E.
Eafen.
African: a dialect of the Otam.
Eap, see [Yap].
East-Anglian.
A name given to the dialect which prevails in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and parts of Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. See Forby’s “Glossary of the East-Anglian Dialect”; Moor’s “Suffolk Words”; and the glossary appended to Nall’s “Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft.” W. W. S.
Easter Is., see [Teapy].
Ebe.
African: a dialect of the Nufi.
Ebo, see [Ibo].
Ecclemachs.
American: a dialect of Upper California, known only from a few words. See “Mithridates,” iii., 3.
Ecuador.
American: general name for a group of languages vernacular in State so called.
Edo, see [Shiho].
Efik.
African: language of the Old Calabar R., and allied to Avekvom. H. C.
Egarra.
African: dialect of the Yoruba.
Egba.
African: dialect of the Yoruba. See Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.
Egbele.
African: dialect of the Ibo, allied to Okuloma, Uago, Sobo, Bini, and Olomo. H. C.
Egbira-Hima and Egbira-Panda.
African: dialects of the Nufi.
Egyptian.
A name for the old language of Egypt, as read in hieroglyphics, in Hieratic and Demotic inscriptions, and papyri. Works by Champollion, Young, Sharpe, Lepsius, Brugsch, Lieblein, and Bunsen. (Vol. v. of “England’s Place in Universal History” contains a most copious dictionary by Dr. Birch.) Grammar by Tattam, London, 1863.
⁂ By some the language is regarded as monosyllabic; by others as undeveloped Semitic; by others it is called Hamitic, and thought to be allied to Turanian. G. R. See [Coptic].
Ehnek.
American: vernacular in N. California.
Ekamtulufu.
African: a dialect of the Otam.
Eke.
African: a dialect of the Aku. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.
Ekhkili.
A name applied to the modern dialect of Himyaritic now spoken in S. Arabia; it is allied to Tigre and other dialects of Abyssinia, and classed with the Old Egyptian. G. R.
Ele.
American: a dialect of the Betoi.
Eleuth.
A dialect of Calmuc, vernacular throughout W. Mongolia.
Elminah.
African: a dialect of the Fanti, vernacular on the Gold-coast.
Eloikob, see [Ukuafi].
Elu.
A name for the written and most ancient dialect of Cingalese.
Elugu.
African: akin to the Isoama and Iswani. See Clarke’s “Vocabulary.”
Emden.
A sub-dialect of Low-German. See Krüger: “Uebersicht,” Emden, 1843.
Emerillon.
American: name of a tribe, nation, or confederacy of French Guiana, said to have been subdued or nearly extinguished by the Oyapok. See [Oyapok].
Emilian.
A patois of native Italian, vernacular along the upper course of the ancient Via Æmilia.
Enarean.
Portuguese name for a country, comparatively unknown, in the extreme S. of Abyssinia. We have no vocabularies, and it is submitted that it is, word for word, the Inyooro of Speke; if so, the word for “water,” which is “maidy,” is Kaffir; and the Enarean is a language of the Kaffir class, of which it is the most central representative. R. G. L.
Enchorial (“Of the Country”).
The same thing as Demotic.
Ende.
A dialect of Flores or Mangreya, an island of the Indian Archipelago, closely allied to Bima. See [Flores].
Endkek or Enedkek.
A dialect of Sanskrit, spoken by Mongolian Buddhists.
Engadino or Enghadine.
A variety of the Romanese or Romance family, derived from Latin; it is a dialect of the Grisons or Graubünden of Switzerland, vernacular on the head waters and upper course of the R. Inn; it is sub-divided into two dialects, the upper and lower.
Engano or Enganho.
A dialect of the E. Indies. It is a well-marked and archaic dialect of Sumatra, spoken in an island so named. R. G. L. See [Tilanjang].
Engerekmung.
American: native name for the Botocudos of Brazil. See Trübner’s “Bibliotheca Glottica,” pp. 67-8.
England, New, under [N].
English.
The vernacular language of the British Empire, peculiar to England; it is an offshoot from the Teutonic, formed directly from the Anglo-Saxon, with an admixture of Norman-French, and closely allied to Frisian and other dialects of Platt or Low-German. Mr. Skeat proposes to distinguish six periods or sub-divisions, viz.: 1, Old English (old and late old); 2, Middle English (early-middle and middle); 3., Modern English (Tudor and Modern); or, 1, to A.D. 1100; 2, to about A.D. 1240; 3, to A.D. 1327; 4, to A.D. 1484; 5, to A.D. 1603; 6, to present time. See Latham: “English Language,” and others; Stratmann’s and Wedgwood’s Dictionaries; Halliwell and Wright: “Archaic and Provincial”; Ellis: “Pronunciation”; publications of the E. E. Text Society; Morris: “Outlines of English Accidence”; Mätzner: “Englische Grammatik,” Berlin, 1860; Koch’s “Historische Grammatik,” Weimar, 1863-9. ☞
Enishi.
African: akin to the Umowo. See Clarke’s “Vocabularies.”
Eregba.
African: a dialect of the Nufi.
Erromango.
A class of Western Polynesian, allied to Annatom or Aneiteum, the most easterly of the N. Hebrides group. W. G.
Erroob.
A dialect of Miriam, vernacular in the Darnley Is. See Jukes: “Voyage of the Fly,” vol. ii., p. 274.
Erse, see [Irish].
Escuara or Euskarian.
Native name for the Basque language. The word is of doubtful etymology; the term Basque is a variant of Vascony or Gascony, the B, V, and G being interchangeable. The language is clearly agglutinative, but no close affinity has been established, although many analogies have been detected. The people call themselves “Escualdun.” See De Larramendi: “Diccionario trilingüe del Castellano, Bascuence y Latin,” St. Sebastian, 1853; vocabulary by Humboldt (additions to “Mithridates”), 8vo, Berlin, 1817; D’Abbadie and Chato, Paris, 1836. J. V. See [Basque].
Esitako.
African: a dialect of Nufi.
Eskelen or Eslenes.
American: vernacular in U. California. See Vocaby. in “Tr. Am. Ethnol. Soc.,” vol. ii., p. 127.
Esquimaux or Eskimo.
The language of a people so called, dispersed along the polar regions of N. America from the Atlantic to the Pacific; it is allied to many other native American dialects, but with decided affinities to the languages of N.E. America. This people call themselves “Innuit,” i.e., “the people”; Eskimo is the Danish, Esquimaux the French form of the same word. See Kleinschmidt: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1851; Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 78. ☞
Essex.
A sub-dialect of English. See “John Noakes and Mary Styles,” London, 1839.
Esthonian.
The language of Esthonia, a Baltic province of Russia in Europe; it is sub-divided into two dialects, spoken in the districts of Revel and Riga (Dorpat). It belongs to the Turanian family of languages, and closely resembles Finnish. See Wiedemann: “Esthnisch-D. Wörterbuch,” St. Petersburg, 1869.
Estrangelo.
The name of the most ancient alphabet of the Syrians. It is a modification of the ordinary Hebrew square characters, but adapted to the reed, which the Syrians used instead of pens. Its name signifies “the gospel character,” it having been retained by the scribes for the copying of the scriptures and ritual books long after it had given way to more cursive styles of writing in ordinary works. See Dr. Land’s “Anecdota Syriaca,” vol. i., which contains twenty-five pages of specimens of the most famous MSS. in the British Museum, together with a palæographical introduction. R. P. S.
Etchemin.
American: a dialect of New England, belonging to the Abenaki division of the Algonkin class. The name tells us that it was spoken in the State of Maine.
⁂ See Barratt: “The Indian, &c.,” Middletown, Conn., 1851; Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 109.
Ethiopic.
Semitic: An extinct dialect of Arabic, closely resembling Amharic, and written in large uncial characters resembling Himyaritic; it was spoken in Abyssinia, anciently called Ethiopia, and is known to the natives as “Lisana Gheëz.” See Ludolph; Schrader: “De Lingua Æthiopica,” Göttingen, 1860; Dillman: “Lexicon, Grammar, and Chrestomathy,” Leipsig, 1857-66.
Ethnology.
The study of mankind in tribes, races, and nations; treating of all that relates to their physical characteristics, their language, manners, customs, religion, &c. Somewhat different from the word Anthropology. See Latham: “Descriptive Ethnology,” and others; Prichard: “Physical History of Mankind,” and others.
Etrurian or Etruscan.
An early dialect of Italy, known only from inscriptions; it is classed by some as Thraco-Pelasgic or Greco-Latin. The Etruscans were the most dominant power of Italy in pre-Roman times; their native appellation was Ras or Rasena, but the Latins called them Tusci, the Greeks called them Tyrrhenians. The Abbé Migne has discussed the whole question. See “Dict. de Linguistique,” &c., folios 554-600, where the authorities are cited and references given. Works by Mrs. Gray, Lord Crawfurd, Döderlein, Müller, Betham, Zeuss, Mommsen, and Steub. See Palæo-Georgian.
Etymology.
The science that treats of the structure, origin, form, and meaning of words.
Eudeve, see [Heve].
European, see [Indo-European].
Euskarian, see [Escuara].
Ewoi.
African: a dialect of the Slave-coast.
Exmoor.
A provincial dialect of English, spoken in Devonshire. See “Exmoor Courtship and Scolding,” London, 1839.
Eyo or Eyish.
African: the same as Alieh, a sub-dialect of the Yarriba or Yoruba.
ADDENDA.
Ediya, see [Adiyah].
Edjo.
African: tribes encroaching on Abyssinia. H. C.
Eelikinoo.
American: Sitka dialect of Chatham’s Strait.
Ehatsar.
American: name for Minetare.
Eijiquaijegi.
American: native name for Guaykuru of Cujaba.
Ejo.
African: same as Oru.
Ek-afir.
African: a form of the word Kaffir.
Ekklemache.
American: tribe of Eskelen in California.
Ellikpur.
Indian: dialect of Gond.
Empungwa, see [Mpongwe].
Enagua.
American: extinct tribe of Omagua in Venezuela.
Enakaga.
American: dialect of Guaykuru.
Encounter Bay.
Australian. See Eyre’s “Journal,” London, 1845.
Endeavour River.
Australian. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.
English, Old.
A name for Anglo-Saxon, sometimes applied to early English. See Mätzner’s “Altenglische Sprachproben”; Rask’s Grammar, by Thorpe, London, 1865; Hyde Clarke’s “Comparative Philology of the English,” &c., London, 1859.
Enimaga.
American: name for the Kochaboth tribe of Guaykuru.
Enua, under [F].
Epic Greek.
That is, poetic forms of expression, as opposed to comic or tragic. See Pinzger’s “Formenlehre des Epischen,” Breslau, 1829.
Epigraphic, see [Inscriptions].
Erigas.
American: quoted in Jülg’s “Vater” as Irokese.
Escopie, see [Skoffi].
Eurasian.
The name given in India to the Half-castes, or mixed progeny of Europeans and Asiatics. The Portuguese Half-castes speak Portuguese and Hindustani: the English ones English and Hindustani and Bengali. A. C.