P.
Pacaguara.
American: language of Bolivia, belonging to the missions of Moxos. Allied to Quichua and Panos. H. C.
Pacasas, see [Pakasa].
Pada or Podo.
Javanese: marks of punctuation and modes of address used in composition.
Paderborn.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of Low-German.
Padovani, Paduese.
Italic: dialect of Padua. “Tratta,” by Brunacci, Venice, 1759.
Padsade.
African: somewhat allied to Biafada.
Paduca.
American: Dr. Latham’s class name for the Comanche, Shoshoni, Utah, and other allied languages, including the Netela and Kij.
Paegan.
American: same as Pieds-noirs.
Pahi or Pahri.
Dialect of Newari. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Pahlavi, see [Pehlevi].
Pahoja.
American: sub-dialect of Oto.
Paicotschi.
Indic: a dialect of Prakrit.
Paioconeca.
American: language of Bolivia, belonging to the Mission of Chiquitos. See [Paunaca].
Paiure.
American: tribe of Tamanaque.
Pakasa.
American: sub-dialect of Aymara.
Pakhya.
Non-Aryan: a dialect of Nipal, allied to Tharu Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Pakpak.
Malayan: sub-dialect of Batta.
Palæo-Georgian.
Class name for primitive languages of the Caucasus, and for others resembling them, including Amazon and Etruscan. H. C.
Palæography.
The science which deals with ancient forms of writing in inscriptions, MSS., &c., and sometimes applied to the ancient forms of writing themselves. G. R.
Palæo-Slavic, see [Cyrillic].
Palæotype, see [Glossotype].
Palaik.
American: dialect of Oregon and California (frontier), allied to Lutuami, Shasti, and more remotely to Sahaptin. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 98.
Palaong.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Siam, allied to Ahom.
Palaos, see [Pelew].
Palembang.
The Malay language, as it is spoken at Palembang, on the eastern coast of Sumatra, where it is mixed with a good deal of Javanese, in consequence of the Javanese having anciently colonised this country. It is written partly with the Arabic, partly with an indigenous alphabet; also used for the Rejang and Passumah dialects, and called “Satra renchong.” P. J. V.
Palenca.
American: dialect of the R. Orinoco, allied to Tamanaque.
Pali.
Indic: an extinct dialect of Sanskrit, derived through Pracrit, forming the sacred language of the Buddhists; it has a peculiar alphabetic character of its own. Bali and Lanka-Bhasa (ancient Sinhalese) are derived from it, and it has very largely influenced modern Cinghalese. Dicty. by Thero and Subhuti, Colombo, 1865; and one now in progress by R. C. Childers; Kachcháyana’s “Grammar,” by Mason, London, 1870.
Palimpsest.
Palæographic: “written-over”; used of MSS. having a second inscription laid over a previous one.
⁂ A term signifying “twice-rubbed,” or “scratched,” and applied properly to parchments which, after having been written on, have been prepared for a fresh writing by an erasure of the original one. In the middle ages, when parchment came to be scarce and dear, many valuable MSS. were thus used, and a second worthless writing placed over one infinitely more precious. In some cases the original MS. has been recovered by careful examination, e. g., the text of Cicero’s treatise, “De Republica.” G. R.
Palla.
Sub-Turanian: tribe of Awalias in Nipal.
Palmyrene.
Semitic: the Syriac of Tadmor or Palmyra, with an alphabet of very ornamental character derived from Old Aramaic, but not earlier than the third century A.D., and connected with lapidary Sassanian. W. S. W. V.
Palpa.
Indic: Sanskrit of Nipal.
Pampanga.
Malayan of the Philippine Islands: classed with Bissayan and Tagala.
Pampas.
American: Quichua word for “field” or “plain,” applied to the district of roving tribes who occupy vast level regions between Buenos-Ayres and Chili. The Spanish limit the appellation to the Divihet and Taluhet. See [Puelche].
Pampticough.
American: Algonkin dialect of N. Carolina.
Panch.
Indian term signifying “five”: (1) Panch Gaura, used for the five northern languages of India, taken collectively, including Bengali, Guzarati, Hindi, Scindi, and Urya. (2) Panch Dravida, used for the five southern dialects, including Canarese, Malayalim, Tamil, Telugu, and Tulu. W. E.
Pani, see [Pawnee].
Panjabi or Punjabi, see [Sikh].
Panos.
American: dialect of the R. Apurimac or Ucayale in Peru. Somewhat allied to the Baure of Moxos, to the Pacaguara and Quichua. H. C.
Pan T’hai.
Mohammedans of Yunnan, W. China; also written Panthay.
Papaa.
African: same as Popo. A Nigritian dialect of the Slave-coast. See [Nagoe].
Pape.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of the Mong-Jung in Assam.
Papel.
African: dialect of the Bejugas or Bissagos Is.; it is allied to Kanyop, to Felup, Bagnon, Sarar, Bolar, &c., and spoken also on the coast S. of the Cacheo. H. C.
Papiah.
African: dialect of Kaffir.
Papoloka.
American: the Pokoman of Oajaca. A dialect of the Maya class.
Papuan.
Negritic: typical language of dark-skinned Polynesians. It is the vernacular speech of New Guinea, and spread through many smaller islands. “Papua” is said to be a Malay word for “frizzled hair,” but see the Greek πάππος (lanugo carduorum), and our own “pappous” = “woolly.” See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” and Dissertation: Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar. See [Alfuros].
Param.
African: a dialect of Kaffir.
Paranapura, see [Xebero].
Parauana, see [Wapisian].
Parbuttia.
This word means “the language of the hills”—“purbut” “a hill.” It is a dialect of Hindi, the Court language of Nipal, and is spoken generally by the Khus, a military tribe of Nipal, and generally by all the Nipalese people, as Hindustani is in British India. A. C.
Parechi.
American: tribe of Tamanaque.
Pareni.
American: spoken by tribes of Maypur Indians on the R. Mataveni in Venezuela. See [Barre].
Paria, Pariagoto.
American: classed with Tamanaque.
Pariah.
Indian term: “an outcast,” lower than a Sudra; from a word in the Tamul language, signifying “mountaineer.” See [Nishada].
Parigi.
Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu.
Parita, see [Piede].
Parma, Parmesan, Parmigiano.
Romance: sub-dialect of Italian. Dicty. by Peschieri, Parma, 1840.
Parnkalla.
Australian: dialect of Spencer’s-gulf and Port Lincoln. Vocaby. by Schürmann, Adelaide, 1844; Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
Paropamisan.
Dr. Latham’s class name for the Hindu-Kush dialects, as Dard, Shina, &c.
Parsee.
(1) Indians of Persian descent. The modern Parsees or fire-worshippers speak Gujerattee.
(2) Fire-worshippers of Persia. See [Guebre].
Parsi.
Iranic: extinct dialect of Old Persian, belonging to the province of Farsistan; it is the same as Pazend, and is derived from Pehlevi, being the third stage of Old Bactrian or Zend, and was the dialect used by Firdusi, the poet (Farrar: “Families of Speech,” p. 104). See Spiegel: “Grammatik der Parsi Sprache.”
Parthian.
The Parthians have been classed as Medo-Scythic, but few words remain of their original language; the later dialect on their coins is akin to the Pehlevi. Prof. Rawlinson regards them as Turanian. See “The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,” London, 1873.
Pasaine.
American: tribes of Vilela.
Pasanbangko, see [Bentenang].
Paschai, Pashai.
Kafirs of Kohistan; the dialect is allied to Lughman. See “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.
Passamaquodds.
American: Indians of St. John’s, N. Brunswick, classed as Abenaki.
Passang.
Malayan: a sub-dialect of Menadu.
Passumah, see [Sarawi].
Pasuku.
Monosyllabic: dialect of Peguese, classed as Karen.
Pasummah.
Malayan: same as Lemba.
Patacho.
American: dialect of Brasil, classed as Camacan.
Patagonian, see [Tehuelet].
Patani (Pathan).
The language of Affghanistan. The Affghan rulers of Delhi were called Patans. W. S. W. V. See [Pushtoo].
Paternosters.
Derived from the Latin for “Our Father”; versions of the Lord’s Prayer in polyglot. See “Linguarum duodecim introductio,” by Postel, 1538; De Mofra’s “Exploration,” Paris, 1840-2; “The Lord’s Prayer in 100 Languages,” by Apostolides; and the large works by Pallas and Adelung. See [Bibliography].
Pati.
African: a dialect of Kaffir.
Patois.
French word for local or provincial dialects.
Patos.
Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu.
Paumotu.
Polynesian: somewhat allied to Kanaka.
Paunaca.
American: sub-dialect of Paioconeca.
Paunch Indians (Ventrus).
American: name for the Allakaweah; Crow Indians of Snake R. For Big-bellies (Gros Ventres). See [Minetari].
Pa-uta, see [Paduca].
Pavia.
Romance: sub-dialect of Italian. “Dizionario Domestico,” Pavia, 1829.
Pawnee.
American: typical dialect of the Riccaree Indians, spoken between the R. Quicourre or Running Water and R. Platte or Shallow, W. of the Missouri. Both Pawnee and Ricaree are classed together by Dr. Latham as allied sub-dialects of Caddo. “Amer. Ethnol.,” ii. 96.
Paya.
Malayan: dialect of Malacca. See [Semang].
Payagua.
American: dialect of Brasil, at present only spoken by a small remnant, removed to the town of Assuncion in Paraguay, somewhat allied to Bororo.
Paycobge, Paykoge.
American: tribe of Jahyco in Brasil.
Pays de Vaud, under [V].
Pazand, Pazend.
Iranic: same as Parsi. Glossary by Haug and Asa, London, 1870.
Peagans.
American: same as Pieds-noirs.
Peba.
American: dialect of the Amazons, spoken in N.W. Brasil, and probably allied to Oregones.
Pedro, San.
American: missions of Brasil of the Almeida class. See Da Silva’s Dicty., Bahia, 1854.
⁂ It is allied to Guarani and Agaw. H. C.
Peguese.
Indo-Chinese: a monosyllabic dialect, called Talain or Mon, allied to Burmese, and spoken in Pegu.
Pehlvi or Pehlevi.
Iranic: extinct dialect of Old Persian, belonging to the Pahlav district of Western Iran or Media, but with large Semitic infusion. It is the language of the Sassanian coins, of several inscriptions of early Sassanian kings, and of the earliest comments on the Avesta, closely allied to the Zend and Old Persic; it is also called Huzvaresh, a suggestion of Spiegel’s. See Spiegel’s “Grammatik der Huzvareschen Sprache;” Haug’s Old Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary, by Asa, Bombay, 1870.
Pehuenche.
American: tribes of Araucans.
Pekinese, see [Khum].
Pelasgian.
An aboriginal tribe of Greece. Herodotus states that their speech was “barbarous”—i.e., distinct from or unintelligible to the Hellenes; but it seems to have been the basis out of which was developed classical Greek. Later writers propose to class the pre-historic dialects of Greece with the Illyrian.
Pelasgic.
Class name for combined Greek and Latin stems, sometimes called Græco-Italic, otherwise Illyrian or Thraco-Illyrian.
Pelew, Pelu.
Dialects of the Palaos or Pelew Is., allied to Tobi, and classed as Micronesian.
Pelu.
Moghol: dialect of N. W. tribes.
Pend d’Oreilles.
American: French name for the Kullespelm.
Pendschabi.
Same as Punjabi; German form. See [Sikh].
Pennsylvanian.
American: State formerly called New Sweden, and inhabited by Algonkin and Iroquois. See “Thomas’ Account,” N. York, 1848.
Penobscot.
American: language of Indians in the States of Maine and N. Brunswick; classed as a dialect of Abenaki.
Pequod or Pequot.
American: dialect of Algonkin spoken in Connecticut.
Periods of Language.
Successive stages in the development of a language, each occupying a certain interval of time. The changes sometimes indicate growth, sometimes decay and approaching extinction. G. R.
Permian or Permic.
Tchudic: Ugrian dialect of Perm in Russia, closely allied to Wotiak and Zirianian. Also called Biarmian. The Permians were the first of their race converted to Christianity by St. Stephen, apostolic King of Hungary, 997 or 1000 A.D. Dicty. by Rogord, 1869.
Persian.
Iranic: modern dialect of Persia, derived from Old Persian, but with a large infusion of Arabic words, and written in a modification of the Nishki-Arabic characters, called Taalic, and in a running hand called Shikestah. Grammar by Vullers, Gissæ, 1870; Dictys. by Johnson and Richardson. Dialects are Mazenderan; see Klaproth’s “Beschreibung,” Berlin, 1814. Tatt, the dialect of Baku in Daghestan; see Eichwald’s “Reise,” Stuttgart, 1834. Twelve are specified by Von Hammer, “Asiatic Jl.,” 1833. See [Tajik].
Persic.
Under this term are comprehended all the various forms of the Persian language, with the exception of the dialect now spoken. The Persic is known to us in three stages:—
(1) The language of the Achæmenian dynasty, recovered from the cuneiform inscriptions of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, and other kings. See Spiegel: “Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften,” Leipzig, 1862.
(2) The Pehlevi or Huzvaresch, the language of the Sassanian period (A.D. 226-650). Iranic, with considerable Semitic infusion; known from coins, inscriptions, and literary productions.
(3) Parsi or Pazend; the language as it reappears subsequently to the Arab conquest; purified to a great extent of the Semitic ingredients, and once more thoroughly Iranic. Known from translations of the Avesta, &c.
The Persic, in its earliest form, is closely allied to Old Bactrian or Zend. Latterly it branched out into several dialects, as the Deri, the Herevi, the Parsi, or Pazend, the Segzi or dialect of Seistan, the Sogdi of Sogdiana or Bokharia, and the Zavuli of Zabulistan. G. R.
Perth.
Native dialect of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Capt. Grey, 1841.
Peruvian.
This is a geographical rather than a philological term. The Peruvian area, nearly coinciding with the present republic of Peru, reaches along the coast from the north of Quito, on the boundaries of the Ecuador and New Grenada, to Chili, i.e. from the Equator to 24° S.L. Its most eastern extension is in Tucuman; its general run, however, is from north to south. The two (allied) languages which most especially belong to it are the Quichua and Aymara. Notices of ruder tribes within the same area we have many, but with few and exceptional vocabularies. Juracares, Mayoruna, and Calchaqui, Atacama, Changos. Lopez: “Les races Aryenne de Peru,” 1872. R. G. L.
Pescherai.
American: language of Terra del Fuego, belonging to the Pygmean or Mincopie of Tickell. H. C. See [Yakanaku].
Peshito.
Semitic: “faithful or exact”; used of a so-called literal version of the scriptures in Syriac.
Pessa.
African: dialect of the Mana class.
Petiguaren.
American: anthropophagi of Ceara and Paraiba in Brasil.
Peul, see [Pulah].
Pey.
Indo-Chinese: language of the Lok-tai in Siam.
Peyes, see [Poyus].
Pfalz.
High-German: dialect of the U. and L. Palatinate.
P’hansigars.
Name for the Thugs of India, applied by Hindoos.
Pharsmanic.
Caucasian: dialect of the Mizdeghen or Tshetsh.
Phellata.
African: same as Fulah.
Philip (Port).
A native Australian dialect, allied to Mena.
Philippine.
Polynesian: dialects of the Philippine Islands. Bissayan, Haraya, Hiligueina or Ilocana, all classed as Malayan. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. See [Negritic].
Philology.
Science of words and language. See [Comparative].
Phœnician.
Semitic: extinct language of Tyre, Sidon, and other towns in ancient times, and closely allied to Biblical Hebrew; the alphabetic characters are similar to those found upon Hebrew coins, and having been adopted in Greece and Italy, have originated those of modern Europe. Gesenius: “Scripturæ Phœniciæ Monumenta,” 4to, 1837; “Die Phönizische Sprache,” by Schröder, Halle, 1869: Levy: “Phöniz. Lexicon,” 8vo, 1866. See [Punic].
Phonetics, Phonology.
Writing by sound. See “Early English Pronunciation,” by Ellis, containing a pronouncing vocabulary of all leading dialects, London, 1867-71; Philosophy of Utterance in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. v. See [Maya].
Phrisones, under [F].
Phrygian.
Vernacular speech of Phrygia, a large country in the interior of Asia Minor, known only by inscriptions, but classed as Indo-European. See Rawlinson’s “Herodotus,” vol. i., p. 666; “Asiatic Review,” vol. 12.
Piacentino, Piacenza.
Sub-dialect of Italian. Vocaby. by Foresti, 1837-8.
Piankeshaw.
American: Algonkin dialect of Illinois.
Pianoghotto.
American: Carib dialect of Venezuela and Demerara.
Piaroas.
American: name for Macos.
Picaneux.
American: same as Pieds-noirs.
Picard.
Romance: (1) Old Picard is a sub-dialect of Langue d’oil. Dicty., Rouen, 1500.
(2) Patois of modern French. De Soilly: “Idiome Picard,” Abbeville, 1833.
Pictish.
Unclassed dialect of N. Britain in ancient times, but most probably a form of Celtic, with close affinity to Welsh.
Picture-Writing, see [Hieroglyphic].
Piede.
American: same as Pa-Utah. See [Paduca].
Piedmontese, Piemont.
(1) Romance: sub-dialect of Italian. Vocaby. by Ponza, Turin, 1843.
(2) Teutonic: sub-dialect of High-German. Schott: “Die Deutschen Colonien, &c.,” Stuttgart, 1842.
Pieds-noirs, see [Blackfoot].
Piekanns.
American: same as Pieds-noirs.
Pika.
African: allied to Karekare.
Pikunche.
American: tribes of Araucans; same as Puelche.
Pilu, see [Pelew].
Pima.
American: spoken in Sonora and U. California; it is closely allied to Eudeve or Heve, and is also called Nevome. Grammar by Smith, 1862.
⁂ In Sonora the Pima area is divided into the Alta, “upper,” and Baja, “lower,” Pimeria. In California the Pima villages, along with those of the Coco-maricopas, in the valley of the Gila. R. G. L.
Pinaleno, Pinol.
American: dialect of Athabaskan spoken in N. Mexico, and classed as Apache.
Pindarees.
Roving tribes of Hindustan.
Pinegorine.
Australian: dialect of Goulburn. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
Pinoco.
American: classed as Chiquito.
Pinol, see [Pinaleno].
Piqua.
American: tribe of Shawnees.
Pirinda.
American: a dialect of Mechoacan in Mexico. See [Taraska].
Pis.
A dialect of the Carolines, classed as Micronesian.
Piskaw, Piscous, Piskwaus.
American: classed by Hale in the N. branch of Selish. Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., 118.
Pitan, see [Patani].
Plaau.
Native name for Shan.
Platt-Deutsch, under [D].
Play.
Indo-Chinese: name for the Karen.
Pocomam, Poconche.
American: same as Pokoman. See [Mame].
Poenulus.
Latin: a play written by Plautus, of great interest to philologists from its so-called Punic dialogues. Treatises by Gesenius, Ewald, Lindemann, Movers, and Wex.
Poggy (Pagei).
Malayan: dialect of the I. of Poggy or Nassau.
Poignavi, see [Baniwa].
Poitou, Poitevine.
Patois of French. Vocaby. in “Mém. de l’Acad. Celtique,” vol. iii.
Pojuaque.
American: San Aldefonso Mission, New Mexico.
Pokomam, Pokoman, Pokonche, see [Mame].
Polabian, Polatian.
Wendic: (1) Polatian, extinct dialect of Slavonic.
(2) Polabian, modern sub-dialect of Polish.
⁂ Forms of Slavonic spoken along the River Elbe.
Polen, see [Posen].
Polish.
Wendic: a dialect of Slavonic, somewhat allied to Czech or Bohemian, vernacular in Poland. Dicty., Polish and English, Berlin, 1851.
For Polish-Lithuanic, see Samogitian.
Polynesian.
(1) Eastern: the language of the brown Polynesians of the S. Pacific. It is spoken in many dialects, such as Maori, Samoan, Tongan, Tahitian, Hawaian, Niuen. A large percentage of words in Eastern Polynesian are identical with Malayan, to which family it undoubtedly belongs. W. G. L.
(2) Western: the language spoken by the black Polynesians or those of Papuan origin. The different dialects are very numerous, and widely distributed over the New Hebrides, Loyalty Is., New Caledonia, &c. W. G. L. See [Kelænonesian], [Micronesian]. ☞
Polysyllabic.
“Of many syllables,” used of languages “when roots are modified by the addition of prefixes and suffixes.” Japanese is a typical language of polysyllabic character.
Polysynthetic.
Said of languages that incorporate many distinct words into one compound; the native languages of America are essentially incorporating. See [Agglutinative].
Pome.
Papuan: dialect of N. Guinea.
Pommern, Pomeranian.
Sub-dialect of Low-German. See “Baltische Studien ... für Pommern,” Stettin, 1833.
Poncar, Poncha, see [Punca].
Ponderay.
American: tribes of Flat Heads. See Pend d’Oreilles.
Pongo, Pongua, see [Mpongwe].
Ponkatage.
American: tribes of Jahyco.
Ponosaken.
Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu, classed as Alfuru.
Poulains, Pullani.
Ethnological term: mixed race; Frank and Syrian during the Crusades.
Popo, see [Papaa].
Popoluca, see [Papoloka].
Port Doreh, under [D].
Port Jackson.
Australian: See Flinder’s “Voyage,” London, 1814; King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.
Port Lincoln, see [Parnkalla].
Port Macquarie, under [M].
Porto Rico, see [W. Indies].
Portuguese.
Romance: a language derived from Latin, and closely allied to the Spanish Gallician; it is the vernacular speech of Portugal, and much spread by colonization in both hemispheres. Dicty. by Fonseca and Roquette, Paris, 1869; by Vieyra (a very handy book); Grammar by D’Orsey, London, 1868. See [Brazilian].
Posen.
Teutonic: (1, 2) sub-dialects of High and Low-German. See Bernd: “Die D. S. in ... Posen und ... Polen,” Bonn, 1820.
Pottawattomie.
American: Algonkin of Lake Michigan (S.).
Poula (Poule).
African: French form of Foulah. See [Fula].
Powhattan.
American: extinct dialect of Algonkin, formerly spoken in Maryland and Virginia.
Poyes, Poyus.
American: tribes of Vuta-Huilliche.
Pracrit, Prakrit.
Indic: a later form of Sanskrit, also called Sarawasti; formerly vernacular in the Punjab. The word “prakrit” means “derived.” It was the more popular form of speech, as opposed to the cultivated dialect. Inaccurately used as a class-name for all families of Indian languages. Grammar by Cowell, London, 1868.
Prairie.
French word: the Pampas of N. America. Not used now as a class-name.
Praslin.
Malayan: dialect of the Indian Archipelago.
Precopensian.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of Gothic.
Pressburg.
Teutonic: dialect of High-German. See “Description,” by Korabinski, Presburg, 1784.
Preussisch, see [Prussian].
Princes Is.
Javanese: island in the Straits of Sunda.
Prince William’s Sound.
American: Eskimo of the W. Coast.
Priyadasi.
Inscriptions in the early Sanskrit of W. India, known as the Edicts of Priyadasi.
Provençal.
Romance: early language of S. France, derived from Latin, and originated in the district known as the Roman “Provincia”: the modern Provence. It is also called Langue d’oc, Limousin, Occitanian, and Romaunt. It was the dialect used by the poets called Troubadours. Allied dialects are Churwalsche or Engadine, Rhæto-Roman, Romanese or Romansch. Grammar by Bartsch, Elberfeld, 1868. See [Romaunt].
Prussian.
(1) Old-Prussian: an extinct dialect of Lithuanic. See Nesselmann: “Die ... alten Preussen,” Berlin, 1845.
(2) Teutonic: a sub-dialect of Low-German. See Dicty. by Henning, Königsberg, 1785.
(3) Slavonic: a sub-dialect of Polish. Spoken in Prussia. ☞
Puan or Puant.
American: French name for the Winnebago.
Puctunc.
American: language of the Maya class spoken in Yucatan.
Pueblo.
American: Spanish term “town or village” used for “settled”—i.e. “civilised”—Indians. See Davis’s “New Mexico,” N. York, 1857.
⁂ The chief missions among the Pueblo Indians are San Aldefonso (Pojuaques), Santa Anna, Santa Clara, San Domingo, San Felipe (Sillas), San Juan. See [Keres].
Puelche.
American: Chileno name for Indians of the Pampas; tribes are named Chechehet, Divihet, and Taluhet. Allied to Bode and Houssa. H.C.
Puemaja.
American: same as Camoyes, a sub-tribe of Cuchans. See [Yuma].
Puerto Rico, see [Porto].
Puinipet.
Micronesian: dialect of Ulea.
Pujuni.
American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the R. Sacramento, and somewhat allied to Tsamak. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 124.
⁂ Related to Atna, Attakapa, Galela, and the Agaw group. H. C. ☞
Pukhtu, see [Pushtoo].
Pule, Pulen, Pulah.
African: same as Fulah. ☞
Pullani, see [Poulains].
Pumpopolsk.
Ugrian: a dialect of Ostiak allied to Inbazk. Vocaby., Klaproth’s “Asia P.,” p. 171.
Punca, Puncaw.
American: dialect of Sioux, closely allied to Omaha.
Pundrabee.
Indo-Chinese: tribes speaking one of the languages of Kunawar.
Punic.
Semitic: the dialect of Phœnician belonging to ancient Carthage, in N. Africa, sometimes called Carthaginian; it is known only by inscriptions and some dialogues in Plautus. Kopp’s “Bemerkungen,” Heidelberg, 1824. See [Poenulus].
Punjabi, see [Sikh].
Punti.
Sub-dialect of Chinese. Dicty. by Lobscheid, 1866-9.
Puquina.
American: dialect of Peru, E. of the Andes, sometimes classed with Quichua.
Puranas.
Sanskritic: ancient poetry, explanatory of the Hindoo faith.
Purbi-Bhaka.
Hindi: dialect of Oude and Benares.
Purugoto.
American: classed by Humboldt with the Carib.
Purus, Purys.
American: Indians of Brasil; the dialect is spoken in Rio Janeiro and Espiritu Santo.
Pushtoo, Pushtu, or Pukhtu.
The native dialect of Afghanistan, an important district of Asia, W. of the Indus; it is also called Patan and Shia-push, has lately been classed, with other Caucasian languages, as Armenic, and is closely allied to Kurdish and Ossetic; it is written in the Taâlik character. Dicty. and Grammar by Ravesty, London, 1860.
Pustosersk.
Ugrian: a dialect of Samoied.
Puttoos.
Indian: a name for the Juanga, a very barbarous tribe in the tributary Mahals of Cuttack, wearing only a covering of leaves, and speaking a peculiar dialect. Specimens are given by Mr. Samuel in the “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal.” W. E.
Pwo Karen.
Indo-Chinese: monosyllabic dialect of Burmah. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Pygmean.
The people known as Mincopie belong to the most remarkable ancient race of short, small people with glossy skins, called Negrito; as the affinities of their dialects are with the languages of other short races, I propose the name Pygmean: (1) The Septentrional Pygmean includes Colebrooke’s Mincopie; in N. America, Utah, Comanche, &c.; in S. America, Kiriri; in N.E. Africa, Conga, Dalla, &c. (2) The Austral Pygmean includes the languages of Terra del Fuego; in N. America, the Natchez and Creek; in Australia the Tasmanian. H. C.
ADDENDA.
Pagei, see [Poggy].
Papiah.
African: a language of the Gaboon, allied to Bayon and Bagba. H. C.
Pillagers.
American: dialect of Chippeway, called Northern Ojibway.