an armlet of greenish glass, with a blue-and-white twisted cable ornament running round it.

[ [115] Dr. Stuart quotes the following account of a crannog in Loch Lochy from Mr. Robertson's notes, extracted by the latter from a MS. in the Advocate's Library, written towards the end of the seventeenth century: "Ther was of ancient ane lord in Loquhaber, called my Lord Cumming, being a cruell and tyirrant superior to the inhabitants and ancient tenants of that countrie of Loquhaber. This lord builded ane iland, or an house, on the south-east head of Loghloghae; ... and when summer is, certain yeares or dayes, one of the bigge timber jests, the quantitie of an ell thereof will be sein above the water. And sundrie men of the countrie were wont to goe and se that jest of timber which stands there as yett; and they say that a man's finger will cast it too and fro in the water, but fortie men cannot pull it up, because it lyeth in another jest below the water." B. 94, p. 160.

[ [116] In Maitland's "History of Scotland" the curious observation is made that Boece states that in Loch Lomond there were fish without fins, waves without wind, and a floating island. (Boet. "Scot. Reg. Descript.," fol. 7.)

[ [117] The relics from the Wigtownshire crannogs, besides those already mentioned, are not numerous. From Barlockhart there is a stone ring ([Fig. 175]), two querns, and a spindle-whorl of clay-slate. From one of the crannogs at Machermore Loch there is a stone implement, with circular hollows on each face ([Fig. 175]). Regarding such implements Rev. George Wilson writes thus:—"These are of two types, elongated and oval, approaching a circular form, and I wish to direct attention to them because, as yet [1879], only eight have been reported in Scotland, seven of them being from Wigtownshire" (Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. xiv. p. 127). Shortly afterwards another, described at [page 422], was found on the crannog of Lochspouts, in Ayrshire.

[ [118] Lochavoullin, situated to the east of the Oban railway station, was formerly, as the name implies, used as a dam for a water-mill, but for many years it was a marsh in the summer time, and much frequented by sportsmen on account of the number of snipes which it sheltered. It is now in the process of being utilised, partly as a green, by filling up its bed, and partly as a skating-pond; and in the course of these operations a submerged platform of wooden beams, laid in transverse layers, was detected about the centre of the marsh. I visited the locality in the spring of 1888, but beyond seeing portions of the woodwork, and determining, by probing the mud, that it extended for several yards in all directions, nothing of archæological value was discovered. So far, however, it has all the appearance of the usual crannog, an opinion which is strengthened by the physical conditions of the environment.

[ [119] This loch covers about two acres. At the north end there is a small island, covered with a rank vegetation and a few stunted trees of Scottish fir and birch. A rough, crooked causeway extended from it to the shore. "Round the island could be seen driven piles, to which were attached strong transverse beams, and upon making a cut six or seven feet wide into the side of the island to ascertain its structure, we found a platform of about four feet in depth, raised by transverse beams placed alternately across each other, and kept in position by driven piles. These last were generally small oak trees, but dressed and sharpened by a metal tool, some of them mortised at the heads, where a transverse rail or beam could be fixed."

[ [120] Towards the north the author subsequently found a "plank with several Roman nails in it; and the number of loose nails found in the soil above it showed that they must probably have belonged to some wooden superstructure which had perished."

[ [121] Evans, "An. Br. Implements," p. 436.

[ [122] Proc. R. I. A., vol. ix. p. 176; and vol. i., 2nd Ser., p. 223.

[ [123] See translation of O. S., edited by Dr. Joseph Anderson, p. 182; also Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. viii.

[ [124] Antiqua, 1883, p. 15.

[ [125] Matériaux, etc., vol. xvi. p. 215.

[ [126] Bulletino Palet. It., An. i. p. 7.

[ [127] While visiting Mr. Flinders Petrie's collection of antiquities from Egypt lately exhibited in London, I was much interested in seeing a well-shaped wooden sickle with a groove in which a flint saw was still cemented in its place. The groove is adapted for three such saws, but only one remained in its place. The wooden portion of this unique instrument is shaped like a modern corn-hook, with the exception that the handle turns downwards at a right angle to the cutting plane, and the opposite end runs out into a long sharp point. It measures 12½ inches from tip to tip, and 17 from the point to the most bulging part of the body. From the same place were various other flint implements and some semilunar knives or saws, precisely similar to those so common in the Scandinavian archæological area. Mr. Petrie also pointed out some flint objects which were undoubtedly an imitation of implements of copper and bronze with which they were associated. The tombs of Hawara in which these relics were discovered are said to be of the 12th dynasty, dating some 2,600 years B.C.

[ [128] B. 423, pp. 80, 90; Bul. Palet. Ital., An. xii. p. 80.

[ [129] Archiv für Anthropologie, vol. xvi.

[ [130] Antiqua. 1883, p. 89.

[ [131] Corr.-blatt, 1882, 1883, and B. 401.

[ [132] Mitt. der Anth. Ges. Wien, B. xiii. pp. 213 and 216.

[ [133] Neues Jahrb. für Mineralogie, B. iii., 1884.

[ [134] Archæological Journal, vol. xxxvi., 1880.

[ [135] Zeit. für Ethn., bd. xv. pp. 163-190.

[ [136] Antiqua, 1885, p. 138.

[ [137] Zeit. für Ethn., vol. xviii., Verhand., p. 83.

[ [138] Ibid., p. 411.

[ [139] Ibid., vol. xix. p. 97.

[ [140] Ibid., p. 140.

[ [141] Castelfranco: Bul. Palet. Ital., Anno iv. p. 50.

[ [142] Nuovo Giornale Bot. Ital., vol. xxii., N. 1, 1890.

[ [143] An excellent summary of the evidence establishing this fact is given by Baron de Baye in his recent work "Archæologie Prehistorique," chap. vi.

[ [144] Zeit. für Ethn., vol. xviii., Verhand., p. 368.

[ [145] See also Anzeiger, 1880, p. 46; and 1882, p. 221.

[ [146] Archéologie Celtique et Gauloise, p. 368.

[ [147] Double Sépulture Gauloise de la Gorge-Meillet (Marne). By Ed. Fourdrignier. Paris, 1878.

[ [148] W. Osborne, Zur Beurtheilung des prähistorischen Fundes auf dem Hradischt bei Stradonic in Böhmen. Mitt. der Anth. Ges. Wien, vol. x.

[ [149] Bull. dell' Inst., 1875, pp. 50 and 178, and 1877, p. 74.

[ [150] Bull. Palet. It., anno xii., p. 194, etc., with six plates.

[ [151] Revue Archéologique, 1864.

[ [152] "Horæ Ferales," pp. 172 to 189.

[ [153] "Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Caucase," vol i. p. 70.