The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 10

by Unknown

A BRIEF RÉSUMÉ OF PORTUGUESE HISTORY

Tenth Century

997 Oporto and surrounding territory taken from the Moors by Bermudo II of Galicia.

Eleventh Century

1055 Cea and other fortresses captured from the Moors by Ferdinand the Great of Castile and Leon.

1057 Ferdinand takes Lamego and Viseu

1064 and Coimbra, and forms the conquered territory into a country under Sesnando, a Moor.

1065 Death of Ferdinand. The suzerainty of the counties of Coimbra and Oporto passes with Galicia to his son Garcia.

1073 Garcia’s territories reunited with Leon and Castile under Alfonso VI.

1095 Alfonso VI gives Porto Cale (Portugal), consisting of the fiefs of Oporto and Coimbra, to Count Henry of Burgundy (Besançou), who married his daughter Theresa, 1072.

Twelfth Century

1109 Death of Alfonso. Urraca succeeds to Castile and Leon. Henry interferes in the internal troubles of that kingdom.

1112 War with Almoravids. Death of Henry. Theresa regent for her son Alfonso Henriques.

1117 Theresa besieged by Moors at Coimbra. She gives power to her lover Ferdinand Peres de Trava.

1121 Urraca takes Theresa captive. Peace made.

1127 Alfonso VII of Castile conquers Theresa’s realm and compels her homage.

1128 Alfonso Henriques assumes power, defeats and exiles Theresa. In the next years he three times invades Galicia and in

1137 defeats Alfonso VII’s troops at Cerneja. Peace of Tuy. Alfonso Henriques submits to the king of Leon.

1139 Battle of Ourique. Alfonso Henriques crushes the Moors. A legend was formerly current that he was then hailed as king by his soldiers.

1140 The Moors capture and destroy Leiria. Tourney of Valdevez. The Portuguese knights defeat the Castilian. Alfonso Henriques king of Portugal as Alfonso I.

1143 Peace of Zamora. Alfonso VII acknowledges Alfonso I as king. The latter declares himself a vassal of the pope.

1144 The Moors defeat the Templars at Soure.

1147 Alfonso I captures Santarem and takes Lisbon with the aid of English and other crusaders. Other Moorish cities surrender.

1152 Alfonso repulsed at Alcacer-do-Sal.

1158 Alfonso captures Alcacer-do-Sal.

1161 Alfonso is defeated by the Moors.

1166 The Moors take Evora.

1167 Alfonso invades Galicia.

1168 Alfonso besieges Badajoz, is taken prisoner and compelled to relinquish Galician conquests.

1170 Alfonso loses to the Moors in Alemtejo.

1171 Alfonso victorious at Santarem, makes seven years’ truce with Moors.

1172 Makes his son Dom Sancho co-ruler, who fights the Moors constantly.

1184 Dom Sancho crushes and kills Yusuf at Santarem.

1185 Alfonso dies and is succeeded by Sancho I, O Povoador (“City Builder”).

1189 Sancho, aided by crusaders on their way to Palestine, takes Algarve and Silves from the Moors.

1192 The Moors reconquer Alemtejo, but are repulsed at Santarem, and peace is made. Dom Sancho wages constant war with Alfonso IX of Leon. He builds many cities.

Thirteenth Century

1209 Sancho’s quarrels with Pope Innocent III, respecting jurisdiction over priests, culminate in the siege and escape of the bishop of Oporto.

1210 Dom Sancho grants the pope’s demands, retires to a convent and dies.

1211 Alfonso II “the Fat” succeeds, and summons the first real parliament; he wars with his brothers and sisters and Alfonso IX of Leon.

1212 Portuguese take part in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.

1217 Alcacer-do-Sal recovered from the Moors. Alfonso II is excommunicated for seizing church lands.

1223 Alfonso II dies and is succeeded by the thirteen-year-old Sancho II.

1226 Sancho II captures Elvas from the Moors.

1227 Sancho reinstates officials hostile to the clergy and fights the Moors.

1228 The pope reconciled.

1237 The pope lays an interdict on Portugal, but is pacified.

1239-1244 Sancho II takes several cities from the Moors.

1245 The pope deposes Sancho II. The clerical party sets up Sancho’s brother,

1248 Alfonso, who drives Sancho II into exile, where he dies. Alfonso III completes the conquest of Algarve.

1254 Alfonso marries Beatrice de Guzman, the natural daughter of Alfonso the Learned of Castile, so alienating the papal faction. Alfonso III summons a cortes at Leiria.

1261 The cortes forces the king to recognize the necessity of obtaining the people’s consent to taxation.

1262 The pope legalizes the king’s marriage and legitimates his son Dom Diniz, who

1263 is made king of Algarve.

1277 Dom Diniz rebels against his father.

1279 Alfonso III dies, leaving Portugal fully established and its boundaries defined. Dom Diniz El Ré Lavrador, established after war with his brother. Period of internal progress and prosperity.

1294 Commercial treaty with Edward I of England.

1297 Peace settled with Castile and Leon.

1300 University founded at Lisbon.

Fourteenth Century

1319 Diniz founds the order of Christ to replace the Templars.

1323 His wife, St. Isabella, prevents a battle between Diniz and his son Alfonso.

1325 Diniz dies and is succeeded by Alfonso IV.

1336 Alfonso invades Castile; peace made by St. Isabella.

1340 The Portuguese and Castilians defeat the Moors at the river Salado.

1348 The Black death invades Portugal.

1355 Iñes de Castro, wife or mistress of the infante Dom Pedro, murdered.

1357 Alfonso dies and is succeeded by Dom Pedro (I) the Severe.

1361 Pedro the Cruel of Castile surrenders the murderers of Iñes in exchange for Castilian fugitives. The murderers put to death with torture.

1367 Pedro dies and is succeeded by Ferdinand the Handsome, who

1369 claims the throne of Castile and Leon, and combats Henry of Trastamara.

1371 Ferdinand resigns his claims to Castile.

1373 Henry of Trastamara invades Portugal.

1374 Ferdinand promises to support John of Gaunt’s claims to Castile, but again makes peace with Henry of Trastamara.

1383 The English, angry at Ferdinand’s fickleness, ravage Portugal. Ferdinand dies, leaving his wile Leonora regent, against whom the people rise.

1384 Juan I of Castile allies himself with her, but is repulsed at Lisbon.

1385 The Portuguese proclaim Dom João, grand master of Aviz and son of Pedro the Severe, king, as João (I) the Great. The Portuguese defeat the Castilians at Aljubarrota and Valverde.

1386 A perpetual treaty of alliance signed with England.

1398 Iñes de Castro’s son, Diniz, attempts to overthrow João, but, with English assistance, he is defeated.

Fifteenth Century

1411 Peace made with Castile.

1415 The Portuguese take Ceuta in Africa, their first foreign possession.

1418 Prince Henry’s captains discover the Madeiras.

1420 Madeiras colonised.

1432 Azores occupied by Portuguese.

1433 A Portuguese ship passes Cape Bojador. João dies and is succeeded by Duarte (Edward), who calls a cortes at Evora and passes the Lei Mental ordaining the reversion to the crown of lands granted to nobles on failure of male descendants of the grantee.

1437 Duarte sends an expedition against Tangier. The Portuguese surrounded and saved only by Prince Ferdinand’s offering himself as hostage.

1438 Duarte dies, Alfonso V the African, a minor, succeeds. Pedro, son of João I, regent.

1441 Slave-trade begun by Portuguese.

1447 Alfonso V comes of age and dismisses Pedro.

1449 Alfonso V defeats and kills Pedro at Alfarrobeira.

1458 Alfonso takes Alcacer-Seguier, Africa.

1460 Prince Henry the navigator dies. Cape Verd Islands discovered and settled.

1462 Pedro de Cintra discovers Sierra Leone.

1464 Alfonso repulsed in Africa.

1471 Tangier captured by the Portuguese.

1475 Alfonso marries Juana (Beltraneja) of Castile and claims the Castilian crown,

1476 but is defeated at battle of Toro and concludes with Castile the treaty of Alcantara (1479). Juana retires to a convent.

1481 Alfonso dies. João II the Perfect. The cortes of Evora determines on an inquiry into titles to estates and the abrogation of the judicial powers of the nobles.

1483 The duke of Braganza and other nobles oppose these measures. Braganza executed.

1484 Diogo Cam discovers the Congo and Angola.

1487 Bartholomeu Dias discovers the Cape of Good Hope.

1488 Commercial treaty with England.

1490 Covilhão enters Abyssinia.

1493 Pope Alexander V declares the boundary between Portuguese and Spanish areas of discovery.

1494 By the treaty of Tordesillas the boundary is readjusted.

1495 João II dies without heirs and is succeeded by Emmanuel the Fortunate, who expels the Jews from Portugal as the condition of his marriage with the daughter of

1497 Ferdinand of Spain. Vasco da Gama discovers Natal.

1498 Vasco discovers Calicut.

1500 Cabral discovers Brazil. Factories established at Kananur and Cochin.

Sixteenth Century

1501 Ascension Island discovered. Vespucci discovers Rio de la Plata and Paraguay.

1502 St. Helena discovered. Vasco visits India and establishes a factory at Mozambique.

1505 De Almeida, the first Portuguese viceroy, sent to India. His son Lourenço discovers Ceylon. Mombasa occupied.

1506 Massacre of the New Christians in Lisbon.

1508 Albuquerque supersedes Almeida as viceroy in India.

1510 Albuquerque is repulsed in an attack on Calicut and conquers Goa

1511 and Malacca.

1512 Serrão discovers the Moluccas.

1515 Albuquerque captures Ormus. Portuguese established at Diu.

1517 Andrade settles at Canton.

1518 Portuguese settlement established in Ceylon.

1520 Magellan discovers the straits of Magellan.

1521 Andrade reaches Pekin. Emmanuel dies, and is succeeded by João III. He finds his countrymen too eager to gain wealth by foreign adventure and emigration, thus threatening depopulation.

1531 Daman taken and destroyed by Portuguese. Sousa founds São Vicente in Brazil and receives a grant of the first hereditary captaincy, or governorship of a province, in Brazil.

1536 Inquisition established in Portugal.

1539 Bishopric established at Goa.

1541 St. Francis Xavier sent to the Indies. Estevão da Gama, governor of India, leads an expedition to the Red Sea.

1542 Japan discovered by Fernão Mendes Pinto.

1543 Xavier founds Christian settlements in Travancore.

1545 The Indian viceroy De Castro wins victory of Diu over the king of Guzerat.

1548 St. Francis Xavier goes to Japan.

1549 Thomé de Sousa first governor-general of Brazil. He founds Bahia and governs by aid of Jesuits.

1557 Factories established at Macao. João III dies, and is succeeded by his three-year-old grandson Sebastian, under the regency of his grandmother Catherine and his great-uncle Cardinal Henry, but under the power of the brothers Camara.

1558 Portuguese settled at Daman.

1560 Inquisition introduced into India.

1567 Portuguese established at Rio de Janeiro after conflicts with French settlers.

1568 Sebastian of age.

1578 He invades Africa, and is defeated and killed at Kassr-el-Kebir. He is succeeded by his uncle Henry, who, feeling that he cannot live long, calls the cortes to name his successor.

1580 Henry dies. Philip II of Spain is chosen king as Philip I, and defeats his rival Antonio, prior of Crato, at Alcantara, and again in

1582 the Azores.

1584-1585 Two pretenders, who claim to be the dead Sebastian, captured.

1585 São Thiago, Cape Verd Islands, captured by an English fleet.

1586 Bahia plundered by the English.

1589 Combined English and Dutch expedition to “restore” Antonio, wins successes, but retreats.

1594 Gabriel Espinosa, a third false Sebastian, executed. Philip closes the Portuguese harbours to the Dutch.

1596 The English sack Faro and Fort Arguin and ravage the Azores.

1597 The Dutch build a factory in Java and occupy other East Indian possessions.

1598 Philip II (III of Spain) king.

Seventeenth Century

1603 Tullio, a fourth false Sebastian, captured.

1605 The Dutch take Amboyna and expel the Portuguese from the Moluccas.

1615 The Portuguese defeat the king of Achin in Malacca.

1621 Philip III (IV of Spain).

1622 The Shah of Persia, aided by the English, recovers Ormus.

1624 Bahia taken by the Dutch and recovered.

1630 Olinda in Brazil taken by the Dutch. Maurice of Nassau extends the Dutch power in Brazil.

1632 Military post of Tete in Mozambique established.

1634 An insurrection in Lisbon put down.

1637 An insurrection in Evora put down.

1638 The Dutch take Portuguese forts in Ceylon.

1640 The Dutch take Malacca. The Portuguese having been alienated by the misfortunes of their country under Spanish rule and by the bad faith of their kings, a sudden revolution ousts the Spaniards and gives the crown to the duke of Braganza as João (IV) the Fortunate. The assistance afforded by the Jesuits in this revolution is rewarded by almost unlimited power in ecclesiastical and great influence in civil affairs.

1641 The cortes assembles and accepts João IV. France and Holland send fleets. England recognises the king. Caminha conspiracy to restore Spanish power betrayed by the Spanish marquis De Ayamonte. The leaders executed.

1644 Albuquerque defeats the Spaniards at Montijo.

1645 Revolts against Dutch rule in Brazil and consequent breach with Holland.

1648 Benguela and Angola recovered from the Dutch.

1650 The revolted English fleet under Prince Rupert takes refuge in the Tagus. The Portuguese refuse to allow the parliamentary admiral Blake to enter the river. Blake attacks Portuguese merchantmen.

1652 Commercial treaty with England, greatly in the latter’s favour.

1654 The Dutch expelled from Brazil.

1656 João IV dies and is succeeded by his thirteen-year-old son Alfonso VI. Marshal Schomberg with a picked band of French officers comes to the assistance of Portugal.

1658 The Dutch take the last Portuguese stronghold in Ceylon.

1659 Menezes defeats the Spaniards at Elvas. In the treaty of the Pyrenees, France promises Spain to abandon Portugal.

1661 Spaniards invade Portugal.

1662 English alliance secured by the marriage of the king’s sister with Charles II and the cession of Tangier and Bombay with a grant of free trade with Portuguese dominions. Alfonso VI declares himself of age.

1663 The count of Villa Flor defeats Don John of Austria at Amegial and recovers Evora.

1664 Magalhães defeats the Spaniards at Ciudad Rodrigo. The Dutch take the Portuguese settlements on the coast of Malabar.

1665 The Portuguese crush the Spaniards at Montes-Claros.

1666 The king marries the French princess Marie d’Aumale.

1667 Alfonso’s excesses lead to a revolution in favour of his brother Dom Pedro. Alfonso imprisoned. The queen granted a divorce.

1668 Dom Pedro recognised as regent. Spain recognises Portugal’s independence. The queen marries Dom Pedro.

1683 The king dies in prison. Dom Pedro succeeds as Pedro II.

1698 Portuguese expelled from Mombasa.

Eighteenth Century

1703 Paul Methuen, the English ambassador, negotiates the Methuen treaty which secures preference to Portuguese over French wines in England, and forms the basis of the subsequent friendship between the two countries. Portugal recognises the archduke Charles, the English candidate to the Spanish throne.

1704 Archduke Charles arrives in Lisbon with English forces and with Portuguese aid successfully invades Spain.

1706 Death of Pedro II. João V succeeds. João V under influence of Cadaval continues the war with Philip V of Spain.

1707 The allied forces of Portuguese, Dutch, and English defeated by the Spaniards at Almansa.

1709 Portuguese under Fronteira defeated at Caia.

1711 A French fleet under Duguay-Trouin bombards and pillages Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

1715 Peace with Spain.

1717 Portuguese fleet defeats Turks off Cape Matapan.

1728 Mombasa recovered by Portuguese.

1739 Bassein and Thana on the west coast of India lost to Portugal.

1740 Mombasa again lost.

1750 João dies and is succeeded by José who leaves the chief government to Pombal. The latter checks the Inquisition, improves the navy and finance. Colonia del Sacramento ceded to Spain in exchange for territory in Paraguay.

1753 Revolt against the transference of territory in South America attributed to Jesuit instigation. Revolt suppressed.

1755 The great earthquake at Lisbon destroys forty thousand inhabitants. Chartered company established to trade with Brazil.

1757 Pombal expels the Jesuits from court.

1758 Pombal persuades the pope to decree the confiscation of merchandise belonging to Jesuits. Mysterious Tavora plot, and attempt on José’s life.

1759 The Jesuits charged with the plot and expelled from Portuguese territories. New Goa replaces Old Goa as capital of the Portuguese Indies.

1760 The pope permits José’s daughter to marry her uncle Pedro.

1762 The Spaniards invade Portugal and capture Braganza and Almeida with aid of English under Burgoyne and Count Schaumburg-Lippe. The Spaniards are beaten at Valencia de Alcantara and Villa Velha and

1763 peace made. Schaumburg-Lippe remains to reorganise the Portuguese army.

1769 Pombal saves José from assassination.

1773 Pombal issues a decree providing for the future abolition of slavery in Portugal. Clement XIV abolishes the Jesuit order.

1777 José dies leaving the throne to his daughter Maria I with her husband Pedro III.

1781 José’s widow obtains the power and drives Pombal from court.

1786 Maria’s husband and eldest son die and

1788 her mind gives way.

1792 Her son Dom João acts as regent and puts down sympathisers with the French Revolution.

1793 Portugal joins Spain in the disastrous war with France.

1795 By the treaty of Bâle, Spain makes a separate peace with France.

1796 War with Spain averted by the arrival of English aid.

1799 Dom João declared regent.

1800 Lucien Bonaparte at Madrid offers Portugal impossible terms of peace with Spain and France.

Nineteenth Century

1801 Olivenza, Campo Mayor, etc., taken by the French and Spaniards. Franco-Spanish victories of Arronches and Flor da Rosa. Peace with Spain and France with large cessions by Portugal. Napoleon sends Lannes as minister, and Portugal consents to all demands. Portugal’s neutrality recognised by France.

1804 Napoleon requires Portugal to join the Continental System and exclude British vessels from her ports. The Portuguese government hesitates.

1807 France and Spain sign the treaty of Fontainebleau, agreeing to conquer and divide Portugal. Junot and Caraffa invade Portugal; Taranco and Solano occupy the south. The people welcome them. On English advice, Dom João names a council of regency, and sails for Brazil just as the French enter Lisbon.

1808 Junot declares that the house of Braganza has ceased to reign, and divides Portugal into military provinces. Junot leaves Lisbon, and the regency calls on the people to rise; revolts against the French in many places and appeal to England. Sir Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) arrives with English troops. Wellesley defeats La Borde at Roliça and Junot at Vimeiro. Convention of Cintra by which Junot agrees to evacuate Portugal.

1809 Soult takes and plunders Oporto, but is expelled by Wellesley, who invades Spain but retreats after winning the battle of Talavera. Beresford organises the Portuguese army. The English ambassador added to the regency.

1810 Masséna commissioned to reconquer Portugal; he takes Almeida. Wellington defeats Masséna at Busaco and retires to the lines of Torres Vedras, which he defends for more than a year against all attacks

1811 till Masséna is compelled to retreat, when he is followed by Wellington and defeated at Fuentes de Onoro. Wellington withdraws to Portugal.

1812 Wellington again invades Spain.

1814 End of Peninsular War. England grants Portuguese sufferers £100,000. The Portuguese court remains in Brazil, while Portugal is left in the hands of Beresford and the English. Great discontent excited by the treatment of Portugal as a province of England.

1815 Portuguese monarchy given the title of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. Patriotic agitations and secret societies formed to restore the Portuguese to their position as a nation.

1816 Maria I dies, and the regent becomes king as João VI.

1817 Monte Video occupied by the Portuguese. General de Andrade’s plot for revolt against the English betrayed and the leaders executed. Revolts in Brazil put down.

1818 Severe edicts against clubs and secret societies in Portugal. The agitation against foreign rule increases.

1820 Beresford goes to Brazil. Rising in Oporto. The English are expelled and a new regency and assembly formed, which abolishes the Inquisition and draws up a constitution, afterwards known as the constitution of 1822, constituting the cortes as one elective chamber.

1821 João VI returns from Brazil. The queen Carlota Joaquina and her second son Dom Miguel become the centre of absolutist reaction and are expelled from Lisbon. Disputes between Portuguese and Brazilian deputies in the cortes.

1822 Brazil secures independence under João’s son Pedro, who is chosen emperor as Pedro I.

1823 A rebellion in Tras-os-Montes. João revises the constitution. A Brazilian fleet defeats the Portuguese.

1824 The king’s son Miguel revolts, but the revolt is suppressed by the energy of the foreign ambassadors, and a new constitution establishes the cortes in their ancient form, divided into three estates.

1825 The royal family goes to Brazil, where João is accepted as emperor, then abdicates in favour of Pedro, acknowledging the independence of Brazil.

1826 João VI dies. Pedro IV grants a constitutional charter. He abdicates the throne of Portugal in favour of his daughter Maria II (Maria da Gloria) aged seven, who is under the regency of her aunt Isabella Maria. Miguel swears fidelity to the constitution. Marquis of Chaves raises an insurrection for Miguel. Miguel is betrothed to Maria. English troops called in to keep order.

1827 Miguel made regent and English troops withdraw.

1828 Miguel exiles his enemies. Miguel proclaims himself king and abolishes parliament. Miguel’s forces capture Madeira.

1829 Miguel defeated by constitutionalists at Terceira.

1830 A council of regency under Villa Flor (Terceira), Palmella, etc., appointed for Maria in the Azores.

1831 Dom Pedro resigns the crown of Brazil to his son, and meeting Maria in London prepares to overthrow Miguel. Insurrection against Miguel put down.

1832 Pedro takes Oporto and is besieged there by Miguel who is defeated. Miguel’s fleet beaten by Sartorius.

1833 Saldanha victorious at Oporto. Pedro’s fleet under Napier defeats Miguel at Cape St. Vincent. Lisbon occupied for Pedro. Maria II proclaimed queen and the charter of 1826 restored.

1834 Quadruple alliance of Portugal, Spain, England, and France to expel Miguel and the Spanish pretender Don Carlos. Saldanha defeats Miguelites at Torres and Novas. Napier reduces Beira. Villa Flor overruns Tras-os-Montes and is victorious at Asseiceira. Miguel surrenders at Evora and goes into exile. The cortes abolishes the orders of friars. Massacres in Lisbon. The queen declared of age. Dom Pedro dies. The ministry under Palmella deals severely with Miguelites, causing frequent insurrections. The ministry by repudiation destroys national credit.

1835 Maria da Gloria marries Prince Augustus of Leuchtenberg. Prince consort dies.

1836 Maria marries Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg. September revolution at Lisbon under Caldeira

1838 compels the grant of the new constitution of 1838, based on that of 1822.

1842 Costa Cabral succeeds in abolishing the constitution of 1838, and substituting the charter of 1826.

1846 Sá da Bandeira leads an insurrection of the Septembrists (or partisans of the constitution of 1838), called the war of Maria da Fonte or “patuleia.” Costa Cabral flees to Spain. Royal troops victorious at Evora. English ships arrive. Bandeira defeated by Saldanha at Torres Vedras.

1847 Insurgents take Oporto. England, France, and Spain agree to intervene. Bandeira surrenders. Oporto yields to royal troops. Convention of Granada arranges amnesty.

1850 American fleet collects claims.

1851 Saldanha raises an insurrection. Oporto declares for Saldanha. He is made prime minister.

1852 The Cortes revises the constitution, and queen and prince royal swear allegiance to it. Public debt funded.

1853 Maria II dies, leaving her husband as regent for her son Pedro V.

1854 Royal slaves freed.

1855 The king comes of age.

1856 Saldanha ministry resigns. First railway opened.

1857 Fever ravages Lisbon. The French slave-ship Charles-et-Georges seized.

1858 The French government threatens war; the ship is released and Portugal compelled to pay compensation.

1861 Pedro dies of cholera and is succeeded by his brother Luiz I.

1862 Duke of Loulé prime minister. Luiz marries the daughter of the king of Italy.

1864 Portugal protects Confederate privateers and has difficulties with the United States.

1865 The colonies receive constitutional privileges.

1866 The Spanish general Prim ordered out of Portugal.

1869 Saldanha, objecting to the Duke of Loulé, compels his dismissal (1870) and forms a ministry. He is soon after sent as ambassador to England.

1876 Financial panic.

1878-1883 The house of peers loses hereditary privileges.

1880 Celebration in honour of Camoens and Vasco da Gama.

1883 Fontes Pereira de Mello prime minister.

1887 Macao, hitherto leased to Portugal, formally ceded by China. Delagoa Bay Railway confiscated by Portuguese government.

1889 Riots at Oporto. King Luiz dies and is succeeded by Carlos I. Difficulties with England over rival claims in East Africa.

1890 England threatens war and Portugal yields under protest. Riots result. England and United States remonstrate against seizure of Delagoa Railway. The question submitted to Swiss arbitration. Collisions between English and Portuguese troops in East Africa.

1891 Military revolt in Oporto. British steamer seized and stopped. Agreement arrived at with Great Britain. Financial panic.

1892 Large reductions in expenditures. Great storms.

1893 Renewed activity among the Miguelistas—supporters of Dom Miguel.

1894 Railway dispute with France. Celebration of 500th anniversary of birth of Prince Henry the Navigator. War with nations near Lourenço Marques.

1895 Electoral reforms. House of peers remodelled and made to consist of twelve bishops, the princes of the blood royal, and ninety members nominated by the king. Portuguese under Colonel Galhardo victorious in the war near Lourenço Marques.

1897 400th anniversary of Vasco da Gama’s first voyage.

1899 Portugal remains neutral during the Boer War, but permits the British to search for contraband of war imported via Lourenço Marques.

1900 Delagoa Bay Railway award. The Portuguese government retains the railway, but has to pay compensation.

Twentieth Century

1901 The king, to commemorate the opening of the new century, grants a general amnesty to all convicted of political and press offences. The king visits London in order to attend Queen Victoria’s funeral ceremony in London, but on account of disturbances at home has to hurry back. Riots at Oporto.

1902 Dom Carlos visits the king of England and on his return the king of Spain, and re-enters Lisbon amid acclamation. Financial conditions cause much trouble throughout Portugal.

1903 The cabinet resigns, February 27th. A new cabinet is formed on the following day. King Edward of England visits Lisbon. Portuguese troops at Oporto mutiny and proclaim the Republic.

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SPANISH HISTORY
BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENT HISTORY; WITH CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

Abarca, Pedro de, Los Reyes de Aragon, 1684.—Addison, J., Charles the Third of Spain, London, 1900.—Alberoni, G., Cardinal, Testament politique du Cardinal Alberoni recueilli de divers mémoires, lettres et entretiens de Son Éminence traduit d’ l’Italien par le comte de R. B. M., Lausanne, 1753.—Alfaro, Compendio de la historia de España, Madrid, 1860-1862, 3 vols.—Alfonso X, Las quatro partes enteras de la crónica de España, edited by Florián de Ocampo, Zamora, 1541; Los quatro libros primeros de la crónica general de España; Documentos de la época de Don Alfonso el Sabio, Real Academia de la historia, Madrid, 1851.

To Alfonso X, known as the Learned, Spanish language and literature owe an enormous debt. He was the first to take the Castilian tongue, as the official language, and he made use of it in his own writings. Numerous are the literary works which bear his name and were, some written by him, some compiled under his direction. The chief that concern us here are of two classes, historical and legislative. Of the former class the principal is the Estoria de Espanna or Crónica general. There is a dispute as to how much of this was written by Alfonso himself. Some authorities credit him with the whole. It extends from the creation to Alfonso’s own accession and is based partly on older histories, partly on tradition and poetic legends of which it is a perfect storehouse. Of the Siete Partidas, which belong to the second class and were called by Alfonso El Setenario, Ticknor says that they “do not always read like a collection of statutes.... They often seem rather to be a series of treatises on legislation, morals, and religion divided with great formality into Parts, Titles, and Laws.”

Al Makkari, Analectos de la historia literaria y política de los árabes de España, Leipsic, 1855-1858, 4 vols.; History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, translated, with notes by Pascual de Gayangos, London, 1840-1843, 2 vols.

Abul-Abbas Ahmad ibn Mohammed Al Makkari, the Arab historian, was born about 1585 at Tlemcen in Algeria. About 1620 he settled at Cairo, having been exiled from his own country,—why is not known. His history was undertaken in response to a request from his friends at Damascus who had been deeply interested by the oral descriptions of the doings of the Spanish Arabs with which he had entertained them when on a visit to Damascus in 1628. He died in 1631.

Altamira y Crevea, R., Historia de España y de la civilización española, Barcelona, 1900-1902. The two volumes thus far completed extend to 1479.—Amicis, E. de, Spain, New York, 1881.—Anghiera, Pietro Martire d’, Opus epistolarum, Alcalá, 1530, Strasburg, 1891.—Annales Complutenses, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Annales Complutenses. The word Complutenses is derived from Complutum, the Roman name for Alcalá de Henares. The anonymous writer of this brief historical summary wrote in the twelfth century.

Annales Toledanos, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Annales Toledanos. The author of the early portion of these annals of Toledo lived in the thirteenth century.

Antonio, N., Bibliotheca Hispana nova, 1500-1684, Madrid, 1783-1788, 2 vols.; Biblioteca Hispana vetus, Madrid, 1788, 2 vols.

Nicolás Antonio was born at Seville in 1617, and educated there and at the university of Salamanca. He afterwards returned to Seville where he drew on the treasures of the library of the monastery of San Benito in the composition of his Bibliotheca Hispana which forms a literary history, the first part of which extends to 1500, the second (which appeared in 1672) to 1670. In 1654 Philip IV sent Antonio to Rome as his general agent. He afterwards filled the office of agent to the Spanish Inquisition. He died in 1684.

Armstrong, E., Elisabeth Farnese, “the termagant of Spain,” London, 1892.—Aschbach, J., Geschichte der Westgoten, Frankfort, 1827; Geschichte der Ommaïjaden in Spanien, Vienna, 1860, 2 vols.; Geschichte Spaniens und Portugals zur Zeit der Almoraviden und Almohaden, Frankfort, 1833-1837, 2 vols.—Aulnoy, M. C. J. de B. d’, Relation du voyage d’Espagne, Paris, 1690; reprint as La cour et la ville de Madrid à la fin du 17ᵉ siècle, Paris, 1876, 2 vols.—Avila, G. G. de, Historia de Salamanca, Salamanca, 1606; Historia de la vida y hechos del rey Don Henrique III de Castilla, Madrid, 1638; Teatro eclesiastico de la primitiva iglesia de las Indias Occidentales, Madrid, 1649-1656, 2 vols.; Historia de la vida y hechos del monarca Don Felipe III, in Mendoza’s Monarquía de España, Madrid, 1770.—Avila y Zuñiga, Luis de, Comentario de la guerra de Alemaña hecha por Carlos V en 1546 y 1547, Madrid, 1548, 1852.—Ayala, P. López de, Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla, Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III, Madrid, 1781, 2 vols.; in Biblioteca de autores Españoles, Madrid, 1875.

Pedro López de Ayala, celebrated as knight, poet, and historian, was born in 1332, and died in 1407. He entered the service of Pedro the Cruel of Castile and sided with the king in the latter’s earlier struggles with his revolted brothers and nobles, distinguishing himself chiefly by his exploits on the sea. When King Pedro was driven out by his brother Henry of Trastamara, Ayala joined Henry. He was taken prisoner by the English at Navarrete, but afterwards ransomed. Under Henry II and Juan II he filled important offices. At the Battle of Aljubarrota he was captured by the Portuguese and released only on payment of an enormous ransom. Translations from Isidore of Seville, Boccaccio, Titus Livius, etc., are among his writings as well as a treatise on the duties of kings and nobles, called El Rimado de Palacio, but the chief of his works is the Crónicas. This is written with elegance and simplicity of style and much skill in delineation of character. He is accused of unduly blackening the character of King Pedro.

Bacallar y Sanna, Marques de San Felipe, Vicente, Comentarios de la guerra de España hasta el Año 1725, Genoa, 2 vols.

Vicente Bacallar y Sanna was a Spaniard born in Sardinia about 1660. Under Charles II he held various diplomatic posts. In the war of the Spanish Succession he sided with Philip V and was created Marquis of San Felipe by that monarch. Besides his history of the war of succession he left a history of the Jewish monarchy.

Bakhuyzen van den Brink, R. C., Analyse d’un manuscrit contemporain sur la retraite de Charles Quint, The Hague, 1842.—Baronius, C., Annales ecclesiastici, Antwerp, 1601-1605, 12 vols.

Cæsar Baronius, the great ecclesiastical historian, was born in the kingdom of Naples in 1538, and died at Rome, 1607. His Annales Ecclesiastici were written as an answer on behalf of the Church of Rome to the Protestant history called the Magdeburg Centuries. Baronius became a cardinal in 1596 and subsequently librarian of the Vatican.

Baumgarten, Hermann, Geschichte Spaniens zur Zeit der französischen Revolution, Berlin, 1851; Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch der französischen Revolution, Leipsic, 1865-1871, 3 vols.; Geschichte Karls V, Stuttgart, 1885-1892.

Hermann Baumgarten was born at Lesse in Brunswick in 1825, and between the years 1842 and 1848 studied philology and history at no less than five universities, namely Jena, Halle, Leipsic, Bonn, and Göttingen. He then became a teacher in the gymnasium at Brunswick, and from 1850-1852 was editor of the Reichszeitung in that city. But in 1852 he resumed his historical studies at Heidelberg and subsequently at Munich. Here he was associated with the starting of the Süddeutschen Zeitung. In 1861 he became professor of history and literature at the Karlsruhe Polytechnicum and in 1872 in the university of Strasburg. His works include various political writings, but those on Spanish history here cited are his chief title to fame.

Baumgartner, A., “Der Cid in der Geschichte,” in Stimmen aus Maria Laach, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1898.

Alexander Baumgartner was the son of the celebrated statesman and savant, Andreas Baumgartner. In 1860 he entered the Order of Jesuits and subsequently taught in their colleges at Feldkirch and Stonyhurst. After the abolition of the order he retired to Holland and devoted himself to literature, becoming part editor of the periodical, Stimmen aus Maria Laach.

Baudier, M., Vie de Ximènes, Paris, 1635.—Baudrillart, A., Philippe V et la cour de France, Paris, 1890, 2 vols.—Beccatini, Storia del regno di Carlo III, Venice, 1796.—Benavides, Memorias del rey Ferdinand IV de Castilla, Madrid, 1860, 2 vols.—Bergenroth, G., and de Gayangos (P.), Calendar of State Papers, relating to negotiations between England and Spain, 1485-1543, London, 1862-1895, 6 vols.—Bermejo, I. A., Historia anecdotica y secreta de la Corte de Carlos IV, Madrid [1894-1895], 2 vols.—Bermudez de Castro, S., Antonio Perez, Madrid, 1842.—Bernáldez, A., Historia de los reyes católicos Fernando y Doña Isabel in Bibliofilos Andaluces, Seville, 1870, 2 vols.

Andrés Bernáldez, known as “the Curate of Los Palacios,” lived in the last half of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century, and was Cura of the town of Los Palacios from 1488-1513, and afterwards chaplain to Archbishop Diego de Deza. He was present at many of the scenes he describes and acquainted with many of the great men of his day, including Columbus. He shows considerable knowledge of foreign affairs, and gives many details not reported by his contemporaries.

Bersani, Storia del Cardenale Alberoni, Piacenza, 1872.—Berwick, duke of, Mémoires, Paris, 1778.—Biblioteca de autores españoles, Madrid, 1846, etc.—Blaquière, E., Historical Review of the Spanish Revolution, London, 1822.—Bleda, J., Crónica de los moros de España, Valencia, 1618, 2 vols.

Jaime Bleda (1550-1622) was the cura of a town which contained many Moriscos to whom he was vehemently opposed. It was he who, in conjunction with the archbishop of Valencia, persuaded Philip III to issue the decree of 1609, ordering the Moriscos to leave Spanish territory.

Bofarull, A. de, Historia crítica de Cataluña, Barcelona, 1876-1879, 9 vols.—Bollaert, W., Wars of Succession of Portugal and Spain from 1826 to 1840, London, 1870, 2 vols.—Borrego, A., Anales del reinado de Isabel II; Historia de las cortes de España durante el siglo XIX, Madrid, 1885.

Andrés Borrego, born in 1801, was minister of finance in Spain in 1840. He was one of those who supported the idea of a union between Spain and Portugal. Besides the books here mentioned, he wrote works on political economy.

Briz Martínez, J., Historia de los reyes de Sobrarbe, Aragon y Navarra.—Burgos, F. J. de, Anales del reinado de Doña Isabel II, 1850-1852, 6 vols.

Francisco Javier de Burgos, born 1778, died 1849, was a Spanish politician distinguished as a writer in the two opposite fields of poetry and economics. Being expelled from his seat in the upper house on a charge afterwards disproved, he devoted himself to the composition of a history of the reign under which he had held office.

Burke, U. R., History of Spain till the death of Ferdinand the Catholic, London, 1895, 2 vols.—Buron, R., Compendio de la historia crítica de la inquisición de España, Paris, 1823, 2 vols.—Busk, M. M., The History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1833.

Cabrera de Córdoba, L., Relaciones de las cosas suredidas en la corte de España desde 1599 hasta 1614, 1857; Felipe Segundo, Madrid, 1619, 1876-1878, 4 vols.—Calderon de la Barca, F. E. J., The Attaché in Madrid, or, Sketches of the Court of Isabella II (trans. from the German), New York, 1856.—Calvo Marcos, M., Regimen parlementario de España en el Siglo 19, Madrid, 1883.—Camden, T., History of the War in Spain and Portugal, 1814.—Campana, C., Vida de Don Filippo (II) 1605.—Campos, J. de, Le Siege de Bilbao par l’armée carliste en 1874, Paris, 1876.—Cánovas del Castillo, A., Historia de la decadencia de España desde el advenimiento al trono de Don Felipe III hasta la muerte de Carlos II; Discurso. La dominación de los españoles en Italia, 1860; Estudios del reinado de Felipe IV, 1880-1890, 2 vols.; Historia General de España, Escrita por individuos de la Real Academia de la historia bajo la dirección de, Madrid, 1890. Completion retarded by the death of Cánovas.

The statesman, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, was born in Malaga in 1828 and was the son of a professor in the naval college of San Telmo. He was not eighteen when he attempted to start a periodical called la Jóven Malaga, but it failed and he had to accept a small post on the Madrid Aranjuez railway. But he soon turned again to journalism and published his first and chief historical work. Cánovas is credited with a considerable share in a periodical called El Murciélago, of which only a few numbers appeared, but in which the most violent attacks were directed against various prominent persons not excluding royalty. Cánovas was credited with a considerable share in this as well as with the authorship of the manifesto of Manzanares (1854). He now entered the cortes and filled various offices of state in succession. He held aloof from the revolution of 1868 and during the reign of King Amadeo, though he made a brilliant speech in defence of the exiled sovereigns; but after Amadeo’s retirement he was chiefly instrumental in bringing about the return of Alfonso XII, during most of whose reign he was premier. He again held office from 1890-1893, and in 1895, when he devoted his attention to the severe repression of the Cuban insurrection. In the midst of the struggle he was murdered by an anarchist (August, 1897).

Capefigue, B. H. R., Isabelle de Castille, 1869.—Carbajal, L. G. de, Historia de España M. S.; Anales del rey Don Fernando el Católico.—Carvajal, La España de los Bórbones, 1844, 4 vols.—Casado, F. S., Historia de España.—Casas, B. de las, Historia general de las Indias, Madrid, 1875-1876; Brevissima relación de la destrucción de las Indias, Seville, 1552, in Colección de documentos inéditos, vol. 7, Madrid, 1879.

Bartolomé de las Casas or Casaus was of French descent. His father, Francisco Casaus, was in Hispaniola with Columbus in 1493, and returned to Seville with a fortune in 1500. In the same year Bartolomé, who had been born in 1474, went to Salamanca, where he studied jurisprudence. He then went to Hispaniola with the governor, Nicolás Ovando, and in 1510 took holy orders. In 1515 he returned to Spain to protest against the ill treatment of the natives of the West Indies by the Spaniards. Through the influence of Cardinal Ximenes he obtained the nomination of special commissioners to inquire into the abuses of authority. He was himself appointed to act as their adviser. The colonists proved too powerful and the mission failed in its object. Las Casas, expelled from Hispaniola, returned to Spain. After some difficulty he obtained the acceptance of his suggestions for improving the government of the West Indies, the chief of which was the unfortunate one of the substitution of negro for native labour. He returned to America and this time succeeded in obtaining better treatment for the Indians, who were finally declared free by a royal edict of 1543. He died at Madrid in 1569.

Casiri, M., Bibliotheca arabigo-hispana escurialensis, Madrid, 1750-1770, 2 vols.

Michael Casiri was born in Tripoli, Syria, in 1710. By birth he was a Syro-Maronite and his life was chiefly devoted to oriental studies though in 1734 he took holy orders. In 1749 he was appointed librarian of the Escorial. His Bibliotheca consists of extracts from and articles on the Arabian documents in the library of the Escorial.

Castelar, E., Historia del año 1883, Madrid, 1884; Discursos Parlamentarios, Madrid, 1885, 4 vols.

Emilio Castelar y Ripoll, celebrated as orator, writer, and statesman, was born at Cadiz in 1832. He took his degree of doctor of philosophy in his twenty-second year. He was editor of various newspapers in succession and an eloquent exponent of republican ideas which he continued to be after succeeding to the chair of Spanish History in the Universidad Central (1858), till the government forced him to resign. He shared in the revolution of 1866 and was consequently condemned to death. He escaped to Paris, where he remained till the revolution of 1868 made possible his return to Madrid, when he became one of the leaders of the republican party and headed the opposition during the reign of King Amadeo, on whose resignation Castelar attained the chief power under the republic. He governed ably, but his republicanism became suspected, and early in 1874 he was overthrown by a vote of want of confidence. He retired for a time to Paris, but soon returned to Spain and resumed his political career as deputy to the cortes. His numerous works include novels and speeches on various political questions.

Castillo, D. Enriquez de, Crónica del rey Don Henrique el Quarto, Madrid, 1787.—Castro, A. Gómez de, De rebus gestis Francisci Jimenii.—Castro y Rossi, A. de, El conde duque de Olivares y el rey Felipe IV, Cadiz and Madrid, 1846; Historia de los judíos en España, Cadiz and Madrid, 1847; Historia de los protestantes Españoles, Cadiz and Madrid, 1851; Exámen filosófico sobre la decadencia de España. Cadiz and Madrid, 1852.—Cavanilles y Centi, A. C., Historia de España (to the reign of Philip II), Madrid, 1860-1864, 5 vols.—Cespedes y Meneses, G. de, Historia de Don Felipe III, Lisbon, 1631.—Cevallos, P., Exposición de los hechos y maquinaciones que han preparado la usurpación de la corona de España, Madrid, 1808; History of the practices and machinations which led to the usurpation of the crown of Spain, London, 1808.—Chaby, C. de, Excerptos historicos e collecçào de documentos relativos á guerra denomenada da peninsula, Lisbon, 1863.—Châteaubriand, F. R. A. de, Guerre d’Espagne de 1823, Paris, 1838; Le Congrès de Vérone, Paris, 1838, 2 vols—Cherbuliez, V. C., L’Espagne politique, Paris, 1874.—Chronica Albeldensis in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Chronicon Albeldensis. This is the work of two authors; the first, an anonymous monk of Albelda, wrote in the ninth century. His portion extends from the foundation of Rome to the reign of Alfonso III. The second author was the monk Vigila, of the same monastery, who coming a century later continued the narrative down to the year 976. He is the earliest authority for the history of Navarre.

Chronicon Conimbricense in Flórez’s España Sagrada.—Chronicon Moissacense.—Churton, E., Góngora, an historical and critical essay on the times of Philip III and Philip IV, London, 1862, 2 vols.—Circourt, A. M. J. E., Histoire des Mores Madejares et des Moresques, ou des Arabes d’Espagne sous la domination des chrétiens, Paris, 1845-1848, 3 vols.—Clarke, Letters concerning the state of Spain, London, 1763.—Clarke, H. B., The Cid Campeador and the Waning of the Crescent in the West, New York, 1897, in Heroes of the Nations.—Clemencin, D., Elogio de la reina católica Doña Isabella, in Mem. Academia, 1821.—Clinton, H. R., The War in the Peninsula, London, 1878.—Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España por M. Fernandez Navarrete, et al., Madrid, 1842-1895, 112 vols.; vol. 30 contains an index of the volumes preceding.—Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y colonizacion de las antiguas posesiones españolas de America y Oceanía, Madrid, 1864-1890, first series, 42 vols. Also Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones españoles de Ultramar. Second series published by the Royal Academy of History, Madrid, 1885-1900, 13 vols.—Colección de libros españoles raros y curiosos, Madrid, 1871-1892.—Colección legislativa de España, Madrid, 1816 (in progress), 330 vols.—Colmeiro, M., Reyes cristianos desde Alfonso VI hasta Alfonso XI, Madrid, 1893.—Colmenares, D. de, Historia de Segovia y compendio de la historia de Castilla, Segovia, 1637-1847.—Condé, J. A., Historia de la dominación de los Arabes en España, Madrid, 1820-1821, 3 vols.; English translation by Mrs. J. Foster, London, 1860, 3 vols.; History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Spain, London, 1854, 3 vols.

José Antonio Condé (1765-1820), was at one time regarded as the great authority on the history of the Spanish Arabs. He was educated at the University of Salamanca, a member of various learned societies, and for long conservador of the Escorial library. In 1814 he was exiled for political reasons and he died in great poverty. Modern students of the history of the Spanish Arabs have convicted Condé of many errors and faults of judgment, but it is acknowledged that he was a laborious scholar.

Coppée, H., History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors, Boston, 1881, 2 vols.—Cos-Gayon, F., Historia de la administración pública de España, Madrid, 1851.—Coxe, W., Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon, London, 1815, 5 vols.—Crónica de Don Alvaro de Luna, Milan, 1546, Madrid, 1784.—Crónica del rey Don Rodrigo, Alcalá, 1587.—Curry, J. L. M., Constitutional Government in Spain, New York, 1889.—Cushing, Caleb, Reminiscences of Spain, 1833, 2 vols.—Custine, M. de, L’Espagne sous Ferdinand VII, Paris, 1838, 4 vols.

Dahn, F., Die Könige der Germanen, Würzburg and Leipsic, 1861-1895.—Danvila y Collado, M., Historia del Reinado de Carlos III, Madrid, 1893-1896, 6 vols.—Daumet, G., Étude sur l’alliance de la France et de la Castille au XIVᵉ et au XVᵉ siècles, Paris, 1898.—De Labra, R. M., Historia de las relaciones internacionales de España, Madrid, 1897; La Crisis colonial en España, Madrid, 1902.—De la Escosura y Hevia, A., Inicio crítico del feudalismo en España, Madrid, 1856.—Del Cantillo, A., Tratados, convenios y declaraciones de paz y de comercio que han hecho cen las potencias extranjeras los monarcos españoles de la Casa de Bourbon, 1700-1842, Madrid, 1843.—Desclot, B., Crónica del rey En Pere in Chroniques étrangères relatives aux expéditions françaises pendant le XIIIᵉ siècle, Orléans, 1876.

Bernardo Desclot, one of the greatest of Catalan historians, lived in the reigns of James I and Pedro III of Aragon. Little is known of his life. He wrote the story of the events of his own day in the Catalan language, and prefixed the narrative by a short account of the counts of Barcelona and kings of Aragon preceding James I.

Desdevises du Degert, G., L’Espagne de l’ancien régime, Paris, 1897 (in progress, 2 vols. already published).—Desormeaux, J. L. R., Abrégé chronologique de l’histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, 1758, 5 vols.—Diercks, G., Geschichte Spaniens, Berlin, 1895-1896, 2 vols.—Dillon, J. T., History of the Reign of Pedro the Cruel, 1788, 2 vols.—Dochez, and Paquis, A., Histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, Paris, 1844-1848, 2 vols.—Dormer, D. J., Progresos de la historia en Aragon, Saragossa, 1680.—Dozy, R. P., Recherches sur l’histoire et la littérature de l’Espagne, Leyden, 1845, 1860, 1881, 2 vols.; Le Cid d’après de nouveaux documents, 1860; Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne jusqu’à la conquête de l’Andalousie par les Almoravides, Leyden, 1861, 4 vols.

Reinhart Dozy, an eminent Dutch orientalist of French extraction was born in Leyden in 1820 and died there in 1883. He was an extraordinary linguist and wrote almost equally well in every European language beside being deeply versed in most of the Semitic languages but especially the Arabic. In 1850 he became professor in the University of Leyden. He was the first to shake the high reputation of the historian Condé by pointing out his numerous errors. Dozy’s historical investigations were made in the archives of various countries, especially of course in Spain. He edited a number of the works of Arab writers with commentaries and glossaries and published a dictionary of the names of Arab garments.

Ducasse, Mémoires et correspondance politique du roi Joseph, Paris, 1853-1855, 10 vols.—Du Hamel, V., Historia constitucional de la monarquía española, translated from the French by B. A. y Espinosa, Madrid, 1848, 2 vols.—Duncan, F., The English in Spain; or, the Story of the War of Succession between 1834-1840, London, 1877.—Dunham, S. A., History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1832, 5 vols.—Dunlop, J., Memoirs of Spain during the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II, Edinburgh, 1834, 2 vols.—Duran, A., Romancero General, Madrid, 1857-1861.—Duro, C. F., La armada invincible, Madrid, 1884-1885, 2 vols.

Eckstein, F., Espagne, considérations sur son passé, son présent, son avenir, 1836.—Elliot, F. M., Old Court Life in Spain, London, 1893, 2 vols.; La España del siglo XIX, Madrid, 1885-1887, 3 vols. A series of historical lectures delivered in the Atheneum of Madrid.—Everhard Nidart, P. J., Varias obras correspondientes á la regencia de la reina Doña Maria Ana de Neoburg; sucesos de Don Juan de Austria (in Semanario Erudito), 1788.

Fabricius, A. K., La première invasion des Normands dans l’Espagne Musulmane en 814, Lisbon, 1892.—Fernald, J. C., The Spaniard in History, New York, 1898.—Fernan-Nuñez, Condé de, Vida de Carlos III, published by A. Morel-Fatio and A. Paz y Melia, Madrid, 1898, 2 vols.—Ferrer del Rio, A., Exámen histórico crítico del reinado de Don Pedro de Castilla, 1850; Historia del reinado de Carlos III de España, Madrid, 1856, 4 vols.—Ferreras, J. de, Synopsis histórica cronológica de España, Madrid, 1775-1781, 17 vols.—Field, H. M., Old Spain and New Spain, London, 1888.—Flórez, Enrique, Memorias de las reynas católicas, historia genealógica de la casa real de Castilla y de Leon, Madrid, 1761, 1790, 2 vols.; España Sagrada teatro geográfico-histórico de la iglesia de España, Madrid, 1747, 51 vols.; Llave historial, Madrid, 1743, 1790; España carpetana, Medallas de las colonias, municipios y pueblos antiguos de España, Madrid, 1757.

El Padre Enrique Flórez, historian, archæologist, theologian, and numismatist, was born at Valladolid in 1701, and entered the order of St. Augustine in his fifteenth year. His España Sagrada is the work most usefully consulted in studying the history and antiquities of Spain, containing, as it does, so many documents, notices and illustrations bearing on the subject, and greatly valued for the high critical faculty and scrupulous care exhibited by its author. Flórez left also works on theology and a treatise on botany and the natural sciences. He was corresponding member of the French Academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres, and enjoyed the friendship of many prominent men of his age. He died in 1773.

Forneron, Histoire de Philippe II, Paris, 1881-1882, 4 vols.—Forster, J., Chronicle of James I, translated from the Catalan, London, 1883, 2 vols.—Foulché-Delbosc, R., Bibliographie des voyages en Espagne et en Portugal, Paris, 1896.—Foy, M. S., Histoire de la guerre de la péninsule sous Napoléon, Paris, 1827, 4 vols.—Froissart, John, Chroniques de France, d’Angleterre, d’Écosse, d’Espagne, de Bretagne, Paris, 1869-1888, 8 vols. (trans. T. Johnes, London, 1857, 2 vols.).—Froude, J. A., The Spanish Story of the Armada, 1892.

Gachard, L. P., Correspondance de Philippe II sur les affaires des Pays-Bas, Brussels, 1848-1879, 5 vols.; Retraite et mort de Charles Quint, 1854-1855; Don Carlos et Philippe II, Brussels, 1863, 1867, 2 vols.; Relations des Ambassadeurs Vénitiens sur Charles V et Philippe II.

Louis Prosper Gachard, the Belgian historian, born at Paris in 1800, died at Brussels, 1885, was keeper of the Belgian archives, to which appointment he succeeded in 1826. Besides putting in order the existing archives he greatly added to the documents contained in them and caused researches to be made throughout Europe for papers which might throw light on Belgian history. His works are valued both for their impartial historical spirit and their literary style as well as for the fresh light they throw on the periods with which they deal.

Gallenga, A., Iberian Reminiscences, 1883, 2 vols.—Garcia, J. C., Castilla y Leon durante los reinados de Pedro I, Enrique II, Juan I, Enrique III, Madrid, 1891.—Gardiner, S. R., Narrative of the Spanish Marriage Treaty, Spanish and English, London, 1859; Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage, 1617-1623, London, 1869, 2 vols.—Garibay y Zamálloa, E., Los quarenta libros del compendio historial de las chrónicas y universal historia de España, Antwerp, 1571, Barcelona, 1628, 4 vols.

Esteban de Garibay y Zamálloa (1525-1599) was appointed by Philip II as chronicler of his reign. He was a laborious collector of historical information, who, though extremely credulous, served to some extent as a model to Mariana and other historians.

Gayangos, P. de, History of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain, London, 1840, 2 vols.; Historia de los reyes de Granada, Paris, 1842; Cartas del Cardinal Cisneros, Madrid, 1867; Cartas y relaciones de Hernan Cortes al emperador Carlos V, Paris, 1870.—Gebhardt, Historia general de España, Barcelona, 1897, 7 vols.—Geddes, M., Wars of the Commons of Castile in the reign of Charles V, 1730.—George, A., Memoirs of the Queens of Spain, London, 1850.—Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London, 1853.—Giovio, P., Historia sui temporis 1494-1547, Florence, 1548, 2 vols.—Godoy, M., Mémoires, Paris, 1839-1841, 6 vols.; partial translation, London, 1836, 2 vols.—Gómez de Arteche y Moro, J., Guerra de la independencia 1808-1814, Madrid, 1868-1883, 5 vols.; Historia del Reinado de Carlos IV, Madrid, 1893.

General José Gómez de Arteche y Moro was born at Madrid in 1821 and entered the artillery in 1840. He took an active part in the events of July, 1856, siding with O’Donnell. He was under-secretary in the ministry of war in 1865 and 1868, and in 1878 became aide-de-camp to Alfonso XII. In 1885 he was elected senator for Guipuzcoa.

Gonsalez, T., Apuntamientos para la historia del rey Don Felipe Segundo por lo tocante á sus relaciones con la rein a Isabel de Inglaterra.—Grabinski, J. de, Amédée de Savoie, duc d’Aoste, roi d’Espagne.—Graetz, H., Geschichte der Juden, Berlin and Leipsic, 1853-1870, 11 vols.; 1888-1889, 3 vols.—Granvella, Cardinal A. P., Papiers d’état du Cardinal Granvella in Collection des documents inédits sur l’histoire de France, Paris, 1841-1861, 9 vols.; Correspondance du Cardinal Granvella, 1565-1586, Brussels, 1878-1892, 9 vols.—Guardia, J. M., La cour de Rome et l’église d’Espagne.—Guerra, Caida y ruina del imperio visigótico, Madrid, 1883.—Guizot, F. P. G., Un projet de mariage royal, 1863.—Guzman, F. Perez de, Crónica del serenissimo principe, Don Juan II, Logroño, 1517, Valencia, 1779.

Häbler, Die wirtschaftliche Blüte Spaniens im 16. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1888.—Hale, E. E. and S., The Story of Spain in Story of the Nations, New York, 1891.—Harcourt, Henri duc d’, Avènement des Bourbons au trône d’Espagne, Paris, 1875, 2 vols.—Hare, A., Wanderings in Spain, London, 1873.—Havemann, W., Darstellungen aus der innern Geschichte Spaniens während des 15., 16., und 17. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen, 1850; Das Leben des Don Juan d’Austria, Gotha, 1865.—Hefele, K. J., Der Kardinal Ximenes und die kirchlichen Zustände Spaniens am Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts, Tübingen, 1851.—Henningsen, C. F., The most striking events of a twelvemonth’s Campaign with Zumalacarregui, Philadelphia, 1836, 2 vols.—Herrera y Tordesillas, A. de, Historia general del mundo del tiempo del Señor Rey Don Felipe II, Madrid, 1601-1612, 3 vols.; Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y tierra firme del mar océano, Madrid, 1601-1615, 1728, 4 vols.; Tratado relación y discurso histórico de los movimientos de Aragon.

Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas lived from 1559 to 1625. He studied in Spain and Italy, where he attracted the attention of Vespasiano di Gonzaga, who being appointed viceroy of Navarre and Valencia, made Herrera his private secretary and afterwards recommended him to Philip II, with the result that Herrera was appointed chief chronicler for America and a chronicler for Castile. He fulfilled these offices during the reigns of the three Philips and acquired a European reputation for capacity and exactitude. The second of the works above mentioned is the chief of many. Part of it is merely a condensation of that of Las Casas, but for the events of his own time he is a most valuable authority, and he had the advantage of access to documents of all kinds.

Hidalgo, D., Diccionario general de bibliografía española, Madrid, 1864-1879, 6 vols.—Hill, C., Story of the Princess des Ursins (Orsini) in Spain, New York, 1899.—Hinojosa, Eduardo de, Historia de los Visigodos.—Höfler, Kaiser Karls (V) erstes Auftreten in Spanien, Vienna, 1874.—Houghton, A., Les Origines de la Restoration des Bourbons en Espagne.—Howard, O. O., Isabella of Castile, New York, 1894.—Hubbard, N. G., Histoire contemporaine de l’Espagne, Paris, 1869-1883, 6 vols.—Huber, V. A., Die Geschichte des Cid, Bremen, 1829; Chrónica del Cid, Marburg, 1844.—Huegel, C. W., Spanien und die Revolution, 1821.—Huerta, F. M., Sobre qual de los reyes godos fué y debe contarse primero de las de su nación en España in Academia de la historia, Memorias, 1796.—Hughes, T. M., Revelations of Spain in 1845, London, 1845, 2 vols.—Hume, M. A. S., Philip II of Spain, London, 1845, 2 vols.; Spain, its Greatness and Decay, Cambridge, 1897; Modern Spain, 1788-1898, London and New York, 1899, in Story of the Nations; The Spanish People, their Origin, Growth, and Influence, New York, 1901.—Hurtado de Mendoza, D., see Mendoza, D. Hurtado de.

Ibn Bassam, Zakira, Tesoro ó cualidades de los habitantes de la península.—Idatius, Chronicum (379 A.D.-469 A.D.) in the Chronica Medii Aevi of Rösler, Tübingen, 1798.

The chronicle of Idatius belongs to the fifth century. Its author was a bishop of Chaves in Portugal, and a native of Lamego, where he was born towards the close of the fourth century. The work is brief, but supplies information not to be found elsewhere.

Irving, W., Conquest of Granada, New York, 1850, 1880; Companions of Columbus, New York, 1880.—Isidorus Hispalensis, Historia Gotorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum, Madrid, 1599, in S. Isidori Hispalensis episcopi opera omnia, Rome, 1797-1803, 7 vols.

Isidorus Hispalensis or Saint Isidore of Seville was the son of a wealthy citizen of Cartagena, where he was born about 570 A.D. His brother, St. Leander, Archbishop of Seville, bestowed great pains on his education, but becoming jealous of his remarkable learning shut him up in a monastery. On Leander’s death Isidore became bishop of Seville. He was regarded as the glory of his age for learning, and left numerous works which, besides the Historia and numerous ecclesiastical writings, include a kind of general encyclopædia of the science of the period, known as the Origines.

Isidorus Pacensis, Chronicon, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Isidor Pacensis was bishop of Pax Julia, whence his surname of Pacensis. Pax Julia is identified with the Portuguese town of Beja. The prelate wrote in the eighth century. The names of three of his works have come down to us, but one of them only is extant and is a chronicon extending to the year 754 A.D.

Janer, F., Condición social de los Moriscoes de España causas de su expulsion y consecuencias que en el órden económico esta produjo, in Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1857.—Jiménez de Rada, R., see Ximenes Toletanus, Rodericus.—Joannes Biclarensis, Chronicon, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Joannes Biclarensis lived in the last half of the sixth century. His birthplace was Santarem, but he derived his surname from the Latin form of Valclara (in Catalonia), of which he was abbot. He afterwards became bishop of Gerona. His Chronicon continues that of Idatius down to the year 590.

Jones, Sir J. T., Journals of sieges carried on under the Duke of Wellington in Spain, London, 1846, 3 vols.—Jordanes, De Origine Gothorum, Augsburg, 1515, Venice, 1729.—Julian, St., Historia Regis Wambæ in Flórez’s España Sagrada.—Junta, P. de, and J. B. Varesio (editors), Chrónica del famoso cavallero Cid Ruy Diez Campeador, 1593.

Kaemmel, O., Illustrierte Weltgeschichte, Darmstadt, 1890, 10 vols.—Kayserling, M., Geschichte der Juden in Spanien und Portugal, Berlin, 1861-1867, 2 vols.

La Fuente, V. de, Juana la loca vindicada de la nota de herejia.—Lafuente y Alcantara, M., Historia de Granada.—Lafuente y Zamálloa, M., Historia general de España, Madrid, 1795, 1854.

Modesto Lafuente y Zamálloa (1806-1866) took his degree of bachelor of theology at the university of Valladolid in 1832, and afterwards successively filled chairs of philosophy, rhetoric, and theology. In 1837 he removed to Madrid, where he published a periodical entitled Fray Gerundio, through which he attacked existing abuses, advocated reforms, and set himself against the Carlist wars. This publication soon attained a wide circulation, and was continued till 1849, after which Lafuente turned his attention to his Historia. He subsequently became a deputy to the cortes for Astorga, and in 1860 member of the council of state. He was also a member of various academies.

Landau, M., Geschichte Kaiser Karls VI als König von Spanien, Stuttgart, 1889.—Lane-Poole, S., and A. Gilman, The Story of the Moors in Spain (Story of the Nations), New York, 1891.—Las Casas, see Casas.—Lathbury, T., The Spanish Armada, London, 1840.—Latimer, E. W., Spain in the Nineteenth Century, Chicago, 1897.—Latour, A. T. de, L’Espagne religieuse et littéraire, Paris, 1862.—Laughton, J. K., State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, London, 1894, 2 vols.—Lauser, W., Geschichte Spaniens vom Sturze Isabellas bis zur Thronbesteigung Alfonsos, Leipsic, 1877, 2 vols.—Lavigne, G. de L’Espagne et le Portugal, 1855.—Lawrence, E., Dominic, and the Inquisition, in Historical Studies, New York, 1873.—Lea, H. C., Chapters from the religious history of Spain connected with the Inquisition, Philadelphia, 1890.—Legrelle, A., La diplomatie française et la succession d’Espagne, 1659-1725, Paris, 1888-1892, 4 vols.—Lembke, F. W., and Schäfer, H., Geschichte von Spanien, Gotha, 1831-1890, 5 vols.—Lemos, D. A., Historia general de Portugal, 1715-1789.—Leopold, Spaniens Bürgerkrieg, Hanover, 1876.—Lezo del Pozo, J., Apologia del rey Don Pedro de Castilla conforme á la Crónica de Ayala.—Limborch, P. van, Historia Inquisitions, Amsterdam, 1692; History of the Inquisition (abridged), London, 1816.

Philip van Limborch, a prominent Dutch theologian, was born in 1633 and died in 1712. He was professor of theology at the seminary of the remonstrants in Amsterdam. His Historia consists of a record of sentences given by the Inquisition of Toulouse, and is preceded by an account of the origin and methods of the Inquisition.

Llorente, J. A., Opinion de l’Espagne sur l’inquisition, 1812; Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de la révolution d’Espagne, Paris, 1817, 3 vols.; Histoire critique de l’inquisition d’Espagne, Paris, 1817-1818, 4 vols.; History of the Inquisition of Spain (abridged), London, 1827.

Juan Antonio Llorente, born 1756, was a Spanish priest who became general secretary to the inquisition in 1789. A scheme for the reform of that tribunal which he drew up was about to be executed when the fall of the liberal minister Jovellanos prevented its realisation. In the war with France Llorente sided with the Bonapartists and became a member of the council of state of King Joseph. On the abolition of the inquisition (1809) Llorente was commissioned to investigate its archives and write its history. Thus he had access to materials now no longer in existence. On the restoration of the Bourbons Llorente was banished, and it was while in exile at Paris that his celebrated Histoire critique de l’Inquisition appeared in French and was soon translated into German, English, Dutch, Italian and Spanish. Its success was great, but it drew down a persecution of the author who on the publication of a book called Portraits politiques des papes (1822) was ordered to quit France. He died from the effects of the hurried journey to Madrid.

Londonderry, Marquis of, see Stewart.—Lorenzana, Cardinal, Collectio Sanctorum Patrum ecclesiæ Toledanæ, Madrid, 1782-1793.—Louville, C. A. d’A., Mémoires secrets sur l’établissement de la maison de Bourbon en Espagne, 1818.—Lowell, J. R., Impressions of Spain.—Lucas Tudensis, Chronicon Mundi, in Schott’s Hispaniæ Illustratæ, Frankfort, 1608.

Lucas de Tuy, or Lucas Tudensis, was a Spanish prelate who died in 1288. His Chronicon, which was finished in 1236, was written by command of the great queen Berengaria. It consists of four books: the first contains the Six Ages of the World of St. Isidore, with additions; the second, Isidore’s treatise on the origin of the Goths, Spaniards, and Suevi; the third, the spurious chronicle of San Ildefonso and St. Julian’s history. The fourth extends from the time of Pelayo to the conquest of Cordova. When the work was translated into Spanish, in the end of the thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century, a continuation extending to 1252 was added.

Luna, M. de, La verdadera historia del rey Don Rodrigo, Valencia, 1606.

Miguel de Luna was a Morisco who embraced Catholicism and became interpreter to Philip II. His history purports to be a translation from an Arab chronicler of the eighth century, but was really based on old romances and has no authoritative value.

MacCrie, T., History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Spain in the Sixteenth Century, 1829.—Mahon, Lord, see Stanhope, P. H.—Maistre, J. de, Lettres à un gentilhomme Russe sur l’inquisition espagnole, 1837.—Maldonado, J. M., Historia de la revolución de España, Madrid, 1833, 2 vols.—Malo de Molina, M., Rodrigo el Campeador, Estudio histórico, Madrid, 1857.—Malvezzi, V., Sucesos principals de la monarquía de España en el tiempo de Felipe IV, Madrid, 1640.—Mariana, Juan de, Historia general de España, Valencia, 1783-1796, 9 vols.; in Biblioteca de autores españoles, Madrid, 1854, published in various later editions; English translation by J. S. Stephens, London, 1699.

Juan de Mariana, one of the most famous of Spanish historians, was born near Talavera in 1536, and in 1554 became a member of the Society of Jesus. Two years later he went to Rome, where he filled a chair in the Jesuit college. After visiting Sicily and lecturing on theology at Paris during five years, he returned to Spain in 1574 and devoted himself to his Historia de España, which was first written in Latin and then translated by himself into the Castilian tongue. The variety of his talents and acquirements is exhibited in his writings on philosophy, politics, finance, and religion, and in the last mentioned the freedom of his opinions exposed him to some suspicion from his order, and he was even brought before the inquisition. His history has enjoyed immense popularity and is still much admired, though it is acknowledged that he often confuses fact and fable.

Marineo, Lucio, Obra de las cosas memorables de España, Alcalá, 1533.—Marliani, M. de, Histoire politique de l’Espagne moderne, Paris, 1840, 2 vols.—Marmol Carvajal, L. del, Historia del rebelión y castigo de los Moriscos del reyno de Granada, Madrid, 1600, and in Biblioteca de autores Españoles.

Luis del Marmol Carvajal was a native of Granada who flourished in the sixteenth century. In 1535 he accompanied Charles V to Tunis. He was captured by the Moors, and both during and after his captivity made long journeys and voyages in and about Barbary and Egypt. His Historia del rebelión is the narrative of an eye-witness, and the language is pure though the style suffers from the too great length of the sentences.

Martínez de la Rosa, F., Hernan Perez del Pulgar, Madrid, 1834.—Martínez Marina, F., Teoria de las Cortes de Leon y Castilla, Madrid, 1821, 3 vols.; Ensayo histórico-crítico sobre la antigua legislación y principales cuerpos legales de los reynos de Leon y Castilla, Madrid, 1834, 2 vols.—Masdeu, J. F., Historia crítica de España, Madrid, 1783-1805, 20 vols.

Juan Francisco Masdeu, a celebrated Spanish historian, was born in 1744 and died in 1817. Educated under the care of the Jesuits, he entered their order in 1759, and on their expulsion from Spain retired to Ferrara. His Historia was commenced in 1781. It extends only down to the end of the eleventh century. It is a work of much learning and destroys many fables previously current, though in many instances the author carries his scepticism too far.

Mas-La Trie, J. M., Trésor de chronologie, d’histoire et de géographie, 1837.—Mazade, C. de, l’Espagne moderne, Paris, 1855; Les revolutions de l’Espagne contemporaine, 1868.—Medina, J. T., Historia del tribunal del Santo Oficio de la inquisición de Cartagena de las Indias, Santiago, 1899.—Melo, F. M., Historia de los movimientos separación y guerra de Cataluña en tiempo de Felipe IV, Lisbon, 1645, Paris, 1840.—Mendoza, D. Hurtado de, Guerra de Granada hecha por el rey Felipe II, Madrid, 1610, 1852.

Diego Hurtado de Mendoza belonged to an illustrious Spanish family and was born in Granada about 1503. His earliest teacher was the celebrated Peter Martyr of Angleria (Pietro Martire d’Anghiera). He served in the Italian wars and was employed by Charles V in various important diplomatic missions. Having displeased Philip II he was compelled to retire to Granada. He was already pre-eminent for his learning and had taken advantage of his position as ambassador to the Grand Turk to make a valuable collection of manuscripts which he presented to Philip II for the Escorial library. When no longer permitted to engage in affairs of state he devoted himself to literary works which include poems and translations from Aristotle. For collecting information for his Guerra de Granada he had the advantage of residence on the spot and a knowledge of the inner workings of the government. The book also ranks high for its literary style.

Menéndez y Pelayo, M., Historia de los Heterodoxos españoles, Madrid, 1880.

Marcellino Menéndez y Pelayo, a contemporary literary critic, historian, and philosopher, born in 1856, and noted for his prodigious memory. His work exhibits a decided tendency to ultramontanism, and he has written in defence of the Inquisition. His talents were early developed and he had already a scholar’s reputation before he was out of his teens. At 21 he was appointed to the chair of critical history of Spanish Literature of the Faculty of philosophy and letters at Madrid. In 1880 he became a member of the Spanish Academy of Language, in 1882 of that of History, and afterwards of those of moral sciences, of politics, and of the fine arts. Since then he has become director of the national library in Madrid, and of the entire system of public archives, museums, and libraries in Spain.

Mérimée, P., Histoire de Don Pedre I, Paris, 1865; Translation 1849.—Mignet, F. A. M., Négociations relatives à la succession d’Espagne sous Louis XIV, Paris, 1835-1842, 4 vols.; Antonio Perez et Philippe II, Paris, 1845; Translation, London, 1846; Charles Quint, son abdication, son séjour et sa mort au monastère de Yuste, Paris, 1854; Rivalité de François I et de Charles Quint, Paris, 1875, 2 vols.

François Auguste Marie Mignet, the French historian, was born in 1796 at Aix where he subsequently studied for the law. In the earlier part of his career he made a reputation as a liberal journalist and was associated with the National, but after 1830 he devoted himself wholly to history. Here his studies were by no means confined to Spanish subjects, his chief work being a history of the French Revolution.

Mingote y Taragona, P., Geografia de España y sus Colonias, Leon, 1887.—Minutoli, J. M. von, Spanien und seine fortschreitende Entwickelung, Berlin, 1852.—Miraflores, Marques de, Apuntes históricos-críticos para escribir la historia de la revolución de España desde el año 1820-1823 [Madrid], 1834; Memorias para escribir la historia de los siete primeros años del reinado de Isabel II, Madrid, 1843-1844, 2 vols.; Continuación de las memorias del reinado de Isabel II.—Miro, M. J., Las Constituciones de España, Madrid, 1821, 2 vols.—Modoz, P., Diccennario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar, Madrid, 1848-1850, 11 vols.—Moncada, F. de, Condé de Osuna, Expedición de los Catalanes y Aragoneses contra Griegos y Turcos, Barcelona, 1623, 1842; Madrid, 1883.

Francisco de Moncada, Condé de Usuna, a member of an old Catalan family, was born in 1586 and died in 1635. He filled various important public offices as councillor of war, governor of Flanders, and ambassador to the emperor Ferdinand II. In the low countries he twice defeated the Prince of Orange. His Expedición de catalanes y aragoneses is an account of the expedition under Roger de Flor (died 1305) on behalf of the Byzantines. He derived his materials from Zurita and Muntaner, the latter a contemporary of Flor. Many of the adventures described appear quite incredible. The language is pure and the style flowing.

Mondejar, G. I., Marques de, Memorias históricas del rei Alonso el Sabio, Madrid, 1777.—Monresa Sanchez, J. Mᵃ., Historia legal de España desde la dominación goda hasta nuestros dias, Madrid, 1841, 2 vols.—Montejo, B., Sobre la independencia de Castilla, in Memorias de la Real Academia de la Historia.—Montesa y Manrique, Historia de la legislación de España, Madrid, 1861, 1864, 7 vols.—Morales, A. de, Crónica General de España, Alcalá, 1574-1577, Madrid, 1791; Opusculos Castellanos, Madrid, 1793, 3 vols.

Ambrosio de Morales (1513-1591) was appointed in 1574 chronicler of the kingdoms of Castile and continued the Crónica general de España of Florián de Ocampo. His work lacks arrangement.

Morel-Fatio, A., l’Espagne au XVI et XVII siècle, Paris, 1878; Études sur l’Espagne, Paris, 1890-1895, 2 vols.; Catalogue des manuscrits espagnoles du Bibliothèque National, Paris, 1881.—Morel, J., Lettres sur l’inquisition.—Motley, J. L., The Rise of the Dutch Republic, London, 1856, 1889, 3 vols.—Moüy, C. de, Don Carlos et Philippe II, Paris, 1888; Jeanne la Folle (Revue des deux Mondes).—Müller, W., Politische Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, 1876-1890, Stuttgart, 1890.—Muñoz Maldonado, J., Historia de la guerra de la independencia de España contra Napoléon Bonaparte desde 1808 á 1814, Madrid, 1833, 3 vols.

José Muñoz Maldonado (1807-1875) was fiscal minister in the Royal Council of the Orders during ten years. Under Isabella II he was several times elected deputy for Guadalajara, Jaen and Ciudad Real, and afterwards became senator, but was more distinguished as a jurisconsult and as a writer, though rather industrious than brilliant.

Muñoz y Romero, Diccionario bibliográfico histórico, Madrid, 1865.—Muntaner, R., Chrónica del rey Don Jaume primer, Rey D’Arago e de molts de sos descendents, Valencia, 1558, Stuttgart, 1844.

Ramón Muntaner is the rival of Bernardo Desclot as chief of Catalan historians. He lived in the reign of James I of Aragon and took part in the expedition of the company or army which Roger de Flor led against both Turks and Greeks and in other military enterprises. His chronicle therefore describes events in which he himself shared. He was still alive in 1330.

Muriel, A., Historia de Carlos IV, Madrid, 1894-1895, 6 vols.; Constitutes, vols. 29-34 of the Memorial-historico-españal, published by the Real Academia de la Historia.

Napier, W. F. P., History of the War in the Peninsula, 1807-1814, London, 1828-1840, 6 vols., 1890.—Navarrete, M. Fernandez de, Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, Madrid, 1842, etc.—Nervo, G., Baron de, Histoire d’Espagne, Paris, 1870, 4 vols.; Isabelle la catholique reine d’Espagne, Paris, 1874; Translation by T. Temple West, London, 1897.—Norman, W. W., Philip II king of Spain, with an account of the condition of Spain, the Netherlands and the American colonies in Historical Studies, New York, 1898.—Novissima Recapilación de los leges de España, Paris, 1846, 5 vols.—Nueva Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España y de sus Indias, edited by F. de Zabalburu and others, Madrid, 1892 ff., 6 vols.—Nuñez de Castro, A., Corónica Góthica, Castillana y Austriaca, Madrid, 1789-1790, 7 vols.

Ober, F. A., History for young readers; Spain, New York, 1899.—Ocampo, F. de, Los cincos libros primeros de la crónica general de España, Zamora, 1541.

Florián de Ocampo, whose life covers the period between 1513 and 1590, was commissioned by Charles V to write the general chronicle of Spain, but as he commenced with the time of the flood he only managed to bring it down to the time of the Scipios. In spite of much credulity and an unpleasing style the book has been much esteemed by antiquarians. Together with the works of Morales and Sandoval it was published at Madrid in 1791, under the title of Corónica General de España.

Olivart, Marques de, Colección de los tratados ... internacionales celebrados per nuestros gobiernos con los estados extranjeros, desde el reinado de Doña Isabel II, Madrid, 1890 ff., 10 vols.—Oman, C. W. C., History of the Peninsular War, London, 1901, 2 vols. (work not completed).—Ortiz y Sanz, J., Compendio cronológico de la historia de España, Madrid, 1795-1803, 7 vols.—Oviedo y Valdés, G. Fernandez de, Quinquagenas, in Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1880.

Palacios, Cura de los, see Bernáldez.—Paquis, A., and Dochez, Histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, Paris, 1844-1848, 2 vols.—Parmele, M. P., A Short History of Spain, New York, 1898.—Pellicer de Ossav y Tovar, J., Annales de la monarquía de España después de su pérdida, Madrid, 1681.—Perez del Pulgar, Hernán, Breve parte de las hazañas del Gran Capitán, printed as Brevo sumario de los hechos del Gran Capitán, Seville, 1527, Madrid, 1834.—Perez Pujol, E., Historia de los instituciones de la España goda.—Perez y Lopez, A. X., Teatro de la legislación universal de España é Indias, Madrid, 1791, 28 vols.—Philippson, M., Heinrich IV und Philipp III, Berlin, 1870-1876, 3 vols.; Ein Ministerium unter Philipp II. Kardinal Granvella am spanischem Hofe 1579-1586, Berlin, 1894.—Pichot, A., Chronique de Charles Quint, 1853.—Pidal, P. J., marques de, Historia de las alteraciones de Aragon en el reinado de Felipe II, 1862-1863, 3 vols.

Pedro José Pidal (1800-1865), distinguished both in literature and in politics, studied law and philosophy at Oviedo. The activity with which he supported the liberal party, 1820-1824, caused him to be condemned to imprisonment in the reaction of 1824, but he escaped his sentence, and in 1828 was pardoned. In 1838 he was elected to the cortes where he was distinguished for his oratory. Successively president of the congress, minister of the interior and of justice, he was active in reforming the administration and in 1851 was instrumental in bringing about an understanding between the Spanish and Papal courts. He left numerous works on jurisprudence, language, and literature.

Pirala, A., Anales de la guerra civil, 1853; Historia de la guerra civil y de los partidos liberal y carlista (with an account of Espartero’s regency), Madrid, 1890, 3 vols.; Historia contemporánea, Madrid, 1875-1880; 1893-1895, 6 vols.; El rey en Madrid y en provincias, 1871.

Antonio Pirala, a contemporary historian, born 1824. He filled various minor offices in the administration and was secretary to King Amadeo. His writings include contributions to various large publications as well as some insignificant ones on religious subjects; but the most important are those historical works mentioned above.

Plummer, M. W., Contemporary Spain as shown by her novelists, New York, 1899.—Polybius, General History, London, 1693, 2 vols.—Pradt, D. D., Mémoires historiques sur la révolution d’Espagne, Paris, 1816.—Prescott, W. H., History of Ferdinand and Isabella, Boston and London, 1838, 1889; History of the Reign of Philip II, Boston and London, 1855-1858, 3 vols.

William Hickling Prescott was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1796. He was educated at Harvard College and in 1814 began to study for the law, but an accident having affected his sight he was temporarily obliged to give up all work, and was never again able to use his eyes for long at a time. He devoted himself to the study of history and literature, having books read aloud to him. George Ticknor was the first to direct his attention to Spanish history which attracted him as an unexplored as well as rich field. For the composition of his Ferdinand and Isabella he had collected a great number of original documents and its publication brought him immediate fame, not only in America and England, but in the greater part of Europe. Continuing his labours he produced the Conquest of Mexico, the Conquest of Peru, and two volumes of a history of Philip II and revised Robertson’s Charles V. He died in 1859, before the publication of the third volume of Philip II.

Procopius, De Bello Gothico, Augsburg, 1676; Translation by H. Holcroft, London, 1863.—Pulgar, Fernando del, Crónica de los reyes católicos Don Ferdinando y Doña Isabel, Saragossa, 1567, Valencia, 1780; Los Claros varones de España y las treinta y dos cartas, Madrid, 1775.—Puyol y Alonso, J., La vida política en España, Madrid, 1892.

Quintana, M. J., vidas de españoles célebres, Madrid, 1807-1834, 3 vols.

Ramiro II, Ilustración del reynado de Ramiro II de Aragon, in Academia de la historia, Memorias.—Raynal, G. T. F., Histoire des éstablissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes, Paris, 1771, 4 vols.—Real Academia de la Historia, Memorias, Madrid, 1796-1888; Memorial histórico español: Colección de documentos, opúsculos y antigüedades, Madrid, 1851-1898; Catálogo de las obras publicadas por la Real Academia, Madrid, 1907.—Reynald, H., Histoire d’Espagne depuis la mort de Charles III, Paris, 1882.—Rico y Amat, Historia política e parlamentaria de España, Madrid, 1860-1862, 3 vols.—Ríos, J. Amador de los, Los Judíos en España, Madrid, 1792; Las razas históricas de la península Iberica; Historia Critica de la literature española, Madrid, 1861-1865, 7 vols.

José Amador de los Ríos (1818-1878) was educated at Cordova and afterwards at San Isidro de Madrid, during which time he supported his whole family by painting. He afterwards distinguished himself at the university of Seville. His Estudios sobre los judíos de España, published 1848, won him admission into the Academia de la Historia, and also the appointment to the chair of critical history of literature at the Universidad Central. Besides his historical works he wrote on architecture and on Spanish literature and published some volumes of poems.

Risco, R. P. M., La Castilla y el mas famoso Castellano, Madrid, 1792, 3 vols.; Gesta Roderici Campidocti.—Robertson, W., History of the reign of Charles V, London, 1769, 1856.

William Robertson, a Scotch minister and the son of a Scotch minister was born at Borthwick, Midlothian, in 1721. He attained considerable eminence in the Scotch church as leader of the “moderate” party. His first historical work, The History of Scotland, was published in 1758, when he at once became famous. In 1759 he was appointed chaplain of Stirling Castle, in 1762 principal of Edinburgh University, and in 1764 king’s historiographer. His History of Charles V appeared in 1769. It is his greatest work, the fruit of a careful study of that monarch’s reign, and was a standard book; but its value is now greatly diminished owing to the fact that Robertson had not access to many sources of information which are open to modern research.

Rocca, A. J. N. de, Mémoires sur la guerre des Français en Espagne, Paris, 1814, 1815.—Rodriguez Villa, A., La reina Doña Juana la loca, Madrid, 1892.—Romey, C., Histoire d’Espagne, Paris, 1839-1850, 9 vols.—Rose, H. J., Among the Spanish People, London, 1877, 2 vols.—Rosell, C., Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla, in continuation of Mariana, in Biblioteca de autores, españoles, Madrid, 1875-1878.—Rosseeuw Saint-Hilaire, N., Histoire d’Espagne jusqu’à la mort de Ferdinand VII, Paris, 1844-1879, 14 vols.—Rousset de Missy, J., Histoire publique et secrète de la cour de Madrid depuis l’avènement du roi Philippe, 1719.—Rule, W. H., History of the Inquisition.

Saavedra y Fajardo, D. F. de, Corona gótica Castellana y Austriaca, in Biblioteca de autores españoles, Madrid, 1853.—Sainz de Baranda, P., Clave de la España Sagrada, 1853.—Sala, G., Epitome de los principios y progresos de las guerras de Cataluña, 1640-1641.—Salazar y Mendoza, P. de, Monarquía de España; Origen de las dignidades reglares de Castilla y Leon, 1618.—Salmon, P., La revolución de España de 1808.—Sampire Astoricensis, continuation of Chronicon of Sebastianus Salmanticensis in Flórez’s España Sagrada.—Sanchez, T. A., and others, Cantares del Cid Campeador conocidos con el nombre de poema del Cid, 1864.—Sanchez de Toca, J., Del poder naval en España, Madrid, 1898.—Sandoval, P. de, Historia de la vida y hechos del emperador Carlos V, Valladolid, 1604-1606; translated by John Stevens, London, 1703. Historia de los reyes de Castilla y de Leon, Pamplona, 1615, Madrid, 1792.—San Felipe, Marques de, see Bacallar y Sanna.—San Miguel, E., duque de, Relation de l’expédition de Riego.—Schäfer, see Lembke and Schäfer.—Schirrmacher, F. W., Geschichte von Spanien, Gotha, 1881-1902, 7 vols.—Schlagintweit, E. S., Der spanisch-marokkanische Krieg in den Jahren 1859-1860, Leipsic 1863.—Schott, A., Hispania illustrata, Frankfort, 1603-1608.—Schurtz, H., Die pyrenäische Halbinsel in Helmolt’s Weltgeschichte, Leipsic and Vienna, 1900.—Sebastianus Salmanticensis, Chronicon Regum Legionensium, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

Sebastian was bishop of Salamanca (whence the epithet, Salmanticensis) in the ninth century. He wrote his chronicle by command of Alfonso III, whose reign is the last described in it. It begins with the history of the Gothic king Recesuinto (reigned 649-672 A.D.) and is the chief authority for the rise of the kingdom of Asturias.

Sédillot, L. A., Histoire générale des Arabes, Paris, 1854.—Sève, E., La situation économique de l’Espagne, Paris, 1887.—Shaw, Sir Charles, Personal memoirs and correspondence ... comprising a narrative of the war for constitutional liberty in Portugal and Spain, London, 1837, 2 vols.—Siguenza, J. de, Historia de la orden de San Gerónimo, Madrid, 1600.—Silos, Monk of (Monachus Silensis) in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

The Monk of Silos was admitted to that convent in the latter half of the eleventh century. His real name is unknown. The Chronicle which he wrote in Latin began with a short account of the ancestors of Alfonso VI, followed by a history of that sovereign’s reign, but the part relating to Alfonso VI is lost. The fragment which remains is highly valued as the work of a careful writer who had access to many ancient and authentic documents. St. Isidore of Seville, Sebastian of Salamanca, and Sampiro are his guides for the earlier portion.

Sismondi, J. C. L., De la littérature du midi de l’Europe, Paris, 1813-1829, 4 vols.; Translation by Roscoe, London, 1848, 2 vols.—Sociedad de bibliófilos españoles, Madrid.—Somerville, A., A Narrative of the British Auxiliary Legion with Incidents of the War in Spain, Glasgow, 1837.—Southey, R., Chronicle of the Cid, 1808, Lowell, 1846; History of the Peninsular War, 1823-1832, 6 vols.—Stanhope, P. H., The Court of Spain under Charles II, London, 1844; War of the Succession in Spain, 1850.—Stewart, C. W., marquis of Londonderry, Story of the Peninsular War, London, 1813, 1869.—Stirling-Maxwell, W., The Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V, London, 1852; Don John of Austria, London, 1883.—Strada, F., De Bello Belgico ab excessu Carli V, Rome, 1632, Ratisbon, 1754.—Strobel, E. H., The Spanish Revolution, 1868-1875, Boston, 1898.—Suchet, L. G., duc d’Albuféra, Mémoires sur les campagnes en Espagne depuis 1808 jusqu’en 1814, Paris, 1834, 2 vols.; Translation, London, 1829.—Symonds, J. A., Renaissance in Italy, Catholic Reaction, London, 1886, 2 vols.; Renaissance in Italy, Italian Literature, London, 1882, 2 vols.

Tapia, E. de, Historia de la civilización española, Madrid, 1840, 4 vols.—Ternaux-Compans, H., Les Comuneros, Paris, 1834.—Tessé, J. B. R. de F., comte de, Mémoires, Paris, 1806, 2 vols.—Ticknor, G., History of Spanish Literature, New York, 1849; London, 1855, 3 vols.; 1872; Spanish translation by Gayangos and Vedia, Madrid, 1851-1856; German translation by Gelius, Leipsic, 1852-1867.—Toreño, J. M. Q., conde de, Historia del levantamiento, guerra y revolución de España, Madrid, 1835, 5 vols.; Madrid, 1872.—Torquemada, T. de, and others, Copilacion de las instrucciones del oficio de la sancta inquisición, 1576.—Turba, Über den Zug Kaiser Karls V gegen Algier, Vienna, 1890.

Ulloa, M. de, Disertación sobre el orígen y patria de los godos; sobre el principio de la monarquía goda en España, in Academia de la historia, Memorias, 1797.

Valladares de Sotomayor, A., Vida interior del rey Don Felipe II, 1788.—Valles, Baron de los, The Career of Don Carlos, London, 1835.—Valras, comte de, Don Carlos VII et l’Espagne Carliste 1872-1876, Paris, 1876, 2 vols.—Varillas, A., Politique de Ferdinand.—Vault, F. E. de, Mémoires militaires relatifs à la succession d’Espagne sous Louis XIV, Paris, 1835-1862, 11 vols.—Vera Figueroa y Zuñiga, A. de, Condé de la Roca, El rei Don Pedro defendido, Madrid, 1648.—Viardot, L., Histoire des Arabes et des Mores d’Espagne, Paris, 1851, 2 vols.—Viollet, A., Histoire des Bourbons en Espagne, 1843.—Voiture, V., Voyage d’Espagne.—Vollmöller, K., Poema del Cid, Halle, 1879.—Vuillier, Les Îles Oubliées (Balearic Isles), Paris, 1893 (trans. London, 1896).

Wallis, S. T., Spain: her institutions, politics and public men, Boston, 1853.—Walton, W., The Revolutions of Spain, 1808-1836, London, 1837, 2 vols.—Watson, R., History of the reign of Philip II, London, 1777, 1839; History of the Reign of Philip III, London, 1783, 1786, 2 vols.—Watts, H. E., The Christian Recovery of Spain, New York, 1894; Spain, from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall of Granada, London and New York, 1897.—Weber, G., Allgemeine Weltgeschichte, Leipsic, 1857-1880, 1882-1890, 15 vols.—Weiss, C., L’Espagne depuis le règne de Philippe II jusqu’ à l’avènement des Bourbons, 1844, 2 vols.—Whitehouse, H. R., The Sacrifice of a Throne, Life of Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, sometime King of Spain, New York, 1897.—Wellesley, Richard C., Marquis of, Despatches and correspondence ... during his ... mission to Spain ... in 1809, edited by Montgomery Martin, London, 1838.—Wilkens, Geschichte des spanischen Protestantismus im 16. Jahrhundert, Gütersloh, 1887.—Williams, L., Lendenand, The Land of the Dons, New York, 1898.—Wilson, The Downfall of Spain: Naval History of the Spanish-American War, London, 1899.—Wolf, F., Additions to Julius’ German Translation of Ticknor’s History of Spanish Literature, Leipsic, 1852-1867.—Wright, W., On the Authorities for the History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Spain.—Wulsa, Chronica Regum Gothorum.

Ximenes Toletanus, Rodericus, Chronica Rerum in Hispania Gestarum, published as Crónica de España del Arzobispo Don Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, vol. CV, Madrid, 1893.

Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada was a warlike Spanish prelate born in Navarre about 1170. In 1210 he became archbishop of Toledo, in which capacity he took an active part in the crusades against the Moors and especially distinguished himself at the great battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. As a statesman he was also eminent in the days of Ferdinand III, especially exercising the chief influence in Castilian affairs. Notwithstanding he found time to earn a great reputation for learning. The work known as the Chronica rerum in Hispania Gestarum was called by himself Historia Gothica. Rodrigo died in 1247.

Yriarte, C., Les Tableaux de la guerre, 1870.

Zamora y Caballero, D. E., Historia general de España y de sus posesiones de Ultramar, Madrid, 1873-1874, 6 vols.—Zurita y Castro, Gerónimo de, Anales de la Corona de Aragon, Saragossa, 1562-1604, 1610-1621.

Gerónimo Zurita y Castro belonged to a noble Castilian family, and was born in 1512. He was employed by the Inquisitor General on important missions and through his influence was appointed first chronicler of the kingdom of Aragon (1548). He visited Sicily, Naples, and Rome in search of material for his work. On his return he was commissioned by Philip II to put in order the documents in the archives at Simancas. He devoted thirty years to the composition of his Anales. The work covers the period from the Mussulman invasion to 1510, and gives an accurate picture of the development of the constitution of Aragon. Zurita is accused of being stiff and formal in style and too diffuse, but on the other hand his work is noted for impartiality of judgment and for scholarship.