O.
Oampi, see [Oyapok].
Ob, Obi, Obdorsker.
Ugrian: dialects of Samoyed: true Ostiak. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 134. See [Odh].
Obane or Obany.
African: a form of the word Bonny. The class includes Okuloma and Udso, and is allied to Sobo, Egbele, Bini, and Olomo. Vocaby. by Köler in the “Geographical Journal of Berlin,” 1843. H. C.
Oberland.
Romance: name for Upper Engadine. See [Romana].
Ober Sachsen.
German of Switzerland.
Obispo, under [Luis].
Obotritian.
Slavonic: Spoken in Mecklenburg. See [Luitizian].
Occitanian.
Romance: name for Provençal or Langue d’oc. See [Osset].
Oceanic.
General name for all classes of Polynesian, taken collectively. See [Introduction].
Ocoles.
American: tribe of Vilela.
Odh.
Ugrian: in full, Odh-Shosh; name for the Denka or Sable Ostiaks.
Odjii, see [Ashantee].
Oezbeg, under [U].
Ogham (Tree Alphabet).
Name of ancient linear characters found in some Irish lapidary inscriptions. See Prospectus of Vallancey’s Dicty., Dublin, 1802.
Oje.
American: tribe of Tamanaque.
Ojibwa, Ojibway.
American: name for Chippewayan.
Chief dialect of Algonkin: tribes with dialectical variations are distinguished at St. Mary’s, Grand Traverse Bay, Saganaw, Michilimackmac, Chegoimegon; the name is also written Otchipwe. See [Ogibois].
Okanagan.
American: (1) Tribe of Atnah: “chin” or “flat heads.”
(2) Tribe of Sahaptin, or “nez-percées,” on the upper part of Frazer’s river.
Ok-kow-ish.
American: native name of the Moadocs; the latter word means “alien” in the Shasta language.
Okshee.
American: name applied to the Klamath-Lake Indians; they are allied to the Modocs.
Oktolakto.
American: a name for the Oto Indians of Platte river.
Okuloma.
African: dialects of Bonny, allied to Egbele, Udso, Zobo, Bini, and Olomo. H. C.
Olamentke.
American: native name for the Bodega Indians of California. See [Tchokoyem].
Old Bactrian, see [Zend].
Old English, see [Anglo-Saxon].
Old High-German.
Teutonic: period of language till 12th century.
Old Norse, see [Icelandic].
Old Persian, under [P].
Old-Prussian, under [P].
Old Saxon.
Teutonic: extinct dialect of Low-German; allied to Frisian and Anglo-Saxon. See Heyne’s edition of the “Heliand.”
Old Slavonic, see [Cyrillic].
Oldenburg.
Teutonic: dialect of Low-German or Dutch. See Work by Wolke, Leipzig, 1804.
Olhones.
American: Costanos; Indians of the coast in N. California.
Olomo.
African: dialect of the Niger, with the same affinities as Okuloma. H. C.
Olonets or Olonetzian.
(1) Finnish: a sub-dialect of Karelian.
(2) Slavonic: provincial dialect of Russian.
Olot, see [Ulut].
Omagua.
American: dialect of the Amazons; allied to the Guarani and the Tupi.
Omaha.
American: dialect of Sioux. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 117. Vocaby. by Dr. Hayden. H. C.
Omar.
Papuan: dialect of New Guinea.
Ombay.
Negrito: insular dialect of Polynesian.
Onega, Oniga.
American: a form of “Ongwe,” speech of the Irokese; it became Maqua with the Dutch, Mingo with the French.
Oneida.
American: a dialect of Iroquois, closely allied to Mohawk, and spoken in the W. of N. York State. See Schoolcraft’s “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482.
Onim.
Papuan: dialect of New Guinea.
Onolascha, under [U].
Onomatopœia.
Mimetic speech; treats of the formation of words in imitation of natural sounds. It is the origin of many reduplicated words, and, when applied to the science of language, has sometimes been called “the bow-wow theory.”
Onondaga.
American: dialect of Iroquois, closely allied to Mohawk and Oneida. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482; Dicty. by Shea, London, 1860.
Onthagamies, Ottogami.
American: a name for the Fox-Indians. See [Sac].
Ontoampa.
American: tribe of Vilela.
Oodeypoora.
Hindi of Mewar or Chitore in Rajpootana. The Rajah of Oodeypoor is said to hold the most ancient hereditary sovereignty in the world.
Oojeini.
Hindi of Malwa.
Oordu.
Same as Urdu. See [Hindostani].
Opata.
American: dialect of Sonora, in Mexico. Classed with Pima and Eudeve.
Opatoro.
American: dialect of Honduras.
Opulu.
Polynesian: dialect of Samoan.
Orang.
Malay word for man; hence “orang-benua,” “orang-laut,” “orang-utan,” &c.
Oregones, Orejones.
(1) American: dialects of large-eared tribes on the R. Amazon and the Iça or Putumayo and the Negro. Castelnau V., appdx.
(2) Indians of Texas.
⁂ The State of Oregon, N. America, is said to have been named from the abundance of labiatæ, called “Oregano” or “Wild marjoram,” i.e., “mountain-joy.” See [Orelhudos].
Orenburg-Tatar.
Dialect of Kirghis: closely allied to Karagas; it is spoken in the Ural provinces of Russia.
Orinoko.
American: geographical class name for a group of languages including Betoi, Otomaka, Yarura, &c.
Oristine.
American: dialect of Lule; it is closely allied to Vilela.
Oriya, Orissa, Uriya.
Indic: closely allied to Bengali; spoken in the sacred city of Jugganath. The alphabetical character only faintly resembles the Devanagari. Grammar by Lacey, Calcutta, 1861.
Orkney Is.
Language of the Orkney Isles, N. Britain, containing many words of Icelandic or Old Norse; also called Orcadian.
Orne.
Romance: French patois, Dept. de l’Orne.
Oro, see [Oru].
Orosz.
Slavonic: dialect of the Carpathians; a form of Russ. See [Russniack].
Orotong or Orotshong.
Turanian: dialects of Tungus.
Orthography.
The proper spelling of words. In the present work all various spellings are treated as synonyms. Some difficulty will always be found in trans-literating proper names from foreign languages; modes of spelling fluctuate rapidly, becoming in general a mere matter of habit or fashion. It would be impossible to ignore the long-established usage in such words as Mongol and Tartar; but an attempt has been made to give the most recent forms in addition.
Oru (Ejo).
African: native dialect of Brass-Town. It belongs to the Ashantee group, and as a class name, includes Aro, Ebo, and Mbofia, and is allied to Isoama and Isiele. H. C.
Osage, Osawses, Ous.
American: Sioux Indians of Arkansas, on the R. Osage. It is also written Huzzaw and Washas. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv., p. 275; Bradbury’s “Travels,” London, 1817.
Oscan.
Italic: early dialect of Italy, allied to Latin, Umbrian, &c.; but belonging especially to Central and S. Italy. Known by archaic inscriptions. See Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipzig, 1851; “Versuch,” &c., by Enderis, Zürich, 1871.
Osmanli.
Alatyan: dialect of Western Turkish; it is the typical literary language of the family, spoken by the Oghuz or Ottoman Turks; it is closely allied to Tshuvash, Kirghiz, Turcoman, and Igur or Uigur and Jagatai, but very much softened.
Osnabrück, Osnaburg.
Teutonic: dialect of Low-German. See Strodtmann: “Idioticon,” Leipzig, 1756.
Osset, Ossetian, or Ossitinian.
Caucasian: modern dialect of Abascia, classed as Armenic. Also called Iron (i.e., Irân), from the name of the Caucasian people who speak it. See Klaproth: “Asia P.,” p. 89; Dicty. by Sjögren, St. Petersburg, 1844; Grammar by Rosen, St. Petersburg, 1846.
Ostiak.
Ugrian: dialect of Finnish spoken in Asiatic Russia, on and between the R. Obi and the Yenisey. Chief divisions are the Lake and Sable Ostiaks. (Klaproth.) Vocaby. by Castrén and Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1858. See [Denka].
Otaheite.
Polynesian: an erroneous spelling of Tahiti. W. G. L. See [Tahitian].
Otakapa, under [A].
Otam.
African: dialect of Kaffir, spoken on the Old Calabar R. Used also as a class name for the languages of that district. It is also written Udom. R. G. L.
Otchagras.
American: same as Winnebago. French spelling of Hochungorah.
Othomi or Otomi.
American: monosyllabic dialect spoken in Sonora, to the frontier of Guatemala, 24° N.L. to 16° W.L. Grammar and Vocabulary, Paris, 1863.
⁂ Much has been written of this language on the strength of its real or supposed monosyllabic structure—indeed, it has been compared with the Chinese. It is, however, truly American, differing, so far as it indeed does differ from the others, in the fact of its agglutination being either less, or less represented in the grammars and vocabularies. See Grammar by Piccolomini, Rome, 1841. R. G. L.
Oto, Otouez.
American: Sioux dialect of the Platte R. Vocaby. in Long’s “Expedition,” &c., Philadelphia, 1822.
Otshi.
African: name for Ashantee, the dialect of the Gold Coast; otherwise called Odjii, Oji, or Ochi. See Riis: “Elemente ... der Odschi-sprache,” Basel, 1853.
⁂ Ashantee is much like Fantee, and is allied to Whydah, Dahomey, Oro, Ebo, Dzelana, &c. H. C.
Ottare.
American: Mountain Cherokees.
Ottawa, Ottoway.
American: dialects of Algonkin, closely allied to Chippewayan, spoken by tribes now located in Michigan and Ohio, but formerly belonging to the R. Ottaway, a confluent of the St. Lawrence. See Tanner’s “Narrative,” N. York, 1830; “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 107.
Ottogami, see [Onthagamies].
Ottomaca.
American: spoken by Indians of Venezuela, on the Meta and Orinoco. See [Taparita].
Otuke, Otugue.
American: a tribe of Chiquitos missions.
Otyiherero.
African: allied to Nano. See [Herero].
Ougia, see [Aroo].
Ouigour.
Most ancient form of the alphabetic character used by the Turks; it is still used in a modified form in Moghol and Manchu, which are written in vertical columns, from top to bottom, but not the older Ouigour. See [Uigur].
Ouloff (Ouolofe).
African: French spelling of Woloft. Vocaby. by Faidherbe, St. Louis (Africa), 1860. See [Jalloof].
Oulx.
Romance: intermediate between French and the Italian.
Ous, see [Osage].
Owyhee.
Polynesian: properly spelled Hawaii.
Oyampis, Oyapok.
American: Carib of French Guiana; also called Oampi. See “Bulletin de la Soc. de Géographie,” Paris, 1834. R. G. L. See [Emerillon].
Ozbeg, under [U].
ADDENDA.
Ogibois, Ojibois.
American: name of the E. Chippeways; also called Sauteu, Salteux. See [Ojibwa].
Oji, see [Otshi].
Olosenga.
Polynesian of the Samoan family, with a few words and letters of the more easterly islands. W. G.
Ondo, Ota, Oworo.
African: Aku languages. Vocaby. by Kölle. H. C.
Ooriah.
Indian: the language of Orissa, a province of Bengal. See Hunter’s “Orissa,” &c. A. C.
Oraon, see [Uraon].
Orelhudos.
Portuguese word—“large-eared”—applied to the Oregones or Orejones, and also to the Aroaquis.
Ota, see [Ondo].
Otchipwe, see [Ojibwa].
Oworo, see [Ondo].