C. - The treasury of languages - 7

C.

Cabaros.

American; aborigines on the R. Tocatins, Brazil. See Castelnau: “Expedition,” vol. v., pp. 273-4.

Cabool, see [Caubul].

Cacharese.

A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in Cachar, a province of Bengal; more generally spelt with a K. See [Kookie].

Cachiquel, under [K].

Caddo.

A variety of dialects spoken by the Tachi and other native tribes in N. America, from whom Texas has been named. See Gallatin’s Synopsis in “Archæol. Amer.” vol. ii., and “Tr. Amer. Ethnol.”

Cadiak, under [K].

Cadmean.

Name for the earliest form of the archaic Greek alphabet, consisting originally of seventeen letters, derived from the Semitic; eight letters being added by Palamedes and Simonides, as we learn from Pliny.

Caffre or Kaffir.

One of a large family of languages spoken by the so-called Kaffirs in Caffraria, S. Africa; remotely derived from Coptic, and mingled with native African.

Cagataic, under [K].

Cagayan.

Malayan: dialect of the Philippine Islands.

Cagliari.

A dialect of Sardinian.

Cag-Mag.

Coarse speech.

Cahita.

American: dialect of Sonora, New Mexico. See Vocaby. in “Nouvelles Annales,” Paris, 1841.

Cahuillo.

American: dialect of U. California. See “Pacific R. Reports,” vol. ii.

Cairnos.

American: see “Catechismo,” by Puente, a Capuchin, 1703.

Cajeli.

A native dialect of Booro, an island lying between Celebes and Papua. See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”

Calabar, New, see [Efik].

Calabar, Old.

A dialect of Kaffir, vernacular on the W. coast of Africa. See [Otam].

Calabrian.

Romance: sub-dialect of Italian.

Calchaqui.

American; name for the Inca, Quichua, Kechua, or Peruvian, dialects of Tucuman.

Caldani, see under K.

Caledon Bay.

Australian; tribe of natives. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

Caledonia, New, see [Baladea].

Californian.

American: numerous dialects of Upper and Lower California, the chief being the Juma or Yuma, Cochimi, Pericu, Kechi or Kizh, Netela and Waikuru. See “Proceedings of the Phil. Socy.,” vol. vi., London, 1850; Schoolcraft: “Indian Tribes,” iv., 406.

Callilehet.

American: mountaineers of Patagonia.

Calmuc or Kalmuk.

A dialect of Moghol, spoken by the Kalmuk Tartars, in the steppes of the Caucasus, between the Volga and the Ural, towards Astrakhan, on the shores of the Caspian, S. Russia.

Camacan.

American: a dialect of Botocudo. Da Silva: “Diccionaria ... Lingoa Geral.” See [Mongoyo]. ☞

Camarian.

A dialect of S. Ceram, closely allied to Amboyna. See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”

Camba, see [Kambali].

Cambojan.

A monosyllabic tongue, peculiar to Cambodia, in the E. peninsula of S. Asia.

Cambrai.

A patois of France; Dept. du Nord.

Cambrian.

A name for Welsh.

Cambridgeshire.

The dialect of Cambridgeshire (England) closely resembles that of Norfolk. See Forby’s “Vocabulary of East Anglia.” W. W. S.

Cameroons.

African: a geographical term for some dialects of Bantu, ex. gr. the Bimbra, Dualla, and Isubu.

Cames.

American: Indians of Brazil speaking a dialect of Guarani.

Campaspee.

Australian: name for the Gnurellean.

Canaanite or Canaanitish.

The language of the ancient inhabitants of the country west of the Jordan, closely allied to Hebrew. As the Canaanites were descended from Ham, but the Hebrews from Shem, the similarity of their languages has led to much discussion. Many of the new critics, Ewald, Winer, Bunsen, Renan, have argued that both peoples must have had a common origin. But since the publication of Knobel’s work on the ethnology of Genesis, this view has been generally abandoned, and critics hold with Gesenius and J. G. Müller that the Hebrews adopted the language of Canaan. In Gen. xxxi., 47, Laban uses an Aramaic dialect, while Jacob uses Hebrew. R. P. S.

Canaanitic.

Semitic: a name for the central branch, comprising Hebrew, Punic Phœnician, and Samaritan.

Canamerim.

American: dialect of the R. Purus. See “Trans. R. Geog. Socy.,” London, 1870.

Canarese.

A dialect spoken in the Carnatic, the capital of which is Mysore, a portion of the S. peninsula of British India, belonging to the Presidency of Madras; it is allied to Tamil and Cingalese, with a cursive alphabet very similar to Telinga, called also Karnatika and Kannada. Grammar by Hodson, Bangalore, 1864; Dicty. by Reeve (E. & C.), Madras, 1832; (C. & E.) Bangalore, 1858.

Canary, see [Guanche].

Canaway.

American: name for the Kenay.

Canchi, Casnas, see under K.

Canichana.

American: a dialect of the Moxos missions.

Canistoga.

American: spoken on the R. Susquehanna.

Canoj.

An ancient dialect of Hinduwi, closely allied to Brug, localised at Kanuj, on the Upper Ganges, in Oude, N. India; spoken also in the Doab, a tract of fertile land between the Jumna and the Ganges, and sometimes called Canyacubya.

Canopus.

Inscription: bilingual Egyptian: known as the decree of Canopus.

Cant.

Slang or vulgar speech, derived from the Latin “canto,” “I sing.” See dicty. in “Life ... of Bamfylde Moore Carew,” London, 1789.

Cantabrian.

A name for a pre-Roman dialect of N. Spain, the ancient Iberia or Hispania.

⁂ Also sometimes used as a synonym for Basque. W. W. S.

Cantonese.

A local dialect of Chinese, called Kong; spoken in the province of Kwang-tung. See Dicty. by Chalmers, 1870.

Caraho, see [Caraja].

Caraib or Carib.

A native American dialect, vernacular on the E. coast from Honduras in Central, to the Orinoco, S. America; the natives, called Karifs, have peopled many islands in the W. Indies. For Vocaby. See Davies’ “History of the Carriby Is.,” London, 1866. ☞

Caraja or Caraya.

American: dialect of the Province of Goyaz in Brazil.

Caranca.

American: dialect of the Quichua.

Carian.

An ancient dialect of Asia Minor, very nearly allied to Greek, found only in inscriptions, written in a modified Archaic Greek character. The language has not yet been explained; see “Révue Archéologique,” March, 1870.

Caribisi.

A sub-dialect of Carib.

Caripuna.

American: dialect of Brazil.

Cariri, see [Kiriri].

Carnataca, see [Canarese].

Carnicobar.

A sub-dialect of Malay, allied to Mon, vernacular in the Nicobar Islands.

Carniolan.

A dialect of Slovack, vernacular in the E. Alps, extending throughout the Austrian provinces of Carniola, Carinthia, and Styria.

Carolines.

A dialect of Polynesian, vernacular in the N. Pacific: see dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”

Carpentarian.

A native dialect of Australia, around the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Carpentras.

Egyptian: bilingual inscription in so-called Aramaic and hieroglyphics, called the Carpentras stone.

Carriers.

American: Mackenzie’s name for the Tacullies.

Carshun.

A name for Arabic, written in the characters of the Syriac alphabet as adopted in parts of Asiatic Turkey.

⁂ Numerous manuscripts are thus written, the Syrians having seldom consented to write Arabic. For an account of it see Asseman, “Bibl. Med. Laur. Catal.,” p. 51. R. P. S.

Carthaginian, see [Punic].

Cartouch.

An ornament representing a scroll of papyrus, with an inscription, device, or cipher; an assemblage of Egyptian hieroglyphics. See cut: Shoopho, Saophis, or Suphis I., (Cheops).

Cashgar, same as Kashkari.

Cashmerian or Cashmeree.

A dialect of Sanskrit, largely influenced by Persian; vernacular in Cashmere or Kashmir, a mountainous district of N.W. India. It is written in the Divanagari characters.

Cassia, see [Khassee].

Castelmagno.

A dialect of Italian, spoken in the Alps.

Castilian.

Romance, a sub-dialect of Spanish; see Dicty. of “Galligo-Castellano,” by Rodriguez, Coruña, 1863.

⁂ In the thirteenth century Castilian (la lengua Castellana) prevailed exclusively in the two Castiles and Leon. It is now the proper name for modern Spanish. W. W. S.

Catalan, Catalonian.

A dialect of Spanish, vernacular in the province of Catalonia; it consists of a mixture of corrupted Latin and Gothic.

⁂ The old Catalonian strongly resembled Provençal, and was spoken in Catalonia, Aragon, part of Valencia, and the Balearic Islands. W. W. S.

See “Diccionario,” by Cerda, Barcelona, 1824.

Catawbas or Kutahbas.

American: dialect of the Catawhays, formerly vernacular in N. and S. Carolina. Gallatin’s “Synopsis,” Camb., U. S. 1836. See [Waccoa].

Cathlascon.

American: a mixed language of L. Columbia, also called Wasco, and sometimes classed as Chinuk; sometimes as Tschaili-Selish.

Catoquina.

American: a dialect of Brazil. R. G. L.

Caubul, under [K].

Caubulee.

Modern dialect of Kabulistan.

Caucasian.

A term for Georgian.

⁂ Generally used, in a wide sense, of all the tribes inhabiting the Caucasus, and of the various languages spoken by them; but more properly confined to the tribes settled there from time immemorial, and not known to be immigrants, as the Lesghi, the Mitsgeghi, the Circassians, &c. See Max Müller: “Languages of the Seat of War,” p. 113. G. R.

Cauixana.

American: a dialect of Brazil.

Cauke.

American: a dialect of the Quichua.

Caveri.

American: a spelling of Carib.

Cayagau.

A dialect of the Philippine Islands, allied to Bisaya.

Cayapo.

American: a dialect of Goyaz, in Brazil. See Pohl’s “Reise,” Weimar, 1832.

Cayenne.

American: dialects of French Guiana. Those known are the Emerillons or Rocouyenne, the Oampi, and Oyapok.

Cayowa.

American: a native dialect of Brazil, classed as Guarani. See Castelnau’s “Expedition.”

Cayubaba, or Cayuvava.

The dialect of the Caháns or Woodmen of S. America; it is allied to Guana; spoken on the R. Mamoré.

Cayuga.

American: a native dialect of the Iroquois in the State of N. York. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” ii., 482.

Cayus.

The dialect of the Molele, vernacular in California.

Celdales or Tzendales.

American: dialect of the Maya spoken in Guatemala.

Celebese.

The native dialects of Celebes or Macassar, a large island in the Eastern Sea; all are allied to Batta.

⁂ Bugis and Mangkasar divide between them the S. Peninsula of Celebes. P. J. V. ☞

Celt-Iberian.

A name for early dialects of Spain, chiefly found on coins of the Roman era, with characters framed on the Old Italic. See [Basque].

Celtic or Keltic.

A branch of the Aryan or Indo-European family of languages. See Ebel: “Celtic Studies by Sullivan,” London, 1863; Zeuss: “Grammatica Celtica,” Berlin, 1868-71.

⁂ It contains two classes: 1, the Cymric, which includes Welsh, Cornish (now extinct), and Bas-Breton; 2, the Gadhelic, which includes Erse, or Irish, Gaelic (spoken in the Highlands of Scotland), and Manx (spoken in the Isle of Man). W. W. S.

Celto-British.

A name for Welsh.

Ceram.

A dialect of the Molucca Is., allied to Buton.

⁂ Mr. Ekris, a Dutch missionary, gives vocabularies of Camarios, Hatusua, Kaibolu, Peru, Rumahkai, Tehulate, and Waisamu. P. J. V.

Ceris.

American: dialect of the Is. of Tiburou, California. See Bartlett’s “Personal Narrative.”

Ceylon, see [Cingalese].

Chaco.

The most convenient name for a very large class of native dialects of S. America, vernacular in the district of Gran Chaco, Bueynos-Ayres.

Chagos.

American: dialect of Auraucanian, vernacular in a small archipelago off Chili.

Chaldee or Chaldaic.

An extinct language of Semitic origin, generally supposed to be Hebrew, modified by intercourse with the Babylonians. It is a name given to a dialect of Aramaic written in characters of square Hebrew, as found in the Books of Ezra and Daniel. Lexicons by Buxtorff and Levy.

⁂ Properly the language of the Babylonians during the period of their empire, but the name is given to the dialect current among later Jews. G. R. ☞

Chamori.

A dialect of lesser Polynesia, vernacular in the Pacific.

Champenois.

Romance: French patois of Champagne.

Chandor.

Tartar tribe of Central Asia.

Chandragupta, see [Gupta].

Changlo.

A dialect of Butan, allied to Burmese.

Changos.

American: independent tribe between Chili and Peru, about 24° S.L.; dialect unknown.

Chanta.

A dialect of Yeniseian, spoken by Ostiaks.

Chaouia.

African: French form of the Showiah.

Chapa, under [Chiapaneca].

Chapacura.

American: dialect of the Moxos Missions; also called Huachi. See D’Orbigny, “L’Homme Américain,” Paris, 1839.

Charca.

American: dialect of the Aymara.

Charlotte, Queen, Cape, see [Baladea].

Chasdim.

In the original Hebrew of the Old Testament the ancient Chaldees are called Chasdim, where the Septuagint version reads Chaldee. It is supposed this race were Kurds or Georgians.

Chavante.

American: a dialect of the R. Tocatin, vernacular in Brazil. See [Cherente].

Chaw.

A dialect of N. Arracan.

Chayma.

American: a dialect of Venezuelan Carib spoken along the watershed of the Rs. Orinoco and Amazon.

Check, Chekhe, see [Bohemian].

Cheecheelee.

American: one of many names used for the Selish or Flat-head Indians. The more correct form would be Tsihaili.

Chemehuevi.

American: dialect of U. California, allied to Paduca.

Chemmesyan.

A dialect of Atna or Selish, vernacular in N. America.

Chepang.

A dialect of Nepaulese, spoken by a broken tribe of Dravidian origin.

Chepewyan.

American: dialect of Athabascan about Hudson’s Bay. It is the “Northern Indian” of early explorers.

Cher.

Romance: a patois of France; see de Gembloux: “Notices sur Bourges et la Dept. du Cher,” Bourges, 1840.

Cheremiss, see [Tscheremissian].

Cherente.

American: a dialect of the U. Tocatin, allied to Chavante.

Cherokee.

A large family of native N. American dialects, classed as Appalachian or Floridian, now spoken W. of the Mississippi, but the R. Tennessee was formerly called Cherokee.

Cheshire.

A dialect of England. See Wilbraham’s “Glossary of Words used in Cheshire,” 2nd ed., 12mo, 1826. W. W. S.

Chetimacha.

A dialect of N. American, allied to the Muskogulge or Creek.

Cheyenne, see [Shyenne].

Chiapaneca.

American: dialect of the Mexican province of Chiapas. See “Artes,” by Fr. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.

Chibcha.

Otherwise Muysca, a native dialect of S. America, vernacular at Santa-Fé de Bogota, New Grenada.

Chichua.

American: same as Quichua.

Chikkasah.

American: a former dialect of Alabama, now spoken in Kansas; also called Chicachas; classed as Mobilian.

Chilian or Chileno.

American: name for the dominant language of the original Indians of Chili; also called Araucanian. Grammar and Dicty. by Febres Santiago, 1846. See [Moluche].

Chimanos.

A dialect of S. America, allied to Baniwa, vernacular on the R. Orinoco. See [Ticuna].

Chin.

(1.) American: a form of the Chinese word for “men;” it appears in Atna, as applied to the Selish or Flat Heads, and in the word “Tshin” or “Chinook.” See [Nagailer]. ☞

(2.) Asiatic: a dialect of N. Arracan.

Chinantaca.

American: a dialect of Maya, formerly spoken in Oaxaca. “Artes,” by Fra. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.

Chinchaisuyu.

American: Quichua, dialect of Lima.

Chinese.

(1.) The most important and purest of all monosyllabic languages, vernacular in the empire of China. It has several sub-dialects, and resembles some idioms of Central Asia. The mode of writing is considered to have originated from drawings of actual objects, somewhat analogous to the hieroglyphics of Egypt, or the picture writing of Mexico. The word “chin,” in Chinese, means “man,” “men,” i.e. the inhabitants of that part of Asia. Works by Sir J. F. Davis, Bart., “Chinese Miscellanies,” London, 1865; “Moral Maxims,” Macao, 1823; “Poetry of the Chinese,” London, 1870. Dicty. by Lobschied, Hong-Kong, (E. & C.) 1866-9; (C. &. E.) 1871.

(2.) Dialects are Amoy, Cantonese, Foochow, Mandarin, Miau, Punti, Shanghai.

Chinook.

(1.) American: language of the W. Dialects are Clatsop, Cathlascon or Wasco, and Wakaikam. Vocaby. in “Hale’s Exploring Expedition,” Philadelphia, 1840.

(2.) A mingled patois, spoken by traders on the R. Oregon, N. America, and the W. coast generally. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes.” See [Jargon].

Chippewayan.

A native dialect of N. America, sometimes called Ojibway, belonging to the Algonquin family of languages, spoken by races spread through Canada and the States, along Lakes Huron, Superior, and Winnepeg. They have a system of alphabetical characters very similar to the Cree.

See “Cree Grammar,” by Howse, London, 1805; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., 4.

Chiquito.

A large class of dialects spoken by tribes of Naguiñañeis, in Bolivia, S. America. Used also for the Missions. ☞

Chiriguano.

American: Bolivian dialect of the Tupi or Guarani. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américain,” Paris, 1839.

Chocha.

American: dialect of Mexico. See De Souza: “Biblioteca Megico,” 3 vols., 1816-19.

Chocktaw or Chahtah.

A native dialect of N. America, belonging to the Appalachian or Floridian group; the tribes, originally settled E. of the Mississippi, have moved westward. See Grammar by Byington, Philadelphia, 1870.

Choco or Cholo.

American: dialect of New Grenada, at the mouth of R. Atrato.

Chomano.

A dialect of S. America, somewhat allied to Chimanos.

Chondal or Chontal.

American: Squire’s class-name for the Woolwa. See [Wulwa].

Chorotegan.

American: language of Nicaragua. See Squier: “History of Nicaragua,” 2 vols., 1861.

Chorti.

American: dialect of Maya, spoken in Guatemala. “Amer. Ethnol.,” N. Y., 1845.

Chouan.

French term; bucolic; speech of peasantry.

Choweshak.

American: language of Upper California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” Philadelphia, 1855.

Chowiah, see [Chaouia].

Chrestomathy.

Greek word, from “χράω” “to import, to use;” a selection of useful passages from authors. Applied to books of extracts, with vocabularies, &c.

Chudic, see under T.

Chunipi.

American: dialect of the Chaco district. See [Chunupies].

Chuntaquiro.

American: a dialect of the R. Tocatins, allied to Caraja. Also called Simisenchis.

Church-Slavic.

A synonym for the Old Bulgarian of the eleventh century. See Schleicher’s “Formenlehre der Kirchenslawischen Sprache,” Bonn, 1852. W. W. S.

Churwelsche.

A sub-dialect of Romanese or Romanic, spoken in the Engadine or Valley of the Inn, Canton Grisons, S.E. Switzerland. Also called Rhæto-Romanic.

⁂ It is rich in Keltic, whence its name, “Welsche,” i.e. “foreign.” W. S. W. V.

Chutia.

A dialect of Assamese, allied to Singhpo.

Ciampa, see [Tshampa].

Ciganis.

A name for Gipsey. See [Zigani].

Cingalese.

The predominant dialect of Ceylon, based upon Sanskrit; and apparently formed by the admixture of Pali, a Sanskritic dialect, with the original agglutinative languages. Grammar by De Alwis, Colombo, 1852.

Circassian.

A dialect of the Caucasus, divided into Adigé and Absné. The native term is Tscherkess. Dicty. by Loewe, London, 1854.

Clallam.

A native dialect of N. America. Vocaby. by Gibbs, N. York, 1863.

Clamets, see [Lutuami].

Classification.

A term used for the methods adopted of sorting languages, and arranging them in families, groups, and divisions, by their real or supposed affinities.

⁂ The following simple table is proposed by Prof. Steinthal.

LANGUAGES.
|
+--—--—--—--—---------—--—+--—--—--—-----------—--—+
| |
Uncultivated. Cultivated.
| |
+--—--—-----—-+--—-----—--—-+ +--—--—------+--—-----—--+
| | | |
Isolating. Inflectional. Isolating. Inflectional.
| | | |
| +--—-----—--—--+--—-----—--—-+ | +--—------—--+--—-----—--+
| | | | | | | |
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.
The Polynesian. Ural-Altaic American. Chinese. Egyptian. Semitic. Aryan.
Transgangetic (Expressing (Alatyan). (By (By loose (By internal (By
languages. the (By the incorporation.) annexation vowel-changes.) proper
modifications attachment of the suffixes.)
of meaning by of suffixes grammatical
reduplications to the elements.)
and prefixes.) root.)

Farrar: “Families of speech,” p. 173.

Cleve.

Sub-dialect of Low-German. See Geerling: “Ueber die Clevische V.,” Wesel, 1841.

Cleveland.

A dialect of England, spoken in the district of Cleveland, situate in the North Riding of Yorkshire. See Atkinson’s “Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect,” London, 1868. W. W. S.

Clydesdale.

A Lowland Scottish dialect, from which numerous words are cited in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary. W. W. S.

Cobeu.

American: language of the R. Negro. Allied to Uainambeu, and described by Wallace: “Travels on the Amazon,” London, 1853.

Coblentz.

Teutonic: a sub-dialect of Low-German.

Cocama.

American: spoken on the R. Ucayale.

Cochetimi.

A N. American dialect, allied to Acoma.

Cochimi.

A N. American dialect, vernacular in Old California.

Cochin-Chinese.

Monosyllabic: also called Anamite. Dissertation by Du Ponceau, 8vo, Philadelphia, 1838.

Cochnewagoes.

American: described as Iroquois; either extinct or another form of Cayuga. R. G. L.

Cockney.

Cant term for idiomatic speech of London, metropolis of the United Kingdom.

Cocomaricopa.

American: a dialect of Sonora, allied to Cuchan.

Coconoons.

American: a dialect of U. California, allied to Tularena. Spoken in the R. Mercede.

Coconuco.

American: dialect of New Grenada. See “Memoria,” by Mosquera, N. York, 1852.

Cocos.

A dialect of Polynesian, allied to Samoan.

Coeruna.

American: dialect of Brazil.

Cohistan I., see under K.

Colack.

A native dialect of Australia.

Collagua.

American: a dialect of the Aymara.

Comanch.

A dialect of Texas in America, classed as Paducan. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” ii., 494. ☞

Comasque.

Romance: dialect of Lake Como.

Comeya.

American: a language of California; spoken by Indians of the San Diego Mission (Bartlett); a tribe of the Yumas, according to Whipple. See “Pacific R. R.,” vol. ii., Washington, 1855.

Comparative Philology.

That branch of philology which treats of a comparison of languages by their grammatical structure, or the similarity of radical words.

Concho.

American: a dialect of Old Mexican. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 52.

Congo or Kongo.

A large genus of native African languages, vernacular on the W. coast. Classed by Dr. Bleek as Bantu.

Conibos.

American: dialect of Peru, on the U. Ucayale. “Bulletin de la Soc. Géo.,” Paris, 1853.

Coolie.

Indian word for “porter” or “bearer.”

Coorg, or Curg.

The dialect of Coorg, a mountainous district of Madras, S. India. Grammar by Cole, Bangalore, 1867.

Cootani, see [Kitunaha].

Copeh.

American: dialect of U. California, vernacular on the R. Sacramento.

Coptic.

A language supposed to be derived from the ancient Egyptian, but mingled with Archaic Greek; it was spoken in the valley of the Lower Nile until the seventeenth century, but is now extinct. The alphabetical system greatly resembles Greek, with six letters adopted from the hieroglyphics.

⁂ The upper dialect is called the Sahidic or Theban; the middle dialect is the Memphitic, and the language of the Delta the Bashmuric. Greek words abound in all those, but most in the last. Vocaby. by Parthey, Coptic and Latin, L. & C., Berlin, 1844; Grammar by Schwartze, Berlin, 1850.

Cora.

A dialect of Central America, allied to Pima.

Cordofan.

African: dialect of the Capital, Obeyd.

Corean.

A dialect vernacular in the Corea, a peninsula of N. E. Asia, intermediate between China and Japan; it is a compound of Japanese with the Tatar. See [Giliak].

Coretu.

A dialect of S. America, allied to Tucano.

Vocabularies are given by Wallace (Travels on the Amazon), and by Balbi (“Atlas Ethnog.”)

Corio (1).

A native dialect of Australia.

Corio (2) or Cureo.

A dialect of Italian, defined as Alpine.

Corneilles.

American: French name for the Upsaroka or Crow Indians.

Cornish.

An extinct dialect of Celtic, closely allied to Welsh and Breton; formerly vernacular in Cornwall.

⁂ See “Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum,” by R. Williams, 4to, Llandovery, 1862-65; and Norris’s “Ancient Cornish Drama.” W. W. S.

Cornish, Modern.

The Modern Cornish is an English, not a Celtic dialect; see “Specimens of Cornish Dialect,” by Treenoodle, 8vo, 1846. Another list has been given by Polwhele, Truro, 1808. W. W. S.

Cornouaillere.

Keltic: sub-dialect of Bas-Breton spoken in the diocese of Quimper Corentin.

Coroado.

A dialect of S. American, allied to Purus, spoken in Brazil; a similar vocabulary is called Coropos.

Coropo.

A dialect of S. American, vernacular in Rio Janeiro.

Correguaje.

American: language of New Grenada, spoken on the eastern slope of the Andes. See “Los Indios del Andaqui,” Popayan, 1855.

Corsican (1).

A dialect of Italian, spoken in the Isle of Corsica. See Robert’s “Sketches of Corsica,” London, 1825.

Corsican (2).

A dialect of modern Greek, allied to Mainot.

Costano.

A dialect of N. American classed as Talatui, spoken by the Olhones and Romonans, or Coast-men, in U. California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 494.

Costa-Rica, see [Tularena].

Cotswold.

A dialect of Gloucestershire. See Huntley’s “Glossary of the Cotswold Dialect.” W. W. S.

Courland, see [Curish].

Covareca.

American: a tribe of Chiquitos missions; see D’Orbigny, “L’Homme Américaine.”

Cowelits, under [K].

Cowichan.

Language of Van Couver Is.; spoken in several dialects on the S.E. Coast, also on the mainland, up Fraser R. to Yale. R. B.

Craven.

A dialect of Yorkshire. See “The Dialect of Craven, with a copious Glossary,” by a Native (the Rev. W. Carr); 2nd ed., 2 vols., 1828. W. W. S.

Cree.

A dialect of Algonquin spoken by the Kristeneaux or Nehethowuck race of N. American Indians, widely spread along the tributaries of the R. Hudson in Canada. They use a system of characters greatly resembling our own stenographs. They are also found between the Red River and Rocky Mountains. See Butler’s “Great Lone Land:” London, 1873, p. 385. Grammar by Howse, London, 1805.

Creek.

The dialect of the Muskogulge race of N. American Indians, allied to Chocktaw. Spoken in Florida.

Cremonese.

Romance: dialect of Cremona, in Italy.

Creole.

Spanish word “criòllo,” from “creár” “to nourish”; it is a diminutive of “cría,” a “brood” or “suckling,” i.e. “a native.” A true Spaniard, one of the same breed; but brought up in America or the W. Indies; but applied also to any W. Indians of European extraction. In Creole forms of speech the basis is European; in Jargon it is American. Grammar by Thomas, Port of Spain, 1869. See [Jargon].

Creolese.

A name given to the corrupted dialects of European languages spoken by negroes in S. America and the W. Indies.

⁂ (1.) English and Negro in Surinam. See Grammar (Neger-Englische) Bautzen, 1854; Dicty. (Dutch and Neger-Englische) Löbau, 1856.

(2.) Portuguese and Negro in Surinam. See [Saramacca].

(3.) Dutch and Negro in St. Thomas (Danish.) Grammar by Magens, Kjobenhavn, 1770.

(4.) Spanish and Negro. Putman, “Gemeenzame Zamenspraken,” Santa Rosa, 1853.

(5.) French and Negro in Trinidad. Vocaby. by Joly, Paris, 1802.

Cretan.

Hellenic: a sub-dialect of Greek; see under K.

Cristeneux, under [K].

Crivingian or Crivonian.

Mixed dialect of Lett and Fin. It is sometimes called Crivono-Lithuanic. See [Lief].

Croatian.

Slavonic: a dialect of Servian spoken in Croatia and Dalmatia, Austrian provinces bordering on the Adriatic. It is closely allied to Illyrian, and is written with Latin and also with Glagolitic characters. See Dicty. by Sulek, “Deutsch-Kroatische,” Agram, 1854-60.

Crow.

A dialect of the Sioux class of native N. American dialects. The native name is Upsaroka.

Cuba, see [W. Indies].

Cuchan.

The dialect of the Yuma Indians, in N. America, vernacular on the R. Colorado.

Cuciquia.

American: same as Chiquitos.

Cufic.

The most ancient mode of writing Arabic, so named from Kufah, in Irak, originally a province of Persia; the alphabet is modified from the Syriac, and is found in the earliest copies of the Koran and on coins of the first three centuries after Mohammed’s flight from Mecca, A.D. 622; now superseded by the Nishki, since adopted by Turks and Persians. W. S. W. V. ☞

Culino.

American: dialect of Brazil.

Cumana, Cumanagota.

American: dialects of Carib, closely allied to Chayma. See [Tamanaque].

Cumanch.

A dialect of N. American, allied to the Shoshone, vernacular in Texas. See [Comanch].

Cumanian.

An extinct dialect of Turkish.

Cumberland or Cumbrian.

A dialect of England. See Ballads and Poems by J. Relph, T. Sanderson, Rev. R. Nelson, E. Clarke, J. Stagg, Miss Blamire, A. C. Gibson, &c.; especially Cumberland Ballads, by R. Sanderson, with a Glossary by S. Gilpin. W. W. S.

Cunacuna.

A dialect of central American, allied to Darien.

Cuneiform, see [Arrow-Head].

Cuneo, see [Corio].

Cunipusana.

American: dialect of the Barre or Baniwa class.

Curacoa.

A compounded Negro-Dutch, spoken in the Caribbean Is., W. Indies.

Curaves.

American: a tribe of the Chiquitos missions. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américaine.”

Curdish, under [K].

Curgi.

A dialect of Malayalim, called Kodugu, and allied to Tulu.

Curish, Curlandish.

Lithuanic: dialect of Courland or Kurland. See [Lief].

Cursive.

So-called running hand; applied to alphabets of small, rounded or connected letters, that may be rapidly formed; from the Latin, “curro,” “I run.”

It is generally contrasted with (1) monumental or lapidary; (2) printing.

Curuminaca.

American: a tribe of the Chiquitos missions. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américaine.”

Cushna.

American: dialect of U. California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii.

Cutchi.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken over the district known as the Runn of Cutch, N. W. India.

Cuzco, Cuzcucano.

American: dialect of Quichua.

Cymraig, see [Welsh].

Cynurian.

A name for certain forms of ancient Greek.

Cyprian or Cypriote.

An extinct dialect, formerly vernacular in the Isle of Cyprus, not fully understood, but perhaps allied to ancient Greek, and expressed by a peculiar alphabet having some analogies with the Lycian. Inscriptions found at Citium, &c.; “Jl. of Biblical Archæology,” January, 1873. G. R.

Cyrillic.

A name applied to the written characters of Slavonian and Wallachian, ascribed to Constantine the philosopher, known as St. Cyril, the apostle of the Slaves, circa 850 A.D.

⁂ These characters are chiefly taken from the Greek, with many additions, and the number of distinct characters exceeds forty. The Russian alphabet is derived from it, but is simpler. G. R.

The name is also used for Old Bulgarian, the ecclesiastical dialect of Old Slavonic. See Church-Slavic.

Czech, see [Bohemian].

ADDENDA.

Cabala, see under K.

Caipotorade.

American: sub-dialect of Zamuca.

Camshava, Cumshewan.

American: tribe of Haidah in Q. Charlotte’s Is.

Cathay, see [Munipoori].

Cauraseni.

Indic: dialect of Prakrit.

Chacahuaxti.

American: sub-dialect of Totonaka.

Chahtah, see [Chocktaw].

Chalchesi.

American: sub-dialect of Nahuatl.

Chamer.

American: Osage tribe of Arkansas.

Chami, Chumi.

Illyric: sub-dialect of Albanian.

Champhung.

Indo-Chinese: a Naga dialect.

Chanos, Chonos, Chunos.

American: tribe of Vuta-Huilliche.

Chasowo.

Ugrian: dialect of Samoyed.

Chechehet.

American: tribe of Puelche.

Chelake, Chilake, see [Chirake].

Chellouh.

African: same as Shilluk.

Chichimek.

American: ancient dynasty of Mexico.

Chilcart.

American: leading tribe of Sitka.

Chilicothe.

American: tribe of Shawnees.

Chimmesyan, see [Chemmesyan].

Chin-cheo.

Chinese: name for the dialect of Fu-Kian.

Chirake.

American: same as Cherokee.

Chirupa.

American: dialect of Maypur.

Chola.

American: mestizo race of Peru.

Chonos, see [Chanos].

Chopunish.

American: name for Sahaptins.

Choscot.

Moghol: dialect of Kalmuk.

Chowhone.

Dravidian: sub-dialect of Bowri.

Chuchu.

American: dialect of the S. Xaverio Mission, Bolivia.

Chumi, see [Chami].

Chuno, see [Chanos].

Chunupies.

American: tribe of Vilela.

Cole, see [Kol].

Concha.

American: Chikkasah dialect of W. Florida.

Crimean.

Turkee: called Krim-Tartar; dialect of the Crimea. Vocaby. in Montandon’s “Guide,” Odessa, 1834.

Crnogorci.

Servian: same as Montenegrine.

Culilan-Cunny.

American: tribe of Tehuelhets. Cunny: a tribal designation of that people.

Cumshewan, see [Camshava].