A CLASSIFICATION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES

The genus Prunus is variously delimited and divided by systematic botanists. A simple, and from a horticultural point of view, a very satisfactory classification, is to put almonds and peaches in one sub-genus (Amygdalus), cherries in a second (Cerasus), plums and apricots in a third (Euprunus), and to place the racemose cherries and cherry-laurels, usually considered in Prunus, in another genus, Padus. In this division of Prunus into three sub-genera we may assign to each the following characters.

A. Leaves convolute, i. e., rolled in the bud (showing best in the opening buds).[3]
Euprunus. Plums and apricots.

A.A. Leaves conduplicate, i. e., folded lengthwise along the midrib in the bud.

B. Fruit more or less dry and hirsute; if juicy or glabrous the blossoms appear long before the opening of the leaves; fruits without stems.
Amygdalus. Almonds and peaches.

B.B. Fruit always juicy and usually glabrous; blooms appearing with the leaves.
Cerasus. Cherries.

Of these several divisions we are here concerned only with Cerasus, to which belong all fascicled cherries, the racemose, or Padus, cherries as yet having little or no value as esculents. The genus Prunus is from year to year being enlarged by the discovery of new species, the additions to Cerasus in particular being numerous. Thus, a decade ago, botanists placed in this sub-genus, at the outside, not more than a score of species but Koehne, the most recent monographer of Cerasus, describes 119 species. Of Koehne's species at least a dozen are more or less cultivated for their fruits and a score or more are grown as ornamentals.

The following species are listed by Koehne:[4]

SPECIES OF CHERRIES
Div. I. TYPOCERASUS Koehne.
Sect. 1 CREMASTOSEPALUM Koehne.
Subsect. 1. MAHALEB Koehne.
Cerasus sect. Mahaleb Roemer. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3:79. 1847.
Prunus subgen. Cerasus sect. Mahaleb Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 305. 1893.
Ser. 1. Eumahaleb Koehne.
1. Prunus mahaleb Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 472. 1753. Europe, Western Asia.
Ser. 2. Paramahaleb Koehne.
2. Prunus mollis Walpers. Rep. 2:9. Western North America.
3. Prunus emarginata Walpers. Rep. 2:9. Western North America.
Cerasus californica Greene. Fl. Francis 1:50.
4. Prunus pennsylvanica Linnaeus. Syst. ed 13 Suppl. 252. Eastern North America.
Subsect. 2. EUCERASUS Koehne.
Prunus sect. Eucerasus Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 306. 1893.
5. Prunus fruticosa Pallas. Fl. Ross. 1:19. 1784. Europe to Siberia.
6. Prunus acida C. Koch. Dendr. 1:112. 1869. Southern Europe.
7. Prunus cerasus Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 474. 1753. Europe, Western Asia.
8. Prunus avium Linnaeus. Fl. Svec. ed 2:165. 1755. Europe, Western Asia.
Subsect. 3. PHYLLOMAHALEB Koehne.
Ser. 1. Aphanadenium Koehne.
9. Prunus maximowiczii Ruprecht. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 15:131. 1857.
Prunus bracteata Franchet & Savatier. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2:329. 1879.
Prunus apetala Zabel. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 13:60 (not Franchet & Savatier) 1904. Amur, eastern Manchuria, Korea, Saghalin, Japan from Hokkaido to Kiushiu.
Prunus maximowiczii aperta Komarow. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22:5, 48. 1904. Manchuria from the Ussuri through Kirin to Mukden and northern Korea
10. Prunus pulchella Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:197. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Ser. 2. Macradenium Koehne.
11. Prunus conadenia Koehne. l. c. 197. Western Szechuan.
12. Prunus pleiocerasus Koehne. l. c. 198. Western Szechuan.
13. Prunus macradenia Koehne. l. c. 199. Western Szechuan.
14. Prunus discadenia Koehne. l. c. 200. Western Hupeh.
15. Prunus szechuanica Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 14:167. 1895. Szechuan.
Subsect. 4. PHYLLOCERASUS Koehne.
16. Prunus tatsienensis Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 14:322. 1897. Szechuan.
Prunus tatsienensis adenophora (Franchet) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:238. 1912.
Prunus maximowiczii adenophora Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 195. 1889. Yunnan.
Prunus tatsienensis stenadenia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:201. 1912. Western Szechuan.
17. Prunus variabilis Koehne. l. c. 201. Western Hupeh.
18. Prunus pilosiuscula (Schneider) Koehne. l. c. 202.
Prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66. 1905. Western Hupeh and Szechuan.
19. Prunus polytricha Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:204. 1912. Western Hupeh.
20. Prunus rehderiana Koehne. l. c. 205. Western Hupeh.
21. Prunus venusta Koehne. l. c. 239. Western Hupeh.
22. Prunus litigiosa Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:65. 1905. Hupeh.
Prunus litigiosa abbreviata Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:205. 1912. Western Hupeh.
23. Prunus clarofolia Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:67. 1905. Szechuan.
Subsect. 5. PSEUDOMAHALEB Koehne.
24. Prunus yunnanensis Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 195. 1889. Yunnan.
25. Prunus macgregoriana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:240. 1912. Western Hupeh.
26. Prunus henryi (Schneider) Koehne. l. c. 240.
Prunus yunnanensis henryi C. K. Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66 (in part) 1905. Yunnan.
27. Prunus neglecta Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:241. 1912.
Prunus yunnanensis henryi C. K. Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66 (in part) 1905. Yunnan.
Subsect. 6. LOBOPETALUM Koehne.
Ser. 1. Heterocalyx Koehne.
28. Prunus scopulorum Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:241. 1912. Western Hupeh.
29. Prunus glabra (Pampanini) Koehne.
Prunus hirtipes glabra Pampanini. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 17:293. 1910; 18:122. 1911. Hupeh.
30. Prunus involucrata Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:206. 1912. Western Hupeh.
31. Prunus hirtipes Hemsley. Jour. Linn. Soc. 23:218. 1887.
32. Prunus schneideriana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:242. 1912. Chekiang.
33. Prunus duclouxii Koehne. l. c. 242. Yunnan.
34. Prunus ampla Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:243. 1912. Szechuan.
35. Prunus malifolia Koehne. l. c. 207. Western Hupeh.
Prunus malifolia rosthornii Koehne. l. c. 243. Szechuan.
Ser. 2. Cyclaminium Koehne.
36. Prunus cyclamina Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:207. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Prunus cyclamina biflora Koehne. l. c. 243. Western China.
37. Prunus dielsiana Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:68. 1905.
"P. szechuanica, var.?" or "P. szechuanica dielsiana Schneider," l. c., not P. szechuanica Batalin. Hupeh.
Prunus dielsiana laxa Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:208. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Prunus dielsiana conferta Koehne. l. c. 244. Western Hupeh.
38. Prunus plurinervis Koehne. l. c. 208. Western Szechuan.
39. Prunus rufoides Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:55. 1905. Szechuan.
40. Prunus hirtifolia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:209. 1912. Western Szechuan.
Sect. 2. PSEUDOCERASUS Koehne.
Prunus subgen. Cerasus sect. Yamasakura Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:183. 1911.
Subsect. 7. HYPADENIUM Koehne.
41. Prunus glandulifolia Ruprecht & Maximowicz. Mém. Sav. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 9:87 (Prim. Fl. Amur.) 1859. Amur.
Subsect. 8. SARGENTIELLA Koehne.
42. Prunus pseudocerasus Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 6:90. 1826. Cultivated in China.
Cerasus pseudocerasus G. Don. Loudon Hort. Brit. 200. 1830.
Prunus sieboldii Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:184. 1911.
Prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus paniculata Ker. Bot. Reg. 10: t. 800. 1824, not Prunus paniculata Thunberg.
Cerasus paniculata De Candolle. Prodr. 2:539. 1825.
Cerasus sieboldtii Carrière. Rev. Hort. 371. 1866.
Prunus sieboldii Wittmack. Gartenfl. 51:272. 1902.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:102. 1908?
Prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii Koidzumi. l. c. 182.
Prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus naden Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus watereri Koehne. l. c. 172. 1909.
Cerasus wattererii, cited by Lavallée Icon. Arb. Segrez. 119. 1885, as a synonym under Cerasus pseudocerasus?
Cerasus watereri Goldring. Garden 33:416, fig. p. 420. 1888?
Prunus serrulata serrulata wattererii Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:75. 1909? (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus virescens Koehne.
Prunus donarium Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.
43. Prunus paracerasus Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 7:133. 1909. Japan. (Horticultural)
44. Prunus serrulata Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. London 7:138. 1830.
Prunus cerasus flore simplici Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus donarium Siebold. Verh. Batav. Genoot. 12: No. 1. 68 (Syn. Pl. Oecon.) 1827.
Prunus jamasakura Siebold. l. c. 1827.
Cerasus serrulata G. Don. Loudon Hort. Brit. 480. 1830.
Prunus puddum Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:90, (in part, not Wallich) 1865.
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:93. 1809.
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura præcox Makino. l. c. 98. 1908.
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra præcox Makino. l. c. 113.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra Makino. l. c. 101.
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis Koidzumi. l. c. 23:183. 1909.
Prunus cerasus flore pleno Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus serrulata Lindley. cf. supra.
Cerasus serrulata G. Don. Loudon Arb. Brit. 2:701, fig. 407. 1833.
Cerasus pseudocerasus Lavallée. Icon. Arb. Segrez. 119, t. 36. 1885, (ubi citatur: Cerasus maeda h.).
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:73. 1908.
Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus jamasakura elegans glabra Koidzumi. l. c. 25:185. 1911.
Prunus jamasakura speciosa Koidzumi. l. c. 186. Japan, Korea.
Prunus serrulata albida (Makino) Koehne.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus pseudocerasus Stapf. Bot. Mag. 131: t. 8012. 1905.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:102. 1908.
Prunus serrulata serrulata albida Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus serrulata yashino Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:167. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus yoshino Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata lannesiana (Carrière) Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:167. 1909.
Cerasus lannesiana Carrière. Rev. Hort. 198. 1872.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis Koidzumi. l. c. 25:187. 1911.
Prunus serrulata kriegeri Koehne. Gartenfl. 52:2 (nomen nudum) 1902.
Cerasus pendula kriegeri F. Späth ex Koehne.
Prunus serrulata grandiflora A. Wagner. Gartenfl. 52:169, t. 1513a. 1903.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:102 1908.
Prunus serrulata serrulata viridiflora Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Cerasus donarium Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.
Prunus pseudocerasus ukon Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata ochichima Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:169. 1909.
Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo, 2. alborosea Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus ochichima Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata hisakura Koehne. Gartenfl. 51:2, t. 1494 b. 1902.
Cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno Van Houtte. Fl. des. Serres 21:141, t. 2238. 1875.
Cerasus serratifolia rosea Carrière. Rev. Hort. 889, t. fig. B. 1877.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:699. 1883.
Prunus pseudocerasus hisakura Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus benifugen Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus "New Red." Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata "W. Kou." Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:187. 1911.
Prunus serrulata veitchiana Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 9:122. 1911.
Cerasus pseudocerasus "James Veitch." Gartenfl. 51:497. 1902. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata mucronata Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:170. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno candido Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus cerasus flore roseo pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata flore pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata shidare-sakura Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:170. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura Koehne. (Horticultural)
44 × 88 ? Prunus affinis Makino. Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura × incisa? Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:99. 1908. Japan.
45. Prunus sargentii Rehder. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 17:159. 1908.
Prunus puddum Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:90 (in part, not Wallich) 1865.
Prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis F. Schmidt. Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg sér. 7, 12: No. 2. 124.
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus mume crasseglandulosa Miquel. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.
Prunus pseudocerasus Sargent. Garden and Forest 10:462, fig. 58 (not Lindley) 1897.
Prunus Sp. Zabel. Beissner, Schelle & Zabel Handb. Laubholz-Ben. 241. 1903.
Prunus pseudocerasus borealis Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:99. 1908.
Prunus serrulata borealis Makino. l. c. 23:75. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea Koidzumi. l. c. 182.
Prunus jamasakura elegans compta Koidzumi. l. c. 25:186. 1911.
Prunus jamasakura borealis Koidzumi. l. c. 187. Korea, Saghalin, Japan.
46. Prunus tenuiflora Koehne. Plant Wils. Pt. 2:209. 1912. Western Hupeh.
47. Prunus wildeniana Koehne. l. c. 249. Hupeh.
48. Prunus leveilleana Koehne. l. c. 250. Korea.
49. Prunus sontagiæ Koehne. l. c. 250. Korea.
50. Prunus mesadenia Koehne. l. c. 250. Nippon.
51. Prunus parvifolia (Matsumura) Koehne. l. c. 251.
Prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:101. 1901.
Prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia Koidzumi. l. c. 23:182. 1909.
Prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia Koidzumi. l. c. 25:186. 1911. Japan.
Prunus parvifolia aomoriensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:251. 1912. Northern Nippon.
52. Prunus concinna Koehne. l. c. 210. Western Hupeh.
53. Prunus twymaniana Koehne. l. c. 211. Western Szechuan.
Subsect. 9. CONRADINIA Koehne.
54. Prunus conradinæ Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:211. 1912. Western Hupeh.
55. Prunus helenæ Koehne. l. c. 212. Western Hupeh.
56. Prunus saltuum Koehne. l. c. 213. Western Hupeh.
57. Prunus pauciflora Bunge. Mém. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg2:97 (Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1835. Chili.
58. Prunus sprengeri Pampanini. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18:230. 1911. Hupeh.
59. Prunus yedœnsis Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:100. 1901. Cultivated in the gardens of Tokyo.
Subsect. 10. SERRULA Koehne.
60. Prunus majestica Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:252. 1912.
Prunus puddum Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 197 (not Roxburgh following Brandis) 1889.
Prunus cerasoides tibetica Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:54 (in part) 1905. Yunnan.
61. Prunus serrula Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 196. 1889. Yunnan.
Prunus serrula tibetica (Batalin) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:213. 1912. Western Szechuan.
Subsect. 11. PUDDUM Koehne.
62. Prunus campanulata Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29. 103.
Prunus cerasoides Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:181 (in part, not D. Don) 1909. Fokien.
Cultivated in Japan.
63. Prunus hosseusii Diels. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 4:289. 1907. Siam.
64. Prunus cerasoides D. Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 239. 1825.
Prunus silvatica Roxburgh. Hort. Beng. 92. 1814.
Cerasus phoshia Hamilton. De Candolle Prodr. 2:535. 1825.
Cerasus puddum Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:537. 1825.
Prunus puddum Roxburgh. Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 194. 1874. Nepal.
65. Prunus rufa Steudel. Nomencl. Bot. 2:404. 1841.
Cerasus rufa Wallich. Cat. No. 721. 1829. Eastern Himalaya.
66. Prunus trichantha Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:254. 1912.
Prunus rufa Hooker. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:314 (in part) 1878. Eastern Himalaya.
Subsect. 12. MICROCALYMMA Koehne.
67. Prunus herincquiana Lavallée. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:214. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Prunus herincquiana biloba (Franchet) Koehne. Western Hupeh.
Prunus biloba Franchet in Herb. Paris. China.
68. Prunus subhirtella Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:91. 1865.
Prunus subhirtella oblongifolia Miquel. l. c.
Prunus incisa Maximowicz. Bul. Sci. Acad. St. Pétersburg 29:99.
Prunus pendula ascendens Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 7:103. 1893?
Prunus herincquiana ascendens Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906.
Prunus itosakra subhirtella Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:180. 1908. Japan.
Prunus subhirtella fukubana Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:118. 1908.
Prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis Koidzumi. l. c. 23:181. 1909?
69. Prunus pendula Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:98.
Prunus itosakura Siebold. Verh. Batav. Genoot. 12: No. 1. 68. 1830.
Cerasus pendula flore roseo Siebold. Cat. 5:31. 1863, Maximowicz.
Cerasus pendula rosea Dombrain. Floral Mag. 10. t. 536. 1871.
Prunus subhirtella pendula Tanaka. Useful Pl. Jap. 153, fig. 620. 1895.
Cerasus itosakura Siebold. Herb., Maximowicz. l. c.
Cerasus herincquiana Lavallée. Icon. Arb. Segrez, 117. 1885.
Prunus miqueliana Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk, 1:609 (not Maximowicz) 1906.
Prunus herincquiana Schneider. l. c. 608.
Cerasus pendula Siebold in herb., Koehne. l. c.
Prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo Koehne. l. c. (Horticultural)
Prunus itosakra pendula Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:180. 1909. Japan.
70. Prunus taiwaniana Hayata. Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 30:87. 1911. Formosa.
71. Prunus microlepis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:256. 1912. Hondo.
Prunus microlepis ternata Koehne. l. c. 256. Hondo.
Subsect. 13. CERASEIDOS (Siebold & Zuccarini) Koehne.
Ceraseidos Siebold & Zuccarini. Abh. Akad. Münch. 3:743 t. 5. 1843.
Ser. 1. Phyllopodium.
72. Prunus setulosa Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 12:165. 1892. Eastern Kansu.
73. Prunus phyllopoda Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:257. 1912. Northern Shensi.
74. Prunus canescens Bois. l. c. 215. Western Hupeh.
75. Prunus veitchii Koehne. l. c..257. Western Hupeh.
Ser. 2. Droserina.
76. Prunus giraldiana Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:65. 1905. Northern Shensi.
77. Prunus droseracea Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:215. 1912. Western Szechuan.
Ser. 3. Oxyodon.
78. Prunus trichostoma Koehne. l. c. 216. Western Szechuan.
79. Prunus latidentata Koehne. l. c. 217. Western Szechuan.
80. Prunus micromeloides Koehne. l. c. 218. Western Szechuan.
81. Prunus oxyodonta Koehne. l. c. 218. Western Szechuan.
82. Prunus glyptocarya Koehne. l. c. 219. Western Szechuan.
83. Prunus podadenia Koehne. l. c. 258. Western China.
84. Prunus lobulata Koehne. l. c. 220. Western Szechuan.
85. Prunus stipulacea Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:689. 1883. Kansu.
86. Prunus pleuroptera Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:221. 1912. Western Szechuan.
87. Prunus zappeyana Koehne. l. c. 221. Western Hupeh.
Prunus zappeyana? subsimplex Koehne. l. c. 222. Western Hupeh.
88. Prunus incisa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 202. 1784.
Cerasus incisa Loiseleur. Nouveau Duhamel 5:33. 1812.
Ceraseidos apetala Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:93 1865 (in part). Japan.
Ser. 4. Euceraseidos.
89. Prunus caudata Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 196. 1889. Yunnan.
90. Prunus iwagiensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:259. 1912. Hondo.
91. Prunus nipponica Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:99. 1901.
Prunus miqueliana Koidzumi. l. c. 23:184 (not Maximowicz) 1909.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:103.
Prunus apetala typica Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906. Japan.
92. Prunus autumnalis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:259. 1912.
Prunus subhirtella autumnalis Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:117. 1908. Hondo.
93. Prunus kurilensis Miyabe. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 24:11. 1910.
Prunus ceraseidos kurilensis Miyabe. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 4:226 (Fl. Kurile Isl.) 1890.
Prunus incisa kurilensis Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:184. 1909.
94. Prunus nikkoensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:260. 1912. Japan.
95. Prunus miqueliana Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:692 (not Schneider) 1883. Japan.
96. Prunus tschonoskii Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:261. 1912.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:103.
Prunus apetala iwozana Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906. Japan.
97. Prunus apetala (Siebold & Zuccarini) Franchet & Savatier. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2:329. 1879 (not Zabel, cf. P. maximowiczii, No. 9).
Ceraseidos apetala Siebold & Zuccarini. Abh. Akad. Münch. 3:743. t. 5. 1843.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:103. Japan.
Ser. 5. Amblyodon.
98. Prunus gracilifolia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:223. 1912. Western Hupeh.
99. Prunus rossiana Koehne. l. c. 223. Western Hupeh.
Div. II. MICROCERASUS (Spach, Roemer) Koehne.
Cerasus sect. Microcerasus Spach. Hist. Vég. 1:423. 1834.
Microcerasus Webb. Phytogr. Canar. 2:19. 1836-40.
Sect. 1. SPIRAEOPSIS Koehne.
Subsect. 1. MYRICOCERASUS Koehne.
100. Prunus pumila Linnaeus. Mant. Pl. 75. 1767. Eastern North America.
101. Prunus besseyi Bailey. Bul. Cor. Ex. Sta. 70:261. 1894. Eastern North America.
Subsect. 2. SPIRAEOCERASUS Koehne.
102. Prunus dictyoneura Diels. Bot. Jahrb. 36, Beibl. 82, 57. 1905. Shensi.
103. Prunus humilis Bunge. Mém. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:97 (Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1833.
Prunus salicina Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 7:239. 1830.
Prunus bungei Walpers. Rep. 2:9 (not Moris) 1893. China.
104. Prunus glandulosa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 202. 1784.
Amygdalus pumila Linnaeus. Mant. 1:74. 1767.
Cerasus glandulosa Loiseleur. Nouv. Duhamel 5:33. 1825.
Prunus glandulosa glabra Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912.
Prunus japonica glandulosa Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:13. 1879. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa glabra alba Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912.
Prunus japonica Lindley. Bot. Reg. 8:t. 1801. 1835.
Prunus glandulosa glabra rosea Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912.
Prunus japonica typica flore roseo Maximowicz, in sched.
Prunus japonica flor. simp. Tanaka. Useful Pl. Jap. 153, fig. 621. 1895.
Prunus japonica glandulosa Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14:136. 1900. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena Koehne. Plant Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912.
Cerasus japonica multiplex Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:539 (in part) 1825.
Prunus japonica flore pleno Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. 1:172 t. 90 f. 111. (in part) 1826.
Prunus japonica Oudemans. Neerlands Plantentuin t. 2. 1865.
Prunus japonica flore albo pleno Lemaire. Ill. Hort. 5: t. 183. 1858.
Prunus japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54. 14 (in part) 1879.
Prunus japonica multiplex Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:72 (in part) 1908. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa purdomii Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912. Northern China.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla Koehne. l. c. 224.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi Koehne. l. c. 224.
Prunus japonica J. Hutchinson. Bot. Mag. 135: t. 8260 (not Thunberg) 1909. Shantung.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis (Schneider) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912.
Prunus japonica packangensis Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:53. 1905. Western Hupeh.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis (Persoon) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912.
Amygdalus indica nana Plukenett. Phytogr. 1: t. 11. f. 4 (1691, new edit. 1769).
Prunus sinensis Persoon. Syn. 2:36. 1807.
Cerasus japonica Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:539 (in part) 1825.
Prunus japonica flore pleno Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. 1:172 t. 90 f. 111. (in part) 1826.
Prunus japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:14 (in part) 1883. Northern Shensi.
Prunus glandulosa salicifoli (Komarov) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912.
Prunus japonica salicifolia Komarov. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22:754. 1904. Shing-king.
105. Prunus pogonostyla Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:11. 1879.
Prunus formosana Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:86. 1901.
Prunus pogonostyla globosa Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912. Formosa.
Prunus pogonostyla obovata Koehne. l. c. 265. Formosa.
106. Prunus japonica Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus japonica japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:12. 1879.
Prunus japonica typica Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14:135. 1900.
Prunus japonica eujaponica Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:266. 1912.
Prunus japonica eujaponica fauriei Koehne. l. c. 266. Japan.
Prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii Koehne. l. c. 266. Hupeh.
Prunus japonica gracillima Koehne. l. c. 266.
Prunus japonica gracillima thunbergii Koehne. l. c. 266.
Prunus japonica thunbergii Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 8:23. 1910. Cultivated in the Späth Arboretum near Berlin, received from St. Petersburg.
Prunus japonica gracillima engleri Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:266. 1912.
Prunus japonica engleri Koehne. l. c. 266. Manchuria.
Prunus japonica gracillima minor Koehne. l. c. 267. Cultivated in the Späth Arboretum, Berlin.
Prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica (Carrière) Koehne. l. c. 267.
Prunus japonica sphaerica Carrière. Rev. Hort. 468, fig. 163. 1890.
Prunus japonica kerii (Steudel) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:267. 1912.
Prunus japonica Ker-Gawler. Bot. Reg. 1: t. 27. 1815.
Amygdalus pumila Sims. Bot. Mag. 47: t. 2176. 1820.
Prunus kerii Steudel. Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 403. 1841, which cites "Cerasus" japonica Ker-Gawler.
Prunus japonica typica flore pleno Zabel. Beissner, Schelle & Zabel Handb. Laubholz-Ben. 238. 1903. Chekiang. Cultivated in England.
? Prunus praecox Carrière. Rev. Hort. 488, fig. 142, 143. 1892. Originated from sowings of Prunus japonica sphaerica and supposed to be Prunus japonica × domestica.
107. Prunus nakaii Léveillé. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 7:198. 1909. Korea.
108. Prunus carcharias Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:267. 1912. Szechuan.
Sect. 2. AMYGDALOCERASUS Koehne.
Cerasus sect. Microcerasus Spach.
Microcerasus Webb. Phytogr. Canar. 2:19 (1836-50); Schneider Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:601. 1906.
Prunus subgen. Microcerasus Focke. Engler & Prantl Natürl. Pflanzenfam. 3:3, 54. 1888.
Prunus sect. Trichocerasus et subgen. Microcerasus Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 302, 306. 1893.
109. Prunus tomentosa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 203. 1784.—Siebold & Zuccarini Fl. Jap. 1:51, t. 22. 1826. Japan, western and northern China.
Prunus tomentosa spaethiana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:269. 1912. Cultivated in European gardens.
Prunus tomentosa graebneriana Koehne. l. c. 269. Cultivated near the Botanic Garden, Berlin-Dahlem.
Prunus tomentosa insularis Koehne. l. c. 269. Japan. Cultivated in Japan.
Prunus tomentosa souliei Koehne. l. c. 269. Szechuan.
Prunus tomentosa kashkarovii Koehne. l. c. 269. Tibet.
Prunus tomentosa endotricha Koehne. l. c. 225. Western Hupeh.
Prunus tomentosa breviflora Koehne. l. c. 270. Northern Shensi.
Prunus tomentosa trichocarpa (Bunge) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:270. 1912.
Prunus trichocarpa Bunge. Mém. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:96 (Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1833. Northern China.
Prunus tomentosa tsuluensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:270. 1912. Northern Shensi.
Prunus tomentosa heteromera Koehne. l. c. 270. Szechuan.
110. Prunus batalinii (Schneider) Koehne. l. c. 270.
Prunus tomentosa, (?) Batalinii Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:52. 1905. Szechuan.
111. Prunus cinerascens Franchet. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris. sér. 2, 8:216 (Pl. David. II. 34) 1885. Western Szechuan.
112. Prunus jacquemontii (Edgeworth) Hooke. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:314. 1878. Afghanistan, Northwestern Himalaya, Tibet.
113. Prunus incana (Pallas) Steven. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 3:263. 1812. Armenia, Georgia, Himalaya?
Cf. Cerasus hippophaeoides Bornmüller. Oester. Bot. Zeit. 49:15. 1899. Cappadocia.
114. Prunus griffithii (Boissier) Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:606. 1906. Afghanistan.
115. Prunus prostrata Labillardière. Icon. Pl. Syr. 1:15, t. 6. 1791. Southern Europe, Crete, Algier, Western Asia to Persia and Syria.
Cf. Prunus bifrons Fritsch. Sitz. Akad. Wien 101: pt. 1. 636, t. 3, fig. 1. 1892. Himalaya?
116. Prunus brachypetala (Boissier) Walpers. Ann. 1:272. 1848-49. Southern Persia.
117. Prunus microcarpa C. A. Meyer. Verz. Pfl. Caucas. Casp. 166. 1831. Caucasia, Northern Persia.
Cf. Cerasus tortuosa Boissier & Haussknecht. Boissier Fl. Or. 2:647. 1872. Antilibanon, Cappadocia, Kurdistan.
118. Prunus verrucosa Franchet. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, 16:280. 1883. Turkestan.
Cf. Prunus calycosus Aitchison & Hemsley. Trans. Linn. Soc. 3:61, t. 8. 1888. Afghanistan.
119. Prunus diffusa (Boissier & Haussknecht) Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:606. 1906. Southwestern Persia.

The geographical distribution of these cherries is most interesting.[5] From North America come but five species of cherries but two of which, Prunus besseyi and Prunus pumila, furnish food and these two as yet are but sparingly grown; all five, however, are more or less used as stocks.

Greene[6] has described, in addition to the five accepted ones, eleven new species of true cherries from the far west of the type of Prunus emarginata, some of which at least have furnished food to the Indians, miners and trappers and may have horticultural possibilities for the desert regions in which they are found either for fruit or as stocks.

From the western portion of the Old World, including all of Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, Turkestan and Afghanistan come 14 species. From this region, though the number of species as compared with East Asia is small, we have all of the cultivated esculent cherries, if possibly Prunus tomentosa be excepted. Though nearly all of the species of this large territory are found—possibly all originated there—in the southeastern part of Europe and the adjoining southwestern part of Asia, yet they seem, with one or two exceptions, to be quite distinct from the species of the eastern half of the Old World—the Himalaya Mountains separating the two regions. It is probable that when west central Asia has been as well explored botanically as the east central part of the continent, many new species will be added to Prunus and its sub-genus Cerasus.

It is in the eastern half of the Old World that the cherry flora is richest. More than 100 of the 119 species of Cerasus recognized by Koehne are found in the Himalaya Mountains and the region to the east including Japan and the Kuril Islands. Yet out of all of this wealth of raw material only Prunus tomentosa has been truly domesticated as an esculent though possibly a score of these species are well-known ornamentals. Of the 100 eastern Asiatic species about 75 belong to China—the remainder to Formosa, Siam and Japan with its islands. Happily these Chinese cherries are being introduced, but a few at a time, it is true, to Europe and America and it can hardly be otherwise than that they will enrich horticulture as they are domesticated, hybridized or used as a consort upon which to grow the cherries now known to cultivation. In particular, it may be expected that cherries for the cold north and the bleak plains of our continent will be evolved from the Asiatic species better suited to these regions than the cultivated cherries we now grow.

The number and diversity of the species of cherries which this brief review of Cerasus shows to exist suggest that our cultivated cherry flora is but begun. There can be no question but that others of these species than the few that have been domesticated will yield to improvement under cultivation and furnish refreshing fruits. It is just as certain that new types, as valuable perhaps as the hybrid Dukes we now have, can be produced through hybridization. In North America, we have no satisfactory stock for cultivated Sweet and Sour Cherries. Both of the stocks now commonly used, the Mazzard and the Mahaleb, as we shall see, have weaknesses that unfit them for general use. Surely out of the great number of forms we have just listed a better stock than either of the two named can be found. No doubt, too, many of these new species, even though they do not furnish food, will prove valuable timber or ornamental trees.

We are ready now for a more detailed discussion of the cultivated species of cherries.

PRUNUS CERASUS Linnaeus.

PRUNUS CERASUS (AMARELLE GROUP)

Tree low, reaching a height of twenty to thirty feet, diffuse, open-headed, round-topped or spreading, often without a central leader; trunk at maturity a foot in diameter; bark reddish-brown overlaid with ashy-gray, smooth or sometimes roughened; branches spreading, slender and more or less drooping; branchlets slender and willowy, glabrous, reddish-brown becoming darker and overspread with ashy-gray; lenticels small, numerous, conspicuous, raised.

Leaves resinous at opening, more or less erect, very numerous, three to four inches long and from one-half to two inches wide, obovate to oval, folded upward, thick and firm in texture; upper surface dark green, smooth, the lower surface paler green, with more or less pubescence; apex taper-pointed or acute, base abrupt or acute; margins finely serrate, often doubly so, teeth tipped with small, dark glands; petioles from a half-inch to two inches long, slender, grooved, with a few hairs on the upper surface, tinged with red; glands from one to four, usually small, variously colored, globose or reniform, usually at the base of the blade; stipules small, lanceolate, narrow, finely serrate, early caducous.

Winter-buds small, short, obtuse or pointed, plump and free, arranged singly or in clusters; leaf-scars usually prominent; flowers appearing with or after the leaves, showy, an inch across, white; borne in dense or scattered, very scaly clusters and in twos, threes and fours on one-year-old wood; pedicels from a half to an inch and a half in length, slender, green and glabrous; calyx-tube obconic, glabrous, green or tinged with red; calyx-lobes broadly obtuse or acute, glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed, margin serrate, faintly red; petals white, roundish or oval to obovate, entire or crenate, sessile or nearly so; stamens about thirty, filaments one-fourth of an inch in length; anthers yellow; pistils about as long as the stamens, glabrous.

Fruit roundish-oblate or cordate, sides slightly compressed, about three-fourths of an inch in diameter; suture lacking or indistinct; cavity well marked, usually abrupt; apex usually depressed; color from light to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, more or less conspicuous; stem slender, from a half-inch to two inches in length, glabrous, without bloom; skin usually separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice or pale yellow with colorless juice, tender, melting, sprightly, more or less acidulous, sometimes astringent; stone free or more or less clinging, roundish, pointed or blunt, smooth, less than a half inch in diameter; ventral suture usually ridged, sometimes smooth.

The numerous synonyms of Prunus cerasus indicate the state of confusion which prevails in the scientific nomenclature of the Sour Cherry. Yet the names given are scarcely a tithe of those that have been discarded or superseded for a whole or a part of this species by botanists. Happily, there is no language in which there is a possibility of confusing the Sour Cherry with the other two or three species of cultivated cherries if the common names be used. That men, learned or unlearned, speaking in their mother tongues distinguish species of cherries so readily by their common names, is ample excuse for not attempting to give in a pomological work all of the Latin names of the Sour Cherry that have been used by the many men who have at one time or another attempted to classify the plants in Prunus. Those here published are from botanists who have contributed most to the knowledge of the species.

Prunus cerasus is the Sour Cherry, or Pie Cherry, of many languages—grown and esteemed in temperate climates the world over and probably the most widely distributed of all tree fruits. The species is found truly wild, as we have set forth in detail in the following chapter, in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe. It is a frequent escape from cultivation, multiplying from seed distributed by birds or human agencies or growing from suckers which spring so freely from the roots as to make the species unfit for a stock in orchard work. The number of cultivated varieties of Prunus cerasus listed in The Cherries of New York is 270. Sour Cherries cultivated for their fruits constitute two distinct groups, each of which is again divided into many varieties. The two groups vary more or less in both tree and fruit but have a constant difference only in a single, very easily distinguished character—the juice in the fruits of one is red, in the other it is colorless.

The cherries with colorless juice are the Amarelles, from the Latin for bitter, a term probably first used by the Germans but now in general use wherever these cherries are grown, though the English often designate them as Kentish cherries and the French as Cerisier Commun. These Amarelles are pale red fruits, more or less flattened at the ends. Despite the derivation of the name Amarelle, they have less bitterness than the other group of varieties of the Sour Cherry. They are also less acid than the darker colored cherries and are therefore more suitable for eating out of hand while the dark colored cherries are almost exclusively culinary fruits. The common representatives of this group are Early Richmond, Montmorency and the various cherries to which the word Amarelle is affixed, as the King Amarelle and the Späte Amarelle.

PRUNUS CERASUS (MORELLO GROUP)

The second group, varieties with reddish juice and usually with very dark fruits which are more spherical or cordate in shape than the Amarelles, comprises the Morellos of several languages or the Griottes of the French. The first of these terms has reference to the color, the word Morello coming from the Italian meaning blackish while Griotte, from the French, probably is derived through agriotte from aigre, meaning sharp, in reference to the acidity of these cherries. Weichsel is the German group name for these cherries, rather less commonly used than the other two terms. The trees of the Morello-like varieties are usually smaller, bushier and more compact than those of the Amarelles. The branches, as a rule, are more horizontal, often drooping, are less regularly arranged and are more slender. The leaves, in typical varieties, are smaller, thinner, a darker green and are pendant while those of the Amarelles are either inclined to be upright or horizontal; the leaves are also toothed less deeply and more regularly. These differences in the leaves are well shown in the color-plates of the varieties of the two groups. There are differences, also, in the inflorescence and the floral organs in the extreme types but these disappear in the varieties that connect the two forms. The typical varieties of this group are English Morello, Ostheim, Olivet, Brusseler Braune, Vladimir and Riga.

Attempts to give precise distinctions between the fruits and trees of the two groups fail because the varieties constituting them hybridize freely making it impossible, with the more or less blended characters, to classify accurately. The group name indicates but little more than whether the cherries have a colored or a colorless juice—a distinction well worth while for the fruit-grower.

Ehrhart called Sour Cherries with colorless juice Prunus acida and those with dark colored juice Prunus austera. To some extent botanists have followed Ehrhart's designations. Linnaeus thought the two groups sufficiently distinct to be botanical varieties of the species and denominated the cherry with colorless juice Prunus cerasus caproniana and the one with colored juice Prunus cerasus austera.

A third division of the species is the Marasca cherry from which is made maraschino, a distilled liqueur much used in Europe as a drink and in Europe and America in the manufacture of maraschino cherries. The Marasca cherry is a native of the province of Dalmatia, Austria, where the trees grow wild and are now sparingly cultivated. In 1831 Host gave this form the name Cerasus marasca and a year later Reichenbach described it as Prunus marasca. Botanists now very generally include it in the species under discussion and Schneider[7] makes it a botanical variety, Prunus cerasus marasca, a disposition which we believe to be the best. The Marasca cherries differ from the other cultivated forms chiefly in the greater vigor of the trees, relatively finer serrations of the leaves, longer stipules and a more compact inflorescence. The fruits are much smaller than in the common Sour Cherries, are deep red or almost black in color and have intensely red flesh and juice. The cherries are very acid with a bitter taste that gives flavor to the maraschino made from them.

Besides these divisions of the species cultivated for their fruits botanists describe several botanical forms which either have no horticultural value or are cultivated exclusively as ornamentals. It is not necessary to discuss these in a pomological work. Of these botanical derivatives of Prunus cerasus, Schneider enumerates nine and three hybrids between this and other species.[8]