Chapter XXII. 1878-1903
[b] J. W. Probyn, Italy from the Fall of Napoleon I in 1815 to the Year 1890.
[c] H. Wickham Stead, op. cit.
[d] Bolton King and Thomas Okey, Italy To-day.
[e] Ruggiero Bonghi, Leone XIII e il governo italiano.
Ponte Vecchio, Florence
A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN ITALY
LIST OF AUTHORITIES QUOTED, CITED, OR CONSULTED; WITH CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES
About, Edmund, The Roman Question, New York, 1859, 1 vol.—Ademar, Chronicon Aquitanicum, a history of the Frankish monarchy from its beginning to 1029.—Adomoli, G., Da San Martino a Mentana, Milano, 1892, 8 vols.—Anna Comnena, Alexias.
Anna Comnena (1083-1148), daughter of the eastern emperor Alexis I, was famous for her beauty and her talent. She was carefully educated by her father, and is said to have early surpassed all her contemporaries in philosophy and eloquence. At her father’s death in 1118 she made an unsuccessful attempt to place her husband, Nicephorus Bryennius, on the throne. Her Alexias, a biography of her father, is one of the most important works of Byzantine historiography. By some critics, indeed, it is placed almost on a par with the ancient classics.
Annales Genuenses, edited by Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ historica, vol. 18, and Muratori, vol. 6.
The Annales Genuenses, written largely by commission of the republic, form the most complete series of chronicles of their age. They cover a continuous period of almost two centuries (1100-1294). Caffaro, who began the series, was a citizen of distinction, having served the republic as general, consul, and ambassador. He kept a careful record of what he himself saw and what was told him by consuls and others in authority. When in 1152 he presented his book to the consuls they ordered it to be copied and preserved in the archives of the city. Pleased at this prompt appreciation, he continued his annals to 1163. He was succeeded by the chancellor Chertus, whose connection with the events he relates likewise gives value and interest to his writing. Other names connected with the annals are Ottobonus, Marchirius, Bartholomeus, and James D’Oria. The annals are characterised from first to last by impartiality and precision and a great abundance of facts, names, and dates.
Archivio Storico Italiano, Firenze, 1842 ff., 119 vols. to 1903.
The most valuable collection of documents and chronicles supplementary to Muratori.
Arrivabene, Count C., Italy under Victor Emanuel; a personal narrative, London, 1862, 2 vols.—Azeglio, Massimo Marchese d’, Recollections (trans. by Count Maffei), London, 1868, 2 vols.
Bacci, V., Ricordi del Risorgimento Italiano, Milano, 1890.—Balzani, Ugo, Early Chroniclers of Italy, London, 1883.
This volume, one of the series of Early Chroniclers of Europe, contains accounts and criticisms of all the principal chroniclers of the Middle Ages from Cassiodorus to Villani. Including, as it does in many instances, brief extracts from the originals, it gives a very clear idea of the sources of the mediæval history of Italy.
Barth, H., Crispi, Leipsic, 1893.—Bartholomeus Scriba, see Annales Genuenses.—Bartoli, A., I primi due Secoli della Litteratura Italiana, Milano, 1880, 1 vol.—Beaumont-Vassy, E. F., Vicomte de, Histoire des États Européens depuis le Congrès de Vienne, Paris, 1843-1853, 6 vols. (vol. V has sub-title États Italiens).—Bergante, Count A., I nostri tempi, Milano, 1884.—Bersezio, V., Il regno di Vittorio Emanuele II, Trent’ anni di vita italiana, Torino, 1878-1893, 7 vols.—Berti, D., Il conte di Cavour avanti il 1848, Roma, 1886.—Bertocci, Giuseppe, Repertorio Bibliografico delle Opere stampate in Italia nel Secolo XIX, 1876-1887, vols. 1-3.—Bertolini, F., Memorio del Risorgimento Italiano, Milano, 1899; “Storia delle dominazioni Germaniche in Italia,” in Storia politica d’Italia, Milano, 1900.—Bianchi, N., La politica di Massimo d’Azeglio 1848-1859, Torino, 1883; La Casa di Savoia e la Monarchia italiana, Torino, 1884.—Blanc, J., Bibliographie italico-française, Milano, 1886.—Blasi, R., La Nuova Italia, Torino, 1891.—Bonetti, A. M., I Martiri Italiani, Modena, 1891.—Boraschi, G., Garibaldi nella Storia, Pinerolo, 1884.—Bordone, J. P. T., Garibaldi 1807-1882, Paris, 1891.—Bosco, G., Compendium of Italian History, London, 1881, 1 vol.—Botta, Carlo G. G., History of Italy during Consulate and Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte, London, 1828, 2 vols.; Storia d’Italia, Paris, 1837, 14 vols.—Breganze, L., A. Depretis ed i suoi Tempi, Verona, 1894.—Breslau, H., Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Italien, Leipsic, 1889.—Browning, O., Guelphs and Ghibellines 1256-1409, London, 1893.—Bulle, C., Geschichte des Königreiches Italien, Berlin, 1890.—Bulwer Lytton, E., Rienzi.—Burchardus, Johannes, Diarium (incomplete) in Labarthe and Cimber’s Archives curieuses de l’histoire de France.
The diary of Johannes Burchardus (died 1506), master of ceremonies at the papal court and later Bishop of Horta, is of great importance on account of its reliability. It covers the years 1483-1506, and is concerned principally with the relations of France and England.
Burckhardt, J., Cultur der Renaissance in Italien, 3rd edition, Leipsic, 1877.
As Jakob Burckhardt (1818-1897) combines rare literary skill with great erudition and keen criticism of sources, his is one of the most useful of German works on the Renaissance.
Butt, Isaac, History of Italy from Abdication of Napoleon I, London, 1860, 2 vols.
Caffaro, see Annales Genuenses.—Callegare, E., “Preponderanze straniere,” in Storia politica d’Italia.—Cantù, Cesare, Histoire des Italiens, Paris, 1859, 12 vols.
Cesare Cantù (1805-1895) was at the same time an ardent republican and a devoted churchman, and his history, owing largely to its popular character and its partisan spirit, brought its author into wide repute in his own country.
Cappeletti, L., Storia di Carlo Alberto, Roma, 1891; Storia di Vittorio Emanuele II e del suo regno, Roma, 1892-1893, 3 vols.—Capponi, Gino, Geschichte der florentinischen Republik (trans. by H. Dütschke), Leipsic, 1876, 2 vols.—Carducci, G., Studi Litterari, Livorno, 1874; La vita italiana nel cinquecento, Milano, 1894, 3 vols.—Cassiodorus, Magnus Aurelius, Letters (trans. with introduction by T. Hodgkin), Oxford, 1889.
Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus held the highest offices in the Ostrogothic kingdom from Theodoric to Vitiges. His letters, which contain the decrees of Theodoric and of his successors, are the best source of our knowledge of the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy.
Castro, G., Piccola Storia d’Italia, Milano, 1888; Patria, Milano, 1882.—Cellini, Benvenuto, Memoirs (trans. by T. Roscoe), London, 1850; (trans. by J. A. Symonds), London, 1887.
Benvenuto Cellini (1500-1571), certainly the most celebrated if not the greatest of goldsmiths, was also the author of one of the most famous and remarkable autobiographies ever written. Although he was born and died at Florence, a large part of his life was spent in restless wandering, for he was continually embroiled in feuds and implicated in assassinations in consequence of which he was frequently forced to sudden flight. His principal works were executed for Pope Clement VII, Francis I of France and Cosmo de’ Medici the Great. Besides his work in gold and silver Cellini also distinguished himself in die-cutting and enamelling and executed a few pieces of sculpture on a grander scale. Of these the most famous is the bronze statue of Perseus with the head of Medusa which stands in front of the old ducal palace at Florence. This is one of the most typical monuments of the Italian Renaissance, a work full of the fire of genius and of the grandeur of terrible beauty. In his autobiography he sets forth with the utmost directness and animation the history of these works, as well as his amours and hatreds and his varied adventures. He relates his homicides with devout complacency and frequently runs into extravagances that it is impossible to credit but at the same time difficult to set down as deliberate falsehoods. Cellini also wrote treatises on the goldsmith’s art, on sculpture and on design.
Cesaresco, Countess E. Martinengo, The Liberation of Italy, London, 1895; Cavour, London, 1898.—Cesaroni, E., La Tradizione unitaria in Italia, Torino, 1887.—Chaillot, L., L’unita Italiana, Roma, 1882.—Chierici, L., Carlo Alberto e il suo ideale, Roma, 1892.—Cipolla, C., Pubblicazioni sulla storia mediævale italiana, Venezia, 1892; “Storia delle signorie italiane,” in Storia politica d’Italia, Milano, 1900.—Colletta, Gen. P., History of the Kingdom of Naples 1734-1825 (trans. by S. Horner), Edinburgh, 1858, 2 vols.—Compagni, Dino, Istoria Fiorentina dal 1280 al 1312, Firenze, 1728 (Muratori, vol. 9).
Dino Compagni, a contemporary of Dante, was a man of strict integrity and straightforward character who held high office in Florence for many years, and after his retirement wrote his chronicle of the years during and just after his own political life. His personal share in the events he relates makes his chronicle reliable, while its simple, direct style and the spirit of passionate patriotism with which it is pervaded lend it unusual interest.
Comyn, Sir R., History of the Western Empire, London, 1851, 2 vols.—Corpi, F., Il risorgimento italiano, Biografii Storico-politichi, Milano, 1884.—Corradino, C., Storia d’Italia 474-1494, Torino, 1886.—Corti, S., Breve del risorgimento italiano, Roma, 1885.—Cosci, A., “L’Italia durante le Preponderanze straniere,” in Storia politica d’Italia.—Costa de Beauregard, A., Les dernières années du roi Charles Albert, Paris, 1890.—Crowe, J. A., and Caval-Caselle, G. B., A New History of Painting in Italy from the Second to the Sixteenth Century, etc., London, 1884-1866, 3 vols.; History of Painting in North Italy, etc., from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth Century, London, 1871, 2 vols.
Dandolo, Andrea, Chronicon Venetum a pontificatu S. Marci ad annum usque 1339; succedit Raph. Caresini continuatio usque ad annum 1388 nunc primum evulgata. In Muratori, vol. xii.
Andrea Dandolo’s work, written while he was doge, is the most important of Venetian chronicles. The author collected his materials with great diligence and learning, but made little effort at logical arrangement or artistic presentation. Though credulous as to fables concerning remote events, he is unusually reliable when dealing with his own period and that immediately preceding.
Daru, P. A., Histoire de la République de Venise, Paris, 1877-1884, 6 vols.—Del Lungo, I., Dino Compagni e la sua cronica, Firenze, 1879-1880, 3 vols.—Denina, C. G. M., Delle Rivoluzioni d’Italia, Firenze, 1820, 3 vols.—Dennistoun, J., Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino, London, 1851-1853, 3 vols.—Depping, G. B., Histoire des Expéditions maritimes des Normands, Paris, 1826.—Dunand-Henry, A., Les doctrines et la politique économiques du Comte Cavour, Paris, 1902.—Dunham, S. A., Europe in the Middle Ages, London, 1833-1836, 4 vols.
Eliot, George, Romola, London, 1863.—Emiliani, Gindici, Storia della litteratura Italiana, Firenze, 1855, 2 vols.—Épinois, H. de l’, Les Pièces du Procès de Galilée, Paris, 1877.—Ewart, K. D., Cosimo de’ Medici, London, 1899.
Falcandus, Hugo, Historia de rebus gestis in Siciliæ regno, etc.
Gibbon said of Hugo Falcandus: “He has been styled the Tacitus of Sicily; and after a just, but immense abatement from the first to the twelfth century, from a senator to a monk, I would not strip him of his title; his narrative is rapid and perspicuous, his style bold and elegant, his observation keen. He had studied mankind, and feels like a man.” Although Falcandus was devoted to the interests of the Norman nobility in Sicily and obtained his information largely from partisan sources, his history is judicial and impartial to a considerable degree. He does not suppress nor distort facts unfavourable to his party, but contents himself with explaining them from his point of view. Moreover he had a broader view of history than as a bare narrative of facts, and to him we owe our only knowledge of a number of details respecting the political constitution of the monarchy as well as the condition of the nobility and the people.
Fantuzzi, M., Monumenti Ravennati de’ secoli di mezzo, Venezia, 1801-1804, 6 vols. Documents of the ninth and following centuries.—Farini, L. C., The Roman State from 1815 to 1830 (trans. under the direction of W. E. Gladstone), London, 1851 to 1854, 4 vols.—Ferrari, Giuseppe, Histoire des révolutions d’Italie; ou Guelfes et Gibelins, Paris, 1858, 4 vols.—Filiasi, G., Memorie storiche de Veneti primi e secondi, Venezia, 1796-1798, 8 vols.—Flodoardus, Annales.
The chronicle of Flodoardus or Frodoard, a Frankish bishop, covers the years 919-966.
Freeman, E. A., Historical Essays, First Series, London, 1871; articles on “Normans” and “Sicily” in Encyclopædia Britannica.
Gaffarel, P., Bonaparte et les républiques italiennes 1796-1799, Paris, 1895.—Galileo, The Accusation, Condemnation, and Abjuration of, 1819.—Gallenga, A. (L. Mariotti), Italy, Past and Present, London, 1846, 2 vols.; The Pope and the King, London, 1879, 2 vols.—Galluzzi, R., Storia del Granducata de Toscana, Firenze, 1822, 11 vols.—Garibaldi, G., Epistolario di G. Garibaldi, Milano, 1885, 2 vols.; Autobiography (trans. by A. Werner), London, 1889, 3 vols.—Gaudenzi, A., Sui rapporti tra l’Italia l’Impero d’Oriente, Bologna, 1888.—Gebhardt, E., Les Origines de la Renaissance en Italie, Paris, 1879.—Ghio, H., La guerra del anno 1866 in Italia, Firenze, 1887.—Ghiron, J., Annali d’Italia, in continuazione al Muratori, Milano, 1888.—Ghisleri, A., Atlantino storico d’Italia, Bergamo, 1891.—Giacometti, G., La Question Italianne 1814-1816, Paris, 1893.—Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.—Gilbert, William, Lucretia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara, London, 1869, 2 vols.—Ginguené, F. L., Histoire Littéraire d’Italie, Paris, 1824-1835, 9 vols.—Godkin, G. S., Life of Victor Emmanuel II, First King of Italy, London, 1879, 2 vols.—Gotte, A., La Corona di Casa Savoia, Firenze, 1887.—Gregorovius, F., Lucrezia Borgia, Stuttgart, 1874, 2 vols.; History of the City of Rome during the Middle Ages (trans. by Annie Hamilton), London, 1894-1902, 8 vols.
Ferdinand Gregorovius (1821-1891) devoted the better part of his life to the most extensive and minute investigations in the libraries and archives of Rome, Italy, and Germany. The result of these studies was his great work, The History of the City of Rome, which is remarkable not only for its scholarship but for its brilliant and fascinating style. It was translated into Italian under the authority of the city council of Rome and at public expense.
Grimm, Hermann, Life of Michael Angelo (trans. by Fanny E. Burnett), London, 1896, 2 vols.—Guicciardini, F., History of Italy from 1490-1532 (trans, by Austin P. Goddard), London, 1753, 10 vols.
Since the publication in 1857 of his Opere inedite, Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1540) has stood in the first rank among political philosophers, even disputing the supremacy with his friend Macchiavelli. He had a long career as diplomatist, statesman, and general in which in addition to the vices of his age he displayed such cold calculation, phlegmatic egotism and glaring discord between opinions and practice as to make him perhaps the most odious of his contemporaries. Yet it is this very want of feeling that gives excellence to his history. His style is dull and prolix and he has no sense of perspective, but as an analyst he stands without a rival. His history is of no interest to the general reader, but is of great importance for research in the period with which it deals, 1494-1532.
Hallam, H., View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages.—Hartmann, L. M., Geschichte Italiens im Mittelalter, Gotha, 1897-1900, 2 vols.—Hartwig, O., Quellen und Forschungen zur ältesten Geschichte der Stadt Florenz, Halle, 1875-1880, 2 vols.—Hawthorne, Nathaniel, Marble Faun, 1860.—Hazlitt, W. C., History of the Venetian Republic, London, 1860, 4 vols.—Hegel, Carl, Geschichte der Städteverfassung von Italien, Leipsic, 1847, 2 vols.—Hennegay, F., Histoire de l’Italie depuis 1815, Paris, 1885.—Heyd, W. von Geschichte des Lavantehandels im Mittelalter, Leipsic, 1885-1886, 2 vols.—Hillebrand, K., Dino Compagni: Étude Historique et Littéraire sur l’époque de Dante, Paris, 1862.—Hodgkin, Thomas, Italy and her Invaders, Oxford, 1880-1885, 4 vols.
Thomas Hodgkin is the first to present in English the results of modern research concerning the barbarian invasions of Italy. He gives a full description of the social organisation, and traces in detail the movements of the various Germanic and Asiatic tribes.
Hunt, L., Italian Poets, London, 1846, 2 vols.—Hunt, William, History of Italy, London and New York, 1874.
Jona, G., La Rappresentanza politica, Modena, 1892.
Kington, F. L., History of Frederick II, Emperor of the Romans, London, 1862, 2 vols.—Kugler, F. T., Handbook of Painting. The Italian Schools. Revised and remodelled from the most recent researches by Lady Eastlake, London, 1880, 2 vols.
Labarthe, J., History of the Arts of the Middle Ages, London, 1855—Leo, H., Geschichte der italienischen Staaten, Hamburg, 1829-1832, 5 vols.; Entwickelung der Verfassung der lombardischen Städte, Hamburg, 1824.—Locascio, F., Fa fallita Italica, Rebellione del 1848, Palermo, 1887.—Lozzi, C. Biblioteca istorica della antica e nuova Italia, Palermo, 1886.—Luise, G. di, Storia critica delle Revoluzioni italiane, Napoli, 1887.
Macaulay, T. B., Machiavelli, Essay on, London and New York.—Machiavelli, N., History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy, London, 1847; Works translated by Detmold, Boston, 1882, 4 vols.—Malaspini, Ricordano and Giacotto, L’Istoria antica dell’origine di Fiorenza sino all’anno 1281, con l’aggiunta dal detto anno per insino al 1286, Fiorenze, 1566. (Also in Muratori, vol. VIII.)
Of Ricordano and Giacotto Malaspini we possess but very meagre and uncertain information. The chronicle bearing their names was long believed to be the earliest work on Italian history written in the vernacular, but its authenticity has recently been questioned. Villani contains much of the same matter in nearly the same words. It is conjectured that the so-called Malaspini were of later date than Villani and that they either copied from him or both copied from a common source that has not come down to us. All this, however, does not detract from the picturesqueness and interest of their chronicle, nor from its reliability as to the facts narrated in it.
Malaterra, G., Historia Sicula, Cæsaraugusta, 1578.
Godofredus Malaterra, a Benedictine monk, has left us a very valuable history of the Normans in Sicily, written at the command of Count Roger. It ends with the year 1099.
Manso, F., Geschichte des ostgothischen Reiches in Italien, Breslau, 1824.—Manucardi, F., Reminiscenze storiche, Torino, 1890.—Manzoni, A., La rivoluzione francese e la rivoluzione italiana del 1859, Milano, 1889.—Marchirius Scriba, see Annales Genuenses.—Marriott, J. A. R., The Makers of Modern Italy, London, 1889.—Masi, E. Fra libri di storia della rivoluzione italiana, Bologna, 1887; Il segreto del Re Carlo Alberto, Bologna, 1890.—Maulde la Clavière, M. A. R. de, La Diplomatie au temps de Machiavel, Paris, 1892-1893, 3 vols.—Mazade, Charles de, Le Comte de Cavour, Paris and London, 1877.—Mazzini, J., Life and Writings of, London, 1864-1870, 6 vols.; Essays (trans. by T. Okey), London, 1894.—Mignet, F. H., Histoire de la Rivalité de François I et de Charles V, Paris, 1876, 2 vols.—Montanelli, G., Mémoires sur l’Italie, Paris, 1859, 2 vols.—Montarola, B., Bibliografia del risorgimento Italiano, Roma, 1884.—Monumenta Germaniæ historica, ed. by G. H. Pertz, G. Waitz, and E. Dümmler, Hanover and Berlin, 1826, etc., 35 vols.—Müntz, E., Les Précurseurs de la Renaissance, Paris, 1881.—Muratori, L. A., Italicarum rerum scriptores, Mediolani, 1723-1751, 25 vols.; Annali d’Italia, Milano, 1744-1749, 12 vols.
Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672-1750), for many years librarian of the duke of Modena, devoted his long life to ardent and energetic labour in various fields of scholarship. His principal work, the Scriptores, is a great storehouse of contemporary documents covering the entire Middle Ages from 500 to 1500 and is the most important collection of the sort.
Mussatus, Albertinus, De Gestis Heinrici VII Cæsaris, Historia Augusta. De Gestis Italicorum post Mortem Heinrici VII. In Muratori, vol. X.
Albertinus Mussatus (1261-1330?) had in his lifetime a wide reputation as a writer of Latin poetry and was also a prominent political and military leader in his native city of Padua. While a friend and admirer of the emperor Henry VII, Mussatus is however quite impartial and trustworthy as a historian. His style is much more careful and polished than that of most chroniclers and part of his work is even composed in verse. His works are of the first importance among the sources for that period.
Napier, H. E., Florentine History, London, 1846-1847, 6 vols.—Narjoux, F., Crispi, Paris, 1890.—Norlaughi, A., Catalogo delle opere relative alle cose italiane del periodo 1815-70, Torino, 1884.—North American Review, Italian Literature, 1864-1866; Origin of Italian Language, 1867.
Obertus Cancellarius, see Annales Genuenses.—O’Clery, P. K., The Making of Italy, London, 1892.—Oliphant, Mrs. M., The Makers of Florence, London, 1876; The Makers of Venice, London, 1887.—Orsi, P., La Storia d’Italia narrata da scrittori contemporanei, Torino, 1887; Come fu fatta l’Italia, Torino, 1891.—Ottobonus Scriba, see Annales Genuenses.
Perrens, F. T., Histoire de Florence, Paris, 1877-1884, 6 vols.—Perrers, D., Gli ultimi reali di Savoia ed il principe Carlo Alberto di Carignano, Torino, 1889.—Pertz, G. H., see Monumenta Germaniæ historica.—Pflugk-Harttung, J. v., Iter Italicum, Stuttgart, 1883.—Pignotti, L., History of Tuscany (trans. by John Bowring), London, 1823, 4 vols.—Pio, O., Dramma della storia italiana, Milano, 1889.—Pöhlmann, Robert, Die Wirthschafts-Politik der Florentiner Renaissance, Leipsic, 1878, 1 vol.—Procopius of Cæsarea, De bello Gothorum.—Probyn, J. W., Italy: from Fall of Napoleon I to 1890, London, 1891.—Proctor, C., History of Italy from the Fall of the Western Empire, London, 1844.—Pucciauti, G., Vittorio Emanuele e il risorgimento d’Italia, Paris, 1893.
Quinet, Edgar, Les Révolutions d’Italie, Paris, 1868, 2 vols.
Ranke, L., Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1535, Berlin, 1824, 2 vols.; Zur venetianischen Geschichte, Leipsic, 1878; Weltgeschichte, Leipsic, 1896, 4 vols.—Reinach, J., La France et l’Italie devant l’histoire, Paris, 1893.—Reuchlin, H., Geschichte Italiens von der Gründung der regierenden Dynastien bis zur Gegenwart, Leipsic, 1859-1873, 4 vols.—Reumont, Alfred von, Bibliografia dei Lavori Pubblicati in Germania sulla Storia d’Italia, Berlin, 1863; Geschichte Toscana’s seit dem Ende des florentinischen Freistaates 1530-1859, Gotha, 1876, 2 vols.; Lorenzo de’ Medici, the Magnificent (trans. by Robert Harrison), London, 1876, 2 vols.; Characterbilder aus der neueren Geschichte Italiens, Leipsic, 1885.—Revel, G. di, Da Ancona a Napoli, Milano, 1892.—Robertson, W., History of the Reign of Charles V, London, 1856.—Rodocanachi, E. P., Le comte de Cavour, Paris, 1891.—Rorai, S. di, Il genio della Rivoluzione Periodo I, 1789-1848, Venezia, 1890.—Rosa, G., Genesi della colture italiana, Milano, 1889.—Roscoe, William, Life of Lorenzo de Medici, 8th edition, London, 1845.—Ruskin, J., Seven Lamps of Architecture, London, 1849.
Saint Maro, C. H. L. de, Histoire d’Italie depuis la chute de l’empire d’Occident, Paris, 1761-1770, 6 vols.—Salimbene, Chronicon Fra Salimbene Parmensis, Parma, 1857.
A collection of stories without order or design, which gives, however, a very minute picture of the condition of Italy in the thirteenth century.
Sanctis, F. de, Storia della Letteratura Italiana, Napoli, 1870.—Sansi, A., Storia del Comune di Spoleto dal secolo XII al XVII, Foligno, 1879-1884, 2 vols.—Sarti, T., Il Parlamento subalpino e nazionale, Terni, 1890.—Sassone, F., France et Italie 1820-1886, Geneva, 1886.—Scheffer-Boichorst, P., Florentiner Studien, Leipsic, 1874.—Schmidt, D. L., Zur Geschichte der Langobarden, Leipsic, 1889.—Sewell, E. M., Outline History of Italy, London, 1895.—Sheppard, William, Life of Poggio Bracciolini, Liverpool, 1837.—Sichirollo, G. L. S., Compendio della storia d’Italia nel medio evo, 1890.—Silvagni, D., Rome, its Princes, Priests, and People, London, 1886-1887, 3 vols.—Simonsfeld, H., Andreas Dandolo und seine Geschichtswerke, Munich, 1876; Venetianische Studien, Munich, 1878.—Sismondi, J. C. L. Simonde de, History of the Italian Republics, London, 1832; Literature of the South of Europe (tr. by Roscoe), London, 1846, 2 vols.
Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de Sismondi (1773-1842) achieved much distinction through his works on history and literature, particularly his Italian Republics and his History of France. He was exceedingly laborious and for the most part free from prejudice, but was somewhat lacking in penetration and historical grasp. Of the Italian Republics Mignet says: “Sismondi has traced this history with vast learning, a noble spirit, a vigorous talent, sufficient art, and much eloquence.”
Spalding, William, Italy and the Italian Islands, New York, 1842, 3 vols.—Spano, M., Reminiscenze sulle lotte degli Italiani per la loro independenza, Roma, 1886.—Stella, G. and J., Annales Genuenses ab a. 1298-1435; in Muratori, vol. XXVI.
Georgius and Johannes Stella take up the history of Genua at the point where the work of Caffaro and his successors stops and bring it down to their own day (1435).
Summonte, G., Storia della città e regno di Napoli, Napoli, 1601-1634, 4 vols.—Sweetser, M. F., Titian, Boston, 1878.—Symonds, J. A., Renaissance in Italy, London and New York, 1875-1886, 7 vols.; Short History of the Renaissance in Italy, London, 1893; article, “Italy,” in Encyclopædia Britannica.
John Addington Symonds (1840-1893) was a man of intense ardour and sympathy who, having a passion for Italy, made the study of the Renaissance in that country the work of the greater part of his life. His writing is always brilliant and terse, though his views are sometimes not clearly defined nor unbiased.
Taine, H., Art in Italy; Italy—Florence and Venice, New York, 1869.—Tegrimi, N., Vita di Castruccio, in Muratori, vol. XI.—Testa, G. B., History of the War of Frederick I against the Communes of Lombardy, London, 1877.—Thayer, W. R., Dawn of Italian Independence—Italy from 1814-1849, Boston, 1893, 2 vols.—Tiraboschi, G., Literary History of Italy, Edinburgh, 1835.—Tivaroni, C., Storia del Risorgimento, Torino, 1869.—Trolard, E., Pèlerinage aux champs de bataille français d’Italie, Paris, 1893.—Trollope, T. A., History of the Commonwealth of Florence, London, 1865, 4 vols.
Valery, N., Historical, Literary, and Artistical Travels in Italy (trans. by C. E. Clifton), Paris, 1842.—Vaumicci, A., I martiri della libertà italiana, Milano, 1885, 2 vols.—Venosta, F., Umberto I, Re d’Italia Milano, 1885.—Venturi, Mrs. E. A., J. Mazzinni, A Memoir, London, 1875.—Viardot, L., Wonders of Italian Art, London, 1870.—Villani, G., Historia Fiorentina all’anno 1348, continuata da F. Villani, Milano e Firenze, 1802-46, 12 vols.; also in Muratori, Script. Res. Ital., vols. XIII-XIV.
Giovanni Villani (1280-1348) was the greatest of all the Italian chroniclers. Those who preceded him had produced very incomplete and legendary records, generally limited to particular places and periods, but Villani includes the whole of Europe in his chronicle. He says that he conceived the idea of his history while on a pilgrimage to Rome in 1300 on the occasion of the great jubilee ordained by Pope Boniface VIII. The contemplation of Rome’s “great and ancient remains, and reading the histories and great deeds of the Romans as written by Virgil, Sallust, Lucan, Livy, Valerius, Paulus Orosius, and other masters of history” inspired him “to take form and style from them,” and on his return from Rome he “began to compile this book, in honour of God and of the blessed John, and in praise of our city of Florence.” Though prominent in both the intellectual life and the public affairs of the city he looks at the facts of its history as calmly and serenely as an outsider. His work is not only the very corner-stone of the early mediæval history of Florence, but is of the greatest value for the history of all Italy in the fourteenth century. Villani’s chronicle was continued by his brother Matteo and the latter’s son Filippo and by them brought down to the year 1364.
Villari, P., History of Girolamo Savonarola and of his times, London, 1863, 2 vols.; Niccolo Machiavelli and his times, London, 1878-1881, 4 vols.; The Barbarian Invasions of Italy (trans. by L. Villari), London, 1902, 2 vols.; Storia politica d’Italia scritta da una società di professori, edited by P. Villari Milano, 1900.
Pasquale Villari (1827) is not an historian of very profound insight, but he possesses great breadth of culture and sympathy, and his works embody the best results of recent research on the periods in question. While his sympathy with the aims of Savonarola has perhaps led him to an extravagant view of the great reformer, his work on Machiavelli is of the highest importance to the student of Italian history. As minister of public instruction in the cabinet of Rudini Villari contributed much to the reform of education in Italy.
Voigt, G., Die Wiederbelebung des classischen Alterthums, 3rd edition, edited by Lehnerdt, Berlin, 1893, 2 vols.
Wallace, H. B., Essays on Italian Art, Philadelphia, 1858.—Weise, J., Italien und die Langobardenherrscher 568-623, Halle, 1887.—Whiteside, J., Italy in the Nineteenth Century, 2nd edition, London, 1860.—Wimpffen, E. F. de, Crimée-Italie, Paris, 1892.—Wrightson, R. H., History of Modern Italy from the First French Revolution to the Year 1850, London, 1855; The Sancta Republica Romana, London, 1891.
Zalla, A., Studio Storico, Firenze, 1890.—Zanoni, E., Speranze e sconforti d’Italia del 1815 al 1846, 1886.—Zeller, J. S., Abrégé de l’Histoire d’Italie depuis la Chute de l’empire Romaine, 2nd edition, Paris, 1864; Les tribuns et les révolutions en Italie, Paris, 1874.—Pie IX et Victor Emmanuel, Paris, 1879.
Birthplace of Amerigo Vespucci, Florence
