B.
Bab, see [Port Doreh].
Baba.
A dialect allied to Javanese, vernacular in an island called Babber by the Dutch; it is one of the Serawatty group, E. of Timor in the Indian Ocean. Small Vocabulary in Latham p. 303. See [Kissa].
Babuma.
A native dialect of Africa, vernacular on the Gaboon. See small Vocabulary in Latham, p. 563.
Babylonian.
A Semitic dialect spoken in Babylonia from the Assyrian conquest of the country, about B.C. 1300, to its occupation by the followers of Mohammed. It is closely allied to the Assyrian (which see), but is somewhat simpler. The language exists in numerous inscriptions found in the country which cover the interval from about B.C. 620 to B.C. 540, and also in the trilingual inscriptions of the Achæmenian Persian, where it is found regularly in the third column. The best account of the language, which is written in a cuneiform alphabet based on the Assyrian, will be found in Sir H. Rawlinson’s “Analysis of the third column of the Behistun Inscription”—Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1856. G. R.
Bachan, see [Batchian].
Bactrian.
The dialect spoken in ancient Bactria (modern Balkh), now commonly supposed to be identical with the literary language called Zend. It is not at all certain, however, that Bactria was the country in which Zend was spoken. But there can be no doubt that Bactrian was a very ancient form of Aryan speech. G. R. See [Zend].
Bagba.
An African dialect allied to the Bakele of the R. Gaboon.
Bagbalan.
A dialect of Kouri, vernacular in Central Africa. See small Vocabulary in Latham, p. 584.
Bagherme, see [Begharmi].
Bagnon.
A native dialect, vernacular in W. Africa, spoken on the W. coast, S. of the R. Nunez; long Vocabulary in “Mémoires de la Société Ethnologique,” Paris, 1845.
Bago.
The dialect of several populations, vernacular in N.W. Africa; classed as a sub-dialect of Timmani.
Bagwan.
A native patois of British India, derived from Tamil.
Bahasa-tanah, see [Amboyna].
Baikha.
A dialect of Ostiak of the Yeniseian class, spoken in Asiatic Russia. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 136.
Bajau or Bajou.
Dialects of Malay, spoken by the Sea-gipsies. See Vocabulary in Wallace; Appdx. to “Malay Archipelago.”
⁂ “Fishmen of Borneo.” Bajau properly belongs to all Borneo. The Bugis traders, who belong to all that Archipelago, cannot properly speak Bajau. Bugis is perhaps truly the language of the pirates of those seas, their head-quarters being (the Illanons) Illanon Bay, S.W. of Mindanao, one of the Philippines. E. B. See [Biajuk].
Bakele.
A dialect of Kaffir, somewhat allied to Mpongwe, spoken on the R. Gaboon, W. Africa. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 561.
Baladea.
The native name of New Caledonia. The language is allied to Annatom, also called Duaura. See [Aneiteum].
Bali.
An insular dialect of Javanese, vernacular in the Indian Archipelago. See Crawfurd’s Dissertation in “Malay Grammar,” p. 75. ☞
Balu.
African: a dialect allied to the Bakele, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.
Bambarra.
African: a division of the Mana class, spoken on the Upper Niger; including also the Jallunka, the Sokko, and the Susu. It is bounded on the E. by the Songho of Timbuctu, with which a new class begins.
Bamon.
African: a dialect of the N. W. division of Kaffir, allied to Ralu.
Banca or Bangka.
Besides the Chinese who work in the tin mines, Banca has a native population who speak a dialect of Malay, with some intermixture of Javanese, derived from Palembang, an ancient colony of Javanese, and other foreign elements. P. J. V.
Banffshire.
A dialect of the lowlands of Scotland. See “Remarks on the dialect of Banffshire, with a glossary of words not in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary,” by Rev. W. Gregor, Philol. Socy. Trans., 1866. W. W. S.
Banga.
A dialect of Bengali, vernacular in Arracan. See “Asiatic Researches,” vol. v., p. 238.
Bangbay.
African: short vocabulary communicated by Dr. Barth to the Geographical Society.
Baniwa.
A variety of native S. American dialects, allied to Chimanos, vernacular between Brazil and Venezuela. ☞
Banjak.
Name of an island off Sumatra. The natives have two dialects:—(1) the primitive language called Batta, and (2) the Malay of Sumatra. See [Maruwi].
Bantek or Bantik.
An Alfuru dialect vernacular in N. Celebes.
Bantu.
African: Dr. Bleek’s name for a very large class of languages, including the Kayo, Bunda, Zangian, and Mozambique branches.
Baraba or Barama.
A dialect of Asia; in its Russian form called Barabinski.
Barabinski.
A dialect of the Siberian Turkish spoken in the steppe of Baraba, or Barama, between the upper Irtysch and the R. Obi in Asiatic Russia. See Klaproth’s “Asia Polyglotta,” p. 226. H. H. H.
Baraki.
A dialect of Persian, spoken at Barak in Affghanistan, and at Kàniguram. ☞
Barbara, Santa.
A native dialect, vernacular on W. Coast of N. America. Jnl. R. Geogl. Socy., 1841. xi., 246-51.
Barbary, see [Berber].
Barea.
African: a Negro dialect on the Nubian and Abyssinian frontier. Vocabulary in Salt’s “Voyage to Abyssinia.”
Bari or Barree.
A dialect of Central Africa. Mitterrutzner: “Die Sprache der Bari,” Brixen, 1867. See [Barea].
Barre.
American: closely akin to the Baniwa, Tariana, and Uainambeu; it is probably the same as the Pareni of Humboldt, but Wallace uses it as a class-name. “Travels on the Amazon,” &c., 8vo, 1853.
Basa or Bhasa-Krama.
A form of Javanese. Literally “The polite language.” See [Bhasa].
Basa, Bassa, or Bassah.
A dialect of W. Africa, belonging to the Grebo family and allied to Mandingo, vernacular in parts of Liberia.
⁂ A geographical or national division of Africa. See Kilham’s “Specimens.”
Bas-Breton, see [Armorican].
Bashee or Bashi.
A dialect of Negritic, vernacular in the China Sea, S. of Formosa; a group of the Philippines. See Vocaby.: Belcher’s “Voyage of the Samarang,” vol. ii.
Bashkir.
A dialect of Turkish, spoken in Orenburg, Asiatic Russia.
⁂ The Baskir now speak Turkish, but there are many reasons for believing them to be of Ugrian descent. See Klaproth, A. P., and Müller, “Ugrische Volkstamm.” H. H. H.
Bashmuric.
A dialect of Coptic, formerly spoken at Bashmur, a province in the delta of the Nile; it was largely infused with Greek.
Basian.
A dialect of Turkish spoken in the Caucasus, almost identical with Nogay. See Klaproth, “Reise in den Kaukasus.” H. H. H.
Baspa or Bhaspa, see [Moghol].
Basque or Escuara.
A language spoken in the Spanish provinces, Guipuzcoa and Biscay, partially in Alava and Navarre; in France, only in the arrondissements of Mauléon and Bayonne in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Five principal dialects, with several sub-dialects:—Guipuzcoan, Biscayan (and the dialect of Llodia) in Spain; and the Bas-Navarrais, Souletin and Labourdin, in France. Clearly agglutinative. Analogies detected with the Finnish, by Prince L. L. Buonaparte and others; and N. American (Algonkin) by Pruner-Bey and Charency; also with the Khamitic by D’Abbadie, and Accadian by Sayce. Fabre’s “Dict. Français-Basque,” Bayonne, 1870, “Essai de Grammaire,” par W. J. Van Eys, Amsterdam, 1867. W. W. See [Escuara].
Basundo.
A native dialect of Africa, belonging to the N.W. division of the Kaffir group, vernacular in the R. Gaboon.
Batak, or Batta.
A native dialect of wild Malays in Sumatra; it is allied to Bugis, with written characters imitated from the Devanagiri alphabet of Sanskrit.
⁂ The Orang Batta are the indigines of Sumatra; Banjak, Pakpak, Zingkal, Toba, are all sub-dialects of Batta in Sumatra. See Van der Tunk’s “Collection of Battak Texts, with Notes and Translations,” 4 vols., Amsterdam, 1860-62; “Bataksch Leesboek”; and “Bataksch-Nederduitsch Woordenboek,” Amsterdam, 1861. ☞
Batar, see [Bor].
Batavian-Malay.
What is called Batavian-Malay is perhaps rather a Sundanese than a Malay dialect. It is the language of the natives of Batavia and its environs, a population sprung from the conflux of individuals from almost every part of the Archipelago; yet the Sundanese element seems to predominate. This language ought not to be confounded with the low-Malay spoken at Batavia by Europeans and natives in their ordinary intercourse, which is merely Malay corrupted by the introduction of foreign words and forms of speech. To these Europeans the language which the natives use among themselves is quite unintelligible. P. J. V.
Batchian.
A dialect of Malay, somewhat allied to Gilolo.
⁂ This island is one of the Moluccas; it has no indigenous population, but the so-called Malay colonists are of a mixed race, and the dialect they speak is mixed with Papuan or Alfuru elements. P. J. V.
Batemdakaiee, see [Kulanapo].
Bathurst.
A dialect vernacular in N. S. Wales.
Batta (1), see [Batak].
Batta (2).
A family of languages, vernacular in Africa.
⁂ One of the thirty languages of the Adamawa, spoken under 9° N.L.
Batu-Merah (“Red-rock” in Malay).
A dialect of the Mohammedan suburb of Amboyna, closely allied to Liang. See [Morella].
Bauré, see [Moxos].
Bauro or San Cristoval.
A dialect of the Solomon Isles, or Isles of Danger, in the Pacific Ocean.
Bavarian (Baierische).
A dialect of Teutonic, typical High-German. See “Bayerisches Wörterbuch,” by Schmeller, 4 vols., Stuttgard, 1827-37. W. W. S.
Bayano.
A dialect of Central America, vernacular at San Salvador, Guatemala. See [Darien] and [Savaneric].
Bayeiye.
African: a sub-dialect of Bantu, vernacular in the interior.
Bayon or Bayung.
A dialect of Kaffir, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.
⁂ The name is important because it is the last of the languages on the W. half of equatorial Africa of which any specimen is known.
Beak.
A dialect of Papuan, vernacular in New Guinea.
Béarnais.
The dialect of Béarn, in the S. of France. See Hatoulet et Picot’s “Proverbes Béarnais, avec un Vocabulaire,” 8vo, Paris, 1862. W. W. S.
Beaver.
American: dialect of the Beaver Indians, N. of the Hudson’s Bay country; sometimes classed as Chipewayan.
Bechuana.
African: a dialect of Kaffir. Moffat’s “Spelling-book,” London 1826; “Bukauiane A B C,” Kapstadt, 1839. See [Sechuana].
Bedfordshire.
A dialect of England. See “An Analysis of English, with an Analysis of the dialect of Bedfordshire,” by T. Batchelor, London, 1809. W. W. S.
Begharmi.
A dialect of central Africa, spoken to the S.E. of Lake Tshad; Dr. Barth assigns it to the Shiluk class. Vocabulary in Klaproth’s “Essai sur la Langue du Bornou,” Paris, 1826.
Beja or Boje.
A dialect of N.E. Africa, vernacular at Kosseir, the ancient Apollonopolis Parva, in Egypt. It is also called Bishari. See Burckhardt’s “Travels in Nubia,” pp. 160-1.
Belang or Bilong.
A native dialect of Celebes, somewhat allied to Langowan. See [Bentenang].
Belgic or Belgian.
Old Belgic was Teutonic, Low-German, classed as a dialect of Frisian. Modern Belgian is a dialect of French. See De Reiffenberg’s “Nouv. Obs. sur les patois Romans de la Belgique,” “Echo du Monde Savant,” 1840.
Belonese.
Dialects of E. Timor, spoken by the Belonese under Portuguese dominion; sub-dialects are Teto, Vaiqueno, Viale, Manatuta. Vocaby. by Mr. Heymering, in “Tyd. v. Ned. Ins.” viii., 3. P. J. V.
Beloochi or Biluch.
The native dialect of Beloochistan, the tract between Affghanistan and the Indian Ocean, N. India; it is allied to Persian.
Beltin.
A dialect of Turkish, spoken by a small tribe on the R. Abakan in Siberia. “Asia P.” p. 229. H. H. H.
Benga or Benguelan.
A dialect of W. Africa, classed by Bleek as a sub-dialect of Bantu, N.W. branch. Mackey’s “Grammar,” N. York, 1855. See [Bienga].
Bengali.
The vernacular dialect of the province of Bengal, British India; it is derived from Sanskrit, and written in characters modified from the Divanagari alphabet. See Carey’s “Dict. of the Bengalee Language,” &c., 2 vols., Serampore, 1825; Yates’s “Introd. to Bengali,” Calcutta, 1847.
Beni, Benin, or Bini.
A general name for the native dialects, vernacular in the Bight of Benin, W. Africa. Applied more particularly to the Moko. Other dialects are the Bonny, the Ibo, and Aro. See Clarke’s “Dialects of Africa,” p. 35.
Beni Menasser, see under M.
Bentenang.
Alfuru dialect of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts of Pasan, Ratahan, and Ponasakan, sometimes called Pasan Bangko. P. J. V.
Berber.
A language spoken in many parts of N. Africa by supposed descendants of the ancient Lybians and Mauritanians; it somewhat resembles Coptic in construction, with an African vocabulary. The word Berber is a form of οἰ βάρβαροι, “people whose speech is not intelligible; gibberish.”
⁂ More properly a name given by the Arabs and Europeans to several widely spread languages of N. Africa. “Dict. Français-Berbère,” Paris, 1844. F. W. N. See [Libyan].
Berberini.
A language spoken on the Upper Nile, which has no relation to the Berber, properly so called. F. W. N.
Beresov.
The Ostiaks of Beresov speak a dialect of Ostiack. See Klaproth, “Asia P.” H. H. H.
Bergamasco.
A provincial dialect of Italian.
Berkshire.
A few remarks on this dialect occur in Nichol’s “Bibliotheca Typographica Britannica,” 4to, 1783, vol. iv., p. 44; see also T. Hughes’s “Scouring of the White Horse.” W. W. S.
Bethuck.
The native dialect of Newfoundland; it is allied to Algonquin.
Betoi.
American dialect of New Grenada, on the eastern slope of the Andes. Sub-dialects are the Airico, Ele, Girari, and Situfa.
Bhasa.
Native word for speech or language, used both in combination and composition. 1. In Bhasa-krama, the ceremonial language of Java, and in the Bahasa-tanah of Amboyna, it precedes; 2. In Brij-bhasa, it follows the word. Compare Sanskrit, वाचा, vâchâ, “speech.” See [Amboyna].
Bhatui, or Bhatore.
A dialect of Tamul.
⁂ One of the cant, slang, or artificial languages of India; its basis is Marathi. Balfour’s “Languages of the Wandering Tribes of India.”
Bhil or Bheel.
A name for the Biluch of Beloochistan. See [Beloochi]. ☞
Bhojepoora.
A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken throughout the neighbourhood of Benares, in the N. of British India.
Bhootanese.
A dialect of the Bhotiya family, spoken in the modern Bhootan; it is allied to Tamul. G. R.
Bhot or Bhotia.
The language of Bhot or Bootan. The people of all Thibet, from Ladak to Lassa, are Bhotiäs, and inhabit the whole length of the Himalaya, along the snowy range on its S. face in Kumaon, Nipal and Sikim. Papers by Mr. Hodgson, in the “Asiatic Society’s Journal of Bengal.” A.C.
⁂ Bhot or Bhotiya: native name for Thibet or Tibet and the Tibetans; Bútan and Bultistan are from the same root, and serve to indicate the great spread of the Tibetan race. The Bútanis call themselves Lhopa. R. G. L. See [Thibetan].
Bhotiya.
A general name for the Sub-Himalayan languages. G. R.
Bhramu.
A dialect of Nepaul, allied to Dahl. See [Bramhu].
Biafada.
A negro dialect, allied to Padsade, vernacular in the Bissagos, or Bijugas islands at the mouth of Rio, W. Africa.
Biajuk or Biajú.
A dialect of Malay, of certain ruder populations of Borneo.
⁂ Properly Biajus or Beajus, the Dayaks of S. Borneo, in the ancient kingdom of Banyarmarsin, now under Dutch rule. P. J. V. ☞
Bibliography.
An attempt has been made to quote authorities under each leading article; but, for the general knowledge of all languages in a collective form, the following list of books is here supplied:—
Hervas: “Catalogo delle lingue conosciute,” &c., Cesena, 1785 (Italy).
Empress Catherine and Pallas: “Linguarum totius orbis Vocabularia comparativa,” 3 vols., St. Petersburgh, 1786-9.
Adelung and Vater: “Mithridates, oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde,” &c., 4 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1806-17.
Vater and Jülg: “Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexiker, und Wörtersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde,” 2nd edit., Berlin, 1847.
Balbi: “Atlas Ethnographique du Globe,” &c., Paris, 1826.
Migne: “Dictionnaire de Linguistique et de philologie comparée,” &c., Paris, 1864.
Latham: “Elements of Comparative Philology,” London, 1862.
Tregelles and others: “The Bible of every Land: a History of the Sacred Scriptures in every language and dialect, with specimens, alphabets, maps,” &c., S. Bagster and Sons, London.
Müller: “Lectures on the Science of Language,” by Prof. Max Müller, London, 1862-64.
Farrar: “Families of Speech,” by the Rev. F. W. Farrar, &c., London, 1870.
⁂ For the later authorities quoted throughout the Dictionary, see published catalogues of Messrs. Trübner, Quaritch, and other dealers.
Bidduma, see [Buduma].
Bienga.
African: language of the I. of Corisco.
Bight-head.
A native dialect of Australia.
Bijenelumbo.
A native dialect of Australia.
Bikanira.
A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken in Rajpootana, N.W. India; using characters of the Divanagari alphabet.
Biluch, see [Beloochi].
Bima.
A dialect of Malayan, vernacular in E. Sumbawa, an island to the S.E. of Java. ☞
Bimbpa, see [Cameroons].
Bisaya or Bissayan.
A dialect of the Philippine Islands. See Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” dissertation, p. 239. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. ☞
⁂ Also the name of a Dayak tribe on the R. Limbang, N. Borneo. Vocaby. in St. John’s “Life in the Forests of the Far East;” appdx. p. 407. P. J. V.
Biscayan, see [Basque].
Bishari.
African: a collective name for the Danakil, Ilmormo, and Somauli. See [Beja].
Bissago.
African: numerous and diverse dialects, vernacular in a small Archipelago, so called, between 8° and 10° N.L. See [Biafada].
Blackfoot.
A native dialect of N. America, classed as Algonquin. It is now spoken by several tribes on the Saskatchewan river line. See Butler’s “Great Lone Land,” London, 1873, p. 385; “Trans. Amer. Ethn. Soc.,” vol. ii., Introd. p. cxii., p. 88; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 494.
Blackmouths, see [Juripixunha].
Bobia.
African: a sub-dialect of Otam.
Bode.
A dialect of Bornu. See Kölle’s “Africa Pol.”
Bodega, see [Olamentke].
Bodo.
A dialect of Thibetan vernacular in the Sikhim Himalayas. Hodgson (H. B.) “Aborigines of India.” See [Mech].
Boëro, see [Cajeli].
Bohemian.
Sometimes called Chekh or Tschekh, spoken in Bohemia, a province of the Austrian Empire; it is of Slovack origin, and closely allied to Russian. “Slownjk Cesko-Nemecky,” by Jungmann. Five vols. 4to. A Bohemian-Latin-German Dictionary; published by the Royal Academy of Prague. W. W. S. See [Romany].
Bokhara or Bokaree.
A dialect of Persian, vernacular in Bokhara. See Klaproth “Asia Pol.,” pp. 242-54. Pallas’s “Vocab. Cath.” p. 102.
Boksa, see [Kumaon].
Bolaango.
Alfuru dialects of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts Boloöng, Uki, Bentaüna and Andagile of Kattingola. P. J. V.
Bolar.
A negro dialect, allied to Bulanda.
Bolong, Bolaang, or Bulong.
A dialect of Celebes or Macassar, allied to Bugis; and sub-divided into Bolong-itang-ota and Bolong-mongondo. Respectively Upper and Lower, the former is the Bolang-itam or Hitam of Wallace’s App. “Malay Archipelago.” Classed as sub-dialects of Menadu. ☞
Bonny.
A class of native African dialects, vernacular in Guinea. See [Obany].
Booro, see [Cajeli].
Bor.
A sub-Turanian dialect spoken by a broken tribe of Nepaul.
Borabora.
Polynesian: A Tahitian language. Vernacular in one of the Society’s Is. W. G. See [Tahitian].
Boraiper.
A dialect of Australia, allied to Aiawong.
Borgia, San.
A native dialect of California, N. America.
Boritsu.
A dialect of Kaffir (N. W. division), vernacular on the R. Gaboon. See Kölle: “Polyg. Afric.”
Bormio.
A dialect of Italian, vernacular in Lombardy.
Borneo.
The populations of Borneo are of mixed races, known as Biajuks, Biajús or Bajows, Dyaks, &c., as well as Malays. We have dialects of Kagan or Kayan, Kupua, Malo, Meri, Millanow, Murung, Sakarron, Sangouw, Sibnow, Sow, Suntab. Works by Crawfurd, Brooke (Sir J.), Keppel (Adml.), Marsden, &c.; for details see Latham, pp. 305-7; Vater, p. 465. See [Dajak].
Bornu or Bornui.
A large class of native African, allied to the Haussa. Klaproth: “Essai, &c.” 8vo, Paris, 1826. Clarke: “Dialects of Africa,” p. 35. Kölle: “Grammar of the Bornu language.” See [Kanuri].
Boro.
A dialect of Thibetan, allied to Bodo.
Bororo.
An unclassed dialect of S. American, vernacular in S.W. Brazil.
Bosjesman.
Dutch name for the Bushmen or Hottentots.
Bosnian.
Slavic, the dialect of Bosnia, European Turkey.
Botango.
A sub-dialect of Menadu. Small Vocaby. in Latham, p. 309. See [Bolong].
Botia or Botya, see [Bhot].
Botocudo.
A large class of native languages, vernacular in Brazil, S. America.
⁂ The dialect is quite distinct from the Guarani. D. F. ☞
Boustrophedon.
“To turn,” as the ox in ploughing; a term used of early Greek writing, which went alternately in different directions; Solon’s laws were thus written. It comes intermediate between the Semitic order of writing, viz., from right to left, and the European form from left to right.
Bouton, see [Buton].
Bowditch Island.
The most easterly reef island of S. Pacific, occupied by Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries. Had no written language before visited by missionaries, and so nearly resembles the Samoan that its books are easily read and understood by the people. W. G.
Bowri.
A dialect of Tamul.
Brahminic.
A name for Sanskrit.
Brahooi or Brahui.
A dialect spoken in parts of Beloochistan, allied to Tamil. See Caldwell’s “Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages,” 1861; Leech: Paper in Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, July, 1838.
⁂ Interesting as showing affinities to Japanese, Loochoo, Korean, and Basque. H. C. See [Beloochi].
Brai.
A dialect of France; Cambrai (Nord)? See “Dictionnaire du Patois du Pays de Brai,” 1852. W. W. S.
Braj-Bhaka, see [Bruj].
Bramhu or Bhramu.
A dialect of Thibetan, vernacular in Nepaul.
Brasilian, see [Brazilian].
Brass-town.
A class of negro dialects allied to Aro. See [Oru].
Brazilian.
A name for the written language of the Tupi and Guarani races of Indians in S. America, as spoken in Brazil and Paraguay; it is largely infused with Portuguese, and much used by residents. In Portuguese the “lingua Brasilica” means the “lingua geral.” See Da Silva: “Diccionario da Lingua geral dos Indios de Brasil,” &c., Bahia, 1854.
Bremisch.
A name for the Low-German dialect of Bremen, N. Germany. See “Bremisch-Niedersächsisches Wörterbuch,” Bremen, 1767-71, with Supplement, 1869. W. W. S.
Brescian.
An Italian patois, vernacular in Lombardy.
Breton.
See “Dictionnaire Breton-Français et Français-Breton,” par Villemarqué, 2 vols., 1847-50; and “Dict. Celto-Breton and Breton-Français,” par Legonidec, 1807-21. ☞
Brissi.
A native dialect of W. Timor, closely allied to Teto. Vocaby. in Wallace: Appdx. See [Kupang].
British.
A name for the Pre-Roman dialects of England. See [Celtic] or Keltic.
Bruj.
A dialect of Hinduwi, otherwise called Brij-bhaka, spoken in the province of Agra, Hindustan.
Bubonko.
Alfuru dialect of the Togean or Toühia Islands, in the Gulf of Tomini, N. Celebes. P. J. V.
Buchan.
A dialect of Scotland.
Budugur.
A dialect of Canarese, vernacular in the Nilghery Hills, S. India.
Buduma.
A native dialect of Africa, allied to Kanuri. Spoken by the islanders of Lake Tshad.
Bughelcundi.
A corrupted Hinduwi, otherwise called Baghelcundi, vernacular in Boghela, in the province of Allahabad, British India.
Bugis or Buji.
A dialect of the Malayan family spoken in the Island of Celebes or Macassar, an island adjoining Borneo, and written in a different character from Old Macassar. See Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” Dissertation p. 88. “Vocabulary,” Mission Press, 1833; “Chrestomathies,” Paris. See [Mangkasar].
Buji.
African: a sub-dialect of Kabyle.
Bulanda.
A dialect of W. Africa, allied to Bago.
Bulgarian.
Also called Cyrillic; a dialect of Slovack origin, brought into Europe by the Bulgars, an Asiatic race who settled in ancient Mœsia, S. of the Danube, in E. Europe. Bulgaria, so named from them, is a province of European Turkey. Morse and Vasilief, Grammar, &c., Constantinople, 1859-60. ☞
Bulgarian, Old, see [Slavonic].
Bullom.
A dialect of Mandingo, vernacular near Sierra Leone, W. Africa.
⁂ It is in contact with Timmani, but totally different therefrom.
Bulochi, see [Beloochi].
Bumbete.
A native dialect of Africa, vernacular in the R. Gaboon. It is classed as a N.W. form of Kaffir.
Bunda.
The native dialect of Angola, W. Africa. Classed by Bleek as a sub-genus of Bantu, including also Angola, Nano, Otziherero, and Sindonga. See Cannecattim’s Dicty. Lisboa, 1804.
Bundelcoondi.
A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken in the district of Bundelcund, Allahabad, British India.
Buol or Buool.
Alfuru dialect of N. Celebes or Macassar, allied to Bugis.
Burgundian.
The dialect of Burgundy, E. France. One of the four principal dialects of the old Langue d’oil; the others being the Picard, the Norman, and the French of the I. de France. W. W. S.
Buriat.
A Mongolian dialect of the Turanian family of languages, vernacular near Lake Baikal, in the province of Irkutsh, Eastern Siberia, Russia in Asia. Castrén: “Versuch einer Burjätischen Sprachlehre,” by Schiefner, 8vo, St. Petersburgh, 1857. See [Kalka]. ☞
Burmese.
A monosyllabic language, vernacular in the Burman Empire, S. Asia; originally conformable to Chinese, it has been modified by the fusion with Pali, a Buddhistic dialect of Sanskrit. See Crawfurd: “Embassy to Ava,” Vocaby. in Appendix, p. 35. Dictionaries: Hough (Maulmein, 1845); Judson (Rangoon, 1866).
Bushman.
A dialect of African, remotely related to the Hottentot; it is also called Saab.
Butan.
A dialect of Thibetan, spoken by the Lhopa, people of Bhootan. See [Bhootanese] and [Bhot].
Buton or Boutang.
A dialect allied to Bugis, vernacular in Boutong, a large island to the S. of Celebes. Only known by Vocaby. in Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”
Buttanir.
A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken by the Bhattis, a race of Rajpootana, N.W. India; it is sometimes called Virat.
Byzantine.
A name for the Greek of the Eastern Empire. Sophocles: Lex., Boston, U.S., 1870.
ADDENDA.
Badagry.
A language of W. Africa.
Badakshan, see [Shighnis].
Bangsa.
African: a tribe of Kouri.
Barabra, Berabra.
African: names for the Nubians.
Barba.
African: a dialect of the W., like Mose and Fanti. H. C.
Behistun.
Trilingual inscription.
Belakan.
A tribe of Marulat in Caucasia. H. C.
Benua.
Orang Benua: people of Malacca. See [Jakun].
Berne.
A sub-dialect of High-German.
Berry or Berrichon.
A patois of French; “Vocabulaire,” by Jaubert, Paris, 1839.
Besleyeutsi.
A sub-dialect of Circassian.
Bhumij.
A Kol tribe of India, allied to Sontal. H. C.
Bohmen.
A sub-dialect of High-German. See “Geschichte,” by Pelzel, Vienna and Prague, 1788-91.
Boje or Boye.
African: a name for the Taka or Takue.
Boko.
African: a dialect like Bangbay. H. C.
Bola.
African: allied to Pepel. H. C.
Bolognese.
Italian: dialect of Bologna. See Vocabulary by Verrari, Bologna, 1835.
Bora, see [Mabang].
Bortlykh.
A tribe of Kasi-Kumuk, in Caucasia. H. C.
Botlik.
Caucasian: a dialect of Andi, allied to Akhwash. H. C.
Bourges, see [Cher].
Bourgogne.
French: dialect of Burgundy. Glossary by Barôzai and Monnoye, Châtillon, 1825.
Brabant.
Provincial dialects of Holland; sub-dialects of N. Brabant are Bosch and Bredaasch.
Brandenburg.
Sub-dialect of Low-German. See Moritz: “Märkischer Dialekt,” Berlin, 1781.
Bredaasch.
Low-German: dialect of the Netherlands. See Hoeufft: “Proeve van B. taal-eigen,” Breda, 1837.
Bregentzish.
Sub-dialect of High-German. See Bergmann: “Ueber die Volkssprache-Bregenzerwalde,” Innspruch, 1827.
Brescian.
Sub-dialect of Italian. Vocabulary by Melchiori, Brescia, 1817-20.
Brinni.
African: name of a Kouri tribe.
Burrah-Burrah.
Also written Boora-Boora: a dialect of the Lower Murray R., Victoria; named after the negative, says Mr. Peter Beveridge. J. B.
Burtuna.
Caucasian; a tribe of Marulat. H. C.
Bute.
African: allied to Bangbay.
Bzub.
Caucasian: the best known dialect of the Ude. See Schiefner’s Grammar. H. C.