Pagan and Christian Rome

by Rodolfo Amedeo Lanciani

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The relations between the Empire, the Christians, and the Jews have been discussed by really numberless writers, beginning with the Fathers of the Church. I have consulted, among the moderns: Mangold: De ecclesia primæva pro cæsaribus et magistratibus romanis preces fundente. Bonn, 1881.—Bittner: De Græcorum et Romanorum deque Judæorum et christianorum sacris jejuniis. Posen, 1846.—Weiss: Die römischen Kaiser in ihrem Verhältnisse zu Juden und Christen. Wien, 1882.—Mourant Brock: Rome, Pagan and Papal. London, Hodder & Co. 1883.—Backhouse and Taylor: History of the primitive Church. (Italian edition.) Rome, Loescher, 1890.—Greppo: Trois mémoires relatifs à l'histoire ecclésiastique.—Döllinger: Christenthum und Kirche.—Champagny (Comte de): Les Antonins, vol. i.—Gaston Boissier: La fin du paganisme, etc., 2 vols. Paris, Hachette, 1891.—Giovanni Marangoni: Delle cose gentilesche trasportate ad uso delle chiese. Roma, Pagliarini, 1744.—Mosheim: De rebus Christianis ante Constantinum.—Carlo Fea: Dissertazione sulle rovine di Roma, in Winckelmann's Storia delle arti. Roma, Pagliarini, 1783, vol. iii.—Louis Duchesne: Le liber pontificalis. Paris, Thorin, 1886-1892.—G.B. de Rossi: Bullettino di archeologia cristiana. Roma, Salviucci, 1863-1891.

[2] See de Rossi: Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1888-1889, p. 15; 1890, p. 97.—Edmond Le Blant: Comptes rendus de l'Acad. des Inscript., 1888, p. 113.—Arthur Frothingham: American Journal of Archæology, June, 1888, p. 214.—R. Lanciani: Gli horti Aciliorum sul Pincio, in the Bullettino della commissione archeologica, 1891, p. 132; Underground Christian Rome, in the Atlantic Monthly, July, 1891.

[3] See Ersilia Lovatelli: Il Monte Pincio, in the Miscellanea archeologica, p. 211.—Rodolfo Lanciani: Su gli orti degli Acili sul Pincio, in the Bullettino di corrispondenza archeologica, 1868, p. 132.

[4] A description of the beautiful villa of Herodes, adjoining the Catacombs of Prætextatus, will be found in chapter vi. pp. 287 sqq.

[5] A consul suffectus was one elected as a substitute in case of the death or retirement of one of the regular consuls.

[6] Lampridius, in Sev. Alex., c. 43.

[7] In chapter v., p. 122, of Ancient Rome, I have attributed these graffiti to the second half of the first century; but after a careful examination of the structure of the wall, on the plaster of which they are scratched, I am convinced that they must have been written towards the end of the second century.

[8] Orelli, 4024, Digest L., iv. 18, 7.

[9] See Ulpian: De officio Procons., i. 3.

[10] Lampridius, Heliog., 3.

[11] See Greppo: Mémoire sur les laraires de l'empereur Alexandre Sevère.

[12] The name of the villa was Cassiacum; its memory has lasted to the present age. See the memoir of Luigi Biraghi, S. Agostino a Cassago di Brianza. Milano, 1854.

[13] See Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1865, p. 50.

[14] It contains the words PETRO LILLVTI PAVLO. They are surely genuine and ancient. I examined them in company with Mommsen, Jordan, and de Rossi, and they attributed them to the beginning of the third century of our era. The best suggestion regarding their origin is that they belong to a person, probably Christian, who used the name Petrus as gentilitium, and Paulus as cognomen, and who was the son of Lillutus, however barbaric this last name may sound.

[15] See de Rossi: Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1863, p. 49.—Rohault de Fleury: L'arc de triomphe de Constantin, in the Révue archéologique, Sept. 1863, p. 250.—W. Henzen: Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1863, p. 183.

[16] See Bibliography, p. 1. The title of the book may be translated thus: On the pagan and profane objects transferred to churches for their use and adornment.

[17] The two busts of S. Peter and S. Paul, described in Cancellieri's book, Memorie storiche delle sacre teste dei santi apostoli Pietro e Paolo, Roma, Ferretti, 1852 (second edition), were stolen by the French revolutionists in 1799.

[18] See Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, part VI., No. 351.

[19] In the Byzantine period this church and the adjoining monastery were called casa Barbara patricia. They are now comprised within the cloisters of S. Antonio all' Esquilino, on the left side of S. Maria Maggiore.

[20] These incrustations, and the basilica to which they belong, have been illustrated by Ciampini: Vetera monumenta, vol. i. plates xxii.-xxiv.—D'Agincourt: Histoire de l'art, Peinture, pl. xiii. 3.—Minutoli: Ueber die Anfertigung und die Nutzanwendung der färbigen Gläser bei den Alten, pl. iv.—De Rossi: La basilica di Giunio Basso, in the Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1871, p. 46.

[21] See Andrea Amoroso: Le basiliche cristiane di Parenzo. Parenzo, Coana, 1891.—Mommsen: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. v. part i. nos. 365-367.

[22] See Lovatelli: I labirinti e il loro simbolismo nell' età di mezzo, in the Nuova Antologia, 16 Agosto, 1890.—Arné: Carrelages émaillés du moyen âge.—Eugène Müntz: Etudes iconographiques et archéologiques sur le moyen âge.

[23] See Pietro Pericoli: Lo spedale di S. Maria della Consolazione. Imola Galeati, p. 64.

[24] Published in two volumes with the title: Indicazione delle immagini di Maria, collocate sulle mura esterne di Roma. Ferretti, 1853.

[25] The inscription, after all, was very mild in comparison with the violent formula imposed upon Alexander VII. It read: "In memory of the absolution given by Clement VIII. to Henry IV. of France and Navarre, September 17, 1595."

[26] The amphora corresponds to 26.26 litres; the metreta to 39.39 litres; the modius to 8.75 litres. The pound, divided into twelve ounces, corresponds to 327.45 grammes, a little more than 11-1/2 English ounces.

[27] See Antichi pesi inscritti del museo capitolino, in the Bullettino della commissione archeologica comunale di Roma, 1884, p. 61, pls. vi., vii.

[28] See de Rossi: Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1864, p. 57.

[29] See Acta purgationis Cæciliani, post Optati opp. ed Dupin, p. 168.

[30] Confess. vi. 2.

[31] See Gaetano Marini: Iscrizioni doliari, p. 114, n. 279.—Giuseppe Gatti: La lex horreorum, in the Bullettino della commissione archeologica comunale di Roma, 1885, p. 110.

[32] The place was called in tribus fatis, from the three statues of sibyls described by Pliny, H.N. xxxiv. See Goth. i. 25.

[33] "Sank into the great flower, that is adorned
With leaves so many, and thence reascended
To where its love abideth evermore."
Longfellow's Translation.

[34] On the almanacs (Notitia, Curiosum), containing catalogues and statistics of Roman buildings in the fourth century, see Mommsen: Chronograph von 354, etc., in the Abhandlungen der Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, vols. ii. 549; iii. 269; viii. 694.—Preller: Die Regionen der Stadt Rom. Jena: Hochhausen, 1846.—Jordan: Topographie der Stadt Rom. Berlin: Weidmann, ii., pp. 1 & 178.—Richter: Topographie der Stadt Rom, 1889, p. 5; id.: Hermes, xx., p. 91.—De Rossi: Piante iconografiche e prospettiche di Roma anteriori al sec. XVI. Roma: Salviucci, 1879.—Guido: Il testo siriaco della descrizione di Roma, etc., in the Bullettino Comunale, 1884, p. 218; and 1891, p. 61.—Lanciani: Ricerche sulle XIV regioni urbane; in the Bullettino comunale, 1890, p. 115.

[35] Inscript. 139, i.

[36] The fac-simile here presented is from the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vi. 820.

[37] The sale of skins of victims sacrificed at Athens in the year 334 b. c., in state sacrifices only, brought a revenue of 5,500 drachmas.

[38] See Henzen, Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1863, p. 58.—Mommsen: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. i. no. 1503.

[39] See Cicero: De Divinatione, ii. 59, 123.—Preller: Die Regionen, p. 133.—Nibby: Roma Ant., ii. p. 334.—Beckner: Topogr., p. 539.—Cavedoni: Bull. dell' Inst. 1856, p. 102.—Visconti: Bullettino Comunale, 1887, p. 154, 156.—Middleton: The Remains of Ancient Rome, ed. 1892, vol. ii. p. 233.

[40] Concerning this celebrated monument, see Tambroni and Poletti: Giornale arcadico, vol. xviii., 1823, p. 371-400.—Gell: Rome and its Vicinity, i. p. 219.—Klausen: Æneas, ii. p. 1083.—Canina: Via Appia, i. p. 209-232.—Mommsen: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. i. p. 207, no. 807.

[41] Pliny, N. H., x. 29, 41.

[42] A copy of this celebrated picture, dating from the second century b. c., has been found in a tomb on the Esquiline. It was published in facsimile and illustrated by Visconti in the Bullettino Comunale, 1889, p. 340, tav. xi.-xii.

[43] See the Annali dell' Instituto, 1854, p. 28.

[44] The convent and its garden occupy the sites of the house of Augustus, the temples of Vesta and Apollo, the Greek and Latin libraries, and the Portico of the Danaids, described in Ancient Rome, ch. v., p. 109. The estate has been owned successively by the Mattei, Spada, and Ronconi families, and by Charles Mills. Its finest ornament is a portico built by the Matteis in the sindexteenth century from the designs of Raffaellino del Colle. This pupil of Raphael was also the painter of the exquisite frescoes representing Venus and Cupid, Jupiter and Antiope, Hermaphrodite and Salmace, and other subjects engraved by Marcantonio and Agostino Veneziano. These frescoes, greatly injured by age and neglect, were restored in 1824, by Camuccini, at the expense of Mr. Charles Mills.

[45] See Lanciani: L' itinerario di Einsiedlen, in the Monumenti antichi pubblicati dalla Accademia dei Lincei. 1891.

[46] This inscription is of such exceptional interest that it is given, as edited by Mommsen, at the close of this volume.

[47] Codex Vatic. 7,721, f. 67.

[48] See Rycquius: De Capitolio romano. Leyden, 1669.—Bunsen: Beschreibung der Stadt Rom, iii. A, p. 14.—Hirt: Der capitolinische Jupitertempel, in the Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 1813.—Dureau de la Malle: Mémoire sur la position de la roche tarpeienne, in the Mémoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions, 1819.—Niebuhr: Römische Geschichte, i. 5,588.—Mommsen: Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1845, p. 119.—Lanciani: Il tempio di Giove Ottimo Massimo, in the Bullettino comunale, 1875, p. 165, tav. xvi.—Jordan: Osservazioni sul tempio di Giove Capitolino. Lettera al sig. cav. R. Lanciani, Roma, 1876.—Hülsen: Osservazioni sull' architettura del tempio di Giove Capitolino, in the Mittheilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, römische Abtheilung, 1888, p. 150.—Audollent: Dessin inédit d'un fronton du temple de Jupiter Capitolin, in the Mélanges de l'Ecole française, 1889, Juin.

[49] See Bullettino Comunale, 1886, p. 403; 1887, p. 14, 124, 251; 1888, p. 138.—Mommsen: Zeitschrift für Numismatik, xv. p. 207-219.

[50] The same illustration has been selected by Middleton: The Remains of Ancient Rome, vol. i. p. 363.—The reliefs of the pediment are also well shown in a sketch by Pierre Jacques, dated 1576, and published by Audollent in the Mélanges, 1889, planche ii.

[51] See Clemente Cardinati: Diplomi imperiali di privilegi. Velletri, 1835.—Joseph Arneth: Zwölf römische Militärdiplome, Wien, 1843.—Mommsen: Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1845, p. 119; Annali dell' Instituto, 1858, p. 198; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. iii. part ii. p. 843.—Léon Rénier: Récueil des diplomes militaires, première livraison, Paris, 1876.

[52] Die Flotte einer ägyptischen Königin aus dem siebzehnten Jahrhundert.

[53] See Flavius Josephus, Ant. Ind., xviii. 4.

[54] See Morel: Révue Archéologique, 1868.—De Rossi: Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1868.

[55] See Parker's Forum Romanum, London, 1876, plates xxiii. and xxiv.

[56] It has since been published by Middleton himself in his Remains of Ancient Rome, vol. i. p. 275, fig. 35, from a heliogravure of the original.

[57] In the Cod. Vat., 3,439, f. 46.

[58] See Dressel: Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1881, p. 38.—Lanciani: Bullettino Comunale, 1881, p. 4.—Visconti: Un simulacro di Semo Sancus, Roma, 1881.—Preller: Römische Mythologie, p. 637.

[59] Apolog. 26.

[60] In volume index. of the Spicilegium romanum, pp. 384-468.

[61] Baldwin Brown: From Schola to Cathedral, p. 1. Edinburgh, Douglas, 1886.

[62] See de Rossi: Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1867, p. 46; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vi. no. 1454.—Spalletti: Tavola ospitale trovata in Roma sull' Aventino. Roma, Salomoni, 1777 (p. 34).—Lanciani: The Atlantic Monthly, July, 1891.—Armellini: Chiese, first edition, p. 500.

[63] 2 Timothy, iv. 21.

[64] Gaspare Celio: Memoria dei nomi degli artefici, p. 81. Napoli, Bonino, 1638.

[65] See Duchesne: Liber pontificalis, vol. i. pp. 132, 133.—De Era: Storia di S. Pudenziana, two MSS. volumes in the library of S. Bernardo alle Terme.—Bartolini: Sopra l'antichissimo altare di legno della basilica lateranense. Roma, 1852.—De Rossi: Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1867, p. 49; Musaici delle chiese di Roma.—Pellegrini: Scavi nelle terme di Novato, in the Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1870, p. 161.

[66] See Lorenzo Fortunati: Relazione degli scavi e scoperte fatte lungo la via Latina. Roma, 1859.

[67] Baldwin Brown: ubi supra, p. 17.

[68] Dionysii: Vaticanæ basilicæ cryptarum monumenta, pl. xxvii.—De Rossi: Inscriptiones Christianæ urbis Romæ, ii. p. 56, 350, 411.—Duchesne: Liber pontificalis, i. cxxii.

[69] See Eugene Müntz: Ricerche intorno ai lavori archeologici di Giacomo Grimaldi. Firenze, 1881.—The best autograph work of Grimaldi, dedicated to Paul V. in 1618, belongs to the Barberini library, and is marked xxxiv. 50.

[70] The author of Le Latran, dans le moyen âge.

[71] S. Pietro Montorio, rebuilt towards 1472, by Ferdinand IV. and Isabella of Spain, from the designs of Baccio Pontelli, stands on the site of an older church.

[72] Chiese di Roma, 1st edition, p. 520.

[73] "Collocate e poste una appresso all' altra con diligenza e cura esatta."

[74] Francesco Maria Torrigio: Le sacre grotte vaticane, p. 64. Roma, 1639.

[75] Le liber pontificalis: Texte, introduction et commentaire par l'abbé L. Duchesne. Paris, Thorin, 1886-1892.

[76] The letters LINVS might be the termination of a longer name, like [ANUL]LINVS or [MARCEL]LINVS.

[77] See Lampridius: Heliog, 23.

[78] See p. 345 sq.

[79] Liber Pontificalis, Silvester, xvi. p. 176.

[80] Pietro Mallio says that they came from the Temple of Apollo in Troy. This statement, however absurd, confirms the opinion that the tradition about Solomon's Temple is of modern origin. It seems that Constantine's canopy was borne by only sindex columns, and that the other sindex were added at the time of Gregory III.

[81] Venuti: Ragionamento sopra la pina di bronzo, etc., in the Codex Vaticanus 9024.—Gayet Lacour: La pigna du Vatican, in the Mélanges de l'Ecole française, 1881, p. 312.—Lanciani: Il Pantheon e le terme di Agrippa, in the Notizie degli scavi, 1882.—De Rossi: Inscriptiones christianæ urbis Romæ, vol. ii., 428-430.—Gori: Archivio storico artistico, 1881, p. 230.

[82] Numismata summorum pontificum templi vaticani fabricam indicantia, by Philippus Bonanni. Rome, 1696.

[83] See Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1867, p. 33, sq.—Idem, 1883, p. 90.

[84] De Rossi: Inscriptiones christianæ, ii. p. 428-430.—Febeo: De identitate cathedræ S. Petri, Rome, 1666.—Cancellieri: De secretariis, p. 1245.

[85] But Sindextus V. (+ 1590) did not complete the lantern surmounting the dome, upon which the gilded cross was placed November 18, 1593.

[86] Vincenzo Briccolani: Descrizione della basilica vaticana, third ed. Roma, 1816.—Pietro Ercole Visconti: Metrologia vaticana. Roma, 1828.

[87] The baldacchino raised with questionable taste above the ciborium of Arnolfo di Cambio, a pupil of Nicolò Pisano (a. d. 1285), rests on four columns of Oriental alabaster, from the quarries of Sannhur, in the district of the Beni Souef, offered to Gregory XVI. by Mohammed Ali, viceroy of Egypt. The pedestals are inlaid with malachite, a present from the emperor Nicholas of Russia.

[88] Sulla grandezza e disposizione della primitiva basilica ostiense. Roma, 1835.

[89] Acta apost. apocrif. p. 1-39. Lipsiæ, 1851.

[90] See: Die Grabplatte des h. Paulus: neue Studien über die römischen Apostelgräber, von H. Grisar, S. I. In the Römische Quartalschrift, 1892. Heft. I., II.

[91] See chapter ii., p. 99.

[92] My map of ancient Rome (scale 1:1000), which has cost me twenty-five years of labor, will be published in forty-sindex sheets measuring 0.90 m. × 0.60 m. each. The first, comprising sheets nos. iii., x., xvii., xxiii., xxx., and xxxvi. (from the gardens of Sallust to the Macellum Magnum on the Cælian), will be ready in May, 1893. The plan is drawn in five colors, referring respectively to the royal, republican, imperial, mediæval and modern epochs.

[93] The basilica of S. Valentine, discovered in 1886, by our archæological commission, is mentioned on p. 120 of the present volume.

[94] See Otto Hirschfeld: Die kaiserlichen Grabstätten in Rom, in the Sitzungsberichte der kgl. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin, 1866.

[95] Visitors to Rome may form an idea of a [Greek: sebasteion] from that found at Ostia, in 1889, in the barracks of the firemen. I have given an illustrated description of this remarkable discovery in the Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome, tome index., 1889, and in the Notizie degli scavi, January-April, 1889.

[96] The birthplace of Mithridates the Great, and of the geographer Strabo; it still retains its ancient name.

[97] See Mommsen: Res gestæ divi Augusti, 2d edition. Berlin, Weidmann, 1883.

[98] Augustus enrolled his first army in October of the year 41 b. c. He died in August, a. d. 14.

[99] This house is described in Ancient Rome, chapter i., p. 17.

[100] Don Juan, canto III. eindex.

[101] The other instance was in the excavations of the palace of the Valerii Aradii, near S. Erasmo, on the Cælian, the most successful ever made in Rome.

[102] La bolla di Maria, moglie di Onorio. Milan, 1819.

[103] Dissertazione su d' una antica argenteria, letta nell' accademia archeologica il dì 7 gennaio, 1811.

[104] Garrucci has reproduced them in the Storia dell' arte cristiana, vol. ii. pl. 108-111.

[105] Garrucci: Vetri adornati di figure in oro.—Swoboda, quoted by De Waal in the Römische Quartalschrift, 1888, p. 135.—Armellini: ibidem, 1888, p. 130.—De Rossi: Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1864, p. ——; 1887, p. 130.

[106] Les tombeaux des papes romains. Traduction Sabatier. Paris, 1859.

[107] Roma sotterranea, i., p. 283.

[108] The hypogæum, discovered in 1617, excavated and pillaged in 1780-81, has, through my exertions, become national property, together with the Columbaria of Hylas.

[109] It contained the graves of Marcellus † 308, Sylvester † 385, Siricius † 396, and Celestinus † 422.

[110] Dyer: History of Rome, p. 344.

[111] See the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, edited by J.A. Giles, in Bohn's Antiquarian Library; and the excellent memoir of Domenico Tesoroni, King Ceadwalla's Tomb in the Ancient Basilica of S. Peter (Rome, Bertero, 1891), from which I quote almost verbatim.

[112] De Rossi: Inscriptiones christianæ, ii. p. 288.

[113] Duchesne: Lib. pontif. ii. 258.—Marucchi: Iscrizioni relative alla storia di Roma dal secolo V al XV. (p. 74). Roma, 1881.

[114] Barbier de Montault: Revue archéologique, xiv. 244.—Frothingham: American Journal of Archæology, 1891, p. 44.—De Rossi; Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1875, p. 29; 1891, p. 91.—Stevenson: Mostra di Roma, all' esposizione di Torino, 1884, p. 174.—Rohault de Fleury: Le latran au moyen âge (planches 45, 46). Paris, 1877.

[115] Storia delle arti, edizione Fea, vol. ii. p. 144.

[116] Zizim died by poisoning, February 24, 1495, during the pontificate of Alexander VI., Borgia.

[117] Published by Müntz, in the Archivio storico dell' arte, vol. iv., 1891, p. 366.

[118] The question as to the birthplace of Christopher Columbus seems to have been finally settled in favor of Savona. Unquestionable evidence has been discovered on June 17 of the present year, by the Historical Society at Madrid.

[119] Theodor Sprenger: Roma Nova, p. 232. Frankfort, 1660.—Caylus: in vol. xxv. of the Mémoires de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres.—Cancellieri: Il mercato, p. 42.

[120] Vita di Benvenuto Cellini lib. 1, xxxvi.

[121] See chapter iii., p. 67, of Ancient Rome

[122] De titulis in quibus impensæ monumentorum sepulcralium indicatæ sunt.

[123] See Luigi Grifi: Sopra la iscrizione antica dell' auriga Scirto, in the Accademia archeologica, 1854, v. xiii.

[124] See the Corpus inscriptionum latinarum, vol. vi., part 2, nos. 4327-5886.

[125] See Walch: Ad Gorii Xenia, p. 98.—Orelli-Henzen: vol. 2, no. 4789, etc.

[126] Monumenti inediti dell' Instituto di correspondenza archeologica, Supplemento, 1891.

[127] Titus, 4.

[128] See:—Pietro Sante Bartoli: Gli antichi sepolcri. Roma: de Rossi, 1727.—Corpus inscriptionum latinarum, vol. vi., part ii., pp. 1073, 1076.—Villa Pamphylia, ejusque palatium cum suis prospectibus: statuæ, fontes, vivaria. Romae: fol. max.—Ignazio Ciampi: Innocenzo X Pamfili e la sua corte. Roma: Galeati, 1878.

[129] See:—Otto Jahn: Die Wandgemälde des Columbariums in der Villa Pamfili, in the Abhandlungen der bayerischen Akademie, 1857.—Eugen Petersen: Sitzungsberichte des Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abtheilung, March 18, 1892.

[130] A discovery of the same kind has come within my experience. In 1885, while excavating near the city walls, between the Porta S. Lorenzo and the Porta Maggiore, we found an amphora of great size, containing the corpse of a little child embedded in lime. He had probably died of a contagious disease. The corpse had been reduced to a handful of tiny bones; and the impression of them was so spoiled by dampness and age that it was found impossible to cast the form of the infant.

[131] Digest, index., 2, 5, § 3.

[132] See:—Notizie degli Scavi, 1884, p. 393.—Henzen: Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1885, p. 9.—Stevenson: idem, 1885, p. 22.—Geffroy: Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome, 1885, p. 318, pl. vii-xiii.

[133] See C. Ludovico Visconti: Il sepolcro del fanciullo Quinto Sulpicio Massimo. Roma, 1871.—Wilhelm Henzen: Sepolcri antichi rinvenuti alla porta salaria, in the Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1871, p. 98.—Luigi Ciofi: Inscriptiones latinæ et græcæ, cum carmine græco extemporali Quinti Sulpicii Maximi. Roma, 1871.—J. Henry Parker: Tombs in and near Rome. Oxford, 1877. (Plate X.)

[134] On the subject of this competition see:—Suetonius: Domitian, 4.—Stefano Morcelli: Sull' Agone Capitolino. Dissertazione postuma. Milano, 1816.—Joachim Marquardt: Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer, iv., 453.

[135] See Cesare Lucchesini: Esame della questione se i latini avessero veri poeti improvvisatori. Lucca, 1828.

[136] The bibliography on Herodes Atticus and his villa at the second milestone of the Appian Way is so rich that I can mention but a few of the leading works, besides Visconti's.—Claude Saumaise: Mémoires sur la vie d'Herodes Atticus, in Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, xxx. p. 25; Corpus inscriptionum græcarum: vol. iii. no. 6280, p. 924.—Wilhelm Dittenberger: Die Familie des Herodes Atticus.—Richard Burgess: Description of the Circus on the Via Appia. Italian translation, p. 89. Rome, 1829.—Ludovico Bianconi: Descrizione dei circhi e particolarmente di quello di Caracalla. Roma, 1786.—Antonio Nibby: Del circo volgarmente detto di Caracalla. Roma, 1825.

[137] When Maxentius repaired the Appian Way in 309, one of these commemorative columns was converted into a milestone, the seventh from the Porta Capena. The column was removed in the Middle Ages to the Church of S. Eusebio on the Esquiline, where it was seen and purchased, at the beginning of the last century, by cardinal Alessandro Albani. It now belongs to the Capitoline Museum.

[138] I comentari di Frontino intorno le acque e gli acquedotti: Opera premiata dalla r. Accademia dei Lincei col premio reale di lire 10,000. Roma, Salviucci, 1880.

[139] Among the modern writers on the subject are:—Christian Hülsen: Die Auffindung der römischen Leiche vom Jahre 1485, in the Mittheilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtforschung, Band iv., Heft 3.—J. Addington Symonds: History of the Renaissance, i. 23.—Giovanni Antonio Riccy: Dell' antico pago Lemonio. Roma, 1802 (p. 109).—Gregorovius: Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter, vii., 3, p. 571.—Corpus inscriptionum latinarum, vol. vi., no. 20,634.

Contemporary documents:—Stefano Infessura: Diario, edited by Tommasini. Rome, 1890.—Notarius a Nantiportu: in Cod. Vatic., 6,823, f. 250.—Raffaele Maffei da Volterra (Volterranus, born 1451, died 1522): Commentarii rerum Urbanarum, column 954 of the Lyons edition, 1552.—Bartolomeo Fonte (Humanist, born 1445, died 1513): letter to Francesco Sassetto, published by Janitschek: Gesells. der Rénaissance, p. 120.—Letter from Laur Pehem, dated April 15, 1475, in the Cod. Munich, 716 (among the papers collected by Hartman Schedel).—Copy of a letter from messer Daniele da San Sebastiano to Giacomo di Maphei, citizen of Verona, in the Cod. Marciano (Venice), xiv. 267.—Alexander ab Alexandro (born at Naples, 1461, died in Rome, 1523): Genialium Dierum, iii. 2.—Fragment of the diary of Antonio di Vaseli (1481-1486), in the Archives of the Vatican, Armar. XV. fasc. 41.—Fragment of the diary of Corona (first entry Jan. 30, 1481; last July 25, 1492) in the possession of H.D. Grissel, Esq.—Anonym ap. Mountfaucon, Diarium Italicum, xi. 157.

[140] Sponges are most frequently found in the cistæ at Palestrina, which were nothing else but toilet-boxes. I have had the opportunity of examining the contents of twelve of them, lately discovered. These include sponges, combs of various kinds and shapes, hairpins, wooden boxes with movable lids, still full of excellent powders, cosmetics, and ointments, and other articles of the mundus muliebris.

[141] Principal authorities:—Philip de Winghe: Cod. biblioth. Bruxell. 17872.—Panvinius: De Cœmeteriis Urbis Romæ. Rome, 1568.—Antonio Bosio: Roma sotterranea; opera postuma. Roma, 1632-34.—Paolo Aringhi: Roma subterranea novissima. Roma, 1651 fol. Cologne, 1659 fol.—M.A. Boldetti: Osservazioni sopra i cimiteri de' SS. martiri. Roma, Salvioni, 1720.—Giovanni Bottari: Sculture e pitture estratte dai cimiteri di Roma. 3 vol. Roma, 1737-54.—Filippo Buonarroti: Vasi antichi di vetro ornati di figure, etc. Firenze, 1716, 4.—Raoul Rochette: Le catacombe di Roma. Milano, 1841.—Giuseppe Marchi: Monumenti delle arti cristiane primitive. Roma, Puccinelli, 1844.—Raffaele Garrucci: Storia dell' arte cristiana. Roma: 6 vol. fol.; Vetri ornati di figure in oro, trovati nei cimiteri dei Cristiani. Rome, Salviucci, 1858.—Louis Perret: Les catacombes de Rome, etc. 6 vol. fol. Paris, 1852-1856.—De Rossi: Roma sotterranea cristiana. 3 vol. fol. Roma, Salviucci, 1864; Inscriptiones Christianæ Urbis Romæ. 2 vol. fol. Rome, 1861-1887; Bullettino di archeologia cristiana. Roma, Salviucci, 1863-1891.—Northcote and Brownlow: Roma sotterranea. 2 volumes 8vo, 2d ed. London, Longmans, 1878.—Northcote: Epitaphs of the Catacombs. London, Longmans, 1878.—Henry Parker: The Catacombs of Rome. Oxford, Parker, 1877.

[142] See Cod. Theodos. index. 17, 2.

[143] On the subject of the Jewish colony in Rome, see:—Emmanuel Rodocanachi: Le saint-siège et les Juifs: le Ghetto a Rome. Paris, Didot, 1891.—A. Bertolotti: Les Juifs à Rome. Revue des études juives, 1881, fasc. 4.—Raffaele Garrucci: Cimiterio degli antichi Ebrei. Roma, 1862.—Pietro Manfrin: Gli Ebrei sotto la dominazione romana. Roma, 1888-1890.—Ettore Natali: Il Ghetto di Roma. Roma, 1887.—Perreau: Education et culture des Israelites en Italie au moyen âge. Corfou, 1885.

[144] This "poster," painted in red letters, which is now in the Museo Nazionale, Naples, was published by Zangemeister in vol. iv., p. 13, n. 117, of the Corpus inscriptionum latinarum.—Prof. Mommsen, in the Rheinisches Museum, xindex. (1864), p. 456, contradicts the opinion of de Rossi as regards the religious persuasion of this Fabius Eupor (Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1864, pp. 70, 92).

[145] See Champagny: Rome et la Judée, p. 31, of the first edition.

[146] See Suetonius, Domitian, chap. 92; Dion Cassius, lxvii. 13.

[147] See Pliny, Epistolæ, x. 67.

[148] See de Rossi: Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1868, p. 19.

[149] See Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1867, p. 76.

[150] See Atti dell' Accademia dei Nuovi Lincei, sessione 6 maggio, 1860.

[151] Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1863, p. 75.

[152] ... passim corpora condens
Plurima sanctorum subter hæc mœnia ponit.

[153] The attention of learned men had been directed towards Christian underground Rome just ten years before this event, by the publication of Panvinio's pamphlet De cæmeteriis urbis Romæ, 1566.

[154] Ad ann. 575; 130, 226.

[155] See Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1865, p. 36.

[156] See Fea: Miscellanea, vol. i., pp. 238, 245, etc.

[157] It is now in the Vatican Library. A good engraving is to be found in Buonarroti's Osservazioni sui medaglioni, p. 497.

[158] Historiar., iii. 65.

[159] Historiæ, iii. 65.

[160] The name Ampliatus belongs to servants and freedmen; it was never used by men of rank, whether pagans or Christians.

[161] Baronius ad Martyr. 31 October.

[162] See Renan's St. Paul, lxvii.

[163] Orazio Marucchi: Di un ipogeo scoperto nel cimitero di S. Sebastiano. Roma, 1879; Un antico busto del Salvatore, etc., in the Mélanges de l'Ecole française, 1888, p. 403.—Pietro d' Achille: Il sepolcro di S. Pietro. Roma, 1867.—Giovanni B. Lugari: Le catacombe ossia il sepolcro apostolico dell' Appia. Roma, 1888.—De Rossi: Roma sotterranea cristiana, vol. iii., p. 427; Il sepolcro degli Uranii cristiani a S. Sebastiano, in the Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1886, p. 24.—Pietro Marchi: Monumenti primitivi delle arti cristiane, p. 212, tav. xxxindex-xli.

[164] Inscriptiones Christianæ, vol. ii. 32, 77.

[165] Represented in plate index. of the Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome, 1888.

[166] This is also illustrated by Martigny: Dictionnaire, 2d ed. p. 586.—Kraus: Realencyclopädie, ii. p. 580.—Northcote and Brownlow: Roma Sotterranea. London, 1879. (ii. p. 29.)—Roller: Catacombes, planche i., xl. n. 2.—Garrucci: Arte cristiana, tav. 428, 5.—Duchesne: Bullettino critique, Décembre, 1882, p. 288.—De Rossi: Bullettino comunale, 1889, p. 131, tav. v., vi.

[167] See:—Giovanni Marangoni: Istoria dell' oratorio appellato Sancta Sanctorum. Roma, 1747.—Gaspare Bambi: Memorie sacre della cappella di Sancta Sanctorum. Roma, 1775.—Giuseppe Soresini: Dell' immagine del SS. Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum. Roma, 1675.—Benedetto Millini: Oratorio di S. Lorenzo ad Sancta Sanctorum. Roma, 1616.—Raffaele Garrucci: Storia dell' arte cristiana, vol. i. p. 408.—Rohault de Fleury: Le Latran.

[168] A pious but unfounded tradition identifies this picture of Edessa with the one preserved in Genoa, in the church of S. Bartolomeo degli Armeni.

[169] On the subject of the Paneas group see:—André Peraté: Note sur le groupe de Paneas, in Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome, 1885, p. 302.—Raoul-Rochette: Discours sur les types imitatifs qui constituent l'art du Christianisme, 1834.—Bayet: Recherches pour servir à l'histoire de la peinture en Orient, p. 29.—Orazio Marucchi: Di un busto del Salvatore, etc., in the Mélanges, 1888, p. 403.—Eusebius: H.E. VII., 185, edition Teubner, p. 315.—Grimouard de St. Laurent: Guide de l'art Chrétien, ii. p. 215.

[170] See:—Bossio: Roma sotterranea, p. 591, D.—Bruder: Die heiligen Martyren Marcellinus und Petrus. Mainz, 1878.—De Rossi: Bullettino di archeologia cristiana. 1882, p. 111.—Wilpert: Ein Cyclus christologischer Gemälde aus der Katacombe der heiligen Petrus und Marcellinus. Freiburg, 1891.

[171] See Becker: Gallus, p. 4.

[172] See Ancient Rome, p. 10.

[173] Giacomo Lombroso: Gli accademici nelle catacombe, in the Archivio della società romana di storia patria, 1889, p. 219.

[174] Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1890, p. 81.—See also: de Nollae: Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome, 1866, p. 165.

[175] The house of Pomponius and the seat of the Academy was not on the Esquiline, but on the Quirinal, on the area of the Baths of Constantine, opposite the gate of the Colonna Gardens. The mistake in the name of the hill must be attributed to Pomponius himself, who had written on the door of the house:—POMPONI · LÆTI · ET · SOCIETATIS · ESCVVILINAI. After the reform of the statutes, another sign, less classic in style, was put up: SOCIETAS-LITERATORUM-S-VICTORIS-IN-ESQUILIIS.

[176] The Temple of Fortune in Rome was dedicated on this very day. See Mommsen, in the Corpus inscriptionum latinarum, vol. i. p. 392.