H.
Haidah.
American: an insular dialect of Atna or Selish, spoken in Q. Charlotte Archipelago, off the N.W. coast. See Vocaby. by Scouler: “Jnl. Roy. Geog. Socy.,” vol. xi., London, 1841.
⁂ The Skittegat, Masset, Kumshala, and Kyganie, who speak Haidah, are a remarkable people. H. C.
Hailha.
Caucasian: a sub-dialect of Ingush.
Hailtsa or Haeeltzuk.
American: spoken on the coast of the Pacific, between 50° and 53° N.L. See Vocaby., “Trans. Amer. Ethnol.,” ii., 103.
Hainambeu, under [U].
Haioo.
Dravidian: dialect of a tribe inhabiting the valleys of E. Nipal. A. C.
Haiti, see [Taino].
Hajong.
A dialect of older Dravidian, vernacular in Nipal.
Hakka, Hakari.
A dialect of Kurdish, written in Arabic characters, vernacular on the course of R. Hakarim, Lake Van, Asiatic Turkey, and at Tabreez, in the Persian province of Azerbaijan.
Halifax, Hallamshire.
Dialects of England, spoken in Yorkshire. See Hunter’s “Hallamshire Glossary, with the Words used in the W. Riding and Halifax,” new edition by Gatty, 1869.
Ham.
African: dialect of the Otam. See Köelle: “Pol. Af.”
Hamah or Hamath.
Inscription: interesting series of incised stones found in N. Syria, probably by the ancient Chetas or Hittites. They occupy an intermediate position between picture writing, allied to Egyptian hieroglyphs, and early Semitic characters. They have not been deciphered. See Burton: “Unexplored Syria,” Burckhardt’s “Travels.” ☞
Hamalaiset, see [Tavastrian].
Hamarua, Adamowa.
Two large districts in W. Africa, as far S. as 9° N.L. Dr. Barth, with his Batta Vocabulary, gives a list of thirty-two languages for these parts, all represented as mutually unintelligible forms of speech, and all names ending in “ntshi,” “nji,” or “nchi.”
Hamburg.
A sub-dialect of Low-German. Richey: “Idioticon,” Hamburgh, 1755.
Hamiar.
A primitive dialect of Arabic.
Hamitic.
A name for the primitive languages of N.E. Africa and S.W. Asia, including the Egyptian, Ethiopic, S. Arabian, Akkadian, or early Babylonian, &c. The root of this word is supposed by some to survive in Amharic and Amazig, names for Abyssinian and Berber dialects; “Ham” or “Cham,” quasi “dark.” See Hebræo-African.
Hampshire, Hants.
A provincial dialect of English. Vocaby. in “Warner’s Collec.,” 1795.
Hanau.
A sub-dialect of High-German.
Handuri.
A dialect of Punjabi.
Hanover.
A dialect of Low-German.
Harafora, see [Alfuros].
Haraya.
Malayan: a dialect of the Philippine Is. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841.
Harpa.
Bhot: a dialect of N. and S.E. Thibet.
Harroti.
A dialect of Hindi, spoken in the State of Kotah, Rajpootana, N.W. India.
Harz or Hartz.
A dialect of Low-German. Schulze: “Harzgedichte,” Clausthal, 1833.
Hatigor.
A dialect of Assamese, classed as Singhpo.
Hatusua.
Malayan: dialect of Ceram.
Haussa, Houssa, or Hawsa.
A native dialect of African, largely infused with Arabic, vernacular along the R. Chadda, a tributary of the Niger. See Schön: “Grammar,” London, 1862; “Vocaby.,” London, 1843; “Primer,” Berlin, 1857.
⁂ Bodo, &c., are related to Haussa; this language has vocalic euphony. H. C.
Havaiian, Hawaiian, Hawaian.
A dialect of E. Polynesian, spoken by natives of Owhyhee and other of the Sandwich Is., in the N. Pacific Ocean; it is similar in form and construction to Tahitian, and the Maori of New Zealand. It is now a written language. See Dicty. by Andrews, Honolulu, 1865. R. G. L. (2.)
Hayu, see [Vayu].
Hebræo-African.
An epithet invented by Dr. J. Cowles Prichard, in imitation of Indo-European, to include a group of African languages which have definite relations to the Hebrew. These are especially the Abyssinian languages, the Galla, the Coptic, and the Libyan. Within the limits of an article we cannot state all the points of relationship, but we may note the remarkable similarity of the first and second pronouns, the mode of conjugating, the principal tense of the verb, the facility of forming derivative verbs from a primary (but the languages connected with Turkish have this), the inaptitude in compounding words, even so far as not even to prefix prepositions to verbs. The Abyssinian languages come nearest to Hebrew, and next the Libyan. Tutscheh notes the singular approximation of the Galla to the Arabic in the syntax used with the plural of nouns. The Coptic is of all the most distant from Hebrew. F. W. N.
Hebrew.
Semitic: closely allied to Aramaic and Phœnician. It is an extinct dialect spoken by the ancient Jews of Palestine, and preserved to us in their sacred writings known as the Old Testament Scriptures. The old Hebrew character, as found on coins, &c., has much resemblance to Phœnician. The Biblical alphabet, called Square Hebrew, has been traced by some to the captivity at Babylon, B.C. 603-536, but is regarded by others as much more recent. The Rabbinic characters are of a more cursive form, and the modern Jews of Germany and Poland used running hands of somewhat differing forms. For Later Hebrew, see Talmudic, and for Modern Hebrew, see [Jewey]. Lexicons by Fürst; Gesenius: Grammar, Lex.; Thesaurus, &c.
Hebrides, New, see [Mallicollo].
Heilbronn.
A sub-dialect of High-German.
Helebi.
A name for the Gipsies of Egypt; perhaps from Heleb or Halib, the Arabic form of Aleppo, in N. Syria. W. E.
Heligoland.
A sub-dialect of Frisian. See Oelrich’s “Kleines Wörterb.” 1846.
Hellenic.
Indo-European: class name for the Greek language and its dialects.
Helsinga.
A sub-dialect of Swedish. See Lenström: “Ordbok,” Upsala, 1841. See [Helsingic].
Henneberg.
A sub-dialect of High-German. See Brücker: “Beitrag,” Meiningen, 1843.
Herefordshire.
A provincial dialect of English. “Glossary” by Sir G. C. Lewis, London. 1839. W. W. S.
Herero.
African: classed by Barth and Bleek as S.W. Bantu, with Benga, Benguela, and Bunda. The name of the language is “O Tyi-hereró,” that of the speakers is “O Va-hereró”; it is now nearly extinct. See Hahn: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1857; Kolbe: “Vowels,” 1868; specimens collected by Dr. Rath.
Herevi, Hetzvi.
An extinct dialect of Old Persian, formerly vernacular at Herat.
Herzegovinic.
Slavonic: a sub-dialect of Servian.
Hessian.
A sub-dialect of High-German.
Heuma, see [Shendu].
Heve.
A native dialect of the aborigines of Central America, vernacular in Mexico; it is also called Eudeve, and closely allied to Pima. See Smith’s “Grammatical Sketch,” 1862.
Hhamara, see [Waag].
Hiang-Yan.
A name for the common colloquial language of Chinese.
Hiaqui.
American: spoken in Sonora and Sinaloa; also called Ibequi and Yaqui.
Hieratic.
Greek name for the cursive alphabet used by the ancient priestly caste of Egypt; it is from the word “hieros,” “sacred.” ☞
Hieroglyphic.
Greek name for the symbolic alphabet or figure painting which constituted the most formal writing of ancient Egyptians, from “hieros” and “grapho.” The Aztecs of Mexico also had a system of hieroglyphic writing. Brugsch: “Hierog. Demot. Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig, 1867-8. See [Nahuatl].
Hieronymic.
Slavonic: name for the Glagolitic characters.
Highland.
Highland-Scottish: name sometimes used for Gaelic.
Hildesheim.
A sub-dialect of Low-German.
Hiligueina.
Malayan: a dialect of the Philippine Is. See [Ilocana].
Himalayan.
Name for a class of native aboriginal languages of Hindostan, comprising Kooch, Dhimal, Bodo, all closely allied to Nipalese and Bhot. See “Essays by Hodgson,” Calcutta, 1847.
Himyaritic or Himjarite.
Name for the characters used in some early inscriptions of S. Arabia in a dialect allied to the Mahari of Abyssinia. Mr. Palgrave, “Central and E. Arabia,” vol ii., p. 240, states that the modern Himyarites, who speak a dialect of modern Arabic, are called the “reds”: “ahmar” in Arabic; but it seems more probable that they are the Hi or Hy-Mahari: “Hy” being a tribal prefix in Africa as in Ireland. Compare the Hi-breasail, the Hy-Many, or O’Kelly people; the Hy-Fiachrach or O’Dowdy people. The use of the same prefix in Africa is proved by the Ki-Suaheli, the Hi or Ki-Kamba, Ki-Sambala; cf. the Heb. ה; ח; which gives the transition from “h” to “ch” or “k”; thus also we may have Ki-Afer for the people of Africa, the original Kaffirs: indeed we have the mature word in Ke-Kuafi, see under U. Hy-mahari would mean “the shore-people.” See [Ekhkili].
Hinantshi or Hina.
African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.
Hindi or Hinduwi.
The vernacular language of native Hindoos; it is derived from Sanskrit, and closely adhered to by all the Brahmin castes. It was probably the court tongue of Canaug or Kanoj, a chief city of Hindostan when Alexander the Great crossed the Indus and defeated Porus, B.C. 327. The language has many branches or sub-dialects, and is written in the Devanagri, or sacred alphabet used in the Vedas; also in Kyt’hí, a sort of running hand. Ballantyne: “Elements,” London, 1869; “Chrestomathie,” Garcin de Tassy, Paris, 1849.
Hindoo.
Class name for the Indian branch of the Aryan family of languages, derived, according to some, from “Hapta Hendu,” “Seven Rivers,” old name for the Punjaub.
Hindostani or Urdu.
The vernacular tongue of the Indian Moslemim, or Mussulmen; first originated by the Muhammadan invaders, circa A.D. 1004. It is a compound of Arabic and Persian with Sanskrit, called Urdu-zaban, or “camp lingo,” and written in a cursive character, called Taghlik, derived from Arabic; also in uncial letters formed from Sanskrit. N.B.—Hindu-stan means the “land of the Hindoos.” Forbes: “Dicty. H. and Eng.,” 1859; “Grammar,” 1849.
Hinzuan.
African: a Kaffir form of speech; language of the Comorn Is., off the E. coast.
Hitchittee.
American: spoken by a division of the Creeks. “Arch. Amer.,” vol. ii., p. 377.
Hoch-Deutsch, see [German].
Hochelaga.
American: sub-dialect of Mohawk, formerly spoken in the locality now known as Montreal, Canada.
Hochungorah.
American: native name for the Winnebagos.
Hohen-lohe, Hohen-schwangau, Hohen-stein.
Sub-dialects of High-German.
Hok-keen.
Dialect of Chinese. Dicty. by Medhurst, Macao, 1832-9.
Holland or Hollandish.
(1) A name for the Netherlandish, a dialect of Platt-Deutsch.
(2) For provincial Dialects. See Latham’s “Opuscula,” London, 1860.
Holophrasis.
Grammatical term; mode of analysis; reducing whole sentences into words. See [Polysynthetic].
Holstein.
Sub-dialect of Low-German. See Schütze: “Holsteinisches Idiotikon,” Hamburgh, 1800-6. W. W. S.
Honduras.
American: geographical term for the Lenca class.
⁂ The languages are allied to the Kouma, Legba, &c., of W. Africa. H. C.
Hoopah.
American: a variety of Athabaskan, spoken so far S. as U. California.
Hor or Horpa.
Thibetan: a local dialect of Bhot, called also (1) Khache: Chinese Koatse; (2) Igur, the native name, which appears to be the same as Uighur, a Turkish dialect. The affix “pa” in “Horpa” is Bhot, as quoted by Mr. Hodgson, who gives W. Thibet along with Dzungaria and Chinese Turkestan as the area over which it is spoken. R. G. L.
Hotontalo.
Polynesian; a sub-dialect of Menadu.
Hottentot.
African: name for a large number of S. dialects, spoken by the Quaiquai or K’hoè Khoep, and distinguished by a peculiar sound in utterance, known as the Hottentot “click.”
⁂ According to Dr. Bleek they are a widely different class from the Kaffir. R. G. L.
Hova.
Native term “ank′ova”; used for the central tribes of Madagascar, said to be a fair race. It is, apparently, of African origin, as under Herero. See [Malagasy].
Hoya.
Malayan: a dialect of Ceram, allied to Teluti.
Huachi, Huancas.
American: Indians of Bolivia.
Huasteca.
American: dialect of Mexico, and apparently the same word as “Aztec.” It is spoken in the province of Tamaulipas, and is a language of the Maya class. See De Olmoz: “Grammatica,” &c., Mexico, 1560.
Hueco or Waco.
American: name for the Tallewitsus. It is vernacular in Texas, and allied to Kechai, Pawnee, &c.
Huilliche.
American: name for tribes of Araucans, the aborigines of Chili. The “che” here means “men,” being a Chileno word, so we have “men of the south.” It is applied also to the Patagonians. See [Vuta]. R. G. L.
Humming-bird Indians.
American: name for the Uaenambeu tribe in the province of Rio Negro, Brasil.
Hungarian or Magyar.
Ugrian: dialect of an Asiatic race, derived from the Ostiak of the R. Ob or Oby in Siberia, and closely allied to Finnish. The Magyars are now the dominant race in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, which they subdued about A.D. 900. It has a copious modern literature. See Ballagi: “Wörterbuk,” Pesth, 1864; Ollendorff: “Newe Methode,” Pesth, 1869. See [Ungarn].
Hungarian-Wendish.
Slavonic: a local dialect of Hungary, allied to the Wendish of Lusatia.
Hunza, see [Khajuna].
Huron.
American: classed as Iroquois; language of the Huron Indians, spoken on the shores of the lake so named.
Hurriana.
A dialect of Hindi spoken in a fertile district of N.W. India, an oasis on the Jumna, near Delhi. The word “Hurya” signifies “green.”
Hurur.
Abyssinian, dialect of Amharic. See Salt’s “Voyage,” appendix, vol. i., p. 6.
Huzvaresh.
Iranic: same as Pehlevi. See Spiegel: “Grammatik,” Wien, 1856.
Hymiaritic, see under [Hi].
Hyperborean.
Dr. Latham’s class-name at one time proposed for the Dzhukaghir, Samoyed, and Yeniseian group of languages.
ADDENDA.
Hadareb, Hadarem, under [A].
Hadendoa.
African: a dialect of Nubia.
Halha.
Same as Hailha, also written Galgai.
Hallandic, Helsingic.
Scandinavian: dialects of Sweden, cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.
Halle.
Germanic: sub-dialect of Swabian, see “Mundartliche Sprache,” 1814.
Hallenga.
African: a dialect of Nubia.
Hamburg-Indians.
American: English name for the T-ka’s of Scott’s River; they speak a dialect of Shasta.
Harar, Harrer, Harrargie, see [Hurur].
Hattaquahe.
Caucasian: a dialect of Adige or Cherkess. H. C.
Hawstead (Halstead).
Suffolk dialect of English. See Cullum’s “History,” &c., 1784.
Hazorta.
African: same as Shiho, a dialect of Danakil.
Helsingic, see [Hallandic].
Hennega.
American: Kolusch dialect of P. Wales’s Is.
Hervey Arch., see [Rarotongan].
High-German.
English form of Hoch-Deutschen.
Hilluna, see [Ilocana].
Hindelopian.
Germanic: a sub-dialect of Friesic. See specimen in Bosworth’s “A. S. Dicty.,” p. 74. W. W. S.
Hindmarsh Lake.
Dialect of Australian. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
Hio, see [Eyo].
Hiong-Nu.
Alatyan: dialect of Turkish. It is the name used by Chinese, and by them applied to the mediæval Huns.
Hlassa, under [L].
Ho.
(1) African: Bomba dialect of Guinea. See [Sala].
(2) Indian: native name for the Kol of Kolehan. It means “man.” See [Singhbhum].
Holland (New), see [Australian].
Honimoa.
Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas, closely allied to Sarapua.
Honin.
Negritic: dialect of Papuan.
Hood-Sunhoo.
American: Kolusch dialect of Hood’s Bay.
Horde.
That is “herd,” a body, tribe, family, or clan, applied to nomade Tatars. It is the same word as Urdu, “a camp,” in Urdu-zaban. See [Hindostani].
Horn Is.
Polynesian: dialect of the Friendly group.
Horoje.
American: a name for the Winnebags.
Ho-te-day.
American: native name of the Yeka or Shasta-butte Indians of California.
Houssa.
African: German form of Haussa.
Huahine.
Eastern Polynesian: same as Tahitian. W. G.
Hudson’s-Bay Indians.
American: tribes of Chepewyans.
Hume R., see [Murrumbidgee].
Hurn-pardee.
Indian: also called Baori; a nomadic tribe who subsist by catching antelope and the hunting-cheetah; they speak a peculiar dialect of Hindi. W. E. See [Bowri].
Huzzaw, see [Osage].