A History of the Reformation (Vol. 1 of 2)

by Thomas M. Lindsay

Footnotes

[1.]

Sources: Apparatus super quinque libris decretalium (Strassburg, 1488); Burchard, Diarium (ed. by Thuasne, Paris, 1883-1885), in 3 vols.; Brand, Narrenschiff (ed. by Simrock, Berlin, 1872); Denzinger, Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum, quæ de rebus fidei et morum a conciliis æcumenicis et summis pontificibus, emanarunt (Würzburg, 1900), 9th ed.; Erler, Der Liber Cancellariæ Apostolicæ vom Jahre 1480 (Leipzig, 1888); Faber, Tractatus de Ruine Ecclesie Planctu (Memmingen); Murner, Schelmenzunft and Narrenbeschwörung (Nos. 85, 119-124 of Neudrucke deutschen Litteraturwerke); Mirbt, Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums (Freiburg i. B. 1895); Tangl, Die päpstlichen Kanzleiordnungen von 1200-1500 (Innsbruck, 1894); and Das Taxwesen der päpstlichen Kirche (Mitt. des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung, xiii. 1892).

Later Books: “Janus,” The Pope and the Council (London, 1869); Harnack, History of Dogma (London, 1899), vols. vi. vii.; Thudichen, Papsitum und Reformation (Leipzig, 1903); Haller, Papsitum und Kirchen-Reform (1903); Lea, Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge, 1902), vol. i. xix.

Full quotations from the Bulls, Unam Sanctam and Inter cætera divinæ, are to be found in Mirbt's Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums (Leipzig, 1895), pp. 88, 107. The Bulls, Execrabilis and Pastor Æternus, are in Denzinger, Enchiridion (Würzburg, 1900), 9th ed. pp. 172, 174.

The Deed of Gift of the American Continent to Isabella and Ferdinand is in the 6th section of the Bull, Inter cætera divinæ. It is as follows:—“Motu proprio ... de nostra mera liberalitate et ex certa scientia ac de apostolicæ potestatis plenitudine omnes insulas et terras firmas inventas et inveniendas, detectas et detegendas versus Occidentem et Meridiem fabricando et construendo unam lineam a Polo Artico scilicet Septentrione ad Polum Antarticum scilicet Meridiem, sive terræ firmæ et insulæ inventæ et inveniendæ sint versus Indiam aut versus aliam quamcumque partem, quæ linea distet a qualibet insularum, quæ vulgariter nuncupantur de los Azores y cabo vierde, centum leucis versus Occidentem et Meridiem; ita quod omnes insulæ et terræ firmæ, repertæ et reperiendæ, detectæ et detegendæ, a præfata linea versus Occidentem et Meridiem per alium Regem aut Principem Christianum non fuerint actualiter possesse usque ad diem nativitatis Domini Nostri Jesu Christi proximi præteritum ... auctoritate omnipotentis Dei nobis in Beato Petro concessa, ac vicarius Jesu Christi, qua fungimur in terris, cum omnibus illarum dominiis, civitatibus, castris, locis et villis, juribusque et jurisdictionibus ac pertinentiis univeris, vobis hæredibusque et successoribus vestris in perpetuum tenore præsentium donamus.... Vosque et hæredes ac successores præfatos illarum dominos cum plena, libera et omnimoda potestate, auctoritate et jurisdictione facimus, constituimus et deputamus.”

Sebastian Brand, Das Narrenschiff, cap. ciii. l. 63-66. Barclay paraphrases these lines:

“Suche counterfayte the kayes that Jesu dyd commyt
Unto Peter: brekynge his Shyppis takelynge,
Subvertynge the fayth, beleuynge theyr owne wyt
Against our perfyte fayth in euery thynge,
So is our Shyp without gyde wanderynge,
By tempest dryuen, and the mayne sayle of torne,
That without gyde the Shyp about is borne.”

—The Ship of Fools, translated by Alexander Barclay, ii. 225 (Edinburgh, 1874).

Sources: Boccaccio, Lettere edite e inedite, tradotte et commentate con nuovi documenti da Corrazzini (Florence, 1877); Francisci Petrarchæ, Epistolæ familiares et variæ (Florence, 1859); Cusani, Opera (Basel, 1565); Böcking, Ulrici Hutteni Opera, 5 vols. (Leipzig, 1871); Supplement containing Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1864, 1869); Gillert, Der Briefwechsel des Konrad Mutianus (Halle, 1890); Reuchlin, De Verbo Mirifico (1552).

Later Books: Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilisation of the Period of the Renaissance (Eng. trans., London, 1892); Geiger, Humanismus und Renaissance in Italien und Deutschland (Berlin, 1882); Michelet, Histoire de France, vol. vii., Renaissance (Paris, 1855); Lavisse, Histoire de France, v. i. p. 287 ff.; Symonds, The Renaissance in Italy (London, 1877); H. Hallam, Introduction to the Literature of Europe during the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries, 6th ed. (London, 1860); Kamptschulte, Die Universität Erfurt in ihrem Verhältniss zu dem Humanismus und der Reformation, 2 vols. (Trier, 1856, 1860); Krause, Helius Eobanus Hessus, sein Leben und seine Werke, 2 vols. (Gotha, 1879); Geiger, Johann Reuchlin (Leipzig, 1871); Binder, Charitas Pirkheimer, Aebtissin von St. Clara zu Nürnberg (Freiburg i. B., 1893); Höfler, Denkwürdigkeiten der Charitas Pirkheimer (Quellensamml. z. fränk. Gesch. iv., 1858); Roth, Willibald Pirkheimer (Halle, 1874); Scott, Albert Dürer, his Life and Works (London, 1869); Thausing, Dürer's Briefe, Tagebücher, Reime (Vienna, 1884); Cambridge Modern History, i. xvi, xvii; ii. i.

Sources: Barack, Zimmerische Chronik, 4 vols. (2nd ed., Freiburg i. B. 1881-1882); Chroniken der deutschen Städte, 29 vols. (in progress); Grimm, Weisthümer, 7 vols. (Göttingen, 1840-1878); Haetzerlin, Liederbuch (Quedlinburg, 1840); Liliencron, Die historischen Volkslieder der Deutschen vom dreizehnten bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1865-1869); Sebastian Brand's Narrenschiff (Leipzig, 1854); Geiler von Keysersberg's Ausgewählte Schriften (Trier, 1881); Hans Sachs, Fastnachspiele (Neudrucke deutschen Litteraturwerke, Nos. 26, 27, 31, 32, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 60, 63, 64); Hans von Schweinichen, Leben und Abenteuer des schlessischen Ritters, Hans v. Schweinichen (Breslau, 1820-1823); Vandam, Social Life in Luther's Time (Westminster, 1902); Trithemius, Annales Hirsaugienses (St. Gallen, 1590).

Later Books: Alwyn Schulz, Deutsches Leben im 14ten und 15ten Jahrhundert (Prague, 1892); Kriegk, Deutsches Bürgerthum im Mittelalter (Frankfurt, 1868, 1871); Freytag, Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit, ii. ii. (Leipzig, 1899—translation by Mrs. Malcolm of an earlier edition, London, 1862); the series of Monographien zur deutschen Kulturgeschichte edited by Steinhausen (Leipzig, 1899-1905), are full of valuable information and illustrations; Aloys Schulte, Die Fugger in Rom (Leipzig, 1904); Gothein, Politische und religiöse Volksbewegungen vor der Reformation (Breslau, 1878); Cambridge Modern History, i. i. xv; v. Bezold, Geschichte der deutschen Reformation (Berlin, 1890); Genée, Hans Sachs und seine Zeit (Leipzig, 1902); Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes, seil dem Ausgang des Mittelalters, i. (1897); Roth v. Schreckenstein, Das Patriziat in den deutschen Städten (Freiburg i. B., no date).

To Sources given to Chapter IV. add: Wackernagel, Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der ältesten Zeit bis zum Anfang des 17 Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1864-1877) vols. i. ii.; “Rainerii Sachoni Summa de Catharis et Leonistis” in the Magna Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. xiii. (Col. Agrip. 1618), cf. “Comm. Crit. de Rainerii Sachoni Summa” (Göttingen Osterprogramm of 1834); Habler, Das Wallfahrtbuch des Hermann von Vach, und die Pilgerreisen der Deutschen nach Santiago de Compostella (Strassburg, 1899); Mirabilia Romæ (reprint by Parthey, Berlin, 1869); Munzenberger, Frankfurter und Magdeburger Beichtbuchlein (Mainz, 1883); Hasak, Die letzte Rose, etc. (Ratisbon, 1883); Hasak, Der christliche Glaube des deutschen Volkes beim Schluss des Mittelalters (Ratisbon, 1868); Höfler, Denkwürdigkeiten der Charitas Pirckheimer (Quellensamml. z. fränk. Gesch. iv., 1858); Konrad Stolle, Thüringische Chronik (in Bibliothek d. lit. Vereins (Stuttgardt), xxxiii.).

Later Books: v. Bezold, Geschichte der deutschen Reformation (Berlin, 1890); Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkesseit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (17th ed., 1897), vol. i.; Brück, Der religiöse Unterricht für Jugend und Volk in Deutschland in der zweiten Hälfte des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts; Cruel, Geschichte der deutschen Predigt im Mittelalter (Detwold, 1879); Dacheux, Jean Geiler de Keysersberg (Paris, 1876); Walther, Die deutsche Bibelübersetzung des Mittelalters (Brunswick, 1889); Uhlhorn, Die christliche Liebesthätigkeit im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1887); Wilken, Geschichte der geistlichen Spiele in Deutschland (Göttingen, 1872).

This may be translated:

“Oh Jesus, Master, meek and mild,
Since Thou wast once a little child,
Wilt Thou not give this baby mine
Thy Grace and every blessing thine?
Oh Jesus, Master mild,
Protect my little child.

Now sleep, now sleep, my little child,
He loves thee, Jesus, meek and mild:
He'll never leave thee nor forsake,
He'll make thee wise and good and great.
Oh Jesus, Master mild,
Protect my little child.”

The old Scotch version was:

“In dulci jubilo,
Now let us sing with mirth and jo!
Our hartis consolation
Lies in præsepio;
And schynis as the Sonne
Matris in gremio.
Alpha es et O,
Alpha es et O!

O Jesu parvule,
I thirst sair after Thee;
Comfort my hart and mind,
O Puer optime!
God of all grace so kind,
Et Princeps Gloriæ,
Trahe me post Te,
Trahe me post Te!

Ubi sunt gaudia
In any place but there,
Where that the angels sing
Nova cantica,
But and the bellis ring
In Regis curia!
God gif I were there,
God gif I were there!”

—(Gude and Godlie Ballates (Scot. Text Society, Edinburgh, 1897), pp. 53. 250.)

There is a variety of English versions: “Let Jubil trumpets blow, and hearts in rapture flow”; “In dulci jubilo, to the House of God we'll go”; “In dulci jubilo, sing and shout all below.” Cf. Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, p. 564.

The song began:

“Wöllent ir geren hören
Von sant Michel's wunn;
In Gargau ist er gsessen
Drei mil im meresgrund.

‘O heilger man, sant Michel,
Wie hastu dass gesundt,
Dass du so tief hast buwen
Wol in des meres grund?’ ”

—(Wackernagel, Das deutsche Kirchenlied, etc. ii. 1003.)

“Zway par schuech der darff er wol,
Ein schüssel bei der flaschen;
Ein breiten huet den sol er han,
Und an mantel sol er nit gan
Myt leder wol besezet;
Es schnei oder regn oder wehe der wint,
Dass in die lufft nicht nezet;
Sagkh und stab ist auch dar bey.”

—(Wackernagel, Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der aeltesten Zeit bis zu Anfang des 17 Jahrhunderts, ii. 1009.)

The hospital at Romans is much praised:

“Da selbst eyn gutter spital ist,
Dar inne gybt mann brot und wyn
Auch synt die bett hubsch und fyn.”

On the other hand, although the hospital at Montpelier was good enough, its superintendent was a sworn enemy to Germans, and the pilgrims of that nation suffered much at his hands. These hospitals occupy a good deal of space in the pilgrimage song, and the woes of the Germans are duly set forth. If the pilgrim asks politely for more bread:

“Spitelmeister, lieber spitelmeister meyn,
Die brot sein vil zu kleine”;

or suggests that the beds are not very clean:

“Spitelmeister, lieber spitelmeister meyn,
Die bet sein nit gar reine,”

the superintendent and his daughter (der spitelmeister het eyn tochterlein es mocht recht vol eyn schelckin seyn) declared that they were not going to be troubled with “German dogs.”—Wackernagel, Das deutsche Kirchenlied, etc., ii. 1009-1010.

Wackernagel, Das deutsche Kirchenlied, ii. 768-769; it began:

“Ein zeyt hort ich mit gütter mer
von einem schyfflin sagen,
Wie es mit tugenden also gar
kostlichen war beladen:
Zu dem schyfflin gewan ich ein hertz,
Ich fand dar yn vil güter gemertz
in mancher hande gaden.”

Sebastian Brand, Narrenschiff, Preface, lines 1-4:

“Alle Land ist jetz voll heilger Schrift,
Und was der seelen Heil betrifft
Bibel und heilger Vater Lehr
Und andrer frommen Bücher mehr.”

Sources: Casanova and Guasti, Poesie di G. Savonarola (Florence, 1862); Scella di Prediche e Scritti di Frà G. Savonarola, con nuovi Documenti intorno alla sua Vita, by Villari and Casanova (Florence, 1898); Bayonne, Œuvres Spirituelles choisies de Jerome Savonarola (Paris, 1879); The Workes of Sir Thomas More ... written by him in the Englyshe tonge (London, 1557); Erasmus, Opera Omnia, ed. Le Clerc (Leyden, 1703-1706); Nichols, The Epistles of Erasmus from his earliest letters to his fifty-first year, arranged in order of time (London, 1901); Enchiridion Militis Christiani (Cambridge, 1685); The whole Familiar Colloquies of Erasmus (London, 1877); Sir Thomas More, Utopia (Temple Classics Series).

Later Works: Villari, Girolamo Savonarola, 2 vols. (Florence, 1887-1888; Eng. trans., London, 1890); Seebohm, The Oxford Reformers: John Colet, Erasmus, and Thomas More, etc. (London, 1887); Drummond, Erasmus, his life and character (London, 1873); Woltmann, Holbein and his Time (London, 1872); Fronde, Life and Letters of Erasmus (London, 1894); Amiel, Un libre penseur du 16 siècle: Érasme (Paris, 1889); Emmerton, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (New York. 1899).

Sources: Melanchthon, Historia de vita et actis Lutheri (Wittenberg, 1545, in the Corpus Reformatorum, vi.); Mathesius, Historien von ... Martini Lutheri, Anfang, Lere, Leben und Sterben (Prague, 1896); Myconius, Historia Reformations 1517-1542 (Leipzig, 1718); Ratzeberger, Geschichte über Luther und seine Zeit (Jena, 1850); Kilian Leib, Annales von 1503-1523 (vols. vii. and ix. of v. Aretin's Beiträge zur Geschichte und Litteratur, Munich, 1803-1806); Wrampelmeyer, Tagebuch über Dr. Martin Luther, geführt von Dr. Conrad Cordatus, 1537 (Halle, 1885); Caspar Cruciger, Tabulæ chronologicæ actorum M. Lutheri (Wittenberg, 1553); Förstemann, Neues Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der evangelischen Kirchen-reformation (Hamburg, 1842); Kolde, Analecta Lutherana (Gotha, 1883); G. Loesche, Analecta Lutherana et Melanchthoniana (Gotha, 1892); Löscher; Vollstündige Reformations-Acta und Documenta (Leipzig, 1720-1729); Enders, Dr. Martin Luther's Briefwechsel, 5 vols. (Frankfurt, 1884-1893); De Wette, Dr. Martin Luther's Briefe, Sendschreiben und Bedenken, 5 vols. (Berlin, 1825-1828); J. Cochlæus (Rom. Cath.), Commentarius de actis et scriptis M. Lutheri ... ab anno 1517 usque ad annum 1537 (St. Victor prope Moguntiam, 1549); V. L. Seekendorf, Commentarius ... de Lutheranismo (Frankfurt, 1692); Constitutiones Fratrum Heremitarum Sancti Augustini (Nürnberg, 1504); Cambridge Modern History, ii. iv.

Later Books: J. Köstlin, Martin Luther, sein Leben und seine Schriften, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1889); Th. Kolde, Martin Luther. Eine Biographie, 2 vols. (Gotha, 1884, 1893); A. Hausrath, Luther's Leben, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1904); Lindsay, Luther and the German Reformation (Edinburgh, 1900); Kolde, Friedrich der Weise und die Anfänge der Reformation mit archivalischen Beilagen (Erlangen, 1881), and Die deutsche Augustiner-Congregation und Johann v. Staupitz (Gotha, 1879); A. Hausrath, M. Luther's Romfahrt nach einem gleichzeitigen Pilgerbuche (Berlin, 1894); Oergel, Vom jungen Luther (Erfurt, 1899); Jürgens, Luther von seiner Geburt bis zum Ablassetreil, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1846-1847); Krumhaar, Die Grafschaft Mansfeld im Reformationszeitalter (Eisleben, 1845); Buchwald, Zur Wittenberg Stadt- und Universitätsgeschichte in der Reformationszeit (Leipzig, 1893); Kampschulte, Die Universität Erfurt in ihrem Verkältniss zu dem Humanismus und der Reformation (Trier, 1856-1860).

Nicholas, born at Lyre, a village in Normandy, was one of the earliest students of the Hebrew Scriptures; he explained the accepted fourfold sense of Scripture in the following distich:

“Litera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,
Moralis quid agas, quo tendas Anagogia.”

Luther used his commentaries when he became Professor of Theology at Wittenberg, and acknowledged the debt; but it is too much to say:

“Si Lyra non lyrasset,
Lutherus non saltasset.”

Sources: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiæ, Supplementum Tertiæ Partis, Quæstiones xxv.-xxvii.; Alexander of Hales, Summa Theologiæ, iv.; Bonaventura, Opera Omnia; In Librum Quartum Sententiarum, dist. xx.; vol. v. 264 tf. (Moguntiæ, 1609); Denzinger, Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum, quæ de rebus fidei et morum a conciliis œcumenicis et summis pontificibus emanarunt, 9th ed. (Würzburg, 1900), p. 175; Köhler, Documenta zum Ablassstreit von 1517 (Tübingen, 1902).

Later Books: F. Beringer (Soc. Jes.), Der Ablass, sein Wesen und Gebrauch, 12th ed. (Paderborn, 1898); Bouvier, Treatise on Indulgences (London, 1848); Lea, A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgence in the Latin Church, 3 vols. (Philadelphia, 1896); Brieger, Das Wesen des Ablasses am Ausgange des Mittelalters (Leipzig, 1897); Harnack, History of Dogma, vi. pp. 243-270; Götz, “Studien zur Geschichte des Buss-sacraments” in Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, xv. 321 ff., xvi. 541 ff.; Schneider, Der Ablass (1881); Cambridge Modern History, ii. iv.

“Du sprichst ‘So ich am letsten in todes not,
Ain yeder priester mich zu absolviren not’:
Von Schuld ist war, noch mitt von pein, so du bist tod,
Ja für ain stund in fegfeür dort.
Gabst du des Kaysers güte.”

—(Wackernagel, Das deutsche Kirchenlied, etc. ii. 1068.)

Sources: Köhler, Luthers 95 Theses samt seinen Resolutionen sowie den Gegenschriften von Wimpina-Tetzel, Eck, und Prierias und den Antworten Luthers darauf (Leipzig, 1903); Emil Reich, Select Documents illustrating Mediæval and Modern History (London, 1905).

Later Books: J. E. Kapp, Sammlung einiger zum päpstlichen Ablass, überhaupt ... aber zu der ... zwischen Martin Luther und Johann Tetzel hiervongeführten Streitigkeit gehörigen Schriften, mit Einleitungen und Anmerkungen versehen (Leipzig, 1721), and Kleine Nachlese einiger ... zur Erläuterung der Reformationsgeschichte nützlicher Urkunden (Four parts, Leipzig, 1727-1733); Bratke, Luthers 95 Theses und ihre dogmenhistorischen Voraussetzungen (Göttingen, 1884); Dieckhoff, Der Ablassstreit dogmengeschichtlich dargestellt (Gotha, 1886); Gröne, Tetzel und Luther (Soest, 1860).

Sources: Deutsche Reichstagsakten unter Kaiser Karl v., 3 vols. have been published (Gotha, 1893-1901); Balan, Monumenta Reformationis Lutheranæ ex tabulis S. Sedis secretis 1521-1525 (Ratisbon, 1883-1884); Læmmer, Monumenta Vaticana historiam ecclesiasticam sæculi 16 illustrantia (Freiburg, 1861); Meletematum Romanorum Mantissa (Regensburg, 1875); Brieger, Aleander und Luther 1521: Die vervollständigten Aleander-Depeschen nebst Untersuchungen über den Wormser Reichstag (Gotha, 1894); Calendar of Spanish State Papers (London, 1886); Calendar of Venetian State Papers, vols. iii.-vi. (London, 1864-1884); Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the reign of Henry viii., vols. iii.-xix. (London, 1860-1903); V. E. Loescher, Vollständige Reformations-Acta und Documenta, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1713-1722); Spalatin, Annales Reformationis (Leipzig, 1768); Chronikon 2nd vol. of Mencke's Scriptores rerum Germanicarum præcipae Saxonicarum, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1728-1730); Historischer Nachlass und Briefe (Jena, 1851); also the sources mentioned under the first chapter of this part.

Later Books: Hausrath, Aleander und Luther auf dem Reichstage zu Worms (Berlin, 1897); Kolde, Luther und der Reichstag zu Worms 1521 (Halle, 1883); Friedrich, der Reichstag zu Worms 1521 (Munich, 1871); Ranke, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation (Leipzig, 1881; Eng. trans., London, 1905); Armstrong, The Emperor Charles v. (London, 1902); v. Bezold, Geschichte der deutschen Reformation (Berlin, 1890); Creighton, A History of the Papacy, vol. vi. (London, 1897); Gebhardt, Die Gravamina der deutschen Nation (Breshan, 1895).

Sources: Baumann, Quellen zur Geschichte des Bauernkrieges in Ober-Schwaben (Stuttgart, 1877); Die Zwölf Artikel der oberschwäbischen Bauern (Kempten, 1896); Akten zur Geschichte des Bauernkrieges aus Ober-Schwaben (Freiburg, 1881); Beger, Zur Geschichte des Bauernkrieges nach Urkunden zu Karlsruhe (in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vols. xxi.-xxii., Göttingen, 1862); Ryhiner, Chronik des Bauernkrieges (Basler Chroniken, vi., 1902); Waldau, Materialien zur Geschichte des Bauerkrieges (Chemnitz, 1791-1794); Vogt, Die Korrespondenz des Schwübischen Bundes-Hauptmanns, 1524-1527 (Augsburg, 1879-1883).

Later Books: Zimmermann, Allgemeine Geschichte des grossen Bauernkrieges, 3 vols. (Stuttgart, 1856); E. Belfort Bax, The Peasants' War in Germany (London, 1899); Kautsky, Communism in Central Europe in the time of the Reformation (London, 1897); Stern, Die Socialisten der Reformationszeit (Berlin, 1883). The literature on the Peasants' War is very extensive.

Sources (besides those given in earlier chapters): Ney, “Analecten zur Geschichte des Reichstags zu Speier im Jahr 1526” (Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, viii. ix. xii.); Friedensburg, Beiträge zum Briefwechsel zwischen Hertzog Georg von Sachsen und Landgraf Philip von Hessen (Neuer Archiv für Sächs. Gesch. vi.); Balan, Clementis vii. Epistolæ (vol. i. of Monumenta Sæculi xvi. Historiam illustrantia, Innsbruck, 1885); Casanova, Lettere di Carlo v. and Clemente vii. 1527-1533 (Florence, 1893); Lanz, Correspondenz des Kaisers Karl v. (Leipzig, 1845); Bradford, Correspondent of Charles v. (London, 1850).

Later Books: Schomburgk, Die Pack'schen Handel (Maurenbrecher's Hist. Taschenbuch, Leipzig, 1882); Stoy, Erste Bündnisbestrebungen evangelischen Stände (Jena, 1888); Cambridge Modern History, ii. vi.

Sources: Schirrmacher, Briefe und Acten zu der Geschichte der Religionsgespräches zu Marburg, 1529, und des Reichstages zu Augsburg, 1530 (Gotha, 1876); Bucer, Historische Nachricht von dem Gespräch zu Marburg (Simler, Sammlung, ii. ii. 471 ff.); Rudolphi Collini, “Summa Colloquii Marpurgensis,” printed in Hospinian, Historia sacramentaria, ii. 123b-126b, and in Zwinglii Opera, iv. 175-180 (Zurich, 1841); Brieger in Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, i. 628 ff.

Later Books: Ebrard, Das Dogma vom heiligen Abendmahl und seine Geschichte, vol. ii. (Frankfurt a. M. 1846; the author has classified the accounts of the persons present at the conference, and given a combined description of the discussion, pp. 308 n. and 314 ff.); Erichson, Das Marburger Religiongespräch (Strassburg, 1880); Bess, Luther in Marburg, 1529 (Preuss. Jahrbücher; civ. 418-431, Berlin, 1901).

Sources: Schirrmacher, Briefe und Acten; Förstemann, Urkundenbuch zu der Geschichte des Reichstags zu Augsburg, 2 vols. (Halle, 1833-1835); and Archiv für die Geschichte der kirchl. Reformation (Halle, 1831).

Later Books: Moritz Facius, Geschichte des Reichstags zu Augsburg (Leipzig, 1830).

Sources: Richter, Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts (Weimar, 1846); Sehling, Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des 16ten Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1902); Kins, “Das Stipendiumwesen in Wittenberg und Jena ... im 16ten Jahrhundert” (Zeitschrift für historische Theologie, xxxv. (1865) pp. 96 ff.); G. Schmidt, “Eine Kirchenvisitation im Jahre 1525” (Zeitschrift für die hist. Theol. xxxv. 291 ff.); Winter, “Die Kirchenvisitation von 1528 im Wittenberger Kreise” (Zeitsch. für hist. Theol. xxxiii. (1863) 295 ff.); Muther, “Drei Urkunden zur Reformationsgeschichte” (Zeitschr. für hist. Theol. xxx. (1860) 452 ff.); Albrecht, Der Kleine Catechismus für die gemeine Pfarher und Prediger (facsimile reprint of edition of 1536; Halle a. S. 1905).

Later Books: Kästner, Die Kinderfragen: Der erste deutsche Katechismus (Leipzig, 1902); Burkhardt, Geschichte der deutschen Kirchen- und Schulvisitation im Zeitalter der Reformation (Leipzig, 1879); Berlit, Luther, Murner und das Kirchenlied des 16ten Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1899).

Sources: Baazius, Inventarium Eccles. Sveogothorum (1642); Pontoppidan, Annales ecclesiæ Danicæ, bks. ii., iii. (Copenhagen, 1744, 1747).

Later Books: Lau, Geschichte der Reformation in Schleswig-Holstein (Hamburg, 1867); Willson, History of Church and State in Norway (London, 1903); Watson, The Swedish Revolution under Gustavus Vasa (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1889); Wiedling, Schwedische Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation (Gotha, 1882); Cambridge Modern History, ii. xvii. (Cambridge, 1903).

The mediæval fourfold sense in Scripture was explained by Nicholas de Lyra in the distich:

“Litera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,
Moralis quid agas, quo tendas Anagogia.”

It is expounded succinctly by Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiæ, i. i. 10.

It maybe useful to note the statements about the authority of Scripture in the earlier Reformation creeds. The Lutherans, always late in discerning the true doctrinal bearings of their religious certainties, did not deem it needful to assert dogmatically the supreme authority of Scripture until the second generation of Protestantism. The Schmalkald Articles and the Augsburg Confession expressly assert that human traditions are among abuses that ought to be done away with; but they do not condemn them as authorities set up by their opponents in opposition to the word of God, only as things that burden the conscience and incline men to false ways of trying to be at peace with God (Augsburg Confession, as given in Schaff, The Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches, p. 65; Schmalkald Articles, xv.). It was not until 1576, in the Torgau Book, and in 1580 in the Formula Concordiæ, that they felt the necessity of declaring dogmatically and in opposition to the Roman Catholics that “the only standard by which all dogmas and all teachers must be valued and judged is no other than the prophetic and apostolic writings of the Old and of the New Testaments” (§ 1).

Zwingli, with the clearer dogmatic insight which he always showed, felt the need of a statement about the theological place of Scripture very early, and declared in the First Helvetic Confession (1536) that “Canonic Scripture, the word of God, given by the Holy Spirit and set forth to the world by the prophets and apostles, the most perfect and ancient of all philosophies, alone contains perfectly all piety and the whole rule of life.” The various Reformed Confessions, inspired by Calvin, followed Zwingli's example, and the supreme authority of Scripture was set forth in all the symbolical books of the Reformed Churches of Switzerland, France, England, the Netherlands, Scotland, etc.—The Geneva Confession of 1536 (Art. 1), The Second Helvetic Confession of 1562 (Art. 1), The French Confession of 1559 (Arts. 3-6), The Belgic Confession of 1561 (Arts. 4-7), The Thirty-nine Articles of 1563 and 1571 (Art. 6), The Scots Confession of 1560 (Art. 19). It is instructive, however, to note how this is done. The key to the central note in all these dogmatic statements is to be found in the first and second of The Sixty-seven Theses published in 1523 by Zwingli at Zurich, where it is declared that all who say that the Evangel is of no value apart from its confirmation by the Church err and blaspheme against God, and where the sum of the Evangel is “that our Lord Jesus Christ, very Son of God, has revealed to us the will of the heavenly Father, and with His innocence has redeemed us from death and has reconciled us to God.” The main thought, therefore, in all these Confessions is not to assert the formal supremacy of Scripture over Tradition, but rather to declare the supreme value of Scripture which reveals God's good will to us in Jesus Christ to be received by faith alone over all human traditions which would lead us astray from God and from true faith. The Reformers had before them not simply the theological desire to define precisely the nature of that authority to which all Christian teaching appeals, but the religious need to cling to the divinely revealed way of salvation and to turn away from all human interposition and corruption. They desire to make known that they trust God rather than man. Hence almost all of them are careful to express clearly the need for the Witness of the Holy Spirit.

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