T.
Taberistani.
Iranic: a local dialect of Persian.
Tablung.
Indo-Chinese: Naga dialect of E. frontier, Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Tacazze.
African: dialect of Shangalla. See [Takazze].
Tachi.
American: tribe of the Caddo Confederation, from whom the word Texas is derived. Same as Inies.
Tacunha, under Ti.
Tadjik, Tajik.
Indigenous tribes of modern Persia. The name is also applied to the Persian population of Bokhara, Khiva, Kokand, and the Pamir table-land.
⁂ They are an oppressed race, subject to the dominant Turkish or Tatar hordes. See Vambéry’s “Travels in Central Asia.” G. R.
Tadmor, see [Palmyrene].
Tafoe.
African: a name for the Inta.
Tagal.
Javanese: dialect of Sumatra.
Tagala.
Malayan: dialect of the Philippine Islands, using an alphabet allied to the Batta. Dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” and Dicty.
Tagorian.
Caucasian: dialect of Osset. It is the same as Dugorian.
Tagul-ang-dang, Taheang.
Malayan: dialects of Menadu.
Tahitian.
A dialect of Eastern Polynesia, spoken by the natives of Tahiti and of the Society Islands. It is also spoken in the Austral Islands, a group of five islands to the south of Tahiti. W. G. L.
Tahlewah.
American: dialect of R. Klamatl in U. California. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii.
Tai or T’hay.
That is phasa-t’hay, “language of the free.” Turanian: native name for the vernacular speech of Siam. It includes the Siamese, Ahom, Laos, Khamti, and Kassia dialects; it is monosyllabic, and destitute of inflections. The people called Ahom were formerly the dominant race.
Taiemala.
African: tribe of the Danakil.
Taiginski.
Ugrian: a class of Samoied, allied to Motorian.
Taini or Taino.
American: native name of the occupants of Hayti, Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, when first discovered; the Caribs called them Ygneri. Compare the word Inaina for “man” in Atna. ☞
Tai-Ping.
Chinese rebels; national party as opposed to the Moghol dynasty.
Tai-wan, see [Sideia].
Tajik, see [Tadjik].
Tak, Takpa, Takyul.
Thibetan: a dialect of Bhot. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Taka, Takue.
African: names for the Beja or Boje.
Takazze.
African: dialect of Agau; also called Tscherat-Agaw. See [Tacazze].
Takeli, Tuklave.
African: dialect of the frontier of Kordovan. Rüppel’s vocabulary connects it with the Shabun, Fertit, and Koldagi more closely than with the Furian and Shiluk. R. G. L.
Takulli, Tahkali.
American: also called Carrier, Nagail, and Chin. It is the Athabaskan of New Caledonia, spoken on the upper part of Frazer’s River. Authorities—A. Mackenzie: “Voyages,” &c., London, 1801; D. W. Harmon: “A Journal of Voyages and Travels,” Andover, 1820; H. Hale: “Ethnology and Philology,” Philadelphia, 1846. The last of these uses the compound Tahkali-Umpqua as a class name for the ordinary Takulli, and the outlying members of the Athabaskan class in the south of Oregon. R. G. L.
Takun.
Used in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” for the orang-benua of Malacca; apparently Jakun.
Talain.
Same as Mon. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” See [Peguese].
Talamanca.
District of Costa-Rica; languages unclassed.
Talatui.
American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the river Kassima; also called Moquelumne, and allied to San Rafael. Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
Talaur.
Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu.
Talaut, see [Salibaboo].
Talik.
Name of Persian written characters, adopted from Neshki Arabic; used also in Hindustani, Pushtoo, &c. See [Shikastah].
Talish.
Iranic: sub-dialect of modern Persian.
Talkee-Talkee.
American: Negro-Dutch of Guyàna.
Tallewitsu.
American: same as Wacoe. See [Hueco].
Talmudic.
Semitic: name for the later Hebrew, as used by the Rabbins. It abounds with Hellenisms.
Taluhet.
American: tribes of Puelches; Indians of the Pampas.
Tamanack (Tamanaque).
American: dialect of the Carib class, spoken on the Orinoco, near the mission of Encamarada. The compound Caribi-Tamanak, and by some Tamanak alone, has been used as a class name. R. G. L.
Tamazight, Tamashight, Tamachek’.
The language of the Tawâriq (Fr. Touâreg), as the Arabs name the people who dwell over an immense space of Africa, south of the Atlas. (See Libyan for the class.) Dr. Richardson calls the language Touarghee; Duveyrier calls it Targisch. It is remarkably free from Arabic importations, and has an alphabet of its own, highly peculiar, called the Tefínagh; only consonants are written, so that the writing is a shorthand, difficult to read; the more so, because the laws of grammar help little to the vowels. Hanoteau defines the language as “limited to the West by a curve line drawn from Waregla (Wergela) through the oasis of Touât towards Timbuctoo; to the South by the Niger and the kingdoms of Bornou and Haussa; to the East by Fezzan and the country of the Tibboos; to the North by Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers.” This vast extent, as well as its purity, makes it the chief of the Libyan languages. Its consonant sounds are fewer than those of the Zouave, which has borrowed from Arabic. In the fifth volume of Barth’s African Travels are words and sentences of considerable extent in Tamashight; but the publication of Hanoteau’s ample Grammar somewhat lessens their importance. F. W. N.
Tambactu, see [Wun].
Tambi.
African: same as Adampi.
Tambora, Tembora.
Malayan: dialect of Sumbawa.
Tamil, Tamul.
Dravidian: dialect of the Carnatic, South India, and closely allied to Canarese, Malayalim, and Telugu or Telinga; it is also spoken in parts of Ceylon. It is agglutinative, is spoken in dialects called High and Low Tamil, and uses an alphabet said to be derived from the Devanagri. There is also an archaic dialect, now extinct. Grammar by Pope, Madras, 1859; Dictionary by Winslow, Madras, 1862.
Tamoiae, Tamoyo.
American: Tupi Indians of Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro. Also called Tummimioi (Tummimivi in Jülg’s “Vater.”)
⁂ This belongs to the Guarani and Agaw class. H. C.
Tamulic.
A name for the entire class of Dravidian or Nishada dialects, including, besides Tamil, the Malayalam, the Tuluva, the Telinga or Telugu, and the Canarese. G. R.
Tana or Tanna.
(1) Negrito: Papuan dialect of the New Hebrides.
(2) See [Bhasa].
Tanawanko.
Malayan: Alfuru dialect of Celebes; Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” vol. ii.
Tanaynthari, Tanengsari.
Monosyllabic: dialects of Tennaserim.
Tandia.
Negrito: dialect of Papuan.
Tanema, Taneanu.
Negrito: dialects of Vanikoro, an island of the South Seas.
Tangata.
Polynesian word for “man.” See [Kanaka].
Tanguhti.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Bhot. Tangut is the local name for the Tibetan people; applied by Moghols.
Tankhul.
Indo-Chinese: a Naga dialect.
Tanti Calleru.
Indian: Canarese name for the Thugs.
Tao.
American: Pueblo Indians of New Mexico.
Ta-oungurong.
Australian: cf. “orang,” Malay word for man. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
Taparita.
American: dialect of Ottomaku.
Tapiguae.
American: Tupi Indians of Brazil, about Pernambuco.
Tapii.
American: dialect of Chiquitos.
Tappa, Tapua.
African: names for the Nufi.
Tappen.
American: German name for the Tupis; Brazilian Indians of the Rio Grande.
Tarahumara.
American: spoken in New Biscay, and closely allied to Pima. Dictionary by Steffel, Brünn, 1791.
Tarakai.
Aino: a dialect of the Kurile Islands, E. Asia.
Taraska, Terasco.
American: a dialect of Michoacan in Mexico. It is stated, on doubtful authority, to be the same as Pirinda.
Tarawan.
Micronesian: dialect of N. Pacific, allied to Guaham.
Taremuki.
Indian: Hindustani dialect, mingled with Canarese, spoken by wandering tribes; also called Ghissaris, Lohars, and Bail-Kumbars.
Tariana.
American: dialect of the Rio Negro, allied to Barree and Baniwa. Vocabulary in Wallace’s “Amazons.”
Tarnata.
Malayan: extinct dialect of the Moluccas. See [Ternati].
Tartar (correctly Tatar).
Turanian: language of the Alatys, a race much scattered over N. Asia; it is used in two senses: first as a collective name for all the languages spoken by the nomadic races of Northern Asia; and secondly for that class of them which is now represented by Turkish as its most polished form.
⁂ Turkish is sometimes applied to the Osmanli or Western Turkish, and Tartar to Eastern Turkish. H. C. See [Alatyan].
Taruma.
American: unclassed; it is spoken in British Guyana.
Tas.
Ugrian: a name for Samoied (Klaproth).
Tasmanian.
Negrito: original dialect of Van Diemen’s Land; now spoken only in Flinders’ Island; it is allied to Papuan, Australian, and other Melanesian languages. Vocaby. by Lhotsky, “Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,” 1839.
Tat.
Iranic: Persian sub-dialect of Daghestan, &c.
Tatar, see [Tartar].
Tater.
Romany: variety of Norwegian Gipsy.
Tati-molo, Tati-Quilhati.
American: dialects of Totonaka.
Tavastrian.
Tchudic: same as Hamalaiset; one of the two divisions of the Fin of Finland, &c.: Karelian being the other. The term, in geography, applies to the parts about Tavastahus, in the south-west of Finland, between 60° and 62° N. lat., where the division to which it applies touches the Baltic. From 62° to 64°, the language is mainly Swedish. The language of this district is called by the Fin philologues, Tavastrian, as opposed to Karelian. R. G. L. See [Quain].
Tawgi, see [Turuchanski].
Ta-Yue-tchi.
Thibetan name for the Indo-Scythic race.
Tcherkess, see [Circassian].
Tchinghianes.
Romany: name for Gipsy; used in Turkey. See “Etudes,” par Paspati, Constantinople, 1870.
Tchokoyem, }
Tchudic, } under [Ts].
Tchuktchi, }
⁂ These words in “Ts” may also be written “Ch” in English.
Teapy.
Polynesian: dialect of Easter Island, called by the natives Rapa-nui i.e., “Great Rapa.”
Tebo.
African: same as Ibo.
Teda, Tibbu.
African: a dialect of the Kanuri.
⁂ Placed by Barth and others in the same class, and with the Kanuri, but originally considered to be Berber or Amazigh. R.G.L. ☞
Teerhai, see [Tirhai].
Teesdale.
Provincial dialect of England, belonging to the county of Durham. Glossary, London, 1849. W. W. S.
Tehuelet.
American: Indians of E. Patagonia, classed as Araucanian. Tribes are—(1) Tehuel Cunny, including Yacana Cunny, Sehusk Cunny, Culilan Cunny. (2) The Callilehet, or Serranos. Muster’s “Patagonians,” London, 1871.
Tehulate, Teluti.
Malayan: dialect of Ceram. Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”
Teke, Tekkes.
Turcomans: Tátar tribes of the Attrek, between Merv and the Caspian. Tekke is the Bukharist word for a Mohammedan convent.
Tekeenika.
American: i.e., Te-Kennekas; Indians of Tierra del Fuego.
Tekeza.
African: one of the three species assigned by Bleek to the south-eastern branch of the central Kafirs. It is only known through short vocabularies, the most important of which is for the dialect of the Lourenzo Marques of Delagoa Bay. R. G. L.
Teleut, Telengut.
Alatyan: a form of Turkee spoken in Siberia. Ethnologically they are classed as Moghols, and called White Kalmuks of the Upper Obi, also Uriats. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 107.
Teling.
Indian: wandering tribes of Korawa.
Telinga, Telugu.
Dravidian: the vernacular speech of Hyderabad in the Dekhan, and of part of the east coast in Madras. It is closely allied to Tamil, with a cursive alphabet like the Canarese. Grammar (1857), Dictionary (1853), by Brown, Madras.
Teluti, see [Tehulate].
Temahuq, see [Tuarik].
Tembora, see [Tambora].
Tembu.
African: same as Attembu, a dialect of Nigritian.
Tembuktoo, under [Ti].
Tempio.
Romance: Italian dialect of Sardinia.
Teneriffe.
African: dialect of the Canary Islands.
Tengsa.
Indo-Chinese: Naga dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Tenimber, see [Timorlaut].
Teor.
Negrito: dialect of Papuan. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”
Tepanechi.
American: dialect of Nahuatlac.
Tepeguana.
American: dialect of Sinaloa in Mexico.
Tepozkolula, Tlahiako.
American: dialect of Mixteca. Mexican Indians of Oajaca.
Terasco, see [Taraska].
Teressa.
Malayan: dialect of the Nicobar Islands.
Ternati.
Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the Islands of Ternate and Tidor; it is allied to Bugis, and includes Negrito affinities.
Teshu-Lumbu.
Bhot: local dialect of Tibetan.
Tesuque.
American: Pueblo Indians, closely allied to Pima.
Teto.
Negrito: Belonese dialect of E. Timor. Vocaby. by Wallace. See [Brissi].
Teton.
American: tribe of Sioux or Dacotah Indians, living between the Missouri and the Mississippi.
Tette.
African: dialect of the Mozambique coast.
Teutonic.
German word “thiod” = “people”; corrupted to Deutsch or Dutch, and Latinised as Teutonic. Generic term for German: (1) Low-German, or Saxon, is the Deutsch of N. Germany. (2) High-German is Alemannic—i.e., the Deutsch of S. Germany and the upper Rhine. The earliest specimen is, perhaps, the “Rules of St. Benedict,” belonging to the eighth century. (3) Bavarian is the Deutsch of the upper Danube. (4) Frankish is the Deutsch of the middle Rhine; the earliest specimen is “Isidore,” of the eighth century.
Modern dialects are: (1) Swiss, (2) Rhenish, (3) Danubian of Austria, Bavaria, the Tyrol, &c. See [Scandinavian].
Teutonic Saxon.
Class-name for the combined lines of High and Low-German, excluding the Scandinavian, or northern branch.
Texan.
American: tribes of Caddoes, &c. Dr. Latham classifies the languages thus: (1) Adahi, (2) Attakapa, (3) Caddo, (4) Choktah, (6) Cumanch, (6) Witshita. The tribes are very numerous, comprising: Acossesaws, Adahi, Aliche or Eyish, Andarcos or Unataquas, Attacapa, Avoyelles, Aynic, Bidias, Caddo, Caicaches, Cances, Carankahuas, Chikkasahs, Choktah, Coke, Comanch or Cumanch, Coshattas, Iawanis or Ionis, Ketchi or Kichai, Lipans or Sipans, Mascovie, Mayes, Nabaduches, Nacodocheets, Navaosos, Sioux, Tawacani, Toncahuas or Toukaways, Towakenos, Towiachs or Towecas, Tuhuktukis, Xaramenes, Waco or Wico, Washitas, Witshita. See [Tachi].
T’hai, see [Tai].
Thaksya.
Indo-Chinese: Bhot dialect of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Thami.
Non-Aryan: older Dravidian dialect of Nipal.
Tharoo.
Indian: dialect of Hindi, spoken in Nipal Surai. A. C.
Tharu.
Non-Aryan: dialect of Nipal. See Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Thaumpe.
Indo-Chinese: Shan dialect of Ava.
Thebaic.
Egyptian: old Coptic dialect of the upper Nile, in S. Egypt.
Theban.
Hellenic: extinct dialect of ancient Greece. Orionis et Sturzius: “Thebani Etymologicon,” Leipsic, 1820.
Theburskud, Thoburskid.
Indo-Chinese: name for the Sungnum of Koonawar.
Thengais.
Indo-Chinese: tribe of Singpho.
Thervings.
A tribe of so-called Goths.
Thibetan, Tibetan.
Bhot or Bhotiya: the vernacular language of Tibet; originally monosyllabic, and somewhat resembling Chinese; it has now almost lost that characteristic. Tibet is also called Bhotan—i.e., Tih-bot, “Land of the Bot.” There are local dialects of Butan, Lhassa, and Ladak; it is classed as Indo-Chinese, and the written characters are founded on the Devanagari alphabet, and written from left to right. Grammar by Jaeschke, Kyelang, 1865; and Dictionary, 1866; also by Csoma de Korös, Calcutta, 1834. See [Suri-Butan].
Thochu.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Bhot. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Thoung-lhu.
Dialect of Burmese, somewhat allied to Karen.
Thraco-Illyrian (Pelasgic).
Class-name for the languages illustrated by Albanian.
Thug, Thuggee.
Indian: a cant or slang form of Hindostani, used by homicidal tribes of India; they are called Phansigars by the Hindus, Ari Tulucar in Tamil, and Tanti Calleru in Canarese. Vocaby. by Sleeman, Calcutta, 1836.
⁂ This dialect contains some curious remains, allied to Koriak and Kamchatkan. H. C. See [Ramasi].
Thugga.
Inscriptions; bilingual: Libyan and Phœnician. Found in N. Africa, and preserved in the British Museum; also at Lyons, in France. They are allied to the Himyaritic, and have affinities with the Hamath stones of Syria. H. C.
Thulungya.
Non-Aryan: dialect of the Kiranti group, in E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Thuringian.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of old High-German. See “Volks-dialektes, &c.” by Wendel, Coburg, 1822.
Tibboo, see [Teda].
Tiberacottes.
American: Indians of British Guyana. See [Tiverighotto].
Tibetan, under [Th].
Ticino or Ticinese.
Romance: dialect of Italian spoken in southern Switzerland.
Ticopia.
Polynesian: closely allied to Mayorga.
Ticuna, Tucano, Tacuna, Tikuna.
American: Chimanos Indians of New Granada. It is a name applied from the use of poisoned arrows.
Tidore.
Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the island of Tidor, and nearly the same as Ternati.
Tie-chew.
Local dialect of Chinese. First lessons by Dean, Bangkok, 1841.
Tiemba.
African: dialect of Ashantee.
Tierra Del Fuego, under [Fuegian].
Tigre, Tigrinna.
Sub-Semitic: modern dialect of Ethiopic, called “lisana Gheez.” It is spoken in N. Abyssinia, and closely resembles Amharic. Grammar by Prætorius, Halle, 1871; Vocaby. by Beurmann, 1868.
Tihuex.
American: Keres Indians of New Mexico.
Tikomeri.
American: Moxos dialect spoken in the S. Xaverio Mission, Bolivia. It is allied to Maipur.
Tilangang, Tilanjang.
Malayan: same as Engano, an island west of Sumatra. P. J. V.
Timbiras.
American: tribes of Brazil, known as—(1) de Mata, (2) de Canella fina, (3) de Bocca furada. The language is closely allied to Geiko and Tokantin.
Timbora, Timboro.
Malayan: dialect of Javanese, somewhat allied to Sasak.
Timbuktoo.
African: typical language of Nigritia, pure Negro of the Soudan. See [Wun].
Timmani.
African: A language spoken near Sierra Leone; dialects are Krangos and Logos.
⁂ It is allied to Bullom, Bago, and Landoma. H. C.
Timor, Timur (Timorese).
Malayan: language of Timor, the largest island of the lesser Sunda group; it is Javanese, inclining to Negrito. Diss. in Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar.
⁂ There are three chief dialects of Timorese: (1) The Belonese, in Eastern Timor; (2) the Timorese “arctiori sensu;” (3) the dialect of Kupang. P. J. V.
Timorlaut.
Malayan: largest island of the Tenimber group; peopled with straight-haired Polynesians.
Timuaca, Timuicana, Timuiquana.
American: dialect of Florida, spoken in the neighbourhood of St. Augustin.
Tingua.
American: extinct dialect of Florida.
Tinne.
American: native name for Athabascan; the Tinnes proper use a native alphabet of linear character, resembling the Cree.
Tirhai.
Indian: dialect of Swauti, closely allied to Deer. Vocaby. by Leech, “Journal of the A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.
Tirhitiya, see [Mithili].
Tirol, under [Ty].
Tiverighotto.
American: Carib-Tamanaque Indians of British Guyana.
Tiwi.
African: dialect of the Gaboon.
T-ka.
American: native name of the Hamburgh Indians, inhabiting the mouth of the Otte-tie-e-wa, or Scott’s River. They speak a dialect of Shasta. See [Iddoa].
Tlahuici, Tlahiako.
American: Mixteca dialect of Oajaca in Mexico.
Tlamatl, see [Lutuami].
Tlaoquatsh.
American: dialect of Wakash, spoken in the S.W. of Vancouver’s Island.
Tlapaneka.
American: Pueblo Indians of Tlapa, in Mexico. (Humboldt.)
Tlaskalteca.
American: Nahuatl of the Balsam coast, San Salvador. (Scherzer.)
Tlatsap.
American: same as Clatsop; a division of Chinook.
Tlatskanai.
American: Athabascan Indians of R. Columbia; classed as Tacullie-Umpqua. (Hale.)
Tnaina.
American: native name for the Kenai. See [Atna].
Toba (Tobasche).
Malayan: Batta dialect of Toba Lake in Sumatra. See Grammar by Van der Tuuk, Amsterdam, 1864. P. J. V.
Tobi.
Micronesian: dialect of Negrito, allied to Pelew.
Tobo.
Malayan: dialect of Ceram. Vocaby. by Wallace.
Tobolsk.
Ugrian: Turkee dialect of Siberia, closely allied to Tshulim. Dicty. by Giganow, St. Petersburg, 1804.
Tocantin.
American: branch of the Omagua stem; it is spoken in the Provinces of Goyaz and Para, Brazil.
Toda, Toduva.
Non-Aryan language of S. India, mostly spoken in the Nilgherries and Coorg. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” See [Tuda].
Toka, see [Loyalty Islands].
Tokistine, Tonokoto.
American: Lule Indians of Paraguay; allied to Vilela.
Toltek.
American: Mexican Indians, intrusive at the date of their subjection by the Spaniards, and then speaking the Nahuatlac language.
Toma, Tomo.
American, i.e., Tomo-Maroa; Baniwa Indians, quoted by Wallace, “Travels on the Amazon,” London, 1853.
Tombara, see [New Ireland].
Tomohon, Tomore.
Malayan: dialects of Macassar or Celebes. (Wallace.)
Tomski, Timski.
Ugrian: Samoied dialect of Asiatic Russia. (Klaproth.)
Tondano.
Malayan: dialect of Menadu.
Tongan.
Polynesian: a dialect spoken by natives of the Friendly Islands, a large group in Eastern Polynesia, comprising Tongataboo, Hapai, Vavau, and many smaller islands. The group is situated in 15° 50′ to 21° 7′ S. lat., and 173° to 175° W. long. It is closely allied to Samoan. W. G. L.
Tonkinese (Tonquin).
Indo-Chinese: dialect of S.E. Asia, closely allied to Anamite, Cambojan, and Cochin-Chinese.
Tonocote.
American: dialect of Lule or Villela, in Paraguay.
Tonsea.
Malayan: dialect of Menadu.
Tookpa, Tukpa.
Indo-Chinese; dialect of Eastern Tibet.
Toon-paooh.
American: Turtle-tribe of Mohighans.
Toorks.
Tribes of Turkestan. See [Uzbek].
Torgot, see [Kerat].
Tosk.
(1) Illyric: a dialect of Albanian. Vocaby. and Grammar in Von Hahn.
(2) Italic. See [Tuscan].
Totonaca.
American: Mexican dialect of Puebla and Vera Cruz.
Toucoulor.
African: same as Fula.
Toulouse.
Romance: modern dialect of Langue d’Oc, spoken in S.W. France.
Toun-baririg.
Malayan: quoted by Mr. Wallace as a local dialect of Menaudu; including also Tounbassian, Tounpasso, Tournshon, and Touwasang. See “Malay Archipelago.” See [Minahassa].
Toung, see [Tung].
Toung-Lhu.
Monosyllabic language of Burmah and Tennaserim. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Towarek, see [Tuarik].
Trans-Caucasian Tatar.
Ugrian: class-name for several local dialects of Turkish, spoken in Russia. It is the same as Turko-Tatar.
Trans-Gangetic.
Class-name for Chinese and Indo-Chinese, and allied languages.
Trans-Himalayan.
Class-name: used for Sub-Turanian, or early Dravidian. See [Indo-Chinese].
Transylvanian, see [Siebenburgisch].
Traugan, see [Aroo].
Treconian.
Keltic: sub-dialect of Bas-Breton, called Breton-Bretonnant.
Tredeci-Communi.
Teutonic: a local dialect of Italy, classed as High-german. The people have been considered to be descendants of the ancient Cimbri; see “Ueber die ... Venedischen Alpen,” &c., by Schmeller, Munich, 1838.
Triton-Bay.
Negrito: Papuan dialect of New Guinea.
Troglodytes.
Dwellers in caves, &c., as the early settlers at Nottingham, in Kent’s Hole, &c.; used as a class-name for some languages of Africa, as Beja, Bishari, &c.
Trojan, see [Phrygian].
Troubadours.
Romance; name for the mediæval poets of Provence, in S. France, who used the Langue d’Oc. Grammar and Dicty., by Raynouard, Paris, 1844. See [Trovatore].
Trouvères.
Romance; name for the mediæval poets of Normandy, who used the Langue d’Oil. See de Gembloux, “Trouvaires de Berry,” &c., Moulins, 1841.
Tsagatai.
Alatyan: written dialect of Turkee, formerly spoken by Uighur Tatars, the Tshagatai, who founded the Moghol dynasty in India. It is also written Chagatai, Jagatai.
Tsamak.
American: Sacramiento Indians of California; closely allied to Pujuni. Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.” vol. ii.
Tschagrai.
Caucasian: sub-dialect of Abkass.
Tschamba.
African: a name for the Kouri class. A word which appears as Tiemba, Kiamba, &c., applied to at least six dialects, languages, or vocabularies of W. Africa; it has been supposed to be a salutation mistaken for the name of a language. See Latham’s “Elements,” p. 582.
Tschari-Kabutsch.
Caucasian: sub-dialect of Lesghian.
Tschekh, see [Bohemian].
Tscherat, see [Takazze].
Tscherdyn.
Ugrian: dialect of Wogul.
Tscheremissian (Cheremiss).
Ugrian: a dialect of Finnish, spoken along the course of the R. Volga. Grammar by Castrén, Kuopio, 1845.
Tschinkitan.
American: Kolush of Sitka-bay.
Tschirokese, see [Cherokee].
Tschudic, or Tshud.
Alatyan: the same as Chudic. It is the Slavonian name for the Fins. Used either as a class-name for the Fin class of languages, or as one special division of the Finnic stock, including Lap, Suomian, and Esthonian. (So Castrén and Max Müller.) Also called Vesp.
Tschugatschi.
American: Eskimo of Prince William’s Sound.
Tschussowaja.
Ugrian: a dialect of Wogul. (Klaproth.)
Tschuwaschian, Tschuwassian.
Same as Chuvasch; an unclassed language spoken in Kazan and the neighbouring governments; considered by some as Ugrian, by others as Turk. R. G. L.
Tshamba, see [Tschamba].
Tshampa.
Malayan: dialect of Kambojia, classed by some as monosyllabic.
Tshapodzhir, Tshapogiren.
Alatyan: same as Chapogir, a dialect of Tungus.
Tshari.
Caucasian: Lesghian dialect of Daghestan.
Tshek, Tschekh.
Slavonic: same as Czech or Check. See [Bohemian].
Tsheremis, see [Tscheremissian].
Tsherkess, see [Circassian].
Tshetsh, Tshetschents (Russian).
Caucasian: same as Lamur and Galgai, or Halhai, and adjoining the Lesgians. It is also written Chech or Chechents, and is used as a class-name for the most central division, closely allied to Georgian and Circassian, including also the Arshte or Aristoiai, Ingush, Kistic, Tushi, and Mizhdzedzhi; the last is Klaproth’s term.
Tshihaili.
American: division of the Atnah, Selish or Flat-head Indians; but Hale combines them all in one large group as Tsihaili-Selish. See “U. S. Ex. Expedition,” Philadelphia, 1846. ☞
Tshinuk.
American: a form of Chinook. See [Watlala].
Tshnagmjut.
American: same as Kuskokiwimes.
Tshokoyem.
American: dialect of U. California; classed as Dieguno, and known as the San Raphael Mission.
Tshuktshi, Tchuktchi (Tchutchus).
(1) Same as the Reindeer Koriaks of Kamtschatka.
(2) Dialects of Eskimo, spoken in Asia; the people are called Tshuktshi Nos or Noss, more properly Namollo.
Tshulim.
Alatyan: Turkish dialect, almost identical with Baraba or Barabinski.
Tshuvash, under [Tschu].
Tsihaili, under [Tshi].
Tsikanne, under [S].
Tsoneka.
American: Patagonian tribe of Tierra del Fuego. See [Tekeenika].
Tsongeisth.
American: Cowichan dialect of Vancouver Island.
Ttynai, see [Tnaina].
Tuapoca.
American: Carib of the lower Orinoco, closely allied to Galibi. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 28.
Tuarik, Towarek.
Sub-Semitic: Berber dialect of the W. Sahara. Also called Temahuq. Grammar by Freeman, London, 1862.
Tubar.
American: dialect of Sinaloa, somewhat allied to Tarahumara and Tepeguana.
Tucano.
American: Indians of the Uapes, allied to Cobeu, and classed by Von Martius as Juri. Vocaby. by Wallace.
Tucuman, see [Kalchaqui].
Tuda.
Dravidian: Canarese dialect of the Nilgerries. See Caldwell’s Comparative Grammar. See [Toda].
Tudesque.
French word; it is put for Tudesco, the Italian form of Deutsch, applied to High-German.
Tuker.
Polynesian: dialect of the Carolines.
T’uk’iu.
Chinese form of the word Turk. (Klaproth.)
Tuklave, see [Takeli].
Tukpa, see [Tookpa].
Tulare.
American: Californian Indians of Lake Tulare. It is somewhat allied to Coconoons.
Tularena.
American: dialect of Costa-Rica.
Tulu or Tuluva.
Dravidian: a dialect of the Tamulic class, closely allied to Tamil, Telugu, Canarese, and Malayalim. See Caldwell’s Comp. Grammar.
Tulucar.
That is, “Ari-tulucar;” Tamil name for the Thugs.
Tumgarsee.
American: dialect of Kolush. See [Tunghasse].
Tummimioi, see [Tamoiae].
Tumu.
African: dialect of the Gaboon, closely allied to Ndob.
Tung-Mru.
Indo-Chinese: “hill-men” of Arrakan.
Tungaas, Tunghasse.
American: spoken in S. of Prince of Wales’ Archipelago, and sometimes classed as Sitka.
Tungoos, Tungusian, Tungan.
Alatyan: rude dialects of Manchu spoken in Siberia; divisions are called Chapogir, Orotong-Tungus, and Lamut. Grundzüge by Castrén, St. Petersburg, 1856. See [Dsungar].
⁂ Tunguska is the name of three rivers in Asiatic Russia.
Tunka, Tunkin.
Alatyan: dialect of Moghol, closely allied to Selenga. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 84. See [Tonquin].
Tupi.
American: native language of Brazil, classed as Guarani. There are: (1) Tupinaba, Tupinamba, called Nations of the Rio Real, in the province of Sergipe. (2) Tupininquin, a nation of Espiritu Santo. (3) Tuppinamba, called the largest tribe in Maranhao and Gran Para. Dictionary by Dias, Leipsic. 1858: and Da Silva’s “Lingoa Geral.”
⁂ It is allied to the Agaw. H. C.
Tupuan.
Negrito: dialect of Papuan.
Turaja.
Alfuru of Celebes.
Turanian.
Class-name, first suggested by D’Halloy for the agglutinative languages of Asia and Europe; including chiefly, Fin and Lap, Ugrian, Moghol, Turk, Tatar, Samoied. It has since been proposed to supersede it by Alatyan, or Ural-Altaic. ☞
Turco-Greek.
Turkish written in characters of the Greek alphabet.
Turcomans, Turkomans.
Alatyan: general names for nomadic Turks of Central and Western Asia, of whom the Usbegs are the leading race.
⁂ The districts known as Turkestan, Mongolia, and Zungaria comprise Central Asia.
Turin.
Romance: provincial dialect of Italian.
Turkee.
Name for Turkish-Tatar; also called Chantu. Grammar by Kasem-Bek, Kasan, 1839.
Turkish.
Alatyan: typical dialect of Tatar, as now written and spoken at Constantinople; original dialect of the Osmanli Turkomans. The modern Turks use the Arabic characters. Grammar and Dicty. by Redhouse, London.
Turkomans, see [Turcomans].
Turrubul.
District of Australia; a dialect of S. Queensland. Vocaby. by Ridley Sydney, 1866.
Turtles.
American: tribes of Algonkin; both Delaware (Unami) and Mohighan (Toon-paooh).
Turuchanski, Tawgi, Tawginski.
Ugrian: dialects of Samoied. (Klaproth.)
Tuscan.
Romance: typical dialect of pure Italian. See Buommattei: “Della Lingua Toscana,” Venetia 1735.
Tuscarora.
American: Iroquois dialect of N. Carolina, closely allied to Nottoway.
Tusch, Tushi.
Caucasian: dialect of the Tshetshentes, on the Georgian frontier. “Versuch,” &c., by Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1856.
Tusci, Tosk.
Same as Etruscan. See [Ras].
Tuteloes.
American: same as Meherrins; classed in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” as Irokese of Virginia.
Tu-Toyer.
French term for making use of familiar speech.
Tutuila.
Polynesian: dialect of the Navigator’s Islands.
Tver.
Ugrian: dialect of Fin, spoken in Russia.
Tymski, see [Tomski].
Tynteeas.
Indian: savage tribes E. of Bengal.
Tyrolese.
Teutonic: classed as High-German. See [Kitzbuhel].
Tzakonian.
Hellenic: dialect of modern Greek, spoken in the Gulf of Nauplia (Laconia), and at Mount Taygetus. Tract by Deville, “Le Dialecte Tzaconien.”
Tzeckish, see [Bohemian].
Tzendale, see [Celdales].
ADDENDA.
Tacullie.
American: same as Takulli. The name of Tah-cully means “deep-water Indians.”
Tantras.
Works of Hindu ritual, adopted or modified by Buddhists.
Tauan.
Negrito: Taua is a small island near New Guinea, the inhabitants of which speak Papuan. W. G.
Tayung.
Assam; said to be a dialect of Mishmi and like Mijhu, but dissimilar and presenting some remarkable peculiarities. H. C.
Tedesco, see [Tudesque].
Teets or Haitlin.
American: Indians of Frazer River; also called Sa-chinco, or “Strangers.”
Tene.
African: a Mandingo vocabulary in “Polyglotta Africana.” H. C.
Tientsin.
Chinese: local dialect of the port of Pekin.
Toumbulu, }
Toumpakewa, }
Toundano, } see [Minahassa].
Tounsawang, }
Tounsea. }
Trovatore.
Italian form of “Troubadour;” the Trovatori used the Lingua de Si.
Tshagatai.
Same as Tsagatai. A recent writer states that the language described by Professor Vambery as Cagataic is the dialect of Kashgar.
Tunganis.
Chinese rebels.
Turko-Armenian.
Turkish: written in characters of the Armenian alphabet.
Turko-Tatar.
Term applied to the Eastern Turkish languages.