Footnotes
[1.]Ann. iii. 55; xvi. 5; cf. Suet. Vesp. ix. xii.[2.]Suet. Vesp. ii. quare princeps quoque et locum incunabulorum assidue frequentavit, manente villa, qualis fuerat olim, etc.[3.]Tac. Ann. xv. 23; xvi. 21, 34; Agric. 2, 45; Plin. Ep. iii. 16, § 10; vii. 19, § 3; iii. 11, § 3; ix. 13, § 3.[4.]Tac. Ann. xiv. 60.[5.]Tac. Ann. iv. 6; i. 80; xiii. 50, 51; xi. 24; Suet. Nero, x.; Dom. viii.; cf. Merivale, vii. 385; Renan, Apôtres, p. 308 sqq; Gréard, Morale de Plut. p. 200.[6.]Suet. Vitell. v.; Otho, iii. provinciam administravit moderatione atque abstinentia singulari.[7.]Sen. Ep. 47; De Ira, i. 5; iii. 24; De Benef. iv. 11, § 3; De Brev. Vit. xiii. § 7; Plin. Ep. iv. 22; Juv. xiv. 15 sqq.; xv. 131; D. Cass. lxvi. 15; Or. Henz. Inscr. Lat. 7244, Bene fac, hoc tecum feres; Denis, Hist. des Idées Morales, ii. 156, 172, 181.[8.]Sid. Apoll. Ep. viii. 6, § 5.[9.]Or. Henz. iii. Ind. p. 27 sq.[10.]Apul. Apol. c. 55, sacrorum pleraque initia in Graecia participavi, et plurimos ritus ... didici; Lamprid. Alex. Sev. c. 29, 43.[11.]Max. Tyr. Diss. viii.; xi. § 3; xvii.; D. Chrys. Or. xii. § 83.[12.]Renan, Les Évangiles, p. 382.[13.]Friedl. Sittengesch. iv. 420; Denis, Idées Morales, ii. 200 sqq.; Renan, M. Aurèle, p. 24 sqq.[14.]Luc. Som. 32; Traj. 15; Charon, 15, 20; Tim. 14, 36; M. Aurel. v. 10, 33: ix. 29; 34; x. 19: cf. Sen. De Ira, ii. 8; Ad Marc. ii. 17, 20, 22; Petron. Sat. 88.[15.]Ep. 108, § 22; cf. Suet. Tib. lxi. nullus a poena hominum cessavit dies.[16.]Suet. Tib. 61; Tac. Ann. iv. 34.[17.]D. Cass. lix. 19; Suet. Calig. 53.[18.]Nec. Inj. xviii.; cf. Suet. Calig. 50; Sen. De Ira, i. 20; iii. 18; De Tranq. xiv.; Ad Polyb. xiii. xvii.; Ad Helv. x. 4; De Benef. iv. 31.[19.]Sen. De Ira, ii. 33.[20.]Tac. Ann. xii. 8; D. Cass. 60. 8; 61. 10; Sen. Ad Polyb. 13. 2; Ad Helv. 15. 2.[21.]For the worst charges v. D. Cass. lxii. 2; lxi. 10; Tac. Ann. 13. 13.[22.]D. Cass. l.c.; Tac. Ann. 13. 42. But cf. Seneca’s reply, Tac. Ann. 14. 53, and 15. 62.[23.]Tac. Ann. 15. 65.[24.]Sen. Frag. 108.[25.]Sen. De Tranq. x. 6.[26.]Sen. Ep. i. 18; Tac. Ann. 14. 52.[27.]Ep. 70, § 14; 88, § 17; Ep. 77; De Ira, iii. 15; Ad Helv. 5, § 4.[28.]Mart. vii. 27, 11; Juv. xi. 4; Sen. Dial. 1, 5, 4; De Benef. vii. 22, 2; Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 281.[29.]Sen. De Ira, ii. 33; De Tranq. xii. 7.[30.]Sen. Ep. 97, § 2; Sen. De Benef. i. 10, § 1. Cf. De Ira, ii. 8; Ep. 95, § 20; Ep. 115, § 10.[31.]Sen. Ep. 90, § 42.[32.]Ep. 90, § 40.[33.]Ib. 90, § 38.[34.]Ib. 90, § 5, § 36, avaritia atque luxuria dissociavere mortales.[35.]Ib. 90, § 12.[36.]Sen. Ep. 90, § 19.[37.]De Brev. Vit. xvi. tarde ire horas queruntur; Ep. 77; Ep. 104, § 15.[38.]Ep. 115, § 10; De Ira, iii. 33; Ep. 60; Ep. 74.[39.]Ad Polyb. vi. 5, magna servitus est magna fortuna.[40.]De Ira, ii. 8.[41.]De Ira, ii. 33.[42.]Ib. iii. 35, deinde idem de republica libertatem sublatam quereris quam domi sustulisti.[43.]Ib. iii. 24, 32; Petron. Sat. 49, 53; Sen. Ep. 47, § 10; Juv. vi. 490; Sen. De Clem. i. 18.[44.]Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 353; Marq. Priv. i. 142; Wallon, L’Escl. dans l’Ant. ii. 146.[45.]Sen. De Brev. V. xiii.[46.]Ib. xvi. transilire dies volunt.[47.]Id. Ep. 104, § 15; 89, § 20; Ep. 28.[48.]Id. De Tranq. xii. § 7.[49.]Mart. ii. 7, 8 (v. note on the word in Friedländer’s ed.); iv. 78.[50.]Sen. Ep. i. 9; cf. Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 271.[51.]Juv. xi. 4; Mart. vii. 97; Quintil. vi. 3, 105; Sen. De Tranq. xii. § 7; De Ben. vii. 22, 2; De Prov. i. 5, 4; Boissier, L’Opp. p. 201 sqq.[52.]Ad Marc. xx.; De Tranq. x.; Ep. 94 ad fin.; Ep. 70.[53.]Ep. 90, § 43, at vos ad omnem tectorum pavetis sonum et inter picturas vestras, si quid increpuit, fugitis attoniti.[54.]Ep. 70, § 14; Ep. 88, § 17, malis paratus sum; Ep. 24, § 11; Ad Polyb. ix. nullus portus nisi mortis; Ad Marc. xx. mors quae efficit ut nasci non supplicium sit.[55.]Ad Marc. x.[56.]Ad Polyb. vi.[57.]Ad Marc. xxii. § 3.[58.]Ad Polyb. ix.; Ep. 77; Ad Marc. xxi. § 7.[59.]Ep. 108, § 17. He adopted the Pythagorean discipline under the influence of Sotion, a pupil of Sextius, but gave it up on the proscription of suspected rites in the reign of Tiberius, cf. Suet. Tib. 36; cf. Zeller, Die Phil. der Gr. iii. 1, 605.[60.]D. Cass. 62. 2; 61. 10. Zeller, iii. 1, 641, n. 1.[61.]D. Cass. l.c.[62.]Tac. Ann. xv. 55.[63.]Suet. Vesp. 15.[64.]Sen. Ep. 73, § 3.[65.]Ib. 103, § 4.[66.]De Clem. i. 19; Plin. Paneg. i. 72; D. Chrys. Or. ii. § 77; iii. § 39; 70 sqq.[67.]Suet. Dom. 23; Nero, 57; cf. Tac. Hist. i. 7, ipsa aetas Galbae irrisui ac fastidio erat adsuetis juventae Neronis et imperatores forma ac decore corporis ... comparantibus.[68.]Suet. Calig. 50; cf. Sen. Nec. Inj. 18; De Ira, i. 20; ii. 33; iii. 18; De Ben. ii. 12, 21.[69.]Suet. Calig. 38.[70.]Id. Nero, 6.[71.]De Clem. i. 1, § 2, electusque sum qui in terris deorum vice fungerer.[72.]Ib. i. § 5.[73.]Ib. i. 4, 1, ille vinculum per quod respublica cohaeret, ille spiritus vitalis.[74.]Ib. i. 17, 1.[75.]Ib. i. 7, 2.[76.]De Clem. i. 12.[77.]Ib. i. 13, 2, scelera enim sceleribus tuenda sunt.[78.]Renan, L’Antéchr. p. 125.[79.]De Clem. i. 1, § 2, egone ex omnibus mortalibus placui electusque sum qui in terris deorum vice fungerer?[80.]Suet. Nero, c. 4.[81.]Ib. c. 5.[82.]Sen. De Clem. i. 1, § 5.[83.]Suet. Nero, c. 15; cf. Dom. c. viii.[84.]Nero, c. 16.[85.]Ib. c. 12, instituit et quinquennale certamen primus omnium Romae more Graeco triplex, etc.[86.]Ib. c. 20; 53; Renan, L’Antéchr. p. 132.[87.]Suet. Nero, c. 39.[88.]Ib. c. 50.[89.]Renan, L’Antéchr. p. 316.[90.]Suet. Nero, c. 49; Renan, L’Antéchr. 130. sqq.[91.]Suet. Nero, c. 24, 49, 52, 55; Tac. Ann. xiv. 16; cf. Macé, Suétone, p. 179; Boissier, L’Opp. p. 265.[92.]Suet. Nero, c. 53, c. 20, cf. c. 24.[93.]Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. iv. 36, 39; Tac. Ann. xiv. 15, 16; xv. 67, odisse coepi postquam parricida matris et uxoris, auriga et histrio et incendiarius extitisti; Suet. Nero, c. 21; D. Cass. 63. 9, 10.[94.]Suet. Nero, c. 23.[95.]Ib. c. 32.[96.]Merivale, viii. p. 70 sq.; Schiller, Gesch. der Röm. Kaiserzeit, i. p. 467.[97.]Petron. Sat. 8, where the decay of artistic sense is traced to the grossness of evil living; at nos vino scortisque demersi ne paratas quidem artes audemus cognoscere.[98.]Suet. Nero, c. 11, 12.[99.]Tac. Ann. 15. 42.[100.]Ib. 16. 1; Suet. Nero, 31.[101.]Ib. 16, 31.[102.]Ib. c. 31; cf. Otho, 7.[103.]Suet. Nero, c. 40.[104.]Ib. c. 29 ad fin.[105.]Ib. c. 32; D. Cass. 63. 17.[106.]Suet. Nero, c. 56.[107.]Suet. Nero, c. 32; D. Cass. 63. 11.[108.]Tac. Agric. c. 3, sic ingenia studiaque oppresseris facilius quam revocaveris.[109.]Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 53 sqq.[110.]Seneca died in 65 A.D. The Histories of Tacitus were published circ. 106-107; cf. Plin. Ep. vii. 20; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 42.[111.]Tacitus was born about 55 A.D. (Peter, ii. 43; Macé, Suétone, p. 35, 81; Momms. Plin. p. 51). He was, perhaps, fifteen years older than Suetonius, and seven years older than Pliny.[112.]Plin. Ep. i. 6, 20; iv. 13; vi. 9, 16, 20; vii. 20, 33; viii. 7; ix. 10, 14.[113.]Hist. i. 1; Ann. xi. 11. This latter important passage fixes the date of his praetorship, 88 A.D.; cf. Teuffel, ii. p. 165 n. 6; Peter, ii. 43.[114.]Agric. c. 45.[115.]Hist. i. 1, sed incorruptam fidem professis, neque amore quisquam et sine odio dicendus est; Nipperdey, Einl. xxvi.[116.]Merivale, viii. 84, Schiller, Gesch. der Röm. Kaiserzeit, i. 140, 586. According to Schiller, Tacitus has no research, no exactness of military or geographical knowledge, no true conception of the time. He is an embittered aristocrat and rhetorician. For a sounder estimate v. Peter, ii. 43, 60, 63; Nipperdey, Einl. xxv. For the influence on the work of Suetonius of the Senatorial tradition, v. Macé, Suétone, p. 84; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 69.[117.]Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 66.[118.]Merivale, viii. 95 sqq.[119.]Peter, ii. 46 sqq.[120.]Ib. ii. 188, 200.[121.]His father was probably a Roman Eques, procurator in Belgium; Plin. H. N. vii. 16, 76.[122.]Macé, Suétone, p. 83, Peter, ii. 69 sqq.[123.]Tac. Ann. i. 7; xv. 71; Agr. 45; Peter, ii. 62.[124.]Ann. xiv. 12, 57; Hist. iv. 6; Agr. 42; Peter, ii. 47.[125.]Agr. 42.[126.]Ann. iii. 65, praecipuum munus annalium reor, ne virtutes sileantur, utque pravis dictis factisque ex posteritate et infamia metus sit; cf. Peter, ii. 46; Nipperdey, Einl. xxvi.[127.]Tac. Ann. i. 39, 41.[128.]Ib. c. 61, 62.[129.]Hist. ii. 49.[130.]Ann. ii. 82.[131.]Hist. iii. 72.[132.]Ib. iii. 83.[133.]Agr. 32.[134.]Germ. 17, 19, 20, 23, 25.[135.]Germ. 33, ad fin.[136.]Hist. i. 3; ii. 38; iii. 72; Peter, ii. 62. Yet this should be qualified by such passages as Ann. iii. 55; Agr. i.; cf. Nipperdey, Einl. xxvii.[137.] Ann. iii. 65.[138.]Ib. iii. 26.[139.]M. Aurel. ix. 29, 34; x. 19.[140.]Tac. Ann. iii. 55; M. Aurel. vii. 1; ix. 4; x. 23; ix. 28.[141.]Agr. 3.[142.]Plin. Paneg. 35, 53, 54, 66; cf. Tac. Hist. i. 1.[143.]Hist. i. 1, omnem potentiam ad unum conferri pacis interfuit; cf. Hist. i. 16; ii. 38.[144.]Ann. xiv. 47; Hist. iv. 8, bonos imperatores voto expetere, qualescumque tolerare.[145.]Ann. xv. 46; vi. 42; iv. 33; iii. 27; Hist. ii. 38.[146.]Peter, ii. 53; Ann. vi. 42.[147.]Hist. i. 16; Peter, ii. 61.[148.]Tac. Agr. i.[149.]Peter, ii. 48.[150.]Tac. Ann. i. 76; quanquam vili sanguine nimis gaudens. Cf. Dial. de Or. 29; Plin. Ep. vi. 34, 1.[151.]Ann. xiv. 43; Germ. 20.[152.]Germ. 33. Cf. his contempt for the Christians and devotees of Eastern cults, Ann. ii. 85; xv. 44.[153.]Ann. i. 53; iv. 3; iii. 39: vi. 29; xii. 12; iii. 24; xvi. 16. Cf. Peter, ii. 51.[154.]Ann. xiv. 14.[155.]Ann. ii. 21; vi. 27; iv. 3.[156.]De Or. 29.[157.]Agr. 4.[158.]Germ. 19, saepta pudicitia agunt, nullis spectaculorum inlecebris ... corruptae; De Or. 29.[159.]Hist. iii. 37; Ann. i. 7; xv. 57, 71.[160.]Agr. 22.[161.]Ib. 40.[162.]Ann. xv. 60.[163.]Ib. xv. 57.[164.]Ib. xiv. 60.[165.]Ann. xv. 71.[166.]Hist. i. 2.[167.]Agr. 4, memoria teneo solitum ipsum narrare se studium philosophiae acrius, ultra quam concessum Romano ac Senatori, exhausisse. Cf. Fabian, Quid Tac. de num. Div. judicaverit, p. 1.[168.]Hist. v. 5; Nipperdey, Einl. xiv.[169.]Hist. i. 22; ii. 78; i. 86. But cf. Ann. xii. 43, 64; xiv. 32; xv. 8; Hist. i. 3; ii. 50; and Fabian, pp. 17, 19.[170.]Ann. iv. 20; cf. vi. 22.[171.]Hist. ii. 38.[172.]Ann. xiv. 12; Fabian, p. 23.[173.]Ann. xvi. 33, aequitate deum erga bona malaque documenta.[174.]Ann. iii. 55; cf. xvi. 5.[175.]Friedl. Sittengesch. iii. pp. 80, 81.[176.]Plin. Paneg. 45; Claudian, In Cons. Hon. 299, componitur orbis Regis ad exemplum.[177.]Suet. De Clar. Rhet. c. 1.[178.]Id. Nero, 21; Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. iv. 39.[179.]Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 54.[180.]Suet. Calig. 37; Sen. Ad Helv. x.[181.]Suet. Calig. 37.[182.]Suet. Nero, c. 30.[183.]Ib. c. 27.[184.]Ib. c. 30.[185.]Ib. c. 31; Tac. Ann. xv. 42.[186.]Suet. Otho, 5, nihilque referre, ab hoste in acie, an in foro sub creditoribus caderet.[187.]Id. Vitell. c. 13.[188.]Id. Vesp. 16; D. Cass. 66. 2, 8, 10.[189.]D. Cass. 67. 5; Suet. Dom. 12.[190.]D. Cass. 68. 2, συστέλλων ὡς οἷόν τε τὰ δαπανήματα.[191.]Capitol. M. Aurel. c. 17, in foro divi Trajani auctionem ornamentorum imperialium fecit vendiditque aurea pocula et cristallina, etc.[192.]Suet. Dom. iii.[193.]Suet. Otho, iii.; Vitell. v.; Dom. viii.; Boissier, L’Opp. p. 170.[194.]Tac. Ann. i. 72; ii. 50; xiv. 48. For a clear account of this v. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 165.[195.]Suet. Dom. x.; cf. xii. satis erat obici qualecunque factum dictumve adversus majestatem principis.[196.]Ib. xii.[197.]Tac. Ann. xi. 27; xiii. 6, in urbe sermonum avida; Hist. ii. 91; Mart. v. 20; Friedl. Sittengesch. i. p. 280.[198.]D. Cass. 52. 37.[199.]Mart x. 48, 21; cf. Friedl. Chronologie der Epigr. Mart. p. 62; Friedl. Sittengesch. i. p. 285; Epict. Diss. iv. 13, 21, 5; Aristid. Or. ix. 62.[200.]Tac. Ann. iv. 69.[201.]Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. vii. 24.[202.]Tac. Ann. i. 72, 74, Crispinus formam vitae iniit quam postea celebrem miseriae temporum et audaciae hominum fecerunt, etc.; cf. iii. 25; Sen. De Ben. iii. 26; Suet. Tib. lxi.[203.]Tac. Ann. iv. 20.[204.]Suet. Dom. xx. praeter commentarios et acta Tiberii nihil lectitabat; Plin. Paneg. 42, 48.[205.]Suet. Dom. xv.[206.]Tac. Hist. ii. 10; Plin. Paneg. 35; D. Cass. 68. 1; Jul. Capitol. Ant. P. c. 7; id. M. Aurel. c. 11; Meriv. vii. 370.[207.]Tac. Ann. xv. 34; iii. 66; Hist. iv. 42.[208.]Schol. ad Juv. iv. 53; Duruy, iv. 660.[209.]Tac. Ann. iv. 20.[210.]Ib. xvi. 33; Boissier, L’Opp. p. 186.[211.]Plin. Ep. ii. 20, 13; iv. 2; cf. Tac. Hist. iv. 42; Mart. vii. 31.[212.]Boissier, L’Opp. p. 193.[213.]Plin. Ep. ii. 11, 22.[214.]Ib. iv. 7; i. 20, 15.[215.]Ib. ii. 11, 22; ii. 20.[216.]Plin. Ep. ii. 20, 2.[217.]Ib. iv. 7.[218.]E.g. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 296; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. p. 65: Teuffel, § 328, 15; Mackail, Lat. Lit. p. 215.[219.]Schiller, i. pp. 140, 586; Meriv. viii. 89 sqq.[220.]Suet. Claud. x.; Calig. lx.; D. Cass. 60. 1. On the assassination of Caligula, the Senate debated the question of abolishing the memory of the Caesars, and restoring the Republic; but the mob outside the temple of the Capitoline Jupiter demanded “one ruler” of the world.[221.]Tac. Ann. xi. 25; xiii. 27.[222.]Suet. Calig. xxx.; xxvi.; Nero, xxxvii. eumque ordinem sublaturum quandoque e republica...; cf. xliii. creditur destinasse senatum universum veneno per convivia necare.... D. Cass. 63. 15, 17.[223.]Plin. Paneg. 54, 62, 64; Spart. Hadrian, 6, 7, § 4; 8, § 6.[224.]Suet. Claud. x.[225.]D. Cass. 66. 16; Suet. Vesp. xxv.[226.]See the speech of the dying Hadrian to the Senators, D. Cass. 69. 20.[227.]Boissier, L’Opp. 102.[228.]Tac. Ann. xvi. 21; xv. 23; xiv. 48, id egregio sub principe ... senatui statuendum disseruit.[229.]Suet. Vesp. xv.; cf. xiii., where Demetrius is guilty of similar rudeness; D. Cass. 66. 12.[230.]Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. v. 35.[231.]Ib. vii. 3, 4.[232.]Ib. vii. 8, 33; cf. D. Cass. 67. 18.[233.]Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. vii. 9.[234.]D. Cass. 66. 12, βασιλείας τε ἀεὶ κατηγόρει καὶ δημοκρατίαν ἐπῄνει.[235.]Suet. Dom. xxi.[236.]D. Cass. 66. 16.[237.]D. Cass. 68. 3.[238.]Spart. Hadr. 7, § 15.[239.]Jul. Capitol. M. Ant. 24, 25.[240.]Momms. Staatsr. ii. 787-821; Professor Pelham has given a luminous account of the Principate in Encycl. Brit. vol. xx. p. 769.[241.]Suet. Octav. xxviii.[242.]Tac. Ann. i. 15.[243.]Suet. Claud. x.; D. Cass. 60. 1; where the soldiers plainly close the impotent debates in the Senate, and by hailing Claudius as emperor.[244.]Momms. Röm. Staatsr. ii. 839.[245.]v. Pelham, Encycl. Brit. xx. p. 779.[246.]Suet. Calig. xxix.[247.]D. Cass. 59. 24.[248.]Ib. 56. 1; Tac. Ann. vi. 13; Suet. Dom. xiii.; Plut. Galba, 17.[249.]Plin. Paneg. 43, 44, 35.[250.]Ib. 24, 62, 63, 66.[251.]Ib. 80.[252.]Ib. 62, 63, 64.[253.]Ib. 66.[254.]Ib. 72.[255.]Ib. 64.[256.]Plin. Paneg. 69.[257.]Tac. Ann. xiii. 1; xiv. 52; xv. 48.[258.]D. Cass. 63.17, πᾶσι γὰρ παρ’ αὐτῷ δημόσιον ἔγκλημα ἦν ἀρετή τε καὶ πλοῦτος καὶ γένος: Tac. Hist. ii. 76.[259.]Tac. Ann. ii. 32; xii. 52; D. Cass. 49. 43; D. Cass. 66. 10, 9; Suet Tib. lxiii.[260.]Suet. Tib. xiv. lxix.[261.]Tac. Ann. xii. 52.[262.]Suet. Nero, xxxvi.[263.]Id. Otho, iv.[264.]Id. Vitell. xiv.[265.]Ib. ne Vitellius Germanicus intra eundem kalendarum diem usquam esset.[266.]D. Cass. 66. 10, 9.[267.]Suet. Dom. xv.[268.]Tac. Hist. i. 2.[269.]Tac. Ann. xiv. 64.[270.]Ib. xiv. 10, 12.[271.]Ib. xiv. 10; Suet. Nero, xxxiv.[272.]Tac. Ann. xv. 48.[273.]Ib. xv. 57.[274.]Ib. xv. 54.[275.]Ib. xv. 70; probably Lucan, Phars. iii. 638.[276.]Tac. Ann. xv. 71.[277.]Ib. xv. 73.[278.]Ib. xv. 68, 69.[279.]Plin. Ep. iii. 16; Tac. Ann. xv. 63.[280.]Tac. Ann. xiv. 60.[281.]Tac. Ann. xiv. 22, 57.[282.]Ib. xvi. 10.[283.]Ib. xvi. 11.[284.]Ib. xv. 60.[285.]Ib. xiv. 61.[286.]Ib. xiv. 42, senatusque obsessus in quo ipso erant studia nimiam severitatem aspernantium.[287.]Ib. xv. 67.[288.]Tac. Hist. ii. 49.[289.]Ib. iii. 84.[290.]Ib. i. 88, segnis et oblita bellorum nobilitas, etc.[291.]Ib. i. 88.[292.]Ib. iii. 37, nulla in oratione cujusquam erga Flavianos duces obtrectatio; cf. i. 90; of the Acta of the Arval College, C.I.L. vi. 2051 sq.[293.]Ib. iv. 3.[294.]Suet. Nero, x.; Vesp. xvii.; Spart. Hadr. 7, § 9.[295.]Juv. i. 100.[296.]Tac. Ann. xiii. 34.[297.]Ib. ii. 37, 38.[298.]Tac. Hist. i. 35.[299.]Sen. De Ira, ii. 33; cf. iii. 19.[300.]Tac. Ann. xiv. 58.[301.]Suet. Nero, xxxvii.[302.]Tac. Ann. xiv. 14; Juv. viii. 193; Suet. Calig. xviii. xxx.; D. Cass. lix. 10.[303.]Suet. Calig. xxvii.[304.]Sen. De Ira, ii. 33.[305.]Tac. Ann. xiii. 12; xvi. 18; Suet. Vitell. iv.[306.]Renan, Les Év. p. 140. Some of their anonymous sneers may be traced in Suet. Vesp. xvi. xxiii. xiv.; cf. Duruy, iv. 653.[307.]D. Cass. 66. 16, ἐπεβουλεύθη μὲν ὑπό τε τοῦ Ἀλιηνοῦ καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ Μαρκέλλου. Cf. Suet. Vesp. xiv.; Macé, Suétone, p. 86.[308.]Cf. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 169 sqq.; Bury, Rom. Emp. p. 395.[309.]On the sources of the history of the Flavians, v. Krause, De C. Sueton. Tranq. Fontibus; Macé, Suétone, p. 364, 376; Peter, Gesch. Litt. d. Kaiserzeit, ii. 69, 70. For the senatorial attitude to Domitian, v. Plin. Paneg. 48; Tac. Agr. 3, 41, 42, 45; Hist. iv. 51; iv. 2; Suet. Dom. xxiii.[310.]Nagel, Imp. T. Flav. Domitianus iniquius dijudicatus.[311.]Meriv. vii. 356.[312.]Suet. Dom. viii.[313.]Tac. Agr. 39; cf. 41, tot exercitus in Moesia ... amissi. D. Cass. 67. 4, 7; cf. Stat. Silv. iv. 3, 153; Mart. ix. 102; vii. 80, 91, 95; Meriv. vii. 347.[314.]Tac. Agr. 39.[315.]Quintil. iv., prooem. 2; Statius, Silvae, iv. 2, 13; iii. 1, 1; Mart. ii. 91; iv. 27, iii. 95. For the flattery of Martial, v. esp. v. 19, 6; ix. 4; Spectac. 33.[316.]Suet. Dom. iv.[317.]Ib. xx.[318.]Ib. vii.; Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. vi. 42; Vit. Soph. i. 12.[319.]Pliny was probably Quaestor in 90 A.D.; Trib. Pleb. 92; Praetor 93. Cf. Momms. (Morel) p. 61. Tacitus says, Hist. i. 1, dignitatem a Domitiano (81-96) longius provectam non abnuerim. From Ann. xi. 11 it appears that he was Praetor in 88. Cf. Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 43.[320.]Duruy, iv. 697 n.[321.]Silv. iii. 4, 37.[322.]Meriv. vii. 354.[323.]D. Cass. 67. 14; Suet. Dom. xiv.[324.]Mart. iv. 63; vi. 21, crudelis nullaque invisior umbra.[325.]Suet. Dom. xxiii.[326.]Suet. Dom. x.[327.]Renan, Les Évang. p. 291, Domitien, comme tous les souverains hypocrites, se montraite sévère conservateur.[328.]Suet. Dom. xiii.[329.]Mart. viii. 65.[330.]Suet. Dom. xiii.; Mart. v. 8, 1 (v. Friedländer’s note), vii. 2 and 34; viii. 2, 6; Stat. Silv. v. 1, 37; Meriv. vii. 375.[331.]Suet. Dom. v.; Gregorov. Gesch. St. Rom. i. 41.[332.]Rutil. Namat. i. 93.[333.]Suet. Dom. v. ad fin.; iv.[334.]D. Cass. 67. 8.[335.]Suet. Dom. xii.[336.]Pliny, Paneg. 50.[337.]Dion Cass. 67. 4, τιμητὴς δὲ διὰ βίου πρῶτος δὲ καὶ μόνος καὶ ἰδιωτῶν καὶ αὐτοκρατόρων ἐχειροτονήθη: Momms. Röm. St. ii. 1012.[338.]D. Cass. 67. 11.[339.]Agr. 45.[340.]Suet. Dom. xiv. parietes phengite lapide distinxit.[341.]Ib. xvi.[342.]D. Cass. 67. 9.[343.]Ib. 67. 4.[344.]Tacitus b. probably 55 A.D. Dial. de Or. 1, juvenis admodum in 75 or 76; cf. Agr. 9. He was betrothed in 77 A.D.; cf. Meriv. viii. 92; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 43; Nipperdey, Einl. iv. Juvenal b. circ. 55 A.D. (Peter, ii. 77); decessit longo senio confectus exul Ant. Pio imp. Vit. iv.; Teuffel, § 326, 1.[345.]Nettleship, Lectures and Essays, pp. 118 sqq.[346.]Or. Henz. 5599, IIVir. Quinq. Flamen Divi Vespasiani.[347.]Boissier, L’Opp. p. 316.[348.]Juv. xi. 74, 150; cf. xiv. 322.[349.]Mart. xii. 18.[350.]Juv. v. 30 sqq.; cf. Mart. iii. 49; iii. 60.[351.]Juv. i. 52; Mart. x. 4; iv. 49.[352.]Juv. vi. 43: v. 30 sqq.; ix. 10 sqq.; xi. 186.[353.]It has been remarked that Martial’s Epigrams on Juvenal all contain some obscenity, vii. 24; vii. 91, xii. 18.[354.]Teuffel, § 326, 4; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 77; Nettleship, Lectures and Essays, p. 122, brings together the indications of date from 96-127 A.D. He thinks that perhaps some of the earlier Satires belong to the last years of Domitian, and that the words, spes et ratio studiorum in Caesare tantum, in Sat. vii., may refer to that Emperor (p. 132).[355.]Juv. i. 170.[356.]Marius Priscus, Isaeus, Archigenes.[357.]See a comparison of passages in Nettleship, pp. 125 sqq.[358.]He says of himself, i. 5, 8, lasciva est nobis pagina, vita proba est; cf. iii. 68; v. 2; Ausonius urges the same plea, cf. Idyll. xiii. Pliny finds a long series of examples to warrant his indulgence in loose verses, Ep. iv. 14; cf. v. 3. It was a bad tradition of literature; cf. Nettleship, Lectures and Essays, p. 39.[359.]i. 14; iv. 13, 75.[360.]v. 34, 37; x. 61.[361.]i. 79; vii. 52.[362.]iii. 58; i. 56; ii. 38; cf. iii. 38.[363.]iii. 58.[364.]i. 50; iv. 55; xii. 18.[365.]Especially Sat. xi. xiii. xiv. xv.; cf. Munding, Über die Sat. Juv. p. 12.[366.]v. Bk. ii. c. 3 of this work. M. Boissier has thrown a vivid light on this class in his Rel. Rom. iii. 3.[367.]Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 198; Nettleship, Lectures and Essays p. 136.[368.]xiii. 120; ii. 1 sqq.; cf. Mart. ix. 48.[369.]He refers, however, with respect to Seneca, viii. 212.[370.]viii. 90 sqq.; cf. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 332.[371.]Juv. xv. 131; cf. Sen. De Ira, i. 5; ii. 10, 25; iii. 24.[372.]Juv. xiii. 190.[373.]xiii. 208, nam scelus intra se tacitum qui cogitat ullum Facti crimen habet.[374.]xiv. 30; Tac. De Or. 28, 29.[375.]xi. 153.[376.]vi. 510.[377.]xiii. 39.[378.]xiii. 208.[379.]Juv. i. 87, 147; x. 172 cf. Sen. Nat. Q. vii. 31; De Ira, ii. 8 sq.[380.]e.g. the picture of Otho, ii. 99; of Messalina, vi. 114; Lateranus, viii. 146; Sejanus, x. 56; Cicero, etc., viii. 231.[381.]Tac. Hist. ii. 64; cf. Plin. Ep. iv. 19; iii. 16; D. Cass. 68. 5; Sen. ad Helv. xiv.[382.]Juv. xi. 109; iii. 152, 183.[383.]xi. 78.[384.]Tac. Ann. iii. 55; Sen. Ad Helv. x. 3; Ep. 89, § 22.[385.]Statius, Silv. v. 36; ii. 85.[386.]Petron. c. 60; Sen. Ep. 95, § 9; Friedl. Sittengesch. iii. p. 67.[387.]Plin. H. N. vi. 26; ix. 58; xii. 41. Cf. Friedl. iii. p. 80; Marq. Röm. St. ii. 53.[388.]Suet. Nero, xxx. putabat sordidos ac parcos esse quibus ratio impensarum constaret, etc.[389.]Sen. Ep. 87, § 4; Suet. Tib. xxxv.; Friedl. i. 196.[390.]Liv. xxxiv. 1; Tac. Ann. iii. 53, 54.[391.]Liv. xxxiv. 6, 7; Marq. Priv. i. 62, 162; Momms. R. Hist. ii. 409.[392.]Momms. R. Hist. iii. 417.[393.]Ib. 418; cf. Plin. H. N. ix. 80, 81; x. 23; Plut. Lucull. c. 40; Macrob. Sat. iii. 13, § 1.[394.]Macrob. Sat. iii. 13, § 11.[395.]Hieron. Ep. 117, § 8; Amm. Marc. xiv. 6, 7; xxviii. 4.[396.]Juv. xi. 69.[397.]Thucyd. i. 95.[398.]Prescott, Conquest of Peru, i. 304.[399.]Tac. Ann. xii. 53 (Pallas); D. Cass. 60. 34 (Narcissus); Tac. Ann. xiii. 42; D. Cass. 61. 10; cf. Duruy, v. p. 598.[400.]Tac. Ann. xv. 42.[401.]Juv. viii. 10.[402.]Plin. Paneg. 69.[403.]Suet. Tib. i. Cf. the funeral oration of Julius Caesar over his aunt, quoted by Suet. Jul. Caes. 6.[404.]Id. Nero, i.[405.]Tac. Ann. vi. 33.[406.]Ib. xv. 48.[407.]Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. iv. 12.[408.]Philostr. Vit. Soph. ii. 1.[409.]Hieron. Ep. 108, § 4.[410.]Tac. Ann. xi. 21, Curtius Rufus videtur mihi ex se natus.[411.]Juv. viii. 285 sqq.[412.]Tac. Ann. xi. 25.[413.]Sen. De Ira, ii. 33, § 2; Juv. iv. 96.[414.]Appian, B. C. iv. 5.[415.]Suet. Tib. 61, nullus a poena hominum cessavit dies.[416.]Id. Claud. xxix.[417.]Tac. Ann. xi. 25.[418.]Suet. Vesp. ix.; cf. Tac. Ann. iii. 55.[419.]Sym. Ep. ii. 78; Seeck, Prol. xlvi.[420.]Suet. Octav. xli.[421.]Id. Nero, x.; Vesp. xvii.[422.]Tac. Ann. ii. 37, 38.[423.]Tac. Ann. xi. 25; D. Cass. lx. 29. The last revision of the Senate was in the reign of Augustus; D. Cass. lv. 13.[424.]Tac. Ann. xiii. 34; Juv. i. 107.[425.]Juv. i. 103.[426.]Petron. Sat. c. 116, 124; Plin. Ep. ii. 20; Juv. i. 37; iii. 31.[427.]Juv. iv.; i. 27.[428.]D. Cass. lix. 26.[429.]Tac. Ann. xiv. 12.[430.]Suet. Tib. lxvii.[431.]Calig. xxiii. xxiv.; cf. L. comitiali morbo vexatus, which explains much to a medical man.[432.]Ib. xxiii.[433.]Ib. xxii.; cf. Sen. De Ira, i. 20.[434.]Suet. Calig. xxxiv. xxxv. vetera familiarum insignia nobilissimo cuique ademit; xxii.[435.]Ib. liv. lv. quorum vero studio teneretur, omnibus ad insaniam favit.[436.]Suet. Jul. Caes. xxxix.[437.]D. Cass. xlviii. 43.[438.]Suet. Tiberius, xxxv.[439.]Id. Calig. xviii. nec ullis nisi ex senatorio ordine aurigantibus; D. Cass. 59. 10, 13, Suet. Nero, xii.[440.]Id. Dom. viii. vii.[441.]Id. Nero, xx. xxi.[442.]Juv. viii. 89, 147.[443.]Suet. Nero, xl.; v. Krause, De Sueton. Fontibus, pp. 57, 80; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 69.[444.]Tac. Ann. xv. 67.[445.]Ib. xiv. 16; cf. Suet. Nero, lii., where Suetonius distinctly says that some of Nero’s verses, which he had seen, bore all the marks of originality. Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. iv. 39; Macé, Suétone, p. 127; Boissier, L’Opp. p. 248.[446.]Suet. Nero, xxvii.[447.]Ib. xxvi.; cf. Juv. vi. 115.[448.]Juv. viii. 172.[449.]Suet. Nero, xxvi.[450.]Tac. Hist. i. 88.[451.]See some admirable criticism in Nettleship’s Lectures and Essays, 2nd series, p. 141; cf. Munding, Über die Sat. des Juv. p. 7.[452.]Duruy, v. 673; Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 233 sqq.[453.]Plin. Ep. iv. 19; iii. 16; iii. 3; Sen. Ad Helv. xiv. xix.; D. Cass. lxviii. 5 ad fin.[454.]Ov. Trist. iii. 3, 15—
Omnia cum subeant, vincis tamen omnia, conjux;
Et plus in nostro pectore parte tenes.
Te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat unam:
Nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies.
Committit vates et comparat; inde Maronem,
Atque alia parte in trutina suspendit Homerum.
Cedunt grammatici, vincuntur rhetores—
Diligat illa senem quondam: sed et ipsa marito,
Tunc quoque cum fuerit, non videatur anus.
Proximus a domina, nullo prohibente, sedeto.
Nec satis incestis temerari vocibus aures:
Adsuescunt oculi multa pudenda pati.
Non sunt haec mimis improbiora: lege.
Dum per limina te potentiorum
Sudatrix toga ventilat, etc.;
Jubet a praecone vocari
Ipsos Trojugenas.
Artes discere vult pecuniosas?
Fac discat citharoedus aut choraules.
Si duri puer ingeni videtur,
Praeconem facias, vel architectum;
Cur eget indignus quisquam, te divite?
Dum per limina te potentiorum
Sudatrix toga ventilat, vagumque
Major Caelius, et minor fatigat.
Vidimus in caelum trabibus spectacula textis
Surgere, Tarpeium prope despectantia culmen—
... Sic undique fulgor
Percussit: stabam defixus et ore patenti,
Cunctaque mirabar, etc.
Cum Trojam Aeneas Italos portaret in agros,
Est dea sacriferas paene secuta rates.
ὡς τρὶς ὄλβιοι
κεῖνοι βροτῶν οἳ ταῦτα δερχένθες τέλη
μόλωσ’ ἐς Ἅιδου.