| VOLUME IX |
| ITALY |
| PAGE |
| [Introduction. The Scope of Italian History: A Prefatory Characterisation] | [1] |
| CHAPTER I |
| [Italy in the Dark Age (476 ca.-1100 A.D.)] | [15] |
| The Barbarian invaders, [17]. Charlemagne and his successors, [18]. The empireand the papacy, [21]. The disunited municipalities, [22]. The origin of Venice, [24]. Theorigin of the dogeship, [27]. Venice in the tenth century, [28]. Prosperity and politicalreforms, [32]. Other maritime cities, [35]. The Lombard cities and their allies, [36].Florence, [39]. Social conditions, [40]. Municipal wars, [41]. |
| CHAPTER II |
| [Imperial Aggressions of the Twelfth Century (1152-1200 A.D.)] | [ 45] |
| Frederick Barbarossa in Italy, [45]. The siege of Crema, [50]. Rival popes, [53].Imperial campaigns and reverses, [54]. Frederick once more aggressive, [57]. Battleof Legnano; peace of Constance, [58]. Death of Frederick; his successor, [60]. Growingpower of the nobility, [61]. |
| CHAPTER III |
| [The Normans in Sicily (787-1204 A.D.)] | [63] |
| The Normans in France, [65]. The Normans come to Italy, [68]. Capture of thepope; Robert Guiscard, [69]. Conquest of Sicily; Eastern invasions, [72]. Roger, greatcount of Sicily, [76]. Roger II, [77]. William the Bad (il Malo), [81]. William theGood, [81]. Norman influence, [83]. |
| CHAPTER IV |
| [The Thirteenth Century] | [85] |
| Factions in Florence, [87]. Frederick II crowned emperor, [90]. Renewal of theLombard League, [91]. Frederick II and the Lombard League, [92]. Battle of Cortenuova,[93]. Pope against emperor, [94]. The Guelfs expelled from Florence; battleof Fossalta, [97]. Death of Frederick II: the succession, [98]. The pope and the cities,[99]. Florentine affairs; the Guelfs recalled, [101]. Florence and Siena at war; battleof Montaperti, [102]. The tyrant Ezzelino, [104]. The beginning of feudal tyrannyin Lombardy, [106]. Perennial strife of Guelfs and Ghibellines, [108]. Charles ofAnjou conquers Sicily, [109]. The fall of Conradin; Gregory X; Otto Visconti, [110].Ghibelline successes; the Sicilian Vespers, [112]. Waning influence of king, emperor,and pope, [114]. The republic of Pisa, [115]. Pisa defeated by Genoa near Meloria, [116].Perfidy and fall of Ugolino, [117]. Florence; the feud of the Bianchi and the Neri,[118]. The pope sends Charles of Valois as conciliator, [121]. |
| CHAPTER V |
| [The Free Cities and the Empire (1300-1350 A.D.)] | [124] |
| An emperor once more in Italy, [126]. Milan seditions; Genoa and Venice at war,[128]. Henry’s coronation and sudden death, [130]. Rival emperors; ecclesiastical dissensions,[131]. Castruccio Castracani, [133]. Florence menaced, [135]. The Florentinearmy under Raymond of Cardona, [137]. Raymond temporises, [139]. A brilliant skirmish,[140]. Battle of Altopascio, [141]. Castruccio adds insult to injury, [143]. Florencein despair calls on the duke of Calabria, [144]. Charles and his army, [145]. TheGhibellines call on Ludwig of Bavaria, [147]. Successes of Count Novello, [148]. Ludwigcomes to Italy, [149]. Castruccio goes to Rome, [150]. Castruccio’s new conquest;his sudden death, [152]. Estimates of Castruccio, [153]. Duke of Calabria dies; Ludwigretires, [155]. Can’ Grande Della Scala, [155]. John of Bohemia comes to Italy,[156]. Lucca a bone of contention, [158]. The duke of Athens made protector of Florence,[162]. Growing unpopularity of the duke of Athens, [164]. The duke driven fromthe city, [165]. Attempted reforms, [167]. War of the factions in Florence, [169]. TheGreat Plague, [171]. Boccaccio’s account of the plague in Florence, [173]. Napier’sreflections on the plague, [176]. |
| CHAPTER VI |
| [The Vanguard of the Renaissance (ca. 1250-1400 A.D.)] | [178] |
| European culture in general, [181]. The universities and nascent scholarship, [183].Latin and the vernacular, [184]. The master poet, and his theme, [186]. Dante theman, [187]. Lesser contemporaries of Dante, [190]. Petrarch, [191]. Early Italian prose,[194]. Boccaccio, [198]. Lesser contemporaries of Petrarch and Boccaccio, [202]. Artin the thirteen and fourteenth centuries, [203]. The Tuscan school of painters, [207].Ruskin’s estimate of Giotto’s tower, [209]. |
| CHAPTER VII |
| [Rome under Rienzi (1347-1354 A.D.)] | [211] |
| The rise of Rienzi, [213]. Lord Lytton on the speech of Rienzi, [216]. Rienzi’sopponents; his friends; his proclamations, [218]. Disaster succeeds victory, [220].Anarchy and jubilee in Rome, [223]. Rienzi in exile; his renewed opportunity; hisdeath, [224]. |
| CHAPTER VIII |
| [Despots and Tyrants of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (ca. 1309-1496 A.D.)] | [230] |
| The kingdom of Naples, [231]. Joanna II, [234]. Alfonso the Magnanimous, [237].Ferdinand, [238]. The tyrants of Lombardy, [240]. Companies of adventure, [241].Florence menaced by the Visconti, [243]. Charles IV in Italy, [244]. The “war ofLiberation,” [248]. The papal schism, [249]. Gian Galeazzo Visconti, [251]. FilippoMaria Visconti, [257]. The house of Sforza, [258]. |
| CHAPTER IX |
| [The Maritime Republics in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries] | [261] |
| The affairs of Pisa and Genoa, [261]. Naval exploits, [266]. The affairs of Venice,[269]. The Tiepolo conspiracy, and the council of Ten, [272]. The story of Marino Falieri,[273]. Venetian wars and conquests, [275]. Victories of Carmagnola, [279]. Deathof Frescobaldi; the war ended and renewed, [284]. The great naval battle on the Po,[286]. The revolt of Pisa; the cruel ruse of Baldaccio, [288]. The fall of Carmagnola,[289]. Venice and the Turks, [293]. The government of Venice, [297]. The two Foscari,[301]. |
| CHAPTER X |
| [The Commerce of Venice] | [303] |
| Venice in the Levant, [308]. The commercial forebears of the Venetians, [310].Venetian glass, [315]. Other manufactures, [318]. The slave trade, [319]. The declineof Venetian commerce, [323]. The bank of Venice, [324]. |
| CHAPTER XI |
| [The Guilds and the Seigniory in Florence (1350-1400 A.D.)] | [326] |
| Social upheavals of the middle of the fourteenth century, [327]. Macchiavelli’saccount of the Ciompi insurrection, [331]. The eight “saints of war,” [333]. Mob violence,[336]. Michele di Lando, [340]. Momentary peace; renewed insurrections, [343]. |
| CHAPTER XII |
| [Florence under the Medici (1434-1492 A.D.)] | [349] |
| The rise, reverses, and power of Cosmo de’ Medici, [350]. Cosmo and the revivalof learning, [353]. Last years of Cosmo, [356]. Roscoe’s estimate of Cosmo, [359]. Cosmo’ssuccessor, [361]. Piero’s sons and the conspiracies, [363]. The Pazzi conspiracy,[365]. Lorenzo the Magnificent in power, [370]. The Florentines routed at Poggibonzi,[373]. Lorenzo’s embassy to Naples, [375]. Peace with honour, [376]. Further papalwars, [379]. Last years of Lorenzo, [386]. Von Reumont’s estimate of Lorenzo, [388]. |
| CHAPTER XIII |
| [Aspects of Later Renaissance Culture] | [391] |
| Fifteenth century art, [392]. Vasari’s estimate of fifteenth century art, [393]. Leonardoda Vinci, [395]. The end of the mediæval epoch, [398]. The age of Michelangelo,[399]. Michelangelo as sculptor, [402]. Raphael, [403]. Ariosto, [405]. Machiavelli, [406]. |
| CHAPTER XIV |
| [The “Last Day of Italy” (1494-1530 A.D.)] | [408] |
| Charles VIII; his army, [412]. Charles VIII in Rome; a contemporary account,[414]. Charles goes to Naples, [420]. Florentine affairs; Savonarola, [421]. The Frenchin Milan, [424]. The French and Spaniards in Naples, [428]. Northern Italy, [429]. Theleague of Cambray, [432]. Battle of Ravenna, [435]. The age of Leo X, [439]. Battle ofMarignano; last years of Leo, [441]. Successors of Leo; Francis I and Charles V,[447]. Capture and sack of Rome, [452]. The fall of Florence, [458]. |
| CHAPTER XV |
| [The Beginning of the Age of Slavery (1530-1600 A.D.)] | [463] |
| The siege and fall of Siena, [464]. An Italian estimate of the abdication of CharlesV, [467]. Renewed hostilities; the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, [468]. A Spanishaccount of the battle of Lepanto, [473]. The general condition of Italy, [477]. PopeSixtus V; Ferdinand, grand duke of Tuscany, [478]. Pope Clement VIII, [481]. |
| CHAPTER XVI |
| [A Century of Obscurity (1601-1700 A.D.)] | [484] |
| General conditions, [485]. Galileo and the church, [493]. The successors of UrbanVIII, [495]. Lesser principalities, [498]. Tuscany, [501]. Piedmont and Savoy, [502].Venice, [511]. Venetian wars with the Turks, [518]. |
| CHAPTER XVII |
| [Italy in the Eighteenth Century (1701-1800 A.D.)] | [524] |
| Italy in the war of the Spanish Succession, [528]. War of the Quadruple Alliance,[530]. War of the Polish Succession, [532]. War of the Austrian Succession, [534]. Fortyyears of “languid peace” for divided Italy, [536]. The kingdom of Naples and Sicily,[537]. The states of the church, [538]. The Sardinian kingdom, [540]. The four republics,[541]. Milan and Tuscany, [542]. A Tuscan estimate of Leopold, [546]. Italy inthe revolutionary age, [547]. Time of the French Republic under the national convention,[548]. The campaign of 1796 and its consequences, [551]. The expulsion ofthe French from Italy, [557]. Bonaparte reconquers Italy, [564]. The growing desirefor liberty, [565]. |
| CHAPTER XVIII |
| [The Napoleonic Régime (1801-1815 A.D.)] | [566] |
| The constitution of the republic, [567]. Napoleon makes Italy a kingdom, [568].The kingdom of Naples and the papacy, [570]. The islands of Sicily and Sardinia, [574].The rise of national spirit, [574]. The fall of Napoleon, [576]. |
| CHAPTER XIX |
| [Ineffectual Struggles (1815-1848 A.D.)] | [578] |
| Marriott on the Restoration, [580]. Errors of the monarchy, [581]. The insurrectionsof 1820-1821, [583]. The revolutions of 1831, [585]. Sassone on Mazzini and “youngItaly,” [587]. Fyffe’s estimate of Mazzini, [588]. Symonds on the problems and theleaders, [589]. Pope Pius IX and his liberal policy, [591]. |
| CHAPTER XX |
| [The Liberation of Italy (1848-1866 A.D.)] | [593] |
| The war between Naples and Sicily, [594]. Revolt against the pope; Rome arepublic, [595]. The French restore the pope, [597]. Revolutions in Tuscany and elsewhere,[598]. Charles Albert’s war with Austria, [598]. Charles Albert abdicates: VictorEmmanuel II succeeds, [600]. Venice fails to acquire freedom, [601]. Louis Napoleon’sintervention, [603]. Austria declares war: Magenta and Solferino, [603]. Thepapacy versus unity, [606]. Garibaldi drives the Bourbons from Sicily, [607]. The deathof Cavour and the revolt of Garibaldi, [611]. Florence becomes the capital, [613]. Thewar of 1866 and annexation of Venice, [614]. |
| CHAPTER XXI |
| [The Completion of Italian Unity (1867-1878 A.D.)] | [616] |
| The revolt of Garibaldi, [617]. The French intervene again: Mentana, October31st, [618]. The Roman question renewed, [620]. Papal infallibility proclaimed, [621].Rome taken from the pope, [621]. The plebiscite, [622]. Rome again the capital ofItaly, [624]. The Minghetti ministry, [625]. Death of Victor Emmanuel and Pius IX,[626]. |
| CHAPTER XXII |
| [Recent History (1878-1903 A.D.)] | [628] |
| Irredentism, the Triple Alliance and “Trasformismo,” [630]. The power ofCrispi, [632]. Death of King Humbert, of Crispi, and of Leo XIII, [633]. |
| [Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters] | [635] |
| [A General Bibliography of Mediæval and Modern Italy] | [639] |
| [A Chronological Summary of Italian History] | [646] |