XIV

We reprint Biard's Relation of 1616 directly from the printed original in Lenox Library. The Lenox copy has no original title-page, its place being supplied by a clever facsimile in pen-and-ink, said to be by Pilinski. For the present edition, we supply a photographic facsimile of the original title-page of the copy at the Bibliothèque Nationale (formerly Bibliothèque Royale), Paris; the plate shows the old library stamp, "Biblioteque Royale." The Paris copy is the only one known to us, at this writing, which has an original title-page.

O'Callaghan issued a special reprint, "presque en facsimile," of this Relation (Albany, 1871), the edition being limited to 25 copies, at $25 a copy.

The Lenox Catalogue (p. 4), says that O'Callaghan followed the copy owned by Rufus King, of Jamaica, L. I. The whereabouts of this copy is unknown to us. The late Charles H. Kalbfleisch, of New York, at one time had a copy; but a letter to us from his son, Charles C., dated May 11, 1896, states that he does not know its present location. In the announcement of his facsimile, O'Callaghan said (see Murphy's Sale Catalogue, 1884, p. 33):

"The owner of, we believe, the only copy in this country of the original edition of this Relation, has obligingly loaned it to me. In order to enable collectors who possess some of the Jesuit Relations to place at least beside these an exact reprint of this extremely rare volume, I have undertaken a small edition, reproducing the original, page for page, line for line.

"The edition in the Collected Relations, published at Quebec, was printed from a transcript made from the only other known copy in the National Library at Paris. This transcript was to all appearances hastily and carelessly executed. The consequence is, that the Quebec edition abounds, as a minute collation proves, with grave errors of omission and alteration.

"The present reprint will be limited to twenty-five copies, and will be supplied, in sheets, to subscribers at $25 a copy."

The Lenox copy is marked on front fly leaf, "A very rare book," and it is understood that it cost 1,000 francs, notwithstanding its pen-and-ink title-page. In the "Privilege," on the last page, the syllable "pro" has been accidentally omitted. O'Callaghan's facsimile reprint supplies this omission. In both, the "privilege" is in ten lines, but the contents of the lines differ.

Harrisse says (no. 30), concerning Biard's Relation of 1616: "Some bibliographers cite, but without having seen, a relation published at Lyons in 1612, and which was the first edition of the one we have just described; but that is hardly possible, since the events described in that relation extend up to the year 1614. As for the relations, the titles of which are given in Latin, we think that they are the letters addressed by Father Biard [given in Volumes I. and II. of this series]. That of January 31, 1611 [1612], was published in the Annuæ Litteræ Societatis Jesu, printed at Lyons by Claude Cayne, but not till 1618. It is probably the same of which Jouvency gives the text in his Histoire de la Société de Jésus. Sotwell also cites [Bibliotheca Script. Soc. Jesu], a Relatio Expeditionis Anglorum in Canadam, of Father Biard, which is probably the letter which Father Biard wrote to Father Claude Aquaviva regarding the act of piracy committed upon him by Argall. It is possible that there were, at that period, publications of these letters both in Latin and French; but we have been able to find only one instance of this." Brunet's Supplément says the alleged 1612 edition of the Nouvelle France is spurious. All of the foregoing letters by Biard, cited by Harrisse, are given in Volumes I. and II. of the present series.

See other references in Brown's Genesis of the United States (Boston, 1890), vol. ii., p. 707; Leclerc, no. 2482; Sabin, vol. ii., no. 5136; Ternaux, no. 380; Lenox, p. 4; Winsor, p. 300; Brown, vol. ii., no. 178; and the Barlow (no. 251) and Murphy (no. 244) sale catalogues. Leclerc describes the Lenox copy; most of the others, the O'Callaghan facsimile reprint.

Title-page. Photographic facsimile, from original in Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Collation of Lenox copy. Title, 1 p.; blank, reverse of title, 1 p.; dedication "Av Roy," 3 unnumbered pp.; Avant-Propos, 7 unnumbered pp.; text, pp. 1-338. Table, 34 unnumbered pp.; privilege, 1 p.

Peculiarities. Only the pages of the text are numbered; p. 191 is, from typographical error, wrongly numbered 181. The numbering of the chapters is erratic. From i. to x. they are correctly numbered, but thereafter the variations are as follows:

CHAP. CHAP.
xi.,incorrectlynumberedxii.
xii.,""xiii.
xiii.,""xiv.
xiv.,""xv.
xv.,""xvi.
xvi.,""xvii.
xvii.,""xviii.
xviii.,""xxi.
xix.,""xx.
xx.,""xxi.
xxi.,""xxiii.
xxii.,""xxiv.
xxiii.,""xxv.
xxiv.,""xxvi.
xxv.,""xxvii.
xxvi.,""xxviii.
xxvii.,""xxix.
xxviii.,""xxx.
xxix.,""xxxii.
xxx.,""xxxi.
xxxi.,""xxxii.
xxxii.,correctly"xxxii.
xxxiii.,incorrectly"xxxiv.
xxxiv.,""xxxv.
xxxv.,""xxxvi.
xxxvi.,""xxxvii.
xxxvii.,""xxxviii.

The editor of the Quebec reprint overcame the difficulty without explanation, by correcting the enumeration throughout. O'Callaghan, without comment, corrects numbering of p. 191, in his facsimile, but follows original in numbering the chapters.

Owing to the length of this document, we give only the first twenty-five chapters thereof, in the present volume; the others will appear in Volume IV.

NOTES TO VOL. III

(Figures in parentheses, following number of note, refer to pages of English text.)

[1] (p. [39]).—See vol. ii., note [72].

[2] (p. [39]).—Ocean of Guienne: one of many names applied to the Atlantic Ocean. The Catalan Mappemonde (1375) names it Mare Ochceanum; Fra Mauro's "World" (1439), Oceanus Athlanticus; Ptolemy's map (ed. 1482), Oceanus Occidentalis; Hondius's (1595), Mar del Nort. Cf. H. H. Bancroft's Central America, vol. i., p. 373.

[3] (p. [39]).—Ferland says (Cours d'Histoire, vol. i., pp. 11-13) of Aubert that in 1508 "he visited the Gulf of St. Lawrence; if we may believe the Dieppe chronicles, he ascended the river eighty leagues above its mouth, and brought to France a Canadian savage."—Cf. vol. i., note 7. He also cites these Dieppe historians as declaring that Verrazano was commander of one of the two ships with which Aubert made the above voyage. The ship commanded by Aubert himself was named "La Pensée," and belonged, according to the "Gran Capitano" (Ramusio, iii., 359), to "Jean Ango, father of Captain Ango, and viscount of Dieppe."

[4] (p. [39]).—Denys is said by many writers to have made a chart of the St. Lawrence; but this is now seriously questioned. Dexter (in Winsor's N. and C. Hist., vol. iv., p. 4) says: "What now passes for such a chart is clearly of later origin." Harrisse says (Jean et Sébastien Cabot, pp. 250, 251) that it could not be found at Paris; and that the chart in the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, purporting to be a copy of Denys's, is "utterly apocryphal;" he also states (Discov. N. Amer., p. 181), that researches in the archives of Honfleur have proved fruitless for any information as to the expedition of Denys. Some information concerning his family is given by Bréard, cited by Dionne (Nouv. France, p. 107, note 3).

[5] (p. [41]).—Giovanni da Verrazano: probably born at Florence, Italy, soon after 1480. He was apparently a corsair in French employ, by the year 1521, harassing the commerce of Spain with the New World; while thus engaged, he assumed the name of Juan Florin, or Florentin. Under commission from Francis I. of France, he made a voyage during the first half of the year 1524 (not 1523), "to discover a western passage to Cathay." In the "Dauphine," with a crew of fifty men, he explored the Atlantic coast from about 27° to 43° north latitude (that is, from Florida to Maine); then sailed to "the country already discovered by the Bretons," thence returning to France. His letter to the court, announcing his safe arrival at Dieppe, was published by Ramusio, in vol. iii. of his Raccolta (1556). A translation of this letter (with a note by Edwin D. Mead, the editor), is given in Old South Leaflets, general series, no. 17. Little is known of Verrazano's subsequent history; but it is generally supposed that he was hanged as a pirate, at Cadiz, Spain, in November, 1527.—See Dexter, in Winsor's N. and C. Hist., vol. iv., pp. 5-9; and Margry's Navig. Fr. pp. 194-196, 205-218. H. C. Murphy (Voyages of Verrazano, N. Y., 1875), and others, have doubted whether Verrazano ever made this voyage; Harrisse gives an exhaustive discussion of the whole matter in his Discov. N. Amer., pp. 214-228, as does Winsor, in N. and C. Hist., vol. iv., pp. 16-27. The discoveries of Verrazano are shown on a mappa-mundi, made in 1529 by his brother Hieronimo; this is fully described by Winsor, in above citation.

[6] (p. [41]).—See vol. ii., note [48].

[7] (p. [41]).—This chart is probably the one mentioned by Biard in doc. x.; see vol. ii., note [12].

[8] (p. [41]).—On Norembega, see vol. i., note [11].—Cf. Dionne's Nouv. France, pp. 257-263. Biard himself uses this term (post) to designate the region wherein lay St. Sauveur.

The name Acadia (see vol. i., note [2]) was in general use up to the downfall of the French régime (1763).

[9] (p. [41]).—The first of these attempts at colonization was inspired by the explorations of Jacques Cartier (who, according to Harrisse, was born at St. Malo, December 31, 1494; died September 1, 1557). Having obtained letters patent from Francis I., he sailed to Canada in April, 1534, with two ships, and explored the coasts of Newfoundland, Labrador, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but did not enter the great river. On his second voyage, however (1535), he explored the St. Lawrence, Saguenay, and St. Charles, and ascended as far as Hochelaga, on the island of Montreal. Building a fort near Quebec, he spent the winter there, losing many of his men through sickness, and returned to France in July, 1536. A list of the ship's company on this voyage, taken from an old register of St. Malo, is given by Ramé in his Documents Inédits sur Jacques Cartier (Paris, 1865), pp. 10-12. Cartier's third voyage was made in 1541, as master-pilot of an expedition undertaken by Jean François de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval (a town near Boulogne), whom the king had appointed lieutenant and governor of Canada. (For the latter's commission, with other documents concerning him, see Harrisse's Notes, pp. 243-247.) Cartier sailed several months earlier than his patron, whose preparations were not completed; again ascended the St. Lawrence, and again spent the winter in that region,—this time about four leagues above Quebec. Meanwhile, Roberval carried from France some 200 persons, including a few adventurous gentlemen, but largely recruited from the condemned criminals of Paris, Toulouse, and other cities, both men and women. According to Gosselin (cited by Dionne, Nouv. France, p. 25, note 3), there were among them, also, fifty from St. Malo, convicted of heresy and lèse-majesté. With this motley throng, he established a residence at Cartier's abandoned fort, below Quebec, and spent the ensuing winter there, many of the people dying from famine and scurvy. It is uncertain whether Cartier was with him during any part of this sojourn; but the former seems to have returned to France in 1542; some writers claim that this action resulted from a quarrel between him and Roberval. In 1543, however, Cartier went, by command of the king, to rescue Roberval and what remained of his unfortunate colony.—See Harrisse's Notes, pp. 1-5, 11, 12; Faillon's Col. Fr., vol. i., pp. 38-55, 496-523; Winsor's N. and C. Hist., vol. iv., pp. 56-59; and Dionne's Nouv. France, pp. 9-54.

The next enterprise of this sort was attempted in 1598, by a nobleman, Troïlus de Mesgouez, marquis de la Roche, etc.; governor of Morlaix from 1568 to 1586, afterwards of St. Lô. Lescarbot gives, in his Nouv. France (1612), pp. 422-429, La Roche's commission from Henry IV. Gathering from the prisons a shipload of convicts, as material for a colony, and landing them temporarily on Sable Island (see vol. ii., note 20), he was driven thence by a storm, and forced to return to France. Broken by misfortunes, he died in 1606.—See Faillon's Col. Fr., vol. i., pp. 66-71; Dionne's Nouv. France, pp. 151-189, 299-310; and Harrisse's Notes, pp. 12-14. Ferland (Cours d'Histoire, vol. i., pp. 60, 61) argues that La Roche's voyage was made in 1578, or soon afterward.

No other colonial enterprises seem to have been actually undertaken until those of Champlain.

[10] (p. [47]).—Now Cornouaille; a district, then a part of Lower Brittany; also the name of a port near Quimper.

[11] (p. [47]).—Now Fuenterrabia, in the province of Guipuzcoa, Spain, close to the French boundary-line; noted for its strong fortress (until 1494), and for Wellington's passage here of the Bidassoa (1813).

[12] (p. [57]).—Sir Francis Drake, one of England's most renowned navigators and explorers; named "the Dragon" (by a play upon his name), in Spanish annals of the time, on account of his fiery and merciless attacks upon the commerce and colonies of Spain. He was a native of Devonshire, England, probably born about 1540; and became a sailor in his boyhood. After several voyages to foreign lands, he commanded one of Sir John Hawkins's ships (the "Judith"), on a voyage to the West Indies, in 1567-68; and from this time until his death was actively engaged in navigation, in war, or in the public service. His most famous voyage is that around the world (December, 1577-September, 1580), in which he discovered (March-July, 1579), the coasts of California and Oregon, of which he took possession in the name of England—a claim never advanced, however, by the English crown. To this country he gave the name of New Albion, which for some time was applied by cartographers to the present Oregon; it is shown on Lady Virginia Ferrer's map (London, 1651). Another notable voyage was that to America (September, 1585-July, 1586), in which Drake, under royal commission, ravaged the Spanish main, taking many towns and much treasure. While on a voyage with Hawkins, he died (January 28, 1596), and was buried at sea.

The reference in the text is to a passage in the narration of Francis Fletcher, Drake's chaplain, The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake (London, 1628): "June 3, we came into 42 deg. of North latitude, where in the night following we found such alteration of heate, into extreame and nipping cold, that our men in generall did grieuously complaine thereof, some of them feeling their healths much impaired thereby; ... the next day ... the very roapes of our ship were stiffe, and the raine which fell was an vnnatural congealed and frozen substance.... In 38 deg. 30 min. we fell with a conuenient and fit harborough, and June 17 came to anchor therein, where we continued till the 23 day of July following. During all which time, notwithstanding it was in the height of summer, and so neere the sunne, yet were wee continually visited with like nipping colds as we had felt before." This was the experience of the English (according to Fletcher, though his veracity is questioned by some writers), while sailing along the western coast of North America, from the region of Cape Blanco to Cape Mendocino.—See Hakluyt Society reprint of The World Encompassed (London, 1854), pp. 113-118. Cf. H. H. Bancroft's History of the Northwest Coast (San Francisco, 1886), vol. i., pp. 139-145.

Drake's aim in this voyage was to find a northern passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic. Such a passage was supposed to exist, and was termed "the Straits of Anian;" Cortereal having found, as he imagined, its eastern end in Hudson's Straits. This supposed passage across the continent is shown on Zaltieri's map (1566), Mercator's (1569), Porcacchi's (1572), Furlano's (1574), and others. For various theories as to the origin of the name Anian, see Bancroft, ut supra, vol. i., pp. 53-56.

[13] (p. [57]).—On some early charts was shown an imaginary lake, Conibas,—its waters flowing through a river or strait into the great Northern sea, as in the Wytfleit-Ptolemy map (1597); or into the mythical "Straits of Anian," as in Judæis's map (1593), and Löw's (1598). On Wytfleit's map is shown, within the lake, an island and town of the same name. See Bancroft's N. W. Coast, vol. i., pp. 84-85: and Winsor's N. and C. Hist. vol. ii., p. 457. Bancroft thinks that the notion of the lake was "probably owing to Canadian aboriginal rumors," doubtless of Hudson Bay.

[14] (p. [67]).—The white cedar (a name commonly given to the arbor-vitæ, Thuya occidentalis) is found in abundance along the Atlantic slope. The red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana) is abundant from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico; its odor is offensive to most insects. It is probably the tree thus referred to by Sagard (Canada, p. 783): "In the forests [of the Huron country] are seen abundance of cedars; the odor of this tree is disliked by serpents, and on this account its branches are used by the savages for their beds, when on their journeys."

[15] (p. [69]).—Champlain's statement, here referred to, is in his Voyages (Prince Soc.), vol. ii., p. 16: "From Long Island passage we sailed north-east two leagues, when we found a cove where vessels can anchor with safety [Little River, on Digby Neck, St. Mary's Bay].... In this place there is a very good silver mine, according to the report of the miner, Master Simon, who accompanied me." He adds: "Quarter of a league from here [the place now known as Sandy Cove] there is a good harbor for vessels, where we found an iron mine, which our miner estimated would yield fifty per cent. Advancing three leagues farther on, to the north-east [probably near Rossway], we saw another very good iron mine, near which is a river surrounded by beautiful meadows. The neighboring soil is red as blood."

Nova Scotia is rich in minerals of many kinds, and is one of the chief mining districts of the Dominion. Murdoch says (Nova Scotia, p. 3): "The discovery of gold, along the whole Atlantic shore of the peninsula of Nova Scotia, has taken place chiefly since I began this work in 1860; and it now gives steady remunerative employment to about 800 or 1,000 laborers, with every expectation of its expansion." In 1895, there were in this province 37 mines, yielding 22,112 ounces of gold. It is estimated that gold may be found in an area of from 5,000 to 7,000 square miles; but less than forty square miles have as yet been worked. The industry supports 3,000 to 4,000 persons. From 1862 to 1895, the total yield was 602,268 ounces, the average value of the ores during that time being $14.50 a ton.

Copper is mined to some extent. Gesner says, in Industrial Resources of Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1849), p. 289: "Thin seams of copper ore are seen in the red sandstones of Minudie. At Tatmagouche, Carriboo, and the rivers of Pictou, small deposits of the sulphuret and green carbonate of copper have been found among the strata of the coal series." An interesting statement on this subject is made in a "Memoir upon Acadia," written in 1735, by one Duvivier, a descendant of Charles de la Tour, and cited by Murdoch (Nova Scotia, vol. i., pp. 508-511): "In the seigneurie of Mines, which is six leagues square (and belongs to the family [of La Tour's descendants] with donations of mines, etc.), a lead mine, a considerable silver mine, an especial mine of red copper of a color like gold, and one of another metal, the value of which is not known to the Sr. Duvivier or anybody.... The English having obtained likewise the knowledge of a copper mine resembling gold, at a place called Beaubassin, joining to Mines, have sent thirty miners there, with an officer, according to the report of one Fougère. They have formed a company for this undertaking, in which the Governor, Lieutenant du Roi, and Major are secretly interested, to establish there a so-called copper work."

Gesner says (ut supra, p. 264): "Narrow veins of galena occur in the limestones of the Shubenacadie, Stewiacke, and Brookfield, and the ore sometimes contains a small percentage of silver. No profitable veins have so far been discovered."

The coal fields of Nova Scotia (including those of Cape Breton), cover about 635 square miles, and are of great richness, the veins being 30 to 70 feet deep. It has been estimated that they contain 7,000,000,000 tons of coal. The present annual output is about 2,400,000 tons.

The Statistical Year-Book for 1893 (p. 361) cites Sir William Fairbairn as saying: "In Nova Scotia some of the richest ores yet discovered occur in boundless abundance. The iron manufactured from them is of the very best quality, and is equal to the finest Swedish material." The ores are found through almost the entire length of the province. The product of Nova Scotia for 1895 was 79,636 tons. Gesner (ut supra, p. 255) says: "The most common variety of iron ore in the oldest fossiliferous strata is brown hematite. At Clements, in the county of Annapolis, and three miles from the mouth of Moose river, it outcrops, and may be traced a mile on the surface, with an average thickness of 9 feet 6 inches. It yields from 33 to 40 per cent. of cast metal, and the quality of the iron is very superior."

Granite, sandstone, limestone, marble, gypsum, salt, and other valuable materials, are found in great abundance and of excellent quality. For an account of these and other mineral products, see Gesner, already cited; also Statistical Year-Book, Report of Minister of Mines, and other Government publications.

[16] (p. [71]).—Betsabes: written also Bessabes (Champlain); the "sagamore of Kadesquit" (Biard); identical with the "Bashaba" of Gorges. The most powerful sachem in New England, ruling over many inferior sagamores in the country called Moasham (Gorges), or Mawooshen (Hakluyt), corresponding to the southern part of Maine and New Hampshire; Poor (in "Vindication of Gorges," Popham Memorial, p. 50) thinks his authority extended to Narragansett Bay. His residence is supposed to have been at Pemaquid, or the semi-mythical Arâmbec (see vol. i., note 11). Gorges says he was "killed by the Tarentines;" Lescarbot, in Nouv. France, p. 561, avers that he was slain by the English.—See Godfrey's "Bashaba and the Tarratines," Maine Hist. Colls., vol. vii., pp. 93-102.

Asticou: Lescarbot calls this chief "sober, valiant, and feared, who could at a moment's notice, gather a thousand Savages." He says that, after the death of Bessabes, Asticou was successor to the former's authority.—Nouv. France, p. 561. Champlain says (Laverdière's ed., p. 862) that the basin of the Falls of Chaudière, on the Ottawa River, was called by the natives Asticou, meaning "a boiling kettle." Maurault (Hist. Abenakis, p. 95, note 2) says that asticou is an Algonkin word, meaning "caribou." He adds (p. 111), that the chief of that name was probably an Algonkin who had migrated to the Abenaki country. A post office on Mt. Desert Island is called Asticou.

[17] (p. [79]).—Caribou: the American woodland reindeer (Cervus tarandus, or Rangifer caribou), inhabiting the northern regions as far as the timber line. Specimens are still found in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; it is smaller than the moose or elk. Sagard (Canada, p. 750) calls it "caribou, or wild ass."

[18] (p. [83]).—Ponamo: Shea (Charlevoix, vol. vi., p. 124) translates this "dogfish," and cites J. H. Trumbull as authority for the statement that the ponamo is the "tom cod" (Morrhua pruinosa),—the apounanmesou of Rale, and the paponaumsu of Roger Williams.

[19] (p. [109]).—See Garneau's statement, in History of Canada (Bell's ed., Montreal, 1866), vol. i., p. 132: "As soon as the young attained nubile years, they were allowed all freedom,—'thought no harm of it,' to use the words of Lescarbot. From this early and unrestrained frequentation, we may deduce one cause of the limited fecundity of the native women; as well as from their practice of suckling their children for several years." Cf. Sagard's Canada, p. 324; in the same place (and on p. 342), he also describes the easy accouchements of the women.

[20] (p. [119]).—See vol. ii., note [23].

[21] (p. [131]).—The sagamore of St. John's river; called Secondon by Champlain; accompanied Poutrincourt on his expedition to Chouacoët, and (according to Lescarbot, who calls him Chkoudun) offered to oppose, single-handed, a hostile band of natives who attacked the French.—Nouv. France, p. 575.

[22] (p. [133]).—Cartier gives the native Canadian word for "sun" as Ysnay or Isnez.—Tross ed. of Discovrs dv Voyage par Iaques Cartier (Paris, 1865), vol. i., pp. 13, 69. Lescarbot says it was achtek.—Nouv. France, p. 691.

[23] (p. [145]).—Joseph de Acosta, born 1540, at Medina del Campo, near Valladolid, Spain, entered the Jesuit order in his fourteenth year, and devoted himself to the study of sacred and classical literature. In 1570, he sailed to the New World, with other Jesuit brethren, spending thirteen years in Peru, and nearly four in Mexico, in missionary and literary labors. In Peru, he resided partly at Lima, and partly at Juli, near Lake Titicaca, then the principal seat of the Jesuits, where a college was established, the native language studied, and a printing-press erected; here was printed, in 1611, Bertonio's Aymara dictionary. Acosta returned to Spain in 1587, and soon began the publication of his manuscripts. The most important of these is the Historia natural y moral de las Indias (Seville, 1590); two books of which were earlier published in Latin (Salamanca, 1588). This is considered by modern historians a valuable and authoritative account of the New World and of the Mexican and Peruvian nations. It was translated into Dutch, by Van Linschoten (Enckhuysen, 1598); into French, by Regnauld (Paris, 1597); into German, by De Bry (Frankfort, 1601); and into English, by Grimston (London, 1604).

Acosta was head of the Jesuits' college at Valladolid, and, later, of that at Salamanca, where he died February 15, 1600. His brother Bernardo also became a Jesuit; was a resident of the City of Mexico in 1586, dying there May 29, 1613. For a fuller account of the former's life and works, see Introduction to Hakluyt Society's translation of his Historia natural y moral (London, 1880).

[24] (p. [149]).—Angelic Salutation: the salutation, "Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum," with which the archangel greeted the Virgin when he announced to her that she was to become the mother of Christ.—See Lee's Glossary of Liturg. and Eccl. Terms.

[25] (p. [151]).—The apparent omission of chap. xi., arising from a typographical error, is explained in the "Bibliographical Data," ante. The Factum alluded to was a controversial pamphlet "written and published against the Jesuits." The only copy known to us is in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris. It was reprinted in 1887, with an introduction by G. Marcel, under the title, Factum du procés entre Jean de Biencourt et les Pères Biard et Massé, Jésuites: pp. xix-91. The publication was anonymous, but its authorship has been ascribed by many to Lescarbot. The succeeding six chapters of the present Relation are devoted by Biard to answering the Factum.—See Rochemonteix's Jésuites, vol. i., pp. 81-82.

[26] (p. [161]).—See vol. ii., notes [42], [59].

[27] (p. [161]).—See vol. i., note [2].

[28] (p. [165]).—See vol. i., note [25].

[29] (p. [165]).—See vol. i., notes [31], [37].

[30] (p. [169]).—See vol. i., notes [35], [36].

[31] (p. [173]).—In the Edict of Nantes, the Huguenots are referred to as followers of la religion prétendue réformée. Upon the significance of this term, see Atlantic Monthly, vol. lxxvi., p. 414.

[32] (p. [173]).—The consistory was a council or assembly composed of the ministers and elders of the Reformed churches.

[33] (p. [177]).—The Contract d'association des Jésuites au Trafique du Canada, entered into before a notary of Dieppe, January 20, 1611 (see vol. i., note 31). It is given in Lescarbot's Nouv. France (1618), p. 665; and has been reprinted by Tross (on vellum, 12 copies only, of which the Lenox and Brown libraries have each one). This contract occasioned much hostile comment against the Jesuits, whom their enemies accused of profiting by the Canadian trade.—See Champlain's Voyages (1632), p. 101; Faillon's Col. Fr., vol. i., p. 104; Harrisse's Notes, pp. 35-36; and Biard's Relation, post, chap. xix.

[34] (p. [181]).—This is now Kara Strait, between Nova Zembla and Siberia, connecting the Kara and Archangel Seas; and the large island at its eastern end is named Waigatz. Jenkenson's map (London, 1562), shows the island as Vaigatz; Sanson's (1674), Destroit du Vaigatz; Schenck's (1720, ca.) Fret. Weygatz al. Nassovicum. Both the strait and the island were discovered in 1594, by an expedition sent out by Count Maurice of Nassau.

[35] (p. [181]).—By an oversight, Biard here says that they arrived June 22, instead of May 22 (as in his former letters). Whitsunday (on which was celebrated the festival of Pentecost) fell on May 22, in 1611. A similar discrepancy occurs on pp. 235-237, post, where Biard says that Poutrincourt's ship left Dieppe on December 31, 1611, and arrived at Port Royal January 23, 1612, after a voyage of two months. The latter date is correct; so the departure from France was probably in November, not December.

[36] (p. [199]).—Probably Head Harbor, near the N.E. point of Campobello Island.

[37] (p. [201]).—See vol. ii., note [80].

[38] (p. [207]).—Larvæ or Lemures, the spirits of the dead, believed by the Romans to return to the upper world, wandering about at night as spectres, and tormenting the living.

[39] (p. [209]).—See vol. i., note [9].

[40] (p. [215]).—The beds used in the Carthusian monasteries seem to have been simply pallets of straw covered by skins; but the bed here mentioned, as one into which a man could be shut, is evidently of the kind still used by the peasants of Brittany—built into the wall, and closed by sliding doors, to keep out dampness.

[41] (p. [221]).—See vol. ii., notes [2], [5].

[42] (p. [233]).—Madame de Guercheville (see vol. i., note [33]) married (February, 1594), as her second husband, Charles du Plessis, seigneur de Liancourt; but she would not use his name, because it had been borne by Gabrielle d'Estrées, a favorite of the king.

[43] (p. [235]).—Robert du Thet (see Relation of 1613-14, vol. ii., p. 233).

[44] (p. [239]).—See vol. ii., note [45].

[45] (p. [249]).—Now called Gaspé, and sometimes Gaspesia; the peninsula occupying the southeastern extremity of the province of Quebec, extending from the St. Lawrence to the Bay of Chaleurs and Restigouche River. Cartier, on his first voyage, landed on this coast, and took possession of the country in the name of France. From 1636 to 1685, it was governed by Nicholas Denys, Sieur de Fronsac (for whom the strait of Canso was named; see vol. i., note [40]); for an account of him, see Murdoch's Nova Scotia, vol. i., pp. 124-131. For descriptive and statistical account of this region, see Langelier's Sketch of Gaspesia (Quebec, 1884).

Laverdière (Champlain, p. 68, note 2) cites Abbé Maurault as deriving the name Gaspé from the Abenaqui word Katsepioui, "that which is separated," referring to Cape Forillon (known to Cartier as Honguedo)—a remarkable mountainous headland, 700 feet high, extending into the sea between Cape Rosier and the Bay of Gaspé; it is the most eastern point in the Shickshock Mountains (described in vol. ii., note [40]).

The Récollet, Christian Le Clercq, was a missionary in Gaspé from 1675 to 1687, and wrote an account of his work there—Relation de la Gaspésie (Paris, 1691). He is noted as the inventor of a system of hieroglyphics, by which he taught the Micmacs to read and write, and which those tribes still use. In 1866, a volume of catechism, hymns, prayers, etc., was printed in these characters, by the Leopold Society of Vienna, Austria.

[46] (p. [259]).—See vol. ii., notes [35], [77].

[47] (p. [263]).—See vol. ii., note [81].

[48] (p. [263]).—Menauo; probably a misprint for Menano (as it appears post): is now known as Grand Manan Island, a favorite summer resort.

[49] (p. [265]).—See vol. i., note [61].

[50] (p. [275]).—See vol. ii., note [85].

[51] (p. [279]).—Pavesade; a sort of screen made of canvas, extended along the side of a vessel in a naval engagement, to prevent the enemy from seeing what is done on board.

Transcriber's Note.

Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently repaired.