ADMINISTRATION.
The Sudan is administered by a Governor-General (who is at present also Sirdar of the Egyptian Army) and under him by Mudirs (governors of provinces), assisted by inspectors and deputy inspectors[5] (British: military and civilian), and by Mamurs (Egyptian or Native officers).
The text of the agreement of 1899, on which the administration is based, provides for the administration of the territory south of the 22nd parallel of latitude by a Governor-General, appointed by Egypt with the assent of Great Britain, and declares the general principles in accordance with which the administration shall be carried on. The British and Egyptian flags shall be used together; laws shall be made by proclamation; no duties shall be levied on imports from Egypt, and duties on imports from other countries shall not exceed those levied in Egypt; the import and export of slaves is prohibited, and special attention shall be paid to the Brussels Act of 1890 respecting the import and export of arms, ammunition, and spirits.
The “Capitulations” are not in force in the Sudan, nor are there any foreign Consuls.
The Sudan is divided into eight first class and four second class Provinces, as follows:—
| Province. | Chief Town. |
|---|---|
| First Class. | |
| Bahr El Ghazal | Wau |
| Berber | El Damer |
| Dongola | Merowe |
| Kassala | Kassala |
| Khartoum | Khartoum |
| Kordofan | El Obeid |
| Sennar | Senga |
| Upper Nile | Kodok |
| Second Class. | |
| Halfa | Halfa |
| Suakin | Suakin |
| Gezira (Blue Nile) | Wad Medaui |
| White Nile | Dueim |
Each Province is divided into a varying number of Districts, each of which is under an Egyptian or native Mamur, as follows:—
| Province. | District | |
|---|---|---|
| First Class. | ||
| Bahr El Ghazal | ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ | Deim Zubeir |
| Wau | ||
| Rumbek | ||
| Berber | ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ | Robatab |
| Berber Town | ||
| „ District | ||
| El Damer | ||
| Shendi | ||
| Dongola | ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ | Argo |
| Dongola | ||
| Khandak | ||
| Debba | ||
| Korti | ||
| Merowe | ||
| Kassala | ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ | Kassala |
| Gedaref | ||
| Gallabat | ||
| Khartoum | ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ | Khartoum |
| Omdurman | ||
| Wad Ramla | ||
| Kordofan | ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ | El Obeid |
| Bara | ||
| Khursi (Um Dam) | ||
| Taiara | ||
| Nahud | ||
| Dilling | ||
| Tendik | ||
| Nuba Mountains (Talodi) | ||
| Sennar | ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ | Sennar |
| Senga | ||
| Abu Naama | ||
| Dinder (Abu Hashim) | ||
| Roseires | ||
| Dar Fung (Soda) | ||
| Upper Nile | ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ | Renk |
| Kodok | ||
| Taufikia | ||
| Sobat | ||
| Mongalla | ||
| Second Class. | ||
| Gezira (Blue Nile) | ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ | Abu Deleig |
| Kamlin | ||
| Rufaa | ||
| Mesellemia | ||
| Wad Medani | ||
| Managil | ||
| Halfa | ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ | Halfa |
| Mahas (Dalgo) | ||
| Sukkot (Kosha) | ||
| Suakin | ⎰ ⎱ | Suakin |
| Tokar | ||
| White Nile | ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ | Geteina |
| Dueim | ||
| Kawa | ||
| Gedid | ||
The chief Government officials, besides the Governor-General, are the Secretary-General, the Director of Intelligence and Agent-General (Cairo), the Inspector-General, the Legal Secretary, Financial Secretary, Director of Surveys, Director of Works, Director of Education, Director-General of Irrigation,[6] Principal Medical Officer, Director of Woods and Forests, Director of Agriculture and Lands, Director of Railways, Director of Steamers and Boats, Director of Telegraphs and Posts, Director of Customs, Principal Veterinary Officer, Director of Slavery Repression Department[6], and Superintendent of Game Preservation Department.
The duties of these officials sufficiently explain themselves by their titles.
The following are the names, at present (1904), of the chief officials:—
| Governor-General | Major-General Sir F. Reginald Wingate, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.S.O. |
| Secretary-General | Colonel F. J. Nason, D.S.O. |
| Inspector-General | El Lewa Sir Rudolf von Slatin Pasha, K.C.M.G, C.V.O., C.B. |
| Legal Secretary | E. Bonham-Carter, Esq. |
| Agent-General, Cairo | Lieut.-Colonel Lord E. Cecil, D.S.O. |
| Financial Secretary | „ „ E. E. Bernard. |
All the above (with the exception of the Legal Secretary, the Directors of Education, Woods and Forests, Superintendent of Game Preservation, and Director of Agriculture and Lands, who are civilians) are at present British[7] officers attached to the Egyptian Army.
In addition to one British battalion, at present furnished by the British Army of Occupation in Egypt and The Army quartered at Khartoum, nearly the whole of the Egyptian Army may be said to be in the Sudan. The normal garrisons of the Sudan are as follows:—
| Province. | Battalions. | Squadrons. | Artillery. | Miscellaneous AdditionalTroops.[8] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| British. | Egyptian. | Sudanese. | Egyptian. | Sudanese. | Horse Battery. | Field Battery. | Garrison Company. | ||
| Bahr El Ghazal | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | 276 men, Gehadia. |
| Berber | — | ½ | — | 3 | 1 | — | 1 | — | — |
| Dongola | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Halfa | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 Railway Battalion. |
| Kassala | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | 1 Battalion Arab Camel Corps. |
| Khartoum | 1 | 4 | 1 | — | — | 1 (Max.) | 2 | 2 | Hd.-Qrs. A.G.’s Dept. and WorksDept. |
| Kordofan | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | 4 Companies Camel Corps (3 Arab, 1Sudanese). |
| Sennar | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Suakin | — | ½ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Upper Nile | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Totals | 1 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
As a rule, the Governor of the Province, being the senior British officer, is in Military command of the troops in his Province.
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.
The following gives a table of revenue and expenditure since 1899:—
| Year. | Revenue. | Expenditure. | Deficit. |
|---|---|---|---|
| £E. | £E. | £E. | |
| 1899 | 126,596 | 511,693 | 385,097 |
| 1900 | 156,888 | 614,780 | 457,892 |
| 1901 | 242,309 | 629,969 | 387,660 |
| 1902 | 270,226 | 639,493 | 369,267 |
| 1903 | 462,605 | 810,019 | 347,414 |
| 1904 | 531,000 | 815,500 | 284,500 |
| 1905[9] | 535,883 | 915,646 | 379,763 |
| 1 £E. = 100 piastres = £10s. 6d. | |||
The deficit is made up by the Egyptian Government, which now contributes annually to the cost of Civil and Military Administration in the Sudan the nominal sum of about £E.380,000. The actual sum contributed is, however, not really so large as this, for about £E.60,000 is paid in Customs dues in Egypt on goods going to the Sudan, which sum is absorbed by the Egyptian Government; and the Sudan Government pays the Egyptian Government an annual amount of between £E.122,000 and £E.282,000 (£E.186,757 in 1905) for the maintenance of that portion of the army which is in the Sudan.
Some changes were introduced into the system of accounts in 1903 which caused a considerable increase in the figures on both sides of the Budget of that year as compared with those for previous years, but this increase was apparent only and did not affect the amount of the contribution by the Egyptian Government towards the Civil and Military expenditure of the Sudan Government.
Besides the above budgetary expenditure, additional credits to the extent of £E.1,060,114 have been authorised since 1899, principally for completing and improving the railway between Halfa and Khartoum, for telegraph extensions, public works and for other purposes. Moreover, the entire cost of the railway now in course of construction between Suakin on the Red Sea and the Nile at a point near the Atbara River in the Berber Province, and expenditure connected with the new harbour works at Sheikh Barghout to the North of Suakin, will be borne by the Egyptian Government.