| VOLUME IV |
| GREECE |
| PAGE |
| [Introductory Essay. The Evolution of Greek Philosophy.] By Dr. Hermann Diels | [xiii] |
| CHAPTER XXXVII |
| [The Reign of Terror in Athens (404-403 B.C.)] | [1] |
| Lysander, [2]. Cruelties of the Thirty, [3]. The Sycophants, [4]. The revolt of Thrasybulus, [10]. |
| CHAPTER XXXVIII |
| [The Democracy Restored (403-400 B.C.)] | [16] |
| The end of Alcibiades, [23]. Life at Athens, [25]. Aristophanes, [27]. Euripides, [30]. |
| CHAPTER XXXIX |
| [Socrates and the Sophists (ca. 425-399 B.C.)] | [33] |
| The prosecution of Socrates, [36]. Plato’s account of the last hours of Socrates, [39]. Grote’s estimate of Socrates, [45]. |
| CHAPTER XL |
| [The Retreat of the Ten Thousand (404-399 B.C.)] | [49] |
| The affairs of Persia, [49]. Xenophon’s account of Cunaxa, [53]. The retreat, [59]. Xenophon’s picture of the hardships, [61]. End of the march, [63]. The meaning of Xenophon’s feat, [64]. |
| CHAPTER XLI |
| [The Spartan Supremacy (480-240 B.C.)] | [66] |
| Grote’s comparison of Spartan and Athenian rule, [72]. Harshness of the Spartan hegemony, [76]. Degeneracy of Sparta, [77]. |
| CHAPTER XLII |
| [Sparta in Asia (400-394 B.C.)] | [82] |
| War of Lacedæmon and Elis, [86]. Cinadon’s plot, [90]. Agesilaus in Asia, [91]. Persian gold, [95]. War rises in Greece, [96]. Lysander’s plot, [99]. Agesilaus recalled, [101]. |
| CHAPTER XLIII |
| [The Corinthian War (394-387 B.C.)] | [104] |
| Battle of Cnidus, [107]. Battle of Coronea, [108]. Land affairs of the Corinthian War, [111]. The great deeds of Conon, [115]. Conon rebuilds the Long Walls, [117]. The embassy of Antalcidas, [119]. The King’s Peace, [123]. |
| CHAPTER XLIV |
| [The Rise of Thebes (387-371 B.C.)] | [126] |
| Mantinea crushed, [127]. The Olynthian War, [129]. The surprise of Thebes, [130]. Fate of Evagoras and the Asiatic Greeks, [133]. The revolt of Thebes, [135]. The second Athenian League, [140]. Corcyra, [144]. The trial of Timotheus, [148]. The congress at Sparta, [151]. Athens abandons Thebes, [153]. |
| CHAPTER XLV |
| [The Day of Epaminondas (371-367 B.C.)] | [154] |
| Sparta invades Bœotia, [156]. Battle of Leuctra, [157]. Significance of Leuctra, [159]. Jason of Thessaly, [160]. Von Stern on the Theban policy, [165]. A congress at Athens, [167]. Mantinea restored, [167]. The Arcadian Revolution, [169]. Spartan intolerance of cowardice, [171]. The Thebans in the Peloponnesus, [172]. Founding of Messene, [175]. Athens in league with Sparta, [177]. Second invasion of Peloponnesus, [177]. Expedition into Thessaly, [180]. An embassy to Persia and a congress at Thebes, [182]. |
| CHAPTER XLVI |
| [When Thebes was Supreme (368-360 B.C.)] | [185] |
| Joint work of Epaminondas and Pelopidas, [185]. The end of Pelopidas, [189]. Battle of Mantinea and death of Epaminondas, [191]. Xenophon’s account of how Epaminondas fought, [194]. Grote’s estimate of Epaminondas, [196]. Confusion following Epaminondas’ fall, [199]. |
| CHAPTER XLVII |
| [The Tyrants in Sicily (410-337 B.C.)] | [202] |
| CHAPTER XLVIII |
| [The Rise of Macedonia (490-357 B.C.)] | [208] |
| Early history of Macedonia, [210]. Philip, the organiser, [215]. Military discipline, [216]. Macedonian culture, [217]. Olympias, mother of Alexander, [219]. The Macedonian phalanx, [220]. The waxing of Philip, [221]. |
| CHAPTER XLIX |
| [The Triumphs of Philip (359-336 B.C.)] | [222] |
| Demosthenes, the orator, [222]. Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes, [223]. The unpopularity of Demosthenes, [224]. Philip’s better side, [225]. The Sacred War, [227]. The First Philippic, [227]. Philip and Athens, [229]. A treaty of peace, [231]. Punishment of the Phocians, [232]. The attitude of the Athenians, [232]. The Macedonian party, [233]. The patriotic party, [234]. Philip’s intrigues and the outbreak of war, [235]. The Third Philippic, [236]. Philip returns to the fray, [237]. Siege of Perinthus and Byzantium, [238]. Decline of Philip’s prestige; the Scythian expedition, [238]. The crusade against Amphissa, [239]. Alliance between Athens and Thebes, [241]. The armies in the plain of Chæronea, [243]. Battle of Chæronea, [245]. Philip takes Thebes, [247]. Peace of Demades, [248]. Philip in Peloponnesus, [249]. Political schemes; family broils, [250]. The death of Philip, [251]. A summing-up of Philip’s character, [253]. Grote’s estimate of Philip, [254]. |
| CHAPTER L |
| [Alexander the Great (336-335 B.C.)] | [256] |
| Philip and Alexander compared by Justin, [257]. Alexander’s youth according to Quintus Curtius, [258]. Aristotle as his teacher, [261]. Bucephalus, [263]. Alexander’s first deeds, [263]. Demosthenes ridicules Alexander, [265]. Alexander dashes through Greece, [267]. Alexander winnows the North, [268]. The revolt of Thebes, [269]. The fate of Thebes, [271]. |
| CHAPTER LI |
| [Alexander Invades Asia (334 B.C.)] | [274] |
| Schemes of conquest, [274]. The problem and the troops, [276]. The size of the army, [277]. The phalanx and the cavalry, [278]. The light troops, [280]. The condition of the Persian Empire, [281]. The entry into Asia, according to Arrian, [283]. Battle of the Granicus, [284]. Courage and danger of Alexander, [287]. Effects of Alexander’s victory, [289]. |
| CHAPTER LII |
| [Issus and Tyre (334-332 B.C.)] | [290] |
| Halicarnassus, [292]. Gordium, [295]. Darius musters a new host, [297]. Darius at Issus, [299]. Preparing for battle, [301]. Battle of Issus, [302]. Flight of Darius, [303]. From Issus to Tyre, [305]. The siege of Tyre, [307]. |
| CHAPTER LIII |
| [From Gaza to Arbela (332-331 B.C.)] | [312] |
| The siege of Gaza according to Arrian, [312]. Incidents from Quintus Curtius, [314]. Alexander in Egypt, [315]. The visit to Ammon, [317]. Alexander leaves Egypt, [318]. Battle of Arbela, [320]. |
| CHAPTER LIV |
| [The Fall of Persia (331-327 B.C.)] | [329] |
| The entry into Babylon described by Quintus Curtius, [329]. At the border of Persia, [331]. A shepherd guide, [332]. The released captives; sacking Persepolis, [334]. Curtius tells of the enormous loot, [335]. Curtius describes an orgy and the burning of Persepolis, [336]. The new meaning of the conquest, [338]. The pursuit of Darius, [338]. Conspiracies against Alexander, [342]. Capture of Bessus, [346]. Limit of Alexander’s progress northward, [348]. Alexander murders his friend, [348]. Remorse of Alexander, [350]. Conspiracy of the royal pages, [353]. |
| CHAPTER LV |
| [The Conquest of India (327-324 B.C.)] | [355] |
| The war with Porus, [358]. The eastern limit, [360]. The march to the West, [362]. The brave Mallians, [363]. Alexander’s severe wound and the army’s grief, [365]. The desert march, [367]. Excesses and cruelties described by Curtius, [369]. The return of Nearchus, [371]. |
| CHAPTER LVI |
| [The End of Alexander (324-323 B.C.)] | [375] |
| His projects, [375]. The marriage of Greece with Persia, [377]. The mutiny, [379]. The last expedition, [383]. Grief for Hephæstion, [384]. To Babylon, [386]. Last illness, [390]. The death-bed of Alexander, [391]. |
| CHAPTER LVII |
| [Various Estimates of Alexander] | [393] |
| His vices and virtues (Arrian), [393]. His favour with fortune (Ælianus), [394]. If Alexander had attempted Rome (Livy), [395]. A patriotic estimate of Rome’s greatness, [398]. His invincibility (Grote), [399]. His meanness (Ménard and Rollin), [401]. His evil influence (Niebuhr), [403]. His motives (Droysen), [405]. His effect on federalisation (Pöhlmann), [407]. His heritage (Hegel), [408]. Alexander’s true glory (Wheeler), [409]. |
| CHAPTER LVIII |
| [Greece during the Life of Alexander (333-323 B.C.)] | [410] |
| Confederacy against Macedonia, [411]. War in Greece, [412]. Affairs at Athens, [413]. Demosthenes and Æschines, [414]. Deification of Alexander; the gold of Harpalus, [416]. |
| CHAPTER LIX |
| [The Successors of Alexander (323-232 B.C.)] | [420] |
| Council at Babylon after Alexander’s death, [422]. Perdiccas, Meleager, Eumenes, and the puppet king, [425]. The compact, [426]. The partition, [427]. Alexander’s posthumous plans, [428]. Alexander’s funeral described by Diodorus, [430]. Alexander’s heirs, [431]. Arrhidæus, the imbecile, [431]. The Diadochi, [432]. The women claimants, [433]. Death of Perdiccas, [435]. The feats of Eumenes, [436]. The empire of Antigonus, [437]. Polysperchon versus Cassander, [438]. Lysimachus, [441]. Cassander in power, [442]. The name of “king” assumed, [446]. The siege of Rhodes, [447]. The fall of Antigonus, [449]. Demetrius at large, [450]. Death of Cassander; Demetrius wins and loses, [452]. Lysimachus, Arsinoe, and Agathocles, [454]. Seleucus; Antigonus; the Ptolemies, [455]. Ptolemy Ceraunus in Macedonia, [457]. Anarchy in Macedonia, [458]. Antigonus Gonatas, [459]. The Chremonidean War, [460]. Pyrrhus’ son takes Macedonia, [461]. |
| CHAPTER LX |
| [Affairs in Greece Proper after Alexander’s Death (323-318 B.C.)] | [463] |
| The Lamian War, [463]. Return of Demosthenes; death of Leosthenes, [466]. Leonnatus, [467]. Death of Leonnatus; naval war; war in Thessaly, [468]. Dissolution of the league, [469]. The capitulation, [470]. The end of Demosthenes, [470]. Grote’s estimate of Demosthenes, [472]. Antipater in Greece, [474]. The deaths of Antipater and of Demades, [476]. Polysperchon and Cassander, [477]. Olympias and Eumenes, [478]. Imperial edict recalling exiles, [479]. Contest at Athens, [480]. Intrigues of Phocion, [481]. Phocion’s disgrace, [482]. |
| CHAPTER LXI |
| [The Failure of Grecian Freedom (318-279 B.C.)] | [486] |
| Hellas at peace, [487]. Athens under Demetrius; Sparta behind walls, [488]. The last acts of Olympias’ power, [490]. Ptolemy in Greece, [493]. Athens passive and servile, [494]. Success of Demetrius in Greece, [497]. Battle of Ipsus, [498]. |
| CHAPTER LXII |
| [The Exploits of Pyrrhus (ca. 360-272 B.C.)] | [502] |
| The antecedents of Pyrrhus, [503]. The last adventures of Demetrius, [504]. The end of Lysimachus, king of Macedon, [505]. Death of Seleucus, [506]. Invasion of the Gauls, [506]. Defence of the temple at Delphi, [507]. Pyrrhus and the Romans, [508]. Pyrrhus summoned by the Tarentines, [508]. Pyrrhus in Sicily; his return to Italy, [510]. Magna Græcia subdued by the Romans, [511]. Return of Pyrrhus to Macedonia, [512]. Expedition of Pyrrhus against Sparta, [512]. Death of Pyrrhus, [513]. Antigonus Gonatas, [514]. |
| CHAPTER LXIII |
| [The Leagues and their Wars (249-167 B.C.)] | [516] |
| The Ætolians, [516]. The Ætolian League, [517]. The Achæan League and Aratus of Sicyon, [518]. Aratus controls the league, [520]. Aratus takes Corinth, [521]. Sparta under Cleomenes, [523]. Antigonus called in, [524]. The Social War, [526]. Alliance with Rome, [528]. Greek freedom proclaimed, [531]. The Ætolians crushed, [531]. Greece at the mercy of “friendly” Rome, [533]. Rome against Philip, [535]. Perseus, king of Macedonia, [537]. The humiliation of Greece, [538]. |
| CHAPTER LXIV |
| [The Final Disasters (156 B.C.-540 A.D.)] | [540] |
| The Macedonian insurrection, [542]. The Achæan War, [542]. The destruction of Corinth, [545]. Greece under the Romans, [546]. |
| CHAPTER LXV |
| [The Kingdom of the Seleucidæ (323-65 B.C.)] | [552] |
| Seleucus, [553]. Antiochus Soter, [555]. Seleucus Philopator, [559]. |
| CHAPTER LXVI |
| [The Kingdom of the Ptolemies (323-30 B.C.)] | [562] |
| Ptolemy Philadelphus, [568]. Ptolemy Euergetes, [570]. Ptolemy Philopator, [572]. Epiphanes, [573]. Philometor and Physcon, [573]. Roman Interference, [575]. Ptolemy Auletes; Cleopatra and the end, [576]. |
| CHAPTER LXVII |
| [Sicilian Affairs (317-216 B.C.)] | [578] |
| Agathocles, [578]. Pyrrhus and the Romans, [583]. |
| CONCLUDING SUMMARY |
| [The Development of the Hellenic Spirit.] By Dr. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff | [587] |
| [Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters] | [614] |
| [A General Bibliography of Grecian History] | [617] |
