CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

[Introduction].

Page
1. [The Theatre]1–6
1. [Ancient Arabia] 1
2. [The first Caliphs. Medina. The Shiʻites] 2
3. [The Omayyads. Damascus, Basra and Kufa] 3
4. [The Abbasids. Bagdad] 3
5. [Minor States. Fall of the Caliphate] 5
2. [Oriental Wisdom]6–11
1. [Semitic Speculation] 6
2. [Persian Religion. Zrwanism] 8
3. [Indian Wisdom] 8
3. [Greek Science] 11–30
1. [The Syrians] 11
2. [The Christian Churches] 11
3. [Edessa and Nisibis] 12
4. [Harran] 13
5. [Gondeshapur] 14
6. [Syriac Translations] 14
7. [Philosophy among the Syrians] 16
8. [Arabic Translations] 17
9. [The Philosophy of the Translators] 19
10. [Range of Tradition] 21
11. [Continuation of Neo-Platonism] 22
12. [The “Book of the Apple”] 24
13. [The “Theology of Aristotle”] 25
14. [Conception of Aristotle] 27
15. [Philosophy in Islam] 28

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CHAPTER II.

[Philosophy and Arab Knowledge].

1. [Grammatical Science]31–35
1. [The several Sciences] 31
2. [The Arabic Language. The Koran] 31
3. [The Grammarians of Basra and Kufa] 32
4. [Grammar influenced by Logic. Metrical Studies] 33
5. [Grammatical Science and Philosophy] 35
2. [Ethical Teaching]36–41
1. [Tradition and Individual Opinion (Sunna, Hadith, Raʼy)] 36
2. [Analogy (Qiyas). Consensus of the Congregation (Idjma)] 37
3. [Position and Contents of the Muslim Ethical System (al-Fiqh)] 38
4. [Ethics and Politics] 40
3. [Doctrinal Systems]41–64
1. [Christian Dogmatic] 41
2. [The Kalam] 42
3. [The Mutazilites and their Opponents] 43
4. [Human and Divine Action] 44
5. [The Being of God] 46
6. [Revelation and Reason] 48
7. [Abu-l-Hudhail] 49
8. [Nazzam] 51
9. [Djahiz] 53
10. [Muammar and Abu Hashim] 54
11. [Ashari] 55
12. [The Atomistic Kalam] 57
13. [Mysticism or Sufism] 62
4. [Literature and History] 65–71
1. [Literature] 65
2. [Abu-l-Atahia. Mutanabbi. Abu-l-Ala. Hariri] 65
3. [Annalistic. Historical Tradition] 67
4. [Masudi and Muqaddasi] 69

CHAPTER III.

[The Pythagorean Philosophy].

1. [Natural Philosophy][[XI]]72–80
1. [The Sources] 72
2. [Mathematical Studies] 73
3. [Natural Science] 75
4. [Medicine] 76
5. [Razi] 77
6. [The Dahrites] 80
2. [The Faithful Brethren of Basra] 81–96
1. [The Karmatites] 81
2. [The Brethren and their Encyclopaedia] 82
3. [Eclecticism] 84
4. [Knowledge] 85
5. [Mathematics] 87
6. [Logic] 89
7. [God and the World] 90
8. [The Human Soul] 92
9. [Philosophy of Religion] 93
10. [Ethics] 94
11. [Influence of the Encyclopaedia] 95

CHAPTER IV.

[The Neo-Platonic Aristotelians of The East].

1. [Kindi]97–106
1. [His Life] 97
2. [Relation to Theology] 99
3. [Mathematics] 100
4. [God; World; Soul] 101
5. [Doctrine of the Spirit (ʻaql)] 102
6. [Kindi as an Aristotelian] 104
7. [The School of Kindi] 105
2. [Farabi]106–128
1. [The Logicians] 106
2. [Farabi’s Life] 107
3. [Relation to Plato and Aristotle] 108
4. [Farabi’s Conception of Philosophy] 110
5. [His Logic] 111
6. [His Metaphysics. Being. God] 114
7. [The Celestial World] 115
8. [The Terrestrial World] 117
9. [The Human Soul] 118
10. [The Spirit in Man] 119
11. [Farabi’s Ethics] 121
12. [His Politics] 122
13. [The Future Life] 123
14. [General Survey of Farabi’s System] 124
15. [Effects of his Philosophy. Sidjistani] 126
3. [Ibn Maskawaih][[XII]]128–131
1. [His Position] 128
2. [The Nature of the Soul] 128
3. [The Principles of his Ethics] 129
4. [Ibn Sina (Avicenna)]131–148
1. [His Life] 131
2. [His Work] 132
3. [Branches of Philosophy. Logic] 134
4. [Metaphysics and Physics] 135
5. [Anthropology and Psychology] 139
6. [The Reason] 141
7. [Allegorical Representation of the Doctrine of the Reason] 143
8. [Esoteric Teaching] 144
9. [Ibn Sina’s Time. Beruni] 145
10. [Behmenyar] 146
11. [Survival of Ibn Sina’s Influence] 147
5. [Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen)] 148–153
1. [Scientific Movement turning Westward] 148
2. [Ibn al-Haitham’s Life and Works] 149
3. [Perception and Judgment] 150
4. [Slender effect left by his Teaching] 152

CHAPTER V.

[The Outcome of Philosophy in The East].

1. [Gazali]154–168
1. [Dialectic and Mysticism] 154
2. [Gazali’s Life] 155
3. [Attitude towards his Time: Hostility to Aristotelianism] 158
4. [The World as the Production of God’s Free Creative Might] 159
5. [God and Divine Providence] 162
6. [Doctrine of the Resurrection] 163
7. [Gazali’s Theology] 164
8. [Experience and Revelation] 166
9. [Estimate of Gazali’s Position and Teaching] 168
2. [The Epitomists] 169–171
1. [Position of Philosophy in the East, after Gazali’s Time] 169
2. [Philosophical Culture] 170

CHAPTER VI.

[Philosophy in The West].

1. [Beginnings][[XIII]]172–175
1. [The Age of the Omayyads] 172
2. [The Eleventh Century] 174
2. [Ibn Baddja (Avempace)]175–181
1. [The Almoravids] 175
2. [Ibn Baddja’s Life] 176
3. [The Character of his Works] 177
4. [His Logic and Metaphysics] 177
5. [His Opinions regarding Soul and Spirit] 178
6. [The Individual Man] 179
3. [Ibn Tofail (Abubacer)]181–187
1. [The Almohads] 181
2. [Ibn Tofail’s Life] 182
3. [“Hai ibn Yaqzan”] 182
4. [“Hai” and the Development of Humanity] 184
5. [“Hai’s” Ethics] 185
4. [Ibn Roshd (Averroes)] 187–199
1. [His Life] 187
2. [Ibn Roshd and Aristotle] 188
3. [Logic. Attainability of Truth] 189
4. [The World and God] 191
5. [Body and Spirit] 193
6. [Spirit and Spirits] 194
7. [Estimate of Ibn Roshd as a Thinker] 196
8. [Summary of his Views on the Relations of Theology, Religion and Philosophy to oneanother. Practical Philosophy] 197

CHAPTER VII.

[Conclusion].

1. [Ibn Khaldun]200–208
1. [The Conditions of his Time] 200
2. [Ibn Khaldun’s Life] 201
3. [Philosophy and Worldly Experience] 202
4. [Philosophy of History. Historical Method] 204
5. [The Subject of History] 205
6. [Characterization] 206
2. [The Arabs and Scholasticism] 208–213
1. [Political Situation. The Jews] 208
2. [Palermo and Toledo] 209
3. [Parisian Averroism in the Thirteenth Century] 211

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[[Contents]]