G.
Ga.
African: a name for Accra or Akra. Zimmermann: “Grammatical Sketch,” 4to, Stuttgart, 1858. See [Aquapim].
Gaboon or Gabun.
A large class of native African. See [Mpongwe].
Gadaba.
Non-Aryan: a language vernacular in the highlands of Gaddapur in Goomsúr or Gúmsúr, Circar of Ganjam.
Gadhelic or Gaelic.
A dialect of Celtic, closely allied to Irish and Manx; it is spoken in parts of the Highlands of Scotland, and some of the neighbouring islands. Dictys. by Armstrong, McAlpine, Shaw, Macleod, and Dewar, &c., the best being that published by the Highland Society. Grammars by Forbes and Stewart.
Gadi.
A dialect of the Punjab, allied to Hindi.
Gafat.
A sub-dialect of Amharic, spoken in S. Abyssinia. See “Mithridates,” Dr. Beke, &c.
Gah.
A dialect of Malay, spoken by wild Alfuru of E. Ceram. See Wallace: “Malay A.,” appendix.
Galaio.
A sub-dialect of Papuan.
Galego or Gallego.
A sub-dialect of Portuguese, allied to the Gallician of Spain, the same name being applied indifferently to both.
Galela.
A language anterior to Malay, vernacular in Gilolo. Wallace: “Malay A.,” appendix. H. C.
Galgai.
A sub-dialect of the Caucasus, same as Ingush.
Galibi.
American: a form of the word Carib, belonging more especially to French Guiana.
Galilean.
A dialect of Aramaic. See Matth. xxvi., 73.
Galla.
African: spoken by the Gallas, i.e. “mountaineers,” a numerous people in Abyssinia and over a wide extent from the E. coast inwards, and S. till it reaches the Kaffir. See Tutschek: “Dictionary and Grammar,” Munich, 1844-5.
Gallic.
A name for the pre-Roman dialects of France, anciently divided into Gallia Belgica, Celtica or Lugdunensis (i.e. Armorica), Aquitania, and Narbonensis. See [Gaulish].
Gallician.
Language of Gallicia, in N.W. Spain, classed as a sub-dialect of Spanish. Rodriguez: “Dict. Galligo-Castellano,” Coruña, 1863. See [Galego].
Gallois.
French name for Welsh.
Galzanen.
American: same as Koltschanen.
Gamamyl, see [Qamamyl].
Gaman.
African: same as Buntuku; a dialect of Ashantee.
Gani.
Native dialect of So. Gilolo, an island of the Indian Archipelago. See Wallace: Appdx.
Garangi.
African: dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich: “Mission to Ashantee.”
Garo.
(1) Language of the Garo or Garrow Hills, E. Bengal.
(2) A dialect of Nipal, allied to Borro. See Robinson’s “Assam,” Calcutta, 1841.
Garu.
A dialect of Bhot or Thibetan, also called Gartop. See Gerard’s Vocaby., “Jnl. A. S.,” Calcutta, 1842.
Gascon.
Sub-dialect of Provençal.
Gasconade.
Nickname for bombastic speech. The name is taken from the Gascons, a people in the S. of France supposed to be given to boasting. R. P. S.
Gauner.
German term for “cant,” “flash,” or “slang”; “Zigeuner,” i.e., “Gipsey.”
Gaur.
African: same as Geber. “Gaiour,” “Kaffir,” i.e. “infidel.”
Gaura.
A name for Bengali and other languages of N. India. See [Panch].
Gawilghuri.
Name for Gond, a dialect of the Vindhyan range.
Gbe.
African: a dialect of the Manu class, allied to Bassa, Dewoi, and Kru. See Köelle: “Afr. Pol.” H. C.
Ge, Geiko.
American: dialect of Brazil. See Spix and Von Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” 3 vols., München, 1823-31. See [Gez].
Geber.
African: a term for Kaffir. See [Guebre].
Geez or Gheez.
Sub-Semitic or Hebræo-African, the modern language of Tigré, a province in N.E. Abyssinia, directly derived from the Ethiopic. See “Institutiones grammat. ling: Geez.”
Genevese.
Sub-dialect of French, spoken in Switzerland. “Glossaire,” Genève, 1819.
Gens de Pitié.
American: name for the Shoshones (“root diggers”).
Gentoo.
Name for Telinga, Telugu, in the Madras Presidency.
⁂ Introduced by the Portuguese from “Gentile.” W. E.
Genua, Genovese.
Sub-dialect of Italian. Vocaby. by Casaccia, Genua, 1842. See [Ligurian].
Geographical Distribution of Languages. See [Introduction].
George’s Sound, King.
District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. in Cap. Grey, 1841.
Georgian.
Caucasian: a family of languages spoken in several dialects, generally classed as Turanian, but mingled with Aryan. The main language is the vernacular speech of Georgia, a Russian province lying between the Caspian and the Black Seas, which answers to the ancient Iberia. The characters of its written alphabet are altered from the Armenian, which people still call the Georgians by the name of “Virb.” See Tschoubinof: “Dict. Géorg.-Russ.-Fr.,” St. Petersburg, 1840; Vocaby. in Klaproth: “Asia P.”; Grammar by Brosset, Paris, 1837. ☞
Geral.
American, i.e. “lingua geral”: a name for the Guarani, or native vernacular dialect of Brazil, as mingled with Portuguese.
German.
A word of very doubtful etymology, used for:—
(1) German: the typical language of modern High-Dutch, which is naturally derived from the ancient Alemannic, and allied to Gothic, which, however, is classed as Low-German. It is, in many dialects, the vernacular speech of the Empire of Germany, Prussia, Austria, Bavaria, &c. The form of its printed letters is of the class called Gothic, and both closely resemble Old English black-letter, but the use of Roman letter is gaining ground. Dictys. by Heyse, Hilpert, Sanders, Flügel, Grimm, Lucas, &c., Grammars by Grimm, Kehrein, &c.
(2) Old High-German. See Massmann: “Gedrängtes althochdeutsches Wörterb.,” Berlin, 1846. See [Germanic].
(3) Middle High-German. See Benecke: “Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig, 1854-60; Ziemann, 1838. See [Germanic].
(4) New High-German. See [Lutheran].
(5) Dialects. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 84-93; Works by Hoefer, Schmeller, Weinhold, &c.
(6) Nieder Platt-Deutsch, or Low-German. See [Dutch].
Germanic.
The main stem of Teutonic: divided into (1) High-German, (2) Low-German.
Under (1) we class the sub-branches called Old High-German and Middle High-German; from which again issue the modern dialects of High-German. Under (2) we class Mœso-Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Old Dutch, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon, from which again issue the modern dialects of England, Friesland, N. Germany (Platt-Deutsch), Holland, and Flanders.
Eccardus: “Historia,” Hanover, 1711; Julius: “Bibliotheca,” Hamburg, 1817; Meidinger: “Vergleich. Wörterb.,” Frankfort, 1836; Hickes: “Thesaurus,” London, 1708. See [Scandinavian].
Gerri.
African: a language of the Darsaleh.
Gez or Ghez.
Portuguese of S. America. See [Jahyco].
Gha or Gha, see [Ga].
Ghadamsi.
One of the African languages called Berber, known to us as spoken in the town of Ghadamis, which is situated S.E. of Tripoli, nearly in latitude 30° N. and longitude 10° E. The language is very imperfectly known to us, and seems to be of quite small extent; yet, in spite of the geographical position, it is no mere dialect of the Tamazight. Dr. Richardson brought home a meagre vocabulary of it, and a translation of the third chapter of Matthew into it, which were partly lithographed, and partly printed by the Foreign Office. F. W. N. See [Libyan].
Ghagar.
A Gipsey dialect of Egypt; cf. Hagar, Gen. xvi., 1.
Ghandi.
African: dialect of the Mana class, in the W. See Köelle: “Pol. A.”
Ghegh.
An unwritten dialect of Albanian. It is spoken in the more N. districts. See Hahn’s “Albanisch. Studien,” Vienna, 1853. G. R.
Ghindzhar or Gindzhar.
Abyssinian: dialect of Adali.
Ghond, see [Gundi].
Ghurbat, see [Khurbat].
Gibberish.
A name for nonsensical speech: it is a word peculiar to English, derived, according to some, from Geber, the Arabian alchemist, but, compare the words “gabble” and “jabber,” with the Old Norse “gifra.” (Wedgwood.)
Gidantshi or Gida.
African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua. See [Batta].
Gien.
African: dialect of the W., about 10° N.L.
Giessen.
A sub-dialect of High-German.
Giliak.
A dialect of Mantshu, very probably a form of the word “Koriak”; it is spoken on the N.W. coast of Asia, to the S. of the Sea of Okotsk, in the parts about the peninsula of Saghalin, and at the mouth of the Amúr. See Middersdorp. R. G. L.
Gilolo.
In this island are languages of the Galela and Malayan families. H. C. See [Gani].
Gipsey, under Gy.
Gizagantshi or Gizaga.
African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua. See [Batta].
Glagolitish.
A name for the Old Slavonic alphabet, derived from their word for the letter “G,” scil. “glagol.” See [Hieronymic].
Glossotype.
A name for an extended system of alphabets, including all possible varieties of sound under one uniform system of symbols. See Ellis: “Early English Pronunciation,” London, 1867-71.
Gloucestershire.
A sub-dialect of England. See Glossary of the Cotswold dialect by the Rev. R. W. Huntley. W. W. S.
Gnurellean.
A native dialect of Australia, spoken by natives of Campaspee. See Eyre: “Journals, &c.,” London, 1845.
Goali.
African: dialect of the Nufi.
Gohuri.
A dialect of Tamul, allied to Bowri.
Gold-coast, see [Otshi].
Gond, see [Gundi].
Gonga.
Class name for the languages spoken in the S.W. of Abyssinia. They probably lie between the Semitic and Amharic of the North and Kaffir forms of speech of the South. Known only by vocabularies. Beke, &c. R. G. L. See [Wolaitsa], [Woratta], [Woraitsa].
Goopta or Gupta.
Numismatic: a dynasty of Indian princes. Chundra-Gupta (Sandracottus) reigned in the Punjab, circa B.C. 300, and the coinage of his successor Asoka shows inscriptions in Sanskrit, being the very earliest form of that language confirmed by an authentic date. The character of the letters is the same as that of the Aryan inscriptions on Bactrian coins. See [Sassanian].
Goorung or Gurung.
A dialect of Central Nipal, classed by some as Dravidian or Sub-Turanian.
Goram.
Dialects of Malay. Wallace: ii., 296-7.
Gorgotoquienses.
American: dialect of Peru, known only from the following notice: “P. Gaspar Reuz Alaman, Gramatica de la Lengua Gorgotoquiense en el Peru.” Mentioned in Barcia’s edition of Piñelo, but not known to be printed. Ludwig: Appendix, p. 221. R. G. L.
Goropiser.
A nickname for unsound etymologists, derived from “Goropius,” i.e. “Van Gorp,” appellation borne by Jan Bécan, or Becanus (1518-1572), author of some speculative works.
Gothic.
An extinct idiom of Teutonic, classed as Low-German. The Goths formed that large body of people who, under the names of “ostro,” i.e. Eastern, and “visi,” i.e. Western Goths, harassed the latter centuries of imperial Rome. The most permanent record of their tongue is found in the “Codex Argenteus,” or “Silver Book,” an imperfect version of the four Gospels, now preserved at Upsala in Sweden; it has frequently been printed, and represents the dialect of the Mœso-Goths, who were settled in ancient Mœsia, S. of the Danube, under the Emperor Valens. This version is attributed to Bishop Ulphilas or Little Wolf, who translated the Scriptures into Gothic, using an alphabet constructed by himself and adapted to their phonesis, said to be derived from the Greek, A.D. 318-378. See Diefenbach: “Wörterb.” 2 vols, Frankfurt, 1847-51; Meyer: “Die Gothische Sprache,” Berlin, 1869. See [Mœso-Gothic].
Göttingen.
A sub-dialect of Platt or Low-Dutch. See Quentin: “Annalen der Braunschweig,” &c., Hanover, 1789.
Goulburn.
District of Australia. See Eyre: “Journals,” &c., 2 vols., London, 1845.
Gould Is.
District of S. Australia.
Grammar.
A word derived from the Greek “γράμμα,” “a written character or letter,” used to signify the science that treats of the elements of any language; including the art of reading, spelling, and writing it correctly. See [Comparative].
Grammatography.
A study of Letters; any work that describes or illustrates and treats of the alphabets of various languages.
Granada, New.
The name for a class of native S. American, superseded by Columbia.
Grebo.
African: dialects of numerous tribes on the Ivory-coast, allied to Kru. “Vocaby,” Cape Palmas, 1837. See [Krepi].
Greco-Latin.
A class term, including Greek, Latin, and the various allied dialects included in, or formed from, the languages so named. G. R.
Greco-Turkish.
A name for Turkish, when expressed in the Greek character, for newspapers, correspondence, &c. H. C.
Greek.
The typical language of the Hellenic branch of the great Indo-European family of languages.
(1) An extinct language, called Archaic Greek, spoken in numerous dialects by the ancient inhabitants of Greece, Asia Minor, and Egypt under the Ptolemies. It was thus the vernacular speech of the most polished race of antiquity; and is the language of Plato, of Demosthenes, of Homer, of Xenophon, and Aristotle. Lex. by Pape, Liddell, and Scott. Grammars by Jelf, Buttmann, Curtius, Kuhner.
(2) The modern dialect of Greece, called also Romaic and Neo-Hellenic, derived directly from ancient Greek. Lex. by Contopoulos, “Eng. and Mod. Greek,” 2 vols., Smyrna and London, 1868-70; Sophocles: “Romaic or Mod. Greek Grammar,” London, 1866.
(3) Dialects of Classical Greek: Æolic, Attic, Doric, Ionic. See Stephanus: “Thesaurus,” Salmasius, Hermann.
(4) Later Greek: “χοινή,” “the common language”; Byzantine; Alexandrian (of the Septuagint); Scriptural (of the N. Test.); Cretan, &c. Lex. by Sophocles, 1871. See [Hellenic].
Greenlandish.
A dialect of Eskimo, spoken in Greenland, the most E. part of Arctic America. See Kleinschmidt: “Grammatik,” 8vo., Berlin, 1851; “Efterretninger om Grönland,” by Paul Egede.
Grimm’s Law.
A name for that peculiarity of speech, first systematised by Jacob Grimm, a celebrated German philologist, by which some letters serve as equivalents for other letters, by natural laws of speech, in languages derived from a common original. ☞
Gröningen.
A sub-dialect of Frisian in Holland. See Swaagmann: “Annales Acad.: Gröningen,” 1825.
Guachi.
American: spoken in the province of Matto-Grosso, Brazil. See Spix and Von Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” München, 1823-31.
Guadalcanar.
Polynesian: the dialect of the Solomon islanders, closely allied to Bauro.
Guaham.
A dialect of Lesser-Polynesian, closely allied to Chamori. See Crawfurd: “Dissert.,” p. 262.
Guajiquiro.
American: a dialect of Lenca, vernacular in Honduras. See Squier: “Tr. Amer. Ethnol. Soc.”
Guana.
American: an isolated Brazilian dialect of the province of Matto-Grosso. See short Vocaby. in Castelnau, vol. v., appendix.
Guanche.
A name for the aborigines of the Canary Is.; the few glosses extant of their original language are Berber. The modern dialect is allied to Shelluh. See Glas: “Histy. of the Canary Is.,” London, 1764.
Guaque.
American: a dialect of New Granada. See Vocaby. by M. M. Albis: “Los Indios del Andaque,” Popayan, 1855.
Guarani, see [Tupi].
Guarpes, see [Milcocayac].
Guasava.
American: a Mexican dialect spoken in the province of Michoacan. See “Arte,” por P. F. Villafaña; M. S. “Ludewig,” by Trübner. London, 1858.
Guatimala.
A class of native dialects vernacular in Central America.
Guato.
American: a Brazilian dialect of the province of Matto-Grosso, allied to Purus and Coroato. See Castelnau, vol. v. H. C. See [Quado].
Guatusos.
American: a dialect of Nicaragua. See “Nouvelles Annales des Voyages,” Squier in “Ath. Français.” Dec. 25, 1852. R. G. L.
Guavapuava.
Name of a district in Brazil, inhabited by the Cames, Votoroes, Dorins, and Xocrens. Francisco dos Chagos Lima: “Memoria sobre o Descubriement de la Colonia de Guavapuavo, Revista Trimensal.” Tom. iv., Rio de Janeiro, 1844. Ludewig, p. 222, appendix. R. G. L.
Guayacuru.
American: the most E. language of the Chaco district. See [Mbaya].
Guberi.
African: a dialect of the Haussa.
Guda, Gudantshi.
African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua; spoken by the Guda, “a very learned people.” R. G. L.
Gudang.
An aboriginal dialect of Australia. See “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” ii., 279.
Guebe.
A dialect of Papuan.
Guenoa.
American: a dialect of Brazil and Paraguay. See Hervas’ “Saggio,” pp. 228-9; Catalogo, p. 46. R. G. L.
Guharibo.
American: a dialect of Venezuela; short vocabulary by Spruce.
Guiana or Guyana.
American: a group of dialects allied to Carib. Also called Guinau. See Schomburgk: “Report of B. Assot.,” 1848. See [Talkee-Talkee].
Guildford.
District S.W. Australia. Vocaby., Capt. Grey, 1841.
Guinea, New, see [Papuan].
Guipuscoan.
A dialect of Spanish Basque.
Gujarati or Guzerati.
The vernacular dialect of Gujerat or Guzerat, a peninsula of N.W. India, between the Indus and Bombay. It is allied to Hindi, but has a more cursive character of alphabet, derived like it from the Devanagari. It is much used by Parsees. See Dictys. by Karsandas and Shapurjí.
Gundi.
The dialects of the Ghonds or Gonds, spoken in Goomsúr or Gúmsúr, and generally in the extensive province of Goandwana. It is allied to Tamil and Telugu. See Caldwell “Dravid: Comp: Gram.,” London, 1861. See [Khond].
Gunungtellu.
Papuan: a dialect of Celebes or Macassar; allied to Bugis.
Gupta, see [Goopta].
Guresa or Gursea.
African: a dialect of the Kouri, closely allied to Dzelana. See [Guren].
Gurmukhi.
The name for an alphabetic character peculiar to Scinde.
Gurung, see [Goorung].
Gurwhal, Gurhwal.
A dialect of Hindi, also called Shreenagur; it is the vernacular speech of Sreenaghur, a district of the Himalayas, near the source of the R. Sutlej.
Guzerathi, see [Gujarati].
Gyami.
A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in N. and S.E. Thibet.
Gyarung.
A dialect of Bhot, vernacular in N. and S.E. Thibet.
Gypsy.
(1) The patois of English gipsies, also called Romany. The prefix “gip” may be compared with the word “Egypt.” These people are also known as “Gitano,” “Zincali,” “Zingari,” “Zigeuner,” and by many other names in different countries. The prefix “Zin” may be compared with the word “Sindh,” or “Indian,” meaning “dark.”
(2) The dialects of Gipsies in Europe and Asia; they are very ancient, and classed as Indian, but with later additions from the country in which they reside, the principal being Egyptian, Hungarian, Spanish, and Turkish. See Grellmann: “Dissertation,” London, 1807; Paspati: “Etudes sur les Tchinghianés,” Constantinople, 1870; translation, Newhaven, Conn.; Borrow: “Lavengro,” “Romany Rye”; Roberts: “Gypsies,” London, 1842; Glossary by Smart: “Phil. S. Trans.,” 1862.
ADDENDA.
Gabriel, San.
American: Kizh Indians of California; classed as Diegunos.
Gaiour.
Turkish form of “Guebre,” “an unbeliever,” applied to Christians by Mohammedans.
Galchas.
Persian tribe of Karategin, Central Asia.
Galgai.
Caucasian: native name of the Tshetsh. Same as Halhai.
Galik.
Moghol: form of written character.
Gangetic.
Class name for the Bhotiya or Tibetan language of the Upper Ganges. G. R.
Gaulish.
Name for the Old Celtic, spoken in Gaul. See “Notes on Endlicher’s Glossary” in “Phil. Soc. Trans.,” 1868, p. 251. W. W. S.
Gayeti.
Non-aryan dialect of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Gbandi.
African: allied to Dahomey and Whydah. See “Pol. Afr.” H. C.
Gbese.
African: classed as Mandingo. See “Pol. Afr.” H. C.
Gelderic.
Germanic: dialect of Dutch, spoken in Gelderland. See specimen of the Geldersche Taal in Bosworth’s “A. S. Dicty.,” p. 111. W. W. S.
Gergo.
Italian word for “cant” or “slang.” See [Zerga].
Gherin.
American: tribe of Engerekmung. The Botocudos of Almada sur la Taipe, Brazil.
Ghilani.
Iranic: sub-dialect of modern Persian.
Ghilghiti.
Paropamisan: a dialect of Dard, Aryan of the Himalayas. Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner. H. C.
Ghissari.
Same as the Lohars. See [Taremuki].
Giaga.
African: same as Agag. See [Angola].
Gili, Jili.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Singpho.
Gio.
African: classed by Köelle as Mandingo. See “Afr. Pol.” H. C.
Gisan.
Tatar tribe of Central Asia.
Glatz.
Germanic: dialect of Silesia, classed as High-German.
Glossary.
A vocabulary with explanations. It differs from a dictionary in being, in general, partial or limited; as, a glossary of the difficult words in an old author, or of a dialect. W. W. S.
Gogoyan.
American: same as Cayuga.
Gojam.
Sub-Semitic: a local dialect of Amharic.
Golo.
African: a language formerly called Fertit; it is allied to Agaw, Falasha, &c. Vocaby. in Rüppell; “Reisen in Nubien,” Frankfurt, 1829; and by Dr. G. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873. H. C.
Gomera.
African: dialect of the Canary Is.
Gonaaqua.
African: mingled dialect of Hottentot and Kaffir.
Gondar.
Sub-Semitic; dialect of Amharic.
Goose-Ostiak.
Ugrian: same as Lake-Ostiak; classed as Samoied.
Gothlandic.
Scandinavian: dialect of the I. of Gottland, Sweden. Cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.
Gothungic.
Scandinavian: dialect of Sweden (Gönge district). Cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.
Griguas.
Mixed race of Hottentots; half-breed.
Grisons.
Teutonic: classed as High-German. See Lehmann’s “Republik Graubünden,” Brandenburg, 1799. See [Churwelsche].
Gros-Ventre.
American: French name for the Minetare.
Grusian, Grusinian.
A name for the Georgian, most used by Russians.
Grutung.
Tribe of Gothones or Guttones; so-called Goths.
Guachire, Guaiqueri.
American: Caribs of St. Margarita, &c.
Guaicur, see [Waikur].
Gudshri.
Indic: same as Dakhani.
Guebre.
Persian form of Kafir, applied to Fire-worshippers. See [Gaiour].
Guege.
Dialect of Albanian.
Gueldres, see [Gelderic].
Guentuse.
American: dialect of Paraguay, classed as Guaycuru.
Gumeddo.
Abyssinian: dialect of Danakil.
Gurani.
Dialect of Kurdish (Niebuhr).
Guren, Gurma.
African: allied to Guresa, Barba, Ashantee, &c. See Köelle’s “Pol. Afr.” H. C.
Gurgava.
A name for the Gujarathi or Guzeratti.
Guypunavi.
American: dialect of Maipur.